Sylvania Incandescent Lighting Guide Book 1957

8/13/2019 Sylvania Incandescent Lighting Guide Book 1957

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SYMNIAINCANDESGENT LIGHTINGGUIDE BOOK....,r1

COM M ERCIALINDUSTRIALRESIDENTIAL LAMPS

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lrIts purpose is not to tell you how to planor design a lighting system. But simplyto provide you with a convenient sourceof reference on the indispensable incan-descent light bulb . . . what it is,how it operates, its numerous advantages.And especially to show you how manyimproved types are available to youtoday for every conceivable lighting use.

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PA.GEFf uorescenl Lomps ond Equipmenl . . . . 22Mercury Vopor lomps. 22Soles ond Service Directory. 23Moior Types of Sylvonio lncondescent Lomps I2-16Generol lighting Lomps . . . Cleor, lnside Frosted,Doylight, Superwhite, Sofilight, Cool-Light. . . 12Counlry Home Lomps 12Silver Bowl ond Semi-Silver Bowl Lomps .. . . . 123-Lite lomps 12Buglite Lomps. 13Decorolor Lomps. 13PAR Type Refleclor Lomps. 13R Type Reflector lomps. 13Tubulqr Refleclor lomps. 13Direct-Lites .. ..... 14Sign ond Decorolive Lomps. 14Lurniline Lomps. 14Applionce ond Indicolor Lomps. 14lnfrored Heol Lomps. 15Rough Service Lomps 15Vibrotion Service Lomps. l5Extended Service lomps. 15Street lighting Lomps. 15Troffic Signol Lomps, 16Aviolion Service Lomps. 16Troin Lomps .. ..... 16Street Roilwoy lomps. 16

Table of contentsPAGE

Historicol Nole.. 3Moior Advonloges 3Conslruclion ond Operolion. ... 4Efficiency. 5life ond Economics. 5UnitCoslofLight. ....... 5TheTungslenFilqmenl. ,..6,7Gqs Filled ond Vocuum Lomps. . . .. . . . 6Bulb Shopes ., ..... 7Bulb Sizes, Gloss Types, FinishesLight Control Bulbs. ILomp Boses. 9Correcl Voltoge Requiremenfs...... l0Effects of Voltqge Voriolion. lORelolive Efficiencies. I INormol Depreciolion I IAveroge Life... I IBulb Blqckening.... I Ilncondescent lighling Mqinlenonce.......... 17Group lomp Replocemenl. 17lncqndescent lomp Servicing. t8Light Absorplion of Wall Colors. 18 iMonufocluring Focilities 19 ilncondescenl "Firsls". 19 ].Reseqrch. 20 aQuolity Conlrol. ,20,21 i


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majorEDt50N'SFIRST LAMP

Edison's first successfulincandescent lamphad an efficiencyof 1.4 lumensper watt. The effi-ciency of modernlamps ranges from 10to 22 lumens perwatt - dependingupon their size.

Men have used a wide variety of fuels for produc-ing artiflcial 1ight. Among them wood, oils, fats,waxes, gas and petroleum. A11 of these fuels containcarbon. And it is the incandescent or glou:ingparticles of carbon which produce the light.Significantly, Edison chose carbon for the fi'lamentof his flrst practical electric light. But though itsfilament material has changed - the basic principleof the incandescent lamp has remained the samesince Edison invented it in 1879. Gradual improve-ments have made the lamp we use today fifteentimes more efficient than trdison's original. AndSylvania has shared in incandescent lamp productionand deveiopment since early in this century.

Sylvania manufactured the carbon lamp of 1901,the tungsten filament lamp introduced in 1911, thegas filled lamp which appeared in 1913. And S1'1-vania has contributed many improvements inincandescent quality and service . now manufac-tures over 1800 types and sizes of incandescent lamps.In these days the higher efficiencies of other typesof lighting are finding widespread favor. But asthe most simple of all sources for electric illumina-tion - the incandescent lamp will continue to hold avital place in lipihting. That's because, as you willsee at right, it offers many advantages which newertypes of lighting cannot match.

aduantages ofincandescent lightingr Offers a concentrated light source -easy to direct precisely on the seeingtask.z Operates reliabiy at all tempera-tures - below zero or in tropical heat.g Lights immediately -without anywaiting period or auxiliary equipmentfor preheating.4 Flexible - lamps in a tremendousvariety of types and sizes will fit thesame socket.5 Ofiers good color rendition formost ordinary seeing tasks.6 Easy to maintain - anyone canreplace a bulb.z Life is not reduced by frequentstarting - hence its use for flashinglights and signals.a Light can be dimmed or increasedfor special requirements by rheostat orvoltage variation.9 Operates on direct or alternatingcurrent.to Easy to install, simple to wire,because no auxiliary equipment is re-quired.tt Low initial cost for lamps, fixturesand installation.


