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Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Syllabus for Dental Hygienists
Code Subject Course Outline Hours
General
Subjects
10.1.1 Special English Reading professional and research texts in
professional journals, in the professional literature and
on the internet.
Carrying out assignments in accordance with the
reading material.
42
10.1.2 Introduction to
Psychology
Objective of the Course for Dental Hygienists:
Acquisition of basic knowledge and cognitive skills in
the field of psychology. Aspects of behavior:
perceptual, social and personal. Development of self
awareness and of the possibilities for making a
correct assessment regarding one’s ability to work in
cooperation with others. Development of skills in
dentist-dental hygienist-patient relations.
Development of self appraisal regarding the ability to
deal with stressful situations.
Characteristics of psychology (history, definition and
various approaches and perspectives).
Stressful situations and ways of coping: Stress -
anxiety and its characteristics in dentistry, causes,
ways of coping, situational anxiety, generalized
anxiety etc.
Psychophysiological basis. Principles of behavior. The
dental hygienist as a treatment provider, behavioral
profile.
Social psychology: processes of social information
processing, social influence, attitudes and attitude
change.
Behavior modification - the various theories.
28
10.1.3 Introduction to
Educational
Psychology
The course will focus on theories primarily covering emotional development, social development and cognitive development at various ages. The course will present students with new theories that deal with personality structure and its influence on learning processes in children. Topics to be studied include: meaningful learning, memory and its place in learning, motivation to learn, intelligence and personality, and its contribution to social psychology. (Recorded as per the current course at Levinski
College)
28
10.1.4 Modes and This course provides tools and skills for educational 28
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Methods of
Teaching
guidance, with special attention directed to the
planning and execution of activities that promote
understanding and learning, adapted to the target
population, rendering each class fascinating. The
objective of the course is to provide the tools for
planning methodic instruction units, using successful
teaching strategies that are meaningful to the
students. The course will also include a distinction
between basic concepts such as curriculum, study
materials, pedagogic judgment and more, with
practical experience in teaching colleagues
(microteaching).
)Recorded as per the current course at Levinski
College(
10.1.5 Uses of the
Computer
Useful programs, Windows, Office, internet.
PowerPoint, Excel, Microsoft Word, email, internet.
Introduction to Windows
Introduction to Microsoft Word (word processor)
Introduction to Microsoft Excel (spreadsheet)
Surfing the internet (various web portals).
Use of databases.
Use of email.
PowerPoint.
Practice management programs.
28
10.1.6 Principles of
General
Management
and Practice
Management
Objective of the Course:
Acquisition of basis knowledge in clinic planning and
selecting appropriate equipment. Casting light upon
the range of practical problems that one is confronted
with in a dental clinic in practical work. Learning the
ability to deal with daily problems in maintaining the
clinic and operating it.
Planning the dental clinic, computers in dentistry.
Principles of insurance for the dentist and dental
hygienist. Monetary planning and finance.
Principles of bookkeeping management for the dentist
and dental hygienist.
Dentistry from the dental hygienist’s viewpoint.
Patient file, managing medical records and
maintaining medical documentation.
Dental marketing.
14
10.1.7 Ergonomics
and prevention
of CTS
Selecting dental equipment and dental materials.
Adapting a clinic to the physical needs of the care
providers.
Preventing Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (C.T.S.).
6
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Physiotherapist’s recommendations.
10.1.8 Information
Science
Guidance in the use of library facilities, locating
information using search engines together with
practical work.
6
Total Hours 180
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Code Subject Course Outline Hours
Basic Pre-
Medical
Sciences
10.2.1 Introduction to
Biology
Objective of the Course:
From cell to organism - survey of various organisms that
are composed of cells. The existence of order and
balance: homeostasis.
The cell - Structure and function:
Introduction to cell biology.
The cell as a basic unit of life.
Structure of the cell, cell membrane, hereditary material.
Cell division.
Mother cells: division and differentiation.
Unicellular and multicellular organisms.
Homeostasis.
14
10.2.2 Principles of
Microbiology
Objective of the Course:
Familiarity with types of bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Familiarity with the connection between the various
components of the bacteria and its environment and
growth. Familiarity with the mechanisms for causing
damage to the human body.
Prokaryotes: bacteria, viruses, fungi, structure and
function.
Physiology and metabolism.
Interactions between bacteria, viruses and fungi and the
human body.
Biochemistry and genetics of the bacterial cell.
Biotechnology - bacteria at the service of man, from the
food industry to genetic engineering.
Introduction to virology.
Incorporation into the genes of the host cell.
Viral diseases: influenza, polio, rubella, measles,
herpes, hepatitis, H.I.V.
Introduction to mycology.
Sepsis, bacteremia.
Gum disease and caries - microbial aspects.
Immunizations to protect against viruses and bacteria.
