Sylvania Engineering Bulletin - Metalarc Lamps 1977

8/3/2019 Sylvania Engineering Bulletin - Metalarc Lamps 1977

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ISSUED FROM THE SYLVANIA LIGHTING CENTER, OANVEAS, MASSACHUSETTS


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TA BLE O F CON TENTSPage

Lamp Construction 3Operating Principles and Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3Operating Position :......... 5Effect of Operating Position , . . . . . . . . . . .. 5Lumen Output and Maintenance 6Lamp Life ..... " ... ".............................................. 6Effect of Temperature 8Stroboscopic Effect .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8

Table of Minimum Ballast Voltage Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. 8Chromaticity Diagram 9Brite-Line Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10Table of Reference Data on Brite-Line Lamps 10Ballasting Metalarc Lamps ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Effect of Line Voltage Variation 11Lamp WarmUp Characteristics 12

Super Metalarc Lamps 12Principles of Operation - Horizontal Lamps 12Lamp Construction 13Output, Life and Lumen Maintenance 13

Principles of Operation - Vertical Lamps 13Lamp Construction ..... ,.,....................................... 14Output, Life and Lumen Maintenance 14

Metalarc Swingline Lamps 15Metalarc Applications 16Industrial Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16Used Car and Parking Lots . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16Building and Sign Floodlighting " 16Sports Arena and Stadium Lighting " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17Commercial Lighting 17

Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17Table of Reference Data on Metalarc Lamps 18Warning Notices 20Operating Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 .0

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META LARC LAMPSSylvania's Metalarc lamp is a member of the high in-tensity discharge (H.LD.) lamp family and is themost efficient source of white light available today.It has high efficacy, economically reasonable life, ex-ceptional color-rendering ability and good lumen,maintenance. Physically, Metalarc lamps are com-pact in size and have the same outside dimensions as

corresponding wattage mercury lamps. Internally Jthey differ considerably from mercury lamps; theconstruction of a typical Metalarc lamp is shown inFigure 1. Metalarc lamps are available in broad rangeof sizes in wattages from 175 to 1500 and lumenpackages from 14,000 to 155,000.

L AM P CONS TRUCT IO NThe Metalarc lamp has a quartz arc tube which isslightly smaller than that of the same wattage mer-cury lamp. The arc tube contains argon gas andmercury plus thorium iodide, sodium iodide andscandium iodide. These three materials are respon-sible for the outstanding performance of this reomarkable light source. The ends of the arc tube havea heat reflecting coating to control the temperatureof these areas during operation. Temperature con-trol is essential to the Metalarc lamp's operation andis discussed in the next section.The Metalarc lamp uses a split frame construction.This is necessitated by the high electrochemical acti-vity of the additive system which requires maximumpossible isolation of metal parts from the arc tube.The arc tube harness includes spring supports at theneck and dome, which make the mount structurevery durable and resistant to rough service and vibra-tion. The bimetal shorting switch in the Metalarclamp closes during lamp operation, providing a shortcircuit between the starting electrode and the adja-cent main electrode. This prevents voltage drop be-tween the main electrode and the starting electrodewhich can lead to electrolytic failure of the arc tubeseal. Some Metalarc lamps use a solid state diode anda bimetal switch. The diode augments the bimetalswitch during lamp warmup. A Borosilicate (Hard)

glass bulb protects the inner parts and also absorbsultraviolet from the arc.

SPRING DOMe SUPPORTS

MO V80ENUM lEAD WIRE

H E AT A :e T IE N TI O NCOATING

THORIA TED TU ~O ST E~eLECTRODES

STARTINO ' I i : LECTFIODE(PROBEI9 1MeTA l SHORT I i' iOSWITCH

S PR I NO N Ee : I( SUPPORTS8 F I, A, SS M EC HA NI CA L B AS EWITH DATE RE,COROING FEATU'Ae

Figure 1. Construction of 40o.Watt. Base Up Burning Metalarc lamp.

O PE RA TIN G PRIN CIPLE S A ND C HA RA CTE RIS TIC SThe Metalarc discharge differs in a very significantway from the mercury system. In a mercury lamp, allof the discharge material is in the vapor state sincethe wall temperature of the arc tube is higher thanthe boiling temperature of mercury. The iodide addi-tives in the Metalarc system have boiling points con-siderably higher than the wall temperature of the arctube and some of the material remains condensed ina solid state. The quantities of the metallic iodides inthe vapor state are governed by the temperature ofthe coldest spot on the interior surface of the arctube. This phenomenon accounts for many of thecharacteristics of Metalarc lamps which are discussedin subsequent sections.

The Metalarc lamp uses the same starting principle asa mercury vapor lamp but differs Significantly instarting requirements and characteristics. Whenvolt-age is applied to the lamp, initial ionization takesplace in the space between the main electrode andthe adjacent starting electrode. Because of the pres-ence of metal iodides in the arc tube the voltage re-quired for this to take place is much higher in aMetalarc lamp. When there is sufficient ionization,the lamp will strike from main electrode to mainelectrode.

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a iii E EI ! r t I ' ' I " E L L lIW O IU ,N GE

Figure 2. Spectral energy distribution of 175-WattMetalarc Clear lamp.

Once the arc is established, the lamp begins to warmup. As the warm up progresses, the metal additivesbegin to enter the arc stream and to emit their char-acteristic radiation. Because of the nature of themetal iodide additive system the sustaining charac-teristics of the ballast are more stringent than thoserequired for a mercury lamp..When the lamp is fully warmed up and the additivemetals are in proper concentration in the are, theireffect is clearly seen. The spectral output of the lampcontains all of the wavelengths that the human eye isresponsive to and much of the radiated energy isshifted into areas of the spectrum where the mercurylamp is deficient. Since all wavelengths or colors areincluded in good relative balance, the overall appear-ance of the lamp color is white and thus providesexcellent rendition of all colors.The sprectral energy distributions of clear Metalarclamps are shown in Figures 2,3,4,5 and 6. Note thecontinuous spectrum throughout the visible band.The second major advantage of the Metalarc lamp incomparison with the mercury vapor lamp issubstan-tially greater efficacy. In general on a size for sizebasis the Metalarc lamp has 65 to 70 percent greaterefficacy. The Super Metalarc family extends this ad-vantage to nearly 100 percent.