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FILAMENTThe filomeni moteriol generollyused is lungsten. The filoment moybe o slroighl wire, o coil or ocoiled-coil.GASUsuolly o mixture of nitrogen ondorgon is used in most lomps 40wolls ond over to retord evopo-rotion of the filoment.LEAD-IN WIRESMode of copper from bose loslem press ond nickel from siempress to filomeni; corry the cur-rent lo ond from lhe filomeni.STEM PRESSThe leod-in wires in the glosshove on oir-tighf seol here ondore mode of o combinolion of onickel-iron olloy core ond o cop-per sleeve {Dumet wire) lo os-sure obout the some coefficienlof exponsion os the gloss.EXHAUST TUBE,Air is exhousted through this tubeduring mqnufocture ond inertgoses inlroduced into the bulb.The tube, which originolly pro-iects beyond the bulb, is lhenseoled off short enough io becopped by the bose.

WHAT lT lS . . . The ordinary incandescentAND How lu*p,it,? device for produc-rr opERArEr 'ifr".,ll1nt,"tllilo;',"#"":g:plex, it is manufactured by the millions to sell as oneof the cheapest of products. Yet each iamp callsfor far greater precision in manufacture than themost expensive watch.What makes this familiar glass bulb - with itsscrew base and inner structure of fine wires - givelight the moment you snap on a switch? First, refer tothe diagram and note the vertical "lead-in" wires.These carry the current continuously from its sourceat the socket-through the filament and out again.

BULB/Softgloss is generolly used. Hord,/ gloss is used for some lomps to,/ withslond higher bulb tempero-,/ turel 1nj f3r,oda3a prole:ri:nogoinsf bulb breqkoge due tomoisture. Bulbs ore mode invorious shopes ond finishes.

SUPPORT WIRESMolybdenum wires supporl thefilomenl.BUTTONGloss is heoted during monufoc-ture ond supporf wires plocedin it.BUTTON RODGlqss rod supporis button.HEAT DEFLEGTORUsed in higher woltoge generolservice lomps ond other typeswhen needed, lo reduce circulo-tion of hot goses into neck of bulb.FUSEProtects the lomp ond circuil byblowing if the filoment orcs.BASETypicol screw bose is shown. Oneleod-in wire is soldered to thecenler contoct ond the other tothe upper rim of the bose shell.Mode of brqss or oluminum.

THE INCANDESGENT LAMPThe action of the electric current heats the tung-sten filament until it becomes "white hot" - at atemperature of around 4500"F., or about twice thatof molten steel. The glowing brilliance radiatedby this intense white heat is "incande5gsnss" - 61what you see as light.Under these circumstances you might wonderwhy the filament does not burn up. That's becausethe surrounding atmosphere within the bulb is eitheran airless vacuum or contains inert gases. In eithercase, there's nothing to combine with tungsten toproduce combustion. As a result it continues toglow and give off the white heat of iight through-out its "life".


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AT today's averagepower rates, a modernSylvania 60-watt lampwill give you a millionlumen-hours of lightfor less than $3.00.You would have paid$35.00 for the sameamount of light from acarbon filament lampof the early 1900's.

quantity of light for which -vou finrl the cost. Amillion lumen-hours is roughly the total amountof light you would get from a standard 100-wattlamp, rated at 750 hours of life and burned undernormal conditions.Here is the Unit Cost of Light formula:

EFFICIENCY The "efTiciency" of an incandescentlamp refers, as you might suppose' to how muchlight it produces for each watt of power it consumes.The amount of light produced is called the "lumenoutput". And a lumen is the unit used to measure liglrt'For example, supposing you have a standard 60-watt lamp which is rated to produce a total of 835

lumens. To find its efficiency, you divide its lumenoutput by its watts. This gives you H whichequals 13.91 - or very nearly 14 lumens per watt.Today's ordinary incandescent lamps in thesmaller sizes from 25 to 100 watts have efficienciesof 10 to 16 lumens per watt. In the larger sizes from150 to 1500 watts, their e{iiciency is about 18 Lo 22lumens per watt' In other words, the higher thewattage - the higher the iumen-per-watt efficiency.tlFE AND ECONOMICS The rated life of an in-candescent lamp is Lhe at:erage number of hours it isconstructed to burn. It is nol the actual nr-rmber ofhours you can expect from any speciflc lamp. l'orexample, in a group of lamps rated for 1000 hours oflife - some will last longer than raterl life - somenot as long. But the aiierage life for the group willbe 1000 hours.Lamp life depends directly on filament brilliance'The briehter the filament burns - the shorter itslife. The dimmer its light - the longer it lasts. Thusa lamp is constructed to give the practical number ofhours of life desirable for its use - and this eco-nomic consideration must be carefully caiculated'