28
10.2.3 Introduction to
Chemistry
Objective of the Course:
Acquisition of basic concepts in chemistry and organic
chemistry, familiarity with the structure of the periodic
table. Familiarity with chemical bonds and reactions
between molecules. Ability to balance chemical
equations and to find the concentrations of solutions.
14
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Organic chemistry: familiarity with the various functional
organic chemistry groups.
Structure of the atom (radioactivity).
Electron configurations - Bohr’s model.
Ionization energy, electron affinity.
Metals and nonmetals.
Molecules.
Chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, coordinate.
Stoichiometry, concepts of the mole, molecular weight,
balancing a reaction.
Units of concentration.
Equilibrium.
Types of chemical reactions.
Metals, carbon: graphite, diamond.
Acids and bases.
Buffers and indicators.
Salts.
Redox.
Saliva and its components.
Fluoride.
Components of the tooth.
10.2.4 Principles of
Biochemistry
Objective of the Course:
Acquisition of knowledge regarding the mechanism of
action of metabolic systems, roles of amino acids, role
and normal metabolic function of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats - with an emphasis on changes in
pathologic states and hereditary disorders.
Definitions, organelles in the cell, membranes,
metabolism, carbohydrates, fermentation, proteins. The
structure of saliva, immunological components, taste,
the sense of smell, halitosis.
Cell metabolism: catabolism and anabolism, storage of
energy.
Carbohydrates: types of carbohydrates, the structure of
starch, glycogen and cells.
Metabolism of carbohydrates in aerobic and anaerobic
cells.
Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain,
phosphorylation - diseases connected to sugar
metabolism.
Amino acids: types of amino acids and their metabolism
in the body. Amino acids and neurotransmitters.
Diseases connected to metabolism of amino acids.
Protein: the peptide bond; primary, secondary, tertiary
28
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
and quaternary structure; S-S bonds. Methods for
identification and separation of proteins.
Enzymes: regulation of enzymatic activity in the body.
Diseases originating from defective enzyme function.
Hormones: types of hormones and the use of a second
messenger. Diseases originating from inadequate
hormonal function.
Proteins as carriers: hemoglobin, positive cooperativity,
hemoglobin as a buffer in the blood. Sickle-cell anemia.
Fats: saturated and unsaturated fatty acids,
triglycerides, cholesterol, prostaglandins.
10.2.5 Principles of
Pharmacology
Objective of the Course:
Acquisition of knowledge about the effect of drugs on
bodily systems, with a special emphasis on drug
treatment in dentistry.
Introduction to pharmacology and pharmacokinetics.
Pharmacokinetics. Routes of administration and
presentation of drugs.
Familiarity with the autonomic nervous system,
cholinergic agonists and antagonist.
Adrenergic agonists and antagonist.
Drugs for diabetes.
Antihistamines.
Drugs for allergies and asthma.
Local anesthetics.
Opiate analgesics.
NSAID analgesics.
Tranquillizers.
Antidepressants.
Cardiologic drugs.
Drugs for hypertension and angina pectoris.
Treatment of heart failure.
Treatment of arrhythmias.
Antibacterial drugs.
Anticoagulants.
Vitamins.
Names of drugs.
Analgesic drugs.
Antibiotic drugs.
Anesthetics.
Reading labels.
Sedation - Emphasis on inhalation sedation.
Gas.
Steroids.
28
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Chemotherapy.
10.2.6 Introduction to
Genetics
Nucleic acids, purines and pyrimidines.
The structure of DNA, the bonds between nucleotides in
chains.
Mechanisms for DNA replication - semiconservative
replication.
Mutations: types of mutations and genetic diseases.
The genetic code, the process of transcription: the
various RNA molecules, mRNA, t-RNA, rRNA.
Ribosomes and final protein processing.
Mendelian principles, examples of human
characteristics, e.g. blood types - A, O, B, AB, RH.
Principles of genetic engineering and their use.
14
Total Hours 126
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Code Subject Course Outline Hours
Basic
Medical
Sciences
10.3.1 Introduction to
General
Histology
Tissue components: types of cells, extracellular
substances, in the bodily systems. Structure of the cell.
Division and differentiation.
Epithelium: various types of epithelium, location and
structure.
Connective tissue: the structure and function of the
components of connective tissue.
Muscle: histological structure and the various muscle
fibers.
Blood cells: the various types of blood cells - structure
and function.
Cartilage: structure, development and function.
Bone: the structure of bone tissue and its various forms.
Development of changes in the structure of bone tissue,
“calcium balance”, pressure and stress.
The nervous system - development and structure.
Skin: structure and function.
The immune system.
14
10.3.2 Introduction to
General and
Functional
Anatomy and
General and
Systematic
Pathology
Objective of the Course:
Acquisition of knowledge about all the main systems of
the human body. Acquisition of knowledge about
general physiology and the physiology of the bodily
systems.
1. Introduction to general and functional anatomy:
Classification, surface, developmental, macroscopic,
microscopic, gross anatomy, radiological.