Although the Metalarc lamp has excellent color qua-lity for most lighting applications, there are some in-terior lighting applications, such as stores, super-markets, and other commercial interiors where evenbetter color rendition is desirable. For these applica-tions, the Metalarc/C lamp is recommended. Thislamp has a phosphor coating which increases the per-centages of red, orange and yellow wavelengths inthe spectrum, as depicted in the SED curves (Figures7, 8, 9 and 10). The Metalarc/C lamp also features alower color temperature (warmer light) and a morediffuse source of light which aids inreducing bright-ness and glare.4

V!O..n B o L . U ~ -GREEN Y L . O RA No G! :' I A - I D

I T i

.~.;1

, ~ t f 1 D I ,D ~ L f l _ ..fl-,.i. i .7 ' O ! a .0 0 OM GOO . . , r o a . 7!0 "IWE t, [ N oGT I" I I N t . l' ANOM "o S :J B: F t S "Figure 3. Spectral energy dittribution of 250WattMetal arc clear lamp.

~=~~"l----+--+---+--+--=+-""""+----l~~~= IO~--+--~--r--+--;~--+-~~t:i! . .!

Figure 4. Spectral energy distribution of 400-WattMetal'arc Clear lamp. . .,

~. . .=~~+'--+---+--+---+-~--~-~i~ 10 -1--.....,--+-----+1 ~-t--t!! ,~

400 4~ -- ; 01 5 - - 550w.AVL . J r! l G tH l ,w 'N . t ttO * l lE : f iU :

FigUre 5. Sp8Ctral energy distribution of 1000WiIttMetal arc Clear lamp.

u v "1 ( J - L . I i : ; : r IIoU( i;IIIIEE'" (UL"' " Oil lMGE: omr

n rtn :~ \b Jb ~ I Il r r t I--- 'i,

0 4~ ee o MI() ~Q' If . av E I. O I. G .! H I ,. NANO Ii o lE f EJ ; ls ,

ee o

Figure 6.. Spectral' energy distribution of 150O-WattMetalarc Clear lamp.

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cation of performance over life. All published lampspecifications are based on 100 hour measurements.Metalarc lamps have very good lumen maintenancecharacteristics. The decline in light output over lamplife is very gradual. The three major causes of the de-cline in output are deterioration of the electrodesover time, loss of transmission of the arc tube due toblackening and shifts in the chemical balance of theadditive materials. The lumen maintenance is betterwhen Metalarc lamps are burned for a longer periodper start; hence, the best maintenance will resultfrom continuous operation.The lumen maintenance varies somewhat with lampsize, as depicted by the curves in Figures 12 to 16.Figures 17 through 20 show the lumen maintenancefor the phosphor coated Metalarc/C lamps. In thecase of the phosphor coated lamp there is an addi-tional depreciation of light with life due to the de-preciation of the phosphor inside the lamp. Horizon-tal lumen maintenance is approximately 5% lowerthan vertical maintenance at end of rated life.NOTE: When evaluating aMetalarc lighting installa-tion, the lamps should be operated for 100 hours toallow them to stabilize.LAMP LIFEMetalarc lamp life is the elapsed time in hours atwhich 50%of a large sample population of lamps wil lreach normal end of life when operated at controllednominal ballast input, on 10hour cycles in the verti-cal position. (Super Metalarc in nominal designposi-tion).Normal end of life is failure to start or come up to de-sign power. This is caused by gradual deteriorationof the lamp's electrodes over life..Electrode deterio-ration is most severe during starting. Longer oper-ating cycles yield longer lamp life and better lumenmaintenance. Typical mortality or life expectancycurves are shown in Figures 21 through 24.The shape of the Metalarc mortality curve differs inthat it does not contain a sudden sharp dip, such a s ischaracteristic of incandescent and fluorescentlamps. (See Engineering Bulletins 0-324 and 0-341.)Although lives of Metalarc lamps are not as long asthose of mercury lamps of the same wattages, it isexpected that life ratings will be increased as im-provements are made in design and manufacturingtechniques.EFFECTOFTEMPERATUREOperation of the Metalarc lamp is essentially inde-pendent of ambient temperature because the outerjacket controls the arc tube's operating temperature.Wattage, lumen output and color do not vary appre-ciably with temperature. However, ambient temper-6

100,"~ ~ CONTINUOUS_


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10 090'" 80'";:::;l )0-'- 60;: :~ 50. . 40. . . .'" 30OJU

0 20'" ,0- io

I-- VERTtCAl-45 OPEAA . liONIo o 100000 ' 1500 2000

BURNING HOURSFigure 16,. Approximate lumen maintenance of150o.Watt Metalarc Clear lamp. Curve based on4 h0 Urs operati ng per sta rt.

100 ~ ~ , ; : : - - - . " -~ t--- CONTI N'UQUS-- - 10 HRS_ STARi-5 HRS . STAAT90'"G eo:e:3 70; : j _ 60;::Z 50o 40. . .~ 30u~ 10


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100,,90z;;: 80sa 70iiD~50. .e 40.. .z~JO: 2 0

-r - - . - - . . . . . . . . .i'-r-,


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moving at a uniform speed may appear to move injerks. Under the most extreme conditions, a rotatingobject, such as a fly wheel, may seem to be standingstill or even rotating in a reverse direction. Strobo-scopic effect isoften unnoticed, and in most installa-tions it is not a problem. It may be reduced by oper-ating pairs of lamps on lead-lag type ballasts orgroups of three lamps on separate phases of a three-phase circuit. Many installations of Metalarc lampsare performing satisfactorily in areas where very fastmotion occurs, such asmachine shops, gymnasiums,tennis courts and other sports areas.The physical, electrical and photometric character-istics of Metalarc lamps are given in Table III (PagesIBand19).CHROMATIC lTV DIAGRAMFigure 25 is a graphical representation of theapparent color of a lamp. This graph is called a chro-maticity (color) diagram and shows the x and yeo-ordinates or the designcenter of a Metalarc lamp and

00460 1 6G .:100 HOUR ~COLOR OVAL I . & J. . . .