Lighting engineets, therefore, balance the factors oflight output, length of life and power consumed --to design the type of lamp best suited for its purpose'They give you as much light, with as long life, at aslow a consumption of power as possible. You'llfind this balance best achieved in your ordinaryhousehold and general service lamps' Most of theseare rated for 750 or 1000 hours of life.UNIT COSI OF IIGHT If you're interested inflnding exactly what your unit cost of light is -there's a formula which makes it fairly easy to figure'For convenience it uses a million lumen-hours as the

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tr1iiil,tffi1X1rou,, : #'ku, ' 1ffinq-,,,'"tul* + Kirowatt Hour costfoR '| t,,1,. *tIn this.formula:E : Average lumens per Pwatt throughout lifeW : Average watts con-sumed throughout life RL : Average lamp life, inthousands of hours

: Net cost of lamP tle-Iivered in socket, indollars: Cost of electrical en-ergy in dollars Perl


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GAS FILIED AND VACUUM LAMPS For more thanthirty years the filament of the incandescent lampwas operated in a vacuum bulb. This was to pre-vent the tungsten from combining with oxygen and"burning up".In 1913 a major improvement occurred with theintroduction of gas-filled lamps. The gas providespressure on the filament which slows evaporationand allows it to operate at a higher temperature.At first nitrogen alone was used. Modern lampscombine argon with nitrogen in mixtures that varydepending on the wattage. Both are inert gaseswhich cannot combine chemically with tungsten.

These gases are introduced into the bulb atapproximately 80c% of atmospheric pressure. Theinternal pressure then rises to about that of atmos-pheric pressure when the lamp operates under normalconditions. Only lamps of 40 watts and larger aregas-filled. Those under 40 watts are vacuum types.There are exceptions on special types.FILAMENT DESIGN You can see in the diagram anumber of diflerent filament designs. Filament design,length and diameter - depend on the purpose ofthe lamp, and the wat,tage, volts and life desired.The straight wire fllament was once used in all

lamps. It is used in very few today because itslength requires many supports. And the more sup-ports, the more heat loss. Lighting engineers foundthat coiling the fllament reduced heat lgss andincreased efficiency. And that by again coiling theoriginal coil they could get even higher heat concen-tration, greater light output. This is called "coiled-coil" construction. It increases the efficiency of a60-watt lamp for instance, by about 10/6.When vou look at an ordinary household bulb,the filament appears to be about an inch long.Actually it contains nearly two feet of tightly coiledwire - whose diameter is measured in ten-thou-sandths of an inch. Any inaccuracy in the spacingof its coils may vary the lamp's life by as much as

10,o/o. The table at base of page 6 compares thesehighly precise dimensions for lamps of various sizes.AXIAI MOUNTING Axial mounting - along thevertical axis of the lamp - is an improvementwhich provides less fllament contact with the streamof hot fi1l gases circulating within the lamp whileburning in the base-up position. Bulb blackening isreduced, therebf increasing light output during theiife of the lamp. The change from coiled tocoiled-coil filaments mounted in this manner also providesa substantial initial increase in output.

..C'' CONE SHAPElJied moslly for smoll lomPs.

..G'' GLOBEFor ornqmenlol lighting ond somespollights snd floodlighls.

..T'' TUBULARFor showcose ond opplion.e lighting.Also L miline for deGorolive eftecls,liEhting pictures, mirrors, et(.

Incandescent Bulb Shapes

..S'' STRAIGHTFor lower wotloge lomps, sign onddecordlive lomps

..A'' STANDARDln universol use for home liqhting

'iF'' FLAI/IEPopulcr for decoroi;ve i.ieriorlishling.

"PS" PEAR,STRAIGHT NECKln lorger sizes I50 to 2OO0 wdltsfor generol use.

IIPAR'' PARABOLICATUMINIZED

REFTECTORUsed in spotlights ond floodlights.

..P'' PEARStondord for slreel roitwqy dndlocomolive heodliqhts'

rrGA" GLOBE,Lcrgely for decorolive use.

..R.'' REFLECTORFor spollighls ond floodlightsindoor use.

LUfttrItINE


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BULB SIZES, GLASS T\/PES,FINISHESBUIB SIZES To distinguish between two bulb sizesof the same shape, lamp manufacturers use a figureafter the abbreviation for the bulb shape. Thisfigure gives the bulb's maximum diameter in eighthsof an inch. For instance, A-19 means an A-shapebulb with a diameter of 19 x t4" - or 2)( inches.TYPES OF BUIB GLASS Most lamp bulbs are madeof "soft" or lime glass. Lamps which are to withstandthermal shock and must possess greater strength aremade of "hard" glass, known as "heat resistant"glass. The hard glass bulbs are used in many highwattage lamps and lamps recommended for outdooruse where moisture condensation can be expected.All lamps are manufactured so that the bulb temper-atures will be considerably below the safe operatingmaximum.BULB FINISHES For many years only clear glasswas used to make incandescent bulbs. You couldsee the brilliant filament plainly exposed and thelight of a naked bulb was uncomfortably harsh andglaring