General terms in anatomy.
Anatomical planes: transverse, oblique, sagittal,
coronal.
Concepts of relative position: superior, inferior,
anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal,
external, internal, contralateral, ipsilateral.
2. Skeleton, bones, joints.
Roles of the skeleton: support, protection, reservoir,
hematopoiesis, movement.
Bones of the skeleton (general survey) - bones of
the limbs, pelvis, spinal column, thorax.
Cartilage, types of bones, microscopic structure.
Microscopic structure of bone and cartilage.
Joint: types and structure.
28
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
3. Muscular system.
Types of muscle (striated (skeletal muscle), smooth,
heart muscle).
Function of muscle (movement, generation of heat,
standing, posture).
Microscopic and macroscopic structure of the
muscle unit.
Physiology of muscle action, neural stimulation,
bone-muscle relations.
Definition of body movement: abduction, adduction,
extension, flexion, rotation, pronation, supination.
4. The nervous system.
Function of the nervous system.
The nerve cell, structure of the neuron, synapse.
Reflex arc.
Structure of the nervous system: central / peripheral
nervous system.
Motor and sensory pathways: definitions and
functions. Sensation of pain, temperature, touch and
pressure.
Structure of the brain.
Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and
parasympathetic. Definition and function.
5. Cardiovascular system: heart and blood vessels.
Functions of the system.
The circulatory system: systemic and pulmonary.
Arteries, veins, capillaries - structure, function, main
blood vessels.
Location and function of the heart.
Structure of the heart: layers, ventricles, atria,
valves, main blood vessels.
Mode of function of the heart, conduction system.
Blood supply to the heart.
Blood pressure and its significance.
Pulse and its significance.
The circulatory system and the lymphatic system.
Functions of the circulatory system.
Types of blood cells and their functions.
Composition of blood and blood types: A, B, AB, O.
Basic concepts of the mechanism of coagulation.
Roles of the lymphatic system.
6. Structure of the lymphatic system - spleen,
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes.
7. The respiratory system.
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Definition and function.
Components of the system: nose, sinuses,
pharyngeal and laryngeal cavity, trachea, bronchi,
alveoli. Thorax, diaphragm.
Structure of the lung.
Blood vessels in the lung.
Mechanism of respiration - basic concepts in gas
exchange.
8. The digestive system.
Definition, function.
Esophagus: location, structure, functions.
Stomach: location, structure, functions.
Small intestine: location, structure, functions.
Large intestine: location, structure, functions.
Liver and bile ducts: location, function, major blood
vessels.
Pancreas: location and function.
Recommended literature:
Anatomy, physiology and pathology of the human
body. Dr. Eiran Tamir. (In Hebrew)
Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology. By
Gary A. Thibodeau. Times Mirror/Mosby College
Publishing 1990.
Clinical Oriented Anatomy. By Keith L. Moore and
Williams & Wilkins. A Waverly Company, 1992.
10.3.3 Principles in
Physiology
Objective of the Course:
Acquisition of knowledge about general physiology and
physiology of the following systems: nervous,
circulatory, urological, endocrine, with an emphasis on
aspects relevant to dentistry, such as: conduction of
pain and coagulation of blood.
Movement across membranes: simple diffusion,
diffusion across the cell membrane, principles of
osmosis, osmotic pressure, osmotic characteristics of
cells. Movement of water into and out of the cell.
Expedited transport, active transport.
Structure and function of the cell membrane: ionic
channels, diffusion forces.
Excitable biopotentials: action potential (ionic
mechanism). Potentials in the nerve and the muscle.
Intercellular communication: structure and function of
the synapse.
Activity of the nervous system: central, peripheral,
autonomic nervous system.
14
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Pain, EEG.
The cardiovascular system: mechanical characteristics,
electrical characteristics.
Respiratory system: mechanics of breathing, structure
and function. Transport of gasses in the blood.
The renal system.
The digestive system.
The endocrine system.
Muscular system.
Internal diseases.
10.3.4 Introduction
to
Epidemiology
Objective of the Course:
Acquisition of basic concepts of the epidemiology of
disease: caries, gingiva. Indices utilized in
epidemiology.
Roles and uses.
Research methods.
Epidemiology of dental caries in Israel and
internationally.
Epidemiology of periodontal disease.
Indices: DMF, CPITN, OHIP.
14
10.3.5 Introduction to
Public Health
Objective of the Course:
Acquisition of basic concepts in the field of public
health.
Dental health services and planning of manpower in
dentistry.
Public health services in Israel.
Manpower services in dentistry in Israel - current
situation.
Aspects in the field of national expenditure on oral and
dental health.
Treatment needs, means, dental treatment for children
with special needs and protected children in Israel.
Dental treatment needs in Israel.
Socioeconomic aspects in dental morbidity in children.
Funding and insurance programs in dentistry in Israel.