440 1000 WATT a : :CLEAR METALARC 980420 wJ-et. . . . Itu

Ll.I I:r. . . . ~(z 400 0sa : :000> - 380=

36

also shows the correlated color temperature in de-grees Kelvin. The letter "C" in the diagram is thedesign center of the 1000-Watt clear Metalarc lamp.Other MetalarcIamps have chromaticity designcen-ters as indicated by their K and y chromaticity co-ordinates shown in Table III (Pages18and 19).The chromaticity coordinates have manufacturingtolerances just as are found in lumens and physicalsize tolerances. On a chromaticity diagram thelimits, or tolerances, for a particular lamp are de-scribed by a "color oval" as shown in the figure. Acompleted lamp must have its x and y chromaticitycoordinates fall within this oval in order to meet themanufacturing specifications for an acceptablelamp.During the first 100 hours of operation of a lamp theoval does not apply since the lamp has not fullystabilized and settled into its final color. Lamps aged100 hours, however, should fallwithin the color ovalwhen operated at design wattage. No color evalua-

CENTER OF OVAl .. .. .. .. .+--~ ..........--~t--+--I-+--.......,r--t----IX= .382Y = .372

320 340 360 380 400 420 440" X " CO ORD IN ATE

Figure 25. Typical Chromaticity Diagram9


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tion should be made, therefore, on a newly installedgroup of lamps which have not operated 100 hours.It must be understood that the apparen t color of thelamp- does not indicate that the lamp is not pro-ducing the full rated lumen output, nor-does it indi-cate that its color rendering ability is inadequate.Color samples illuminated by the lamp will verify theadequacy of the color, and a footcandle meter willdemonstrate the relative lumen output of the lamp.

Correlated color temperature, color rendering indexand x and y chromaticity coordinates for Metalarclamps are given in Table III (Pages 18and 19).

BRITE-LINE LAMPSSylvania Brite-Line lamps are unjacketed tubularquartz Metal-Halide lamps. They are available in a1500-Watt size which are the same contact to con-

TABLE IIREFERENCE DATA ON SYLVANIA BRITE-LINE LAMPSi"F E -SOl PHYSICAL CHARACTER ISTICS IY . . !I,:

1500-WATTOrdering Designation MW1500T717HBase Designation Recessed Single ContactBulb Designation (Clear Fused Quartz) T7Nominal Bulb Diameter (Inches) 7/8Contact to Contact Length (Inches) 9-7/8 1/16Maximum Overall Length (Inches) 10-1/16Minimum Lighted Length (Arc Length) (Inches) 7Maximum Bulb Temperature eC ) BOOMaximum Seal Temperature rC) 500Burning Position Within 4" of Horizontal

ELECTR ICA L CHARACTERISTICSNominal Lamp Wa t t s 1500Nominal Lamp Amperes 3 . 3Nominal Lamp Volts (RMS) 500Minimum RMS Sustaining Volts 800Minimum Starting Required - Volts (Peak)9B% Probability @ 50'F 141490% Probability @ -20'F 1555

PHOTOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICSInitial Lumens (100 Hr.} 150,000Rated Life Hrs. - 4 Hrs./Start 3,000C.I.E. Chromaticity Coordinates X= .383y= .366Correlated Color Temperature ('K) 3800Warm-Up Time (Minutes) to 80% Brightness 6Restrike Time (Minutes) 12Average Lumen Maintenance at 2,000 Hrs. 80%Burning - 4 Hrs.lStart

100 . . . . . . . . . .r- - - . ._ . _ _ ~111Tt11500BRI'TELlNE -LUMEN MAINTENANCE

o: ! ! : 80>~ 70::)~ 60::i: 3 50~ 40wI, ,)a: 30~

100 r-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . . . . . . r- .


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tact length and maximum overall length as thelS00-Watt, T-3 Tungsten Halogen lamp. Althoughthe quartz tube is made without any starting elec-trode, the arc tube design allows the lamps to startwith a reasonable open circuit voltage. Ballasts areavailable to provide this open circuit voltage and thenecessary current for desired operating levels.Physical, electrical and photometric characteristicsare given in Table II.Brite-Line lamps are highly efficient compactsources of "white" light. The lS00-Watt size, forexample, produces 150,000 initial lumens, com-pared with 33,000 lumens for the 1500-Watt Tung-sten Halogen lamp. The correlated color tempera-.ture of the 1500-Watt Brite-Line is approximately3800K. Typical applications include area flood-lighting, sports arenas, public parks, outdoor salesareas and signs. Brite-Line is ideal for sportsliqhtinq,The Brite-Line lamp, while operating, produces dan-gerous ozone and ultraviolet energy which couldcause burning and serious injury to skin and eyes. Aprotective glass cover of high temperature alumino-silicate which reduces transmitted ultraviolet to asafe level must be used. Due to the ultraviolethazard, this lamp is to be used only in equipmentspecifically designed for use with high intensity dis-charge (H.I.D.) lamps and recommended for use bythe manufacturer of such equipment. Use of thislamp in other equipment is dangerous and is there-fore not recommended. Luminaires. are availablefrom lighting equipment manufacturers.BALLASTING METALARC LAMPSThe Metalarc lamp achieves its high efficacy and ex-cellent color characteristics from the additives in thedischarge. The presence of metal iodides in the lamplead to special ballasting requirements. The iodidematerial makes it more difficult to ionize the gas inthe arc tube and therefore a higher open circuit volt-age is required to start a Metalarc lamp. To providegood lumen maintenance a current crest factor of

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - T - - ------------ ---------------T PEAK-V2 RMS~ -T ~ R l s 1

Figure 28. Si~eWaveform Relationship.