Prevention in public dentistry:
Fluoridation of drinking water and education programs.
The structure of community medicine in Israel.
Health services in schools and in kindergartens.
Familiarity with central frameworks for the provision of
public dentistry services in Israel.
Assessment of the modes of treatment of the population
and planning of health services for schools and special
populations.
28
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Planning of preventative programs for the main age
groups in the community in Israel; health concepts and
determinants of health, dental caries and gum disease,
prevention and fluoridation, WHO health education,
health promotion, community programs, public dentistry
services, professional manpower.
10.3.6 Health
Promotion
Recorded as per the current course at Tel Aviv
University, as an example)
Objectives of the Course:
1. To be familiar with the epidemiology of chronic
diseases and the environmental and personal
causes of these diseases.
2. To learn models and skills for changing behavior.
3. To develop knowledge and tools for constructing a
program for health promotion at the community and
population level.
Course topics:
1. Epidemiology of chronic diseases.
2. Influence of the environment on health behavior and
on health.
3. The history of health promotion - survey of the
development of concepts and their definitions.
4. Principles and models for changing behavior at the
individual, community and population level.
5. Health promotion frameworks: healthy city, health
promoting schools, health promoting hospitals.
6. Health promoting factory.
7. Constructing a health promotion program in actual
practice.
Issues in assessing health promotion programs.
28
10.3.7 Introduction to
Statistics and
Survey
Methods
Objective of the Course:
Familiarity with basic concepts in the collection and
statistical analysis of data.
Uses of sampling methods. Normal distribution,
standard errors.
Tests of significance. Confidence interval. Presentation
of data.
14
10.3.8 Nutrition Objective of the Course:
Principles of good nutrition, the basic food groups,
vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, energy, allowances,
nutritional value, food groups, nutritional requirements
for diseases.
Nutrition as a part of the world of health, the reasons for
eating, components of nutrition - general features.
14
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Energy, carbohydrates and dietary fiber:
Vitamins, minerals and water:
Nutrition and dental health: on the connection between
nutrition and dental disease.
Recommended nutrition for a healthy person: food
groups, the food pyramid, guidelines for good nutrition.
Nutrition during the lifecycle: nutrition for infants,
children, pregnant and breastfeeding women, nutrition
during menopause.
Dietary requirements for anorexia, bulimia, diabetes,
hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity.
The digestive system and absorption of nutrition.
Nutritional labeling.
10.3.9 Immunology Objective of the Course:
To learn about the immune system, the circulatory
system, the lymphatic system.
Inflammation - what it is, ways of dealing with it.
Active immunity and passive immunity.
Organ transplantation mishaps and diseases of the
immune system: autoimmune.
Immune failure (L.E., congenital or acquired).
Innate immune system - white blood cells lymphatic
system, B,T.
Acquired immune system - antibodies, specific memory.
Soluble molecules and various proteins in the immune
system.
Disorders of the immune system: allergy, asthma,
autoimmune, immunodeficiency.
Viral diseases such as HBV, HCV, AIDS.
Bacterial diseases tetanus etc.
14
10.3.10 First Aid and
Resuscitation
Obligatory course, no exemptions 14
Total Hours 182
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Code Subject Course Outline Hours
Basic
Sciences in
Dentistry
10.4.1 Anatomy of
the Head
and Neck
Objective of the Course:
To prepare the dental hygienist for an external physical
examination of head and neck.
Facial muscles.
The sinuses and the nasal cavity.
Infection spread via spaces.
The motor and sensory innervation of the region of the
head and neck.
Movement of the jaws in accordance with the muscles.
Live anatomy: Correspondence between theoretical
knowledge and actual location.
28
10.4.2 Oral and
Dental
Histology
Supportive tissue, teeth, glands, saliva, lymph. 14
10.4.3 Oral and
Dental
Embryology
From zygote to blastocyst, from the embryological stage
to the newborn.
Development of the tooth bud.
14
10.4.4 Dental
Morphology
Objective of the Course:
To learn the detailed structure of each and every tooth,
relations of contact between teeth in the jaws, dental
outlines of the jaw. Exercising the identification of teeth.
Methods of numbering deciduous and permanent teeth.
Order of eruption and ages for deciduous / permanent
dentition.
Anatomic structure of a single tooth.
Directions and sides for teeth (L, P, M, B, D).
Characteristics of groups of teeth - incisors, canines,
premolars, molars.
Morphological differences between deciduous and
permanent dentition.
Relation between structure and function.
Understanding the relation between the morphology of
the tooth and the dental hygienist’s work.
Identification of teeth.
Anomalous effects during development of dentition.
Including practical exercise.
28
10.4.5 Principles of
Occlusion
Objective of the Course:
To learn about occlusion and how it affects gum
disease.
Calcification of occlusion.
6
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
General definition of the relation between the jaws.
State of relation in occlusion and movement.
Envelope of movements.
The jaws and the temporomandibular joint.