1.8 or less during operation isrequired. Current crestfactor is the ratio of peak to RMS current. Theserequirements are satisfied by the lead peak auto-transformer circuit which builds a peak on a sinewaveform and satisfies the current crest factor re-quirement. Ballasts with a sine waveform are satis-factory if the peak voltage meets the minimum re-quirements of the specific lamp.In addition to starting and operating requirementsthe Metalarc lamp must be provided correct elec-trical input during its warmup period. Any arc lampextinguishes every electrical half-cycle or one hun-dred and twenty times per second on a sixty hertzsupply. The lamp requires sufficient voltage to re-ignite it every half-cycle. Thisvoltage requirement ishigher with Metalarc lamps than with mercury vapor'Iamps'due to the presence of the metal iodides. Thisreignition voltage is affected by the waveform of thecurrent supplied to the lamp during warmup. Aseries of short, high current pulses with a long offtime between them leads to a condition where arcconductivity declines significantly between currentpulses. This leads to a higher voltage requirement toreignite the lamp.The presence of the additive system imposes shortterm voltage demands on the ballast during warmup ..The lead peak circuit satisfies these requirements.Circuit and linevoltage relationships affect the phaserelation of the voltage and current supplied to thelamp. These relationships must be considered in thedesign of ballasting for Metalarc lamps.Starting voltage requirements for Metalarc lamps arelisted in Table I. Similar wattage Super Metalarclamps operate on the same auxiliary equipment asstandard Metalarc lamps.EFFECT OF LINE VOLTAGE VARIATIONIf the Metalarc ballast is tapped, it isvery importantto match the tap connection to the line voltage meas-ured at the ballast for best lamp performance. Some

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - -PEAK ~ 1.8 RMSI

Figure 29. Lead-Peak Waveform Relationship.

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120RJACTORBALLAST \

/V1//.~ /\LEAO.PEAKMETAl-HALIDE

110

90

8585 100 110 115050 95

PERCENT LINE VOLTSFigure 30. Effect of line voltage variation on lampwatts with various ballast types.

ballasts are tapped to accommodate more than oneline voltage, such as 120/240, and some have taps forline voltages that are different from nominal values,

such as 110(120. Variations in the line voltage to theballast will increase or decrease the lamp watts invarious amounts, depending on the ballast type, asshown inFigure 30.L AMP WARMUP CHARAC TER IS T IC SFigure 31 shows the lamp warmup characteristics ofa 400-Watt Metalarc lamp on a typical commerciallead peak autotransformer ballast. The characteris-tics of other Metalarc lamps are similar.

4.0 r---'---'-__"-r-"""'===;:;;~_T""'"-'-----' 400 '00--: _ -u~..... .L.,.;......,.S r----+_".(,.....,.,~.I l ' i. . . . . . . --1----1-----1 >00

, _ .. .:00...04--+ __ l 1 l i _ _ 1&' ~oo/ - ~ . -'0'".----Hf---7"---+-----I----1-----I2~O 6.2.S,.0

120 , .100

60 1..1------ll-it---+-----I---+-----IliIOh~ -.--vou.LO---7r:/f-rf--+---_::::::~~;~- 100~-',/ _I % LiGHT,............'0"-;..0-+----1---+----+,--1.0 t . 2. !i

40 20

o~~~~-7-~~,~~~~~.OT IM E - 1 0 1IN UT E S

Figure 31. Warmupcharacteristics of a 400WsttMetalarc lamp.

o

SUPER METALARCPRINCIPLES OF OPERATION-HORIZONTAL LAMPSSuper Metalarc lamps are a result of detailed studiesof the physics of the Metalarc discharge. The charac-teristics of particular interest are the effects of arcbending in nonvertical operating positions and theeffect on cold spot temperature of various orienta-tions. The result of these studies is the SuperMetalarc family which are designed for a single speci-fic operating position and offer significantly higherefficacy.Figure 32 is a schematic of a Metalarc lamp operatingin the horizontal position. The arc stream is bowedupward away from the axis of arc tube and additive

materials are condensed along the bottom surface.The bowing effect causes the top portion of the tubeto approach the acceptable temperature limits of thequartz arc tube material. Conversely, the bottom ofthe arc tube is at a considerably lower temperatureand promotes condensation of the metal halide addi-tives, thus affecting efficacy and color.Super Metalarc lamps are designed to adapt to andutilize these natural conditions. The arc tubes ofSuper Metalarc lamps are formed to accommodatethe natural conditions of the arc, thus providing uni-form wall temperature. This in turn increases boththe amount and uniformity of additive material inthe discharge with resultant higher efficacy andcolor uniformity. Super Metalarc lamps provide

FRE E B URN IN G A RCS TA NDA RD HO RIZO NT AL A RC T UB E

12Figure 32. Schematic diagram of a standard Metalarc arc tube operating in a horizontal orientation.


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approximately twenty-five percent higher efficacyover similar wattage straight wall standard Metalarclamps.Super Metalarc lamps have the same ballasting re-quirements as the same wattage standard Metalarclamp.LAMP CONSTRUCTIONThe arc tube geometry developed for the horizontalSuper Metalare lamps necessitates control of thelamp operating position. To achieve this a specialbase and lamp socket holder have been developed.These are the Position Oriented Mogul Base ( P o M , Sand P,BsitionOriented Mogul Socket (POMS) . ThePOMlbhas a locating pin attached to the shell of thebase that ,90sitively stops the lamp in the cutout ofthe POM& The tolerances allowed for installationare 15" in two planes. The longitudinal axis~f thelamp must meet this requirement and the verticalcenterline of the body of the arc tube is held to thesame limits. These tolerances are allowed inorder toaccount for physical limitations of actual fixturesand installations but the lamp isreally a point designand the ideal is to achieve perfect orientation. If theallowed tolerances are exceeded lamp performancewill be compromised and life will be shortened. ThePOMS will accommodate a standard mogul base andmercury or Metalarc lamps can be used in thesesockets ..Figure 33 shows the construction details of a hori-zontal Super Metalarc lamp.

SPECIALLY CONTOUf\EDARC TUBEFigure 33. Construction of a horizontal Super Meularclampe Only differences from standard Metalerc lamps arahighli.ghted..

OUTPUT, LIFE AND LUMEN MAINTENANCEFigures 34 and 35 are spectral energy distributionsfor the horizontal operating Super Metalarc lamps.Figure 36 is a lamp mortality curve..Lumen mainte-nance characteristics are shown inFigure 37.

PRINCIPLES 0 F OPE.RATION -VERTICAL LAMPSVertically operating Super Metalarc lamps are alsothe result of detailed studies of arc behavior. ManyMetalarc lamps are operated vertically and any modi-

20VOl - I E U . U f G~'EN Y E " l . . ~.fiI'.NGE "' "

1

~~ 11 , l r l , L IL /l4DD 400 000 .. 0 000 650 m o ,~o.00Figure 34. Spectral energy distdbu.t ion ofMS400/HOR Clear .Iamp.

G .fI 'E fN _ 'l'E - : 1 1 - - IIiIlO

~~--~---+---4--~~--~--+---~~Ei!5 1-+----+---+----+---1 I+----+----I----+___--I51~; 10 1-+----I-----+-------t----1 1+------1----t----+_---I

Figure 35. Spectral energy distribution ofMS400/C/HOR Metalare/C lamp.e; 100, .:; 90(I: 80:;)tn 70(/)~ 60~ 50~ 40I- 30Zw 20UIt 10wQ.

_ \I " " ' " ~ r - - . . CONTINUOUS - , _ _r - - . . . . . . . . . 1" ' - -1 ' - - . 1J I -

, ' , ; - . . ~ ~ < s . J s 7 '1. . , ~ , . . . . . . . . . . .. q I ; l7 '--/.s',..~ r'. . q l ; l ; > - . . . . . . .

,

BURNING HOURS liN THOUSANDS)Figure 36. Typical life axpactancy or mortali ty curvasfor 400-Watf Super Metalarc lamps at various burningcycles. An curves applv to operation on singla lampballsst, 0r independen tope rat ion (parallell dual ballast.100


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fication to improve efficiency in this orientationwould be a significant benefit, As with the horizon-tal Super Metalarc lamps, adaptation of the lampdesign to natural lamp operating conditions providesan improved Metalarc lamp.In a vertically operated cylindrical arc tube convec-tion currents tend to separate into upper and lowerpatterns. The lower convection pattern is richer inthe high efficiency additive material. The upper pat-tern has less additive material and its output is closerto that of a mercury discharge. The average effect ofthese two patterns is the total lamp output.By forming the arc tube to the expanded sectiongeometry shown in Figure 38, the convection circu-lation currents are modified to a single pattern withan overall increase in the additive content of the arc.This design increases lamp efficacy by twenty-fivepercent.

Figure 38. Arc tube geometry of the MS1000 SuperMetal'arc lamp.

The single convection pattern causes the arc to beslightly less stable than arc in a straight walled tubeand there may be an almost imperceptible shifting orwandering effect.The lOOO-Watt Super Metalarc has the same ballast-ing requirements as the standard thousand wattlamp. This lamp is available in base up and base downdesigns and must be operated within 15 elfvertical.

LAMP CONSTRUCTIONSince this lamp design is intended for vertical opera-tion no special base and socket arrangement is re-quired. With the exception of the special expanded14

section arc tube the vertical Super Metalarc lampconstruction is identical to a standard Metalarclamp.OUTPUT LIFE AND LUMEN MAINTENANCEFigure 39 is a spectral energy distribution of theMSIOOO. Lumen maintenance and mortality areshown in Figures 40 and 41.

" 0 < " iUJE G";:EH V EL O IU ING .E .ED

n~ l : t D l , _f = G n,"" . . , so e . . . 000 . " fOO ,. " , 1 0

Figure 39. Spectral energy distribution of theMS1 000 Su~r Metalarc lamp.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . CON + INUOIUf'~~ 10HRS.lST~flT5 MRS JST4RT __

fJlZ100III:1 ; 90= 'J 80.J< t: 70~ 60u, 50o 40I-~ 30:t 20w0.. 10

o o 3 6 74 5 8 9 10BURNING HOURS liN THOUSANDS)

Figure 40. Approximate lumen maintenanceof 1000Watt Super Metalarc lamp.

e~ 100>> 90~ 80III 70fJl~ 60~ 50~ 40I- 30Zw 20UII 10w0.

CONJ,NUOUS- ~~T4';: r---~ Tr I " ' - . . . " " " ' ", ~o o 84 6 9 105

BURNING HOURS liN THOUSANQS)

Figure 41. Typical life expectancy or mortality curves for1OOO-WattSuper Metalarc lamps at various burning cycles.


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METALARC SW INGL IN EThe Metalarc Swingline is a Metalarc lamp that isdesigned to operate on most constant wattage (CW)or constant wattage autotransformer (CWA)ballasts. The mercury ballast does not have sufficientopen circuit voltage to assure starting a Metalarclamp. This deficiency is overcome by the use of aspecial starting circuit that is built into the MetalarcSwingline lamp. The starting circuit shown inFigure42 is a voltage doubler circuit that acts in conjunc-tion with the series capacitor in the secondary of theCWand CWAballasts and provides sufficient poten-tial to start the lamp. The effect of this starting cir-cuit is shown inFigure 43.

I

IIIIIII__ __ J

IIIL.

Figure 42. Schematic of the MetalarcSwlngline starting circuit.----,.-:-.- . . . ./ "\

I \\\\\\\

Figure 43. Effect o f Metalarc Swingline starting circuit. Solidlina is ballast output without tha circuit. Dotted line is ballastoutput plus DC component that will start the lamp.The current waveform of the mercury ballast doesnot completely meet the requirements for Metalarclamps and as a result the Metalarc Swingline has aslightly shorter rated life, and lumen maintenance isalso slightly affected as compared to a 400-WattMetalarc lamp on a metal halide ballast. Lumenmaintenance is shown in Figures 44 and 45 and mor-tality inFigure 46.