10.4.6 Legislation in
Dentistry
Point of meeting between the doctor and the law.
Malpractice.
Medical opinion.
Professional indemnity insurance.
The Dental Hygienists Regulations.
14
10.4.7 Ethics in
Dentistry
Principles of professional ethics.
Dilemmas and conflict between principles.
Case descriptions.
14
10.4.8 Infection
Control
(Disinfection
and
Sterilization)
Infective agents - viruses, bacteria and fungi, emphasis
on oral and respiratory tract diseases.
AIDS, NBV, HCV, TB, SARS, etc.
Prevention and protection.
Means of preventing infection.
CDC OSHA guidelines.
Masks, gloves, safety glasses, clothes.
Disinfection, sterilization.
Ministry of Health guidelines for the prevention of
infections.
Protocol following exposure to infection, medicolegal
aspects.
14
Total Hours 132
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Code Subject Course Outline Hours
10.5 Clinical
Fields in
Dentistry
10.5.1 Orthodontics Introduction to orthodontics - including the objectives of
orthodontic treatment.
Process of the growth of the face and jaws.
Order of tooth eruption - morphology.
Jaw relations.
Classification of malocclusion, skeletal defects.
Instrumentation - fixed and moveable.
Examples of treatments of common types of orthodontic
problems and principles of treatment; diagnostic aids.
Treatment of adults.
Hypodontia and hyperdontia.
Orthognathic surgery.
Combined orthodontic - dental implant treatment.
The role of the dental hygienist during and after the
course of orthodontic treatment.
Lingual orthodontics.
14
10.5.2 Endodontics Structure of the dental pulp, histopathology, diagnosis,
types of endodontic treatment, etiology, stages of
treatment and filling of root canals,
endodontic instrumentation, including rotary.
Instruments for measuring the length of canals; tooth
whitening after root canal therapy.
Diagnosis - clinical and radiologic.
Principles of non-surgical root canal therapy, problems
and complications during root canal therapy - not at the
level of the tooth.
Endo-perio processes.
Pain of endodontic origin.
10
10.5.3 Caries Definition and description of the disease.
Saliva, substrate, plaque.
Genetics.
Age, multifactorial etiology.
Host nutrition.
Diagnosis.
Bacteria.
Fluoride.
Types of caries - primary lesion, process of progression
of caries in the enamel and dentin, ECC rampant etc.
Expansion of all topics, fluoride, cervical caries.
Obligatory course, no exemptions
28
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
10.5.4 Conservative Polish, fillings, differential diagnosis, diagnosis of
defective restorations.
14
10.5.5 Oral
Rehabilitatio
n
Classification of missing teeth.
Treatment plan, principles of execution.
Impression methods.
Fixed partial denture - single.
Fixed partial denture - multiple teeth.
Temporary rehabilitation.
Cementation.
Partial denture and complete denture, denture over
posts.
Denture over implants.
Implants, connections.
Dental technician concepts.
14
10.5.6 Dental
Materials
Amalgam, resins and their products, materials for
temporary fillings, bases, liners, cements, impression
materials.
14
10.5.7 Surgery 1. Extraction of teeth and extraction of wisdom teeth.
2. Apicectomy.
3. Odontogenic and non-odontogenic infections.
4. Malignant tumors in the mouth.
5. Cysts and benign tumors.
6. Pathology.
7. Salivary glands and benign and malignant tumors.
8. Osseous tumors.
9. Manifestations in the oral cavity of systemic
diseases and metastases from various tumors in the
body.
10. Temporomandibular joint pain.
11. Dental and facial skeletal trauma.
12. Treatment of various craniofacial distortions (e.g.
cleft, orthognathic surgery, etc.).
13. Control of bleeding - complications following oral
surgery procedures.
14. Sutures, materials for suturing and their removal.
Bibliography:
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Neville, Damm,
Alle, Bougot; Sauders.
Oral Surgery in the Dental Practice, E. Kruger, P.
Worthington; Quintessence.
Maxillofacial Surgery, Ward Booth, Schendel;
Chutchill Livingstone.
28
10.5.8 Oral
Pathology
Defects of growth and development.
Vesicular-ulcerative lesions.
56
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
and Oral
Medicine
Pathology of the salivary glands, dryness of the mouth,
autoimmune disease connected to the salivary glands
(e.g. Sjögren).
Cysts of developmental / odontogenic origin.
Kaposi sarcoma.
Tongue, burning mouth, expression of systemic
disease.
Piercing.
Inflammation - theory.
Wound healing.
Tumors - theory.
Disorders of blood flow.
Pathology of the hard dental tissues.
Pathology of the pulp.
Dentigerous and facial cysts.
Color changes of the oral mucosa.
Pre-cancerous lesions.
Oral lesions that are connected to dermatology.
Malignant tumors of the oral cavity.
Benign tumors of the oral cavity.
Pathology of the salivary glands.