IIIZ 100w:2 90:J. . . J 80. . . J 70~ 60Z- 50'"0 40~z 30wc 20a :w 10Q..

~ e-, -~ ~ r . . . . -' . . . . . . .t-~ 1 " 0 - . . r - - 5 HRS./ST CONTINUOUS10 HRS./STARTARTo o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12

BURNING HOURS (IN THOUSANDS]

Figure 44. Approximate lumen maintenance of 400-WauMetalarc Swinglina Clesrlamps at various burning CYcles.AII ouryes ara for vertica I operati0n.

~ ~~ ~ t o . . . . .. . . .~ ~ . . . . . . . . r - - . .r" - r - . . . . . . . r--"i o o o o " - - -HRS./START

~ roc~ 903 80...J 70I- 60Z 50L!. 400I- 30Zw 20U0: 10wQ..

CONTINUOUS10 HRS./START

o o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 '12aURi'LI-NG HOURS (IN THOUSANDS)

Figure 45. Approximate lumen maintenance of 400lI\ 'attMetalarcfC Swingline lamps at various burning cyelas.Curves baSlldon vertical opera,tion.,

o~ 100> 90:: -II 80:: J


16/23

The Metalarc Swingline is intended primarily as aretrofit lamp for installations using mercury lampson CW or CWA mercury ballasts. Higher lightinglevels are easily achieved by a conversion to Swing-line plus the added benefit of better color or if thephysical layout permits, some fixtures can be re-moved or deenergized to effect an energy saving.Among commonly used lamp ballasting circuits are avariety of multilamp designs. Most common aretypes that operate two mercury vapor lamps. Thereare two major types of two lamp ballasts - Lead-Lagand two lamp Constant Wattage Isolated or twolamp series.The Metalarc Swingline will operate satisfactorily onthe lead side of a lead lag ballast because there is acapacitor in the secondary of the ballast that canoperate in conjunction with the starting circuit builtinto the lamp and provide the necessary starting volt-age.One Metalarc Swingline lamp can be operated in con-junction with one rnercury vapor lamp on the twolamp series ballast. There is a series capacitor in thesecondary of this ballast design but if two Swinglinelamps are installed, the starting circuits will be in

opposition and the charging effect shown in Figure43 will not occur. Since the mercury lamp does nothave a starting circuit the combination of one Swing-line and one mercury lamp is satisfactory.Metalarc Swingline lamps should not be used on anyballast that has a capacitor inparallel with the lampon the secondary side of the ballast. This applies tosingleand two lamp ballasts. This capacitor isused topeak the open circuit voltage of the ballast and reosults in modified voltage and current waveshapesthat are not suitable for Swingline lamps.The use of Metalarc Swinqline is not recommendedfor new installations since the longer life and betterlumen maintenance of a Metalarc lamp on a metalhalide type ballast offer significant cost benefits dueto reduced maintenance requirements and fewer in-stalled fixtures for a given maintained lighting level.Because of the wide diversity of ballast types andperformance levels a trial installation of at least onemonth's duration is recommended prior to a majorconversion. Some mercury ballast may not supplysufficient sustaining voltage during lamp warm up toreignite the lamp at each half cycle and maintainlamp operation.

METALARC APPLICATIONSINDUSTRIAL LIGHTINGMetalarc lamps, especially the 400-Watt and1000-Watt sizes, are the best choice for most indus-trial lighting applications that require relatively highmounting of the luminaires. Obviously, the entirerange of lamps can be applied to the various mount-ing heights and intensity requirements met in interi-or lighting. In one installation, over 900 - 400-WattMetalarc lamps, mounted at 20 feet, provide lightingof 80 footcandles in the unclean atmosphere of ametal stamping and forming plant. A significant in-stallation, mounted 60 feet above the floor in a 180x 50 foot room, at Cape Kennedy's Jet PropulsionLaboratories Spacecraft Assembly area uses 1000-Watt MetaIarc lamps. A lighting level of 500 footcandles of shadowless white light, with faithful colorrendition, permits rapid documentary and engineer-ing sequential color photography without the use offilters or other corrective means. In chemical andpetroleum plants, where color identification ofpipes, circuits, warning or caution areas is of para-mount importance, Metalarc lamps have foundready acceptance.For outdoor areas adjacent to factories, the high effi-cacy of Metalarc lamps permits economic protectiveand parking lot lighting installations. Another inter-esting outdoor application is the illumination of oneof the nation's largest floating dry docks with Metal-arc lamps. The wealth of bright, white light allows16

after-dark repair and refinishing activities, with aminimum of supplemental lighting.USED CAR AND PARKING LOTSThe true color rendition properties of Metalarclamps have made it easy to locate a car by its color inthe general lighting of extensive sales lots. There arenow many installations using poles 30 to 120 feethigh with 2 or more IOOO-WattMetalarc lamps perpole to produce bright uniform illumination. Thesales of used cars depend on the eye appeal-glitter,sparkle, high intensity and true color rendition ofcars. Many used car lots across the country are cur-rently using, with increased sales,the brighter, moreefficient lighting of Metalarc lamps to add sparkle,improved color and sales appeal to cars.BUILDING AND SIGN FLOODLIGHTINGIn the realm of advertising, sign boards and buildingfloodlighting, the 400-Watt Metalarc is being givenprime consideration as the workhorse of that in-dustry. Billboards lighted from the bottom withseveral Metalarc lamps in floodlighting equipmentassume dramatic new dimensions with excellentcolor rendition and high levelsof illumination.A more recent technique of lighting high-rise signsutilizes Metalarc lamps mounted on or close to theground, a narrow beam fixture is used to project thelight up to the sign. Maintenance becomes much less


17/23

expensive when compared to the internally lightedplastic sign normally used fo~this application.Buildings that may be inconspicuous in the daytimetake on an attention-attracting appearance at nightwhen floodlighted with Metalarc lighting equip-ment.SPORTS AR ENA AND STADI UM LlG HTiNGMetalarc's high efficacy and superior color renditionare dramatically illustrated every time MetaIarclamps are used in sports arenas and stadiums. Mostmajor sporting events are now telecast in color in-stead of black and white. Because color telecastingof football games, baseball series, hockey matchesand other sporting events, requires several timesmore light than black and white, many sports arenasand stadiums are lighted with Metalarc lamps whichprovide the necessary higher footcandles and ex-cellent color.The lS00-Watt Metalarc lamp is specifically de-signed for sports lighting applications. Two of theimportant features of this lamp are its high lumenoutput and good maintenance. The arc tube is de-signed to withstand the high currents present whilemaintaining good color rendition and high light out-put throughout rated life. The 1500-Watt Metalarclamp operates at a correlated color temperature,which is compatible with color television broadcast-ing equipment. It is, therefore, highly suited to allsports arena and stadium lighting applications wheremaximum lighting levels at minimum cost are ofprime importance.

COMMERCIAL LIGHTINGFor commercial interiors, such asbanks, departmentstores, furniture stores, appliance dealers and super-markets, the Metalarc/C lamp has been accepted bymerchants asan ideal light source. Used in suspendedor recessed lighting equipment, Metalarc/C lampscreate a bright, cheerful store atmosphere that ispleasing to merchants and customers. Many super-markets are benefitting from an average of 140-200footcandles or more throughout the store. This isconsiderably above the national average of lessthan100 in supermarkets. Especially beneficial also is thehigh level of vertical footcandles from Metalarc/Clighting equipment, which provides adequate illum-ination not only at the top shelf but at the middleand bottom shelves as well. Colors of merchandiseand packaging are especially vivid under Metalarc/Clamps.Applications of Metalarc lamps are continuing togrow in number nearly everyday. The future for thiscompact and highly efficient light source, with itsexcellent color rendering characteristics, is limited. only by the imagination of the designers of today'sand tomorrow's lighting installations and equip-ment. Metalarc lamps now bring the challenge ofcreating new and exciting lighting concepts to thedaily scope of the application lighting engineers andarchitects.TROUBLESHOOTINGFor complete information on troubleshooting pro-cedures, refer to Engineering Bulletin 0345, Trou-bleshooting HID Lighting Systems.

17


18/23

v.Ia. .:E.Jua:...II-w~=z-c:(w>...1...1t : I ] > ( I )I-zoI-cwuzwa:wL L .Wc ::

OQOCU"')CI:;IIQNOOCQQOOCOC:::::,.. .... _1.t'lIt,n4.nQMC"'?C'lci~~f.D .. to t)N_

coO;OCMOOOONCc~OCOCCQr- _O .. ~.~~N~~~c.,Q~:!O......M!CO.~~gg~~g~N~oo co eo eo ee e-,~2r--."Q . 'q~

M;" ' ". . . . .MM

18


19/23

=0::t:::'0. . ,~~ ~ I N N5;;, uu Q- - - -CQO..nCCCONQQ ~~ _OQQOO.Dc",""" - =. . . . efl N CI cOQCMMCO ~" . . ~! r.n . .c: " 0=",_" .. ~. . . . :Eoo 'In f ~ ~ ~-t i 23 ~~ .c,g c 10 !!1 ." s 'f8 ! . .! 'E~'~ e E "i ~ !. " ~~u " e~ Co " 'c ic ]C. 0 C ~ ~ 'e ~! ::>0-;;M a c '" ";: t: 1 0 ~,~ .. c ~c DO N '~ 1~0 H'g . .. . . "- ...u..l: z a :: co a ::5 g g

19

(>..c"Oa - = . .c 01>.


20/23

METALARC LAMPWARNINGUse Metalarc lamps only in fixtures and circuits wiredwith compatible auxiliary equipment. Operation withincompatible equipment can cause lamp to shatter andmay result in personal injury and damage to equipmentand property.Lamp operates under pressure and at high temperature,and may shatter when operated horizontally or within60 of horizontal position. In these positions the lampshould be operated in a suitably enclosed fixture. 250and 1500-Watt Metalarc lamps should be operated insuitably enclosed fixtures for all operating positions.Do not remove or insert lamp when power is on.If outer bulb is broken, shut off power immediatelyand remove lamp to prevent exposure to ultravioletenergy, harmful to eyes and skin.Do not scratch glass or subject lamp to undue pressureas either may cause lamp breakage.Protect operating lamp from moisture sources whichcan cause breakage.Follow Operating Instructions.

BRITELlNE LAMP WARNING:LAMP MAY BEHARMFULIF IMPROPER LY OPERATEDOperating lamp emits ozone and ultraviolet radiation,harmful to eyes and skin.Operating lamp may shatter.Operate lamps only in fixtures or equipment specifi-cally designed to prevent injuries from ultravioletradiation and shattering.Use only in circuits with compatible auxiliaryequipment.Do not remove or insert lamp when equipment poweris on.Lamp should be operated only in accordance with theoperating instructions.

20

METALARC LAMPOPERATING INSTRUCTIONSMetalarc lamps will operate satisfactorily only if aux-iliary equipment used conforms to electrical specifica-tions established by the lamp manufacturer. Metalarclamps will not operate on most auxiliary equipmentused for mercury lamps of the same wattage.Although the outer bulb of these lamps is made ofhard glass which resists thermal shock caused bymoisture sources, moisture may cause breakage.Electrically insulate any metal support in contactwith outer bulb to avoid glass decomposition.For rated performance, lamp must be operated in thepositions indicated on the lamp etch: SD - basedown, BU-HOR - base up to horizontal. Lampshould be screwed into' socket firmly without usingundue pressure. Screw lamps into sockets using domeend rather than the larger lamp diameter to avoiddamaging the lamp.For total load, add auxiliary wattage to lamp wattage.