Odontogenic tumors.
Oral pathology in children.
AIDS.
The oral medicine profession and examination of the
oral tissues.
The salivary glands - in health and disease.
Congenital lesions - processes and diseases in the oral
cavity.
Color changes in oral tissues - white lesions.
White lesions - candida.
States of compromised continuity of the epithelium -
ulcers, habits.
Recurrent aphthous syndrome.
Viral and bacterial infections.
Allergic and autoimmune conditions.
Color changes in the oral cavity - dark lesions, disease
and tumor processes.
Case presentations.
Treatment of gingiva in patients with impaired oral
mucosa.
Facial and dental pain.
Bibliography:
Regezi J.A. and Sciubba J.J: Oral Pathology,
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Clinical – Pathological Correlations. Philabelplua
W.B Saunders Co. Last edition.
Pinbdorg J.J.: Atlas of Disease of the Oral
Mucosa, 5th ED. Copenhagen, 1992, Sauders Co.
10.5.9 Oral
Radiology
Radiological interpretation, reading an x-ray. Diagnosis
interpretation.
Introduction:
What are x-rays?
Concepts in physics.
The x-ray machine:
Structure of the apparatus.
Generation of x-rays.
Factors influencing the quality and quantity of
photons.
Types of radiographs:
Periapical.
Bite.
Occlusal.
Methods of imaging:
Paralleling.
Bisecting angle.
X-ray film:
Structure.
Various sizes.
Developing and fixation.
Obtaining the radiograph.
Dangers of radiation.
Interpretation of radiographs:
Anatomy and morphology.
Diagnosis of caries.
Diagnosis of defects of the alveolar bone.
Recommended reading material:
Oral Radiology, D. Fishel, Academon, Jerusalem,
1998 (in Hebrew).
14
10.5.10 Periodontics Objectives of the Course:
1. To provide the student with knowledge enabling
familiarity with the healthy and diseased
periodontium at the anatomical, histological and
physiological level.
2. To provide the student with knowledge of the causes
of periodontal disease, the epidemiology of
periodontal disease, diagnosis and classification of
periodontal diseases and the relation between the
periodontal condition and the systemic condition.
56
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
3. To teach how to examine the periodontal patient,
record findings, diagnosis and deciding upon a
treatment plan.
4. To provide the student with information about all
types of periodontal treatment, from initial treatment
to periodontal surgery.
5. To give the student basic knowledge about dental
implants.
Revision of concepts that had broad coverage in other
courses, such as scaling & root planning, maintenance
etc.
Case presentations.
Periodontics.
Year 1 + 2
Topics studied:
1. Structure of the periodontium.
a. Gingiva.
b. Periodontal ligament.
c. Cementum.
d. The alveolar bone.
2. Etiology of gum disease.
a. Bacterial plaque.
b. Calculus and how it is formed.
c. Microbiology of gum disease.
3. Diagnoses in Periodontics.
a. Classification of gum disease by various
systems.
b. The connection between systemic
diseases and gum disease.
c. Influence of pregnancy on the gingiva.
4. The periodontal examination and treatment plan.
a. Medical and dental history.
b. Extraoral examination.
c. Intraoral Examination.
d. The periodontal chart.
e. The periodontal treatment plan.
5. Initial periodontal treatment.
a. Scaling (removal of calculus). Methods.
b. Root planing. Methods, Instruments,
Objectives.
c. Non-surgical treatment of the gingiva:
d. Systemic antibiotic.
e. Local antibiotic.
f. Mechanical and chemical control of dental
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
plaque.
g. Preparations with delayed release.
6. Periodontal surgery.
a. Gingivectomy
b. OFD
c. Modified widman flap
d. Minimal invasive
e. Bone surgery
f. Mucogingival surgery
7. Dental implants.
a. Implant surgery.
b. Maintenance of implants.
8. Periodontal maintenance
Post-surgical oral hygiene.
Surgical oral hygiene after regeneration.
Bibliography:
Perry, Dorothy A., Beemsterober, Phyllis, Taggart,
Edward J. Periodontology for the Dental Hygienist.
1996 W.B. Saunders Co.
Lindhe, Jan 1997. Textbook of Clinical
Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. Munksgaard.
10.5.11 Pediatric
Dentistry
A. Behavior:
Types of fear, reasons for fear, types of behaviors
of children, Frankl’s classification, reasons for lack
of cooperation, assessment of the patient,
principles of children’s behavior, pharmacological
methods, non-pharmacological methods, presence
of parents during treatment - advantages and
disadvantages. Children’s treatment triangle,
psychological development of children by age,
communication with children in the dental clinic,
pharmaceutical methods for reducing the child’s
level of anxiety prior to dental treatment.
B. Morphology of deciduous teeth - general
differences between deciduous teeth and
permanent teeth, main characteristics.