BRITELlNE LAMPOPERATING INSTRUCTIONSDo not remove inner tissue wrap until lamp is proper-ly installed in fixture.Once tissue is removed handle the lamp only withcotton gloves.NOTE: If lamp is handled wash lamp in alcohol toremove fingerprints, grease or oil and drywith cotton or clean cloth. Any fingerprints,

grease or oil left on quartz will cause pre-mature lamp failure.Lamp must be operated within 4 degrees of horizontal.


21/23

HORIZ ONTAL SUPE R METAL ARCLAMPWARNINGUse this lamp only in fixtures and circuits wired withcompatible auxiliary equipment. Operation with in-compatible equipment can cause lamp to shatter andmay result in personal injury and damage to equip-ment and property. Lamp arc tube operates underhigh pressure and at high temperature (nominally900C 1652"F) and may shatter during operation.Therefore, lamp must be operated only in a suitablyenclosed fixture. Do not remove or insert lamp whenpower is on. If outer bulb is broken, shut off powerimmediately and remove lamp to prevent exposure toultraviolet energy, harmful to eyes and skin. Do notscratch glass or subject lamp to undue pressure aseither may cause lamp breakage. Protect operatinglamp from moisture sources which can cause break-age. Follow Operating Instructions.

VERTICAL SUPER METALARCLAMP OPERATING INSTRUCTIONSMetal Halide electric discharge lamps will operatesatisfactorily only if auxiliary equipment used can-forms to electrical specifications established by thelamp manufacturer. These lamps will not operate onmost auxiliary equipment used for mercury lamps ofthe same wattage.Although the outer bulb of these lamps are made ofhard glass which resists thermal shock caused bymoisture sources, moisture may cause breakage.Electrically insulate any metal support in contactwith outer bulb to avoid glass decomposition.Performance of the lOOO-Wa t t Super Metalarc Lampdeclines significantly when operated in non-verticalpositions. Standard Metalarc lamps are recommendedfor applications more than 15 from vertical.For rated performance, lamps must be operated inthe positions indicated on the lamp etch: BD - basedown, BU - base up. Lamps should be screwed intosocket firmly without using undue pressure. Screwlamp into socket using dome end rather than thelarger lamp diameter to avoid damaging the lamp.For total load, add auxiliary wattage to lamp wattage.

Code No. 777 Rev.

HORIZONTAL SUPER METALARCLAMP OPERATING INSTRUCTIONSThis is a Metal Halide electric discharge lamp that willoperate satisfactorily only if auxiliary equipmentused conforms to electrical specifications establishedby the lamp manufacturer, This lamp will not operateon most auxiliary equipment used for mercury lampsof the same wattage. Although the outer bulb of thislamp is made of hard glass which resists thermalshock caused by moisture sources, moisture maycause breakage. Electrically insulate any metal sup-port in contact with outer bulb to avoid glass decom-position. Lamp must be operated only ina positionwhich is within 15 degrees of horizontal as indicatedin diagram below. Lamp also must be screwed intosocket until pin on base engages stop in socket. Fortotal load add auxiliary (ballast) wattage to lampwattage.

Horizontal

This lamp is equipped with a brass date-recordingbase. No guesswork about the burning life of Sylvaniahigh intensity discharge lamps. Simply scratchthrough appropriate code numbers the month andyear the lamp is installed.

VE RTICAL SUPER METALA RCLAMP WARNINGUse these lamps only in fixtures and circuits wired withcompatible auxiliary equipment. Operation with in-compatible equipment can cause lamps to shatter andmay result in personal injury and damage to equipmen tand property.Do not operate lamps horizontally or within 60" of ahorizontal position. These lamps operate under pres.sure and at high temperature and may shatter if oper-ated in those positions.Do not remove or insert lamps when power is on.If outer bulb is broken, shut off power immediatelyand remove lamp to prevent exposure to ultravioletenergy, harmful to eyes and skin.Do not scratch glass or subject lamps to undue pressureaseither may cause lamp breakage.Protect operating lamps (rom moisture sources whichcan cause breakage.Follow Operating Instructions.

2 1


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Metalarc Lamps - Burning Positions

BASE UPTO HORIZONTAL(BU-HOR)M400 aUHORMM400 aU-HORM250 BU-HORM1000 BU-HORM1500 BU-HOR

BASE DOWN(BD)M400 SOMM400 SOM250 SOM1000 SOM1500 BD

HORIZONTAL(HOR)MS175MS400

Metalarc Lamps - Burning Positions

VERTICAL BASE UP15' VERTICAL BASE DOWN15D

MS100d a uM175 BUMS1000 BDM175 SO

22


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SYLVAN IA SALES & SERV IC E D IRECTORY

6000

LOCATION

ATLANTA, GA.MASS.

BUFFALO, N. Y.CHARLOTTE, N. C

CINCINNATI. OHIOCLEVELAND. OHIODALLAS, TEXASDENVER. COLORADO

MICHIGAN

HARTFORD. CONN.HOUSTON. TEXASKANSAS CITY, KANSASLOS ANGELES. CALIF.

NEW ORLEANS. LOUISIANANEW YORK. NEW YORKORLANDO. FLORIDAPHILADELPHIA. PENN.PITTSBURGH, PENNST. LOUIS. MISSOURI

. CALIF.

SEATTLE. WASHINGTONSOUTHFIELD, MICHIGANTETERBORO. NEW JERSEY

SALES OFFICES(TO OBT"IN S"US "NO TECHNIC"L INFORM"TION)

son St.. p, 0, Box 5246. Elk Grove Village. Ill inois

. N.E . Fridley. Minn,

Box 13770

P. O. Box 9544

Burlingame, Calif ,

DISTRIBUTION CENTERS(TO OAOEIl L"MPS "NO TO08T . lIN SH!PPING INFOIlMW"REHOUSIE STOCKS MAIN'f"INED INTHIESE

Park

Box 30234

ley, Minn.

0, Box 13770

, Burlinqarne. Calif .

l i i S t SYLVANIALIGHTING CENTER. DANVERS, MASS 01923

45244413

80248

191152

1481

221

Documents

Sylvania Engineering Bulletin - Metalarc Lamps 1977