C. Caries - caries at various ages, baby bottle caries.
D. Prevention - primary, secondary, tertiary.
Primary prevention:
1. Health education (reasons for non-compliance,
principles of prediction of behavior regarding
oral hygiene).
2. Baby Clinic
3. Fluoride (systemic administration, absorption of
28
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
F, activity, fluoridation, F in food, topical
administration, fluorosis, TLD, CLD).
4. Fissure sealant (types of materials, fissure
sealant case selection, stages of execution,
reasons for failure).
E. Examination and treatment plan - anamnesis, x-
rays, prioritizing treatment, considerations in
choosing treatments and their order.
F. Local anesthesia in children.
G. Conservative treatment + pediatric endodontics
(fillings, prefabricated crowns, pulp cupping,
pulpotomy, pulpectomy)
H. Trauma of permanent + deciduous dentition
(fractures, lateral, luxation, subluxation,
concussion, extrusion, intrusion, avultion).
I. Hypoplasia, timing of injury.
J. Gingival diseases in children.
10.5.12 Pain Control
and
Anesthesia
Objectives of the Course:
To inform students of the physiological origin of pain.
The neurological anatomy of pain in the oral cavity, and
ways of reducing pain. The various drugs that serve for
local anesthesia as regards their development, the
differences between them, and various guidelines for
the administration of local anesthesia to the oral cavity.
Finally, special emphasis will be placed upon the
treatment of emergencies connected to local
anesthesia.
Mechanisms of pain, ways of dealing with pain beyond
local anesthesia, -allergies, cervical sensitivity, TMJ,
facialis.
Treatment of pain.
Development of local anesthesia.
Equipment needed for local anesthesia.
Principles of techniques for anesthesia in the oral cavity.
Diagnosis and treatment of complications and
emergencies in local anesthesia.
Laughing gas, sedation and general anesthesia.
Bibliography:
Local Anesthesia in Dentistry, Geoffrey L. F. lvor, H.
Whitehead; Wright
Local Anesthesia in Dentistry, Markus D.W. Lipp;
Quintessence
Hardbook of Local Anesthesia, Stanley F. Malamed;
Mosby
14
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
10.5.13 Dental
Prevention
Objective of the Course:
To teach students the principles of preventative
dentistry, and their implementation.
Students will acquire broad knowledge and tools for
conveying awareness of preventative dentistry for
properly maintaining oral health.
Students will know how to construct, coordinate and
implement educational programs for maintaining oral
health for target populations (ages 0-120):
kindergartens, schools, nursing homes, hospitals, etc.
Topics studied:
Historical survey of the profession.
Introduction to preventative dentistry, steps in a
preventative dentistry program.
Modes of prevention and ways and accessories for
maintaining a healthy mouth.
Toothbrush and worthwhile methods of brushing.
Solution for demonstrating.
Various methods of brushing.
Additional ways and accessories for completing
toothbrushing properly.
Plaque index - all sorts of methods.
Toothpastes.
Mouth washes.
Electric devices and accessories.
Steps in the preventative dentistry program, educational
principles.
Guidance for the individual patient.
The rehabilitation patient.
Implants and their maintenance.
The orthodontic patient.
Special and handicapped patients.
Teaching, guidance and prevention in the community.
Implementation of teaching and guidance in the
community - going out into the field.
Fluoride.
Primary prevention, secondary and tertiary prevention.
Disseminating information, preventative maintenance,
fluorides.
Fluorine - a chemical element.
Background and historical survey.
Establishment of the fluoride - dental caries link.
The role of fluoride in the prevention of caries:
Early lesion caries.
42
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Systemic mechanism.
Topical/local mechanism.
Systemic fluoridation:
Fluoridation of drinking water.
Fluoridation of salt and milk.
Fluoride tablets and drops.
Topical/local fluoridation:
Local application of fluoride by local staff.
Local application of fluoride by the public.
Fluoridated mouth washes.
Fluoridated toothpastes.
Assessment of health risks:
Fluoride concentrations in various products.
Acute fluoride toxicity.
Chronic fluoride toxicity - dental fluorosis.
The fight over fluoridation of drinking water: State of
affairs in Israel and internationally.
10.5.14 Oral Hygiene Initial steps in preventive planning, modes of prevention,
materials and accessories, indices, educational
principles.
Toothbrushes.
Solutions for demonstrating.
Various methods of brushing.
Additional ways and accessories for completing
toothbrushing properly.
Indices: PI, PDI, CPI, CPINT.
Toothpastes.
Mouth washes.
Electric devices and accessories.
Implants and their maintenance.
Maintenance after surgery in the oral cavity.
42
10.5.15 Populations
with Special
Needs
Objective of the Course:
Familiarity with diseases and effects on bone,
connective tissue; psychiatric illness; patients who have
undergone radiotherapy; endocrine disease. Allergy,
neurological problems, transplant recipients, pregnant
women.
Dental treatment of patients with medical risk in their
everyday lives - systematic survey.
Heart diseases:
Organic heart disease.
Functional disorders of the heart.
Extracardiac diseases.
Rheumatic fever (RF).
56
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Infectious endocarditis (I.E.).
Prophylaxis - principles of prophylaxis.
Diabetes - and manifestations of diabetes.
Diseases of the central nervous system - epilepsy,
cerebral palsy (C.P.), Parkinson, trigeminal neuralgia,
CVA.
Hematological disease - leukemia.
Diseases of the kidney and transplant recipients.
Bleeding disorders, medications.
AIDS and diseases of the liver.
Endocrine diseases.
Patients who have undergone radiotherapy.
Allergies.
Pregnant woman.
Psychiatric diseases.
Dermatologic diseases.
10.5.16 Geriatric
Dentistry
Patients suffering from diseases that accompany old
age: Parkinson, Alzheimer, myasthenia, etc. Attention
directed to the psychological aspect of the elderly dental
patient. The psychological aspect of old age.
14
10.5.17 Patients who
are Victims
of Violence
and Neglect
Identification by medical professionals. Obligation to
report.
4
Total Hours 448
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Code Subject Course Outline Hours
Practical
Subjects
and Clinical
Work
10.6.1 Practical
Exercise for
Dental
Assistants
and
Preparation
for Work in
the Clinic for
Dental
Assistants
Familiarity with equipment, identification of orthodontic,
surgical and rehabilitative equipment - reading labels
and instructions.
Mixing bonding and measurement materials. Disposal
of infectious and hazardous waste.
14
10.6.2 Dental
Equipment
and
Instrumentati
on -
Maintenance
and Upkeep
Familiarity with the dental unit, operation of the unit,
dealing with common minor malfunctions. Support
system: compressor and suction. Maintenance. Proper
maintenance of the water cooling system, autoclave.
Ultrasonic scaler.
Prophyjet.
10
10.6.3 Practice on
Simulation
Dolls
(Phantom)
Practice of various actions from the roles of a dental
hygienist in a dental clinic, on phantom dolls, as in
introduction to treatment of patients. Fissure sealing.
100
10.6.4 Oral Hygiene
- Practical
Personal instruction and guidance for specific patient.
Dental health education, implementation by personal
practice.
Two indices must be performed PI PDI.
Maintenance around implants must be included.
Based on theoretical course number 10.5.14.
46
10.6.5 Radiology -
Practical
Diagnosis of pathologies on x-rays, including
interpretation: Periapical, panoramic, CT.
Practicing performing a full mouth series on a
phantom.
128
10.6.6 Infection
Control
Practicing the sterilization process in the clinic,
disposal of infected waste, practicing work with
autoclave.
Based on theoretical course number 10.4.7.
14
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
10.6.7 Seminars
10.6.7.1 Year 2
Seminars
Comprehensive seminars that include the knowledge
needed by the dental hygienist as a provider of
treatment.
Subjects connected to clinical work and behavior and
knowledge.
Critical reading of papers.
One paper for the entire class.
28
10.6.7.2 Personal
Topic
Personal topic with two papers, presentation to the
entire class.
Each student separately.
20
10.6.7.3 Case
Presentation
Presentation of a case, together with reading a paper
and presenting it to the class.
Each student separately.
28
10.6.8 Community
Program
Providing guidance in the community: schools,
kindergartens. Prevention for the individual and the
community.
Writing a program and submitting a report.
With a dedicated supervisor.
56
9....1 Providing
Guidance
Practicing rhetoric and ways of conveying messages in
health education fields.
30
10.6.10 Populations
with Special
Needs
Going out into the field and providing guidance and
prevention programs for populations with special
needs: old people’s homes, regular and geriatric
hospitals, institutions for the disabled.
Writing a program and submitting a report.
42
10.6.11 Rotations in
Clinics or
Units that
are
Approved by
the Ministry
of Health -
Year 2
Observation and involvement in the various dental departments. Can also be undertaken in private specialist clinics. Including the submission of an observation report
endorsed by the dentist.
42
Total Hours 458
Date updated: 17-Jul-2014
Code Subject Course Outline Hours
Clinical
Training
10.7.1 Clinical
Practice
One student practicing upon another - intra-oral and
extra-oral examination, general and oral anamnesis,
taking impressions and plaster mold, scaling, fissure
sealing, polishing fillings, application of fluoride.
Practicing Prophyjet and Cavitron.
24
10.7.2 Practical
Treatment of
Patients
Receiving patients and performing the range of
treatments required of a dental hygienist. The training
will occur under the supervision of experienced
dentists and dental hygienists.
424
Total Hours 448
Code Subject Course Outline Hours
10.8 Unique
Subjects for
Training
Institutions
10.8.1 Enrichment Course to be chosen by the institution, such as:
marketing in dentistry, interpersonal communication,
prevention of smoking.
14
10.8.2 Revision for
the
Examination
14
Total Hours 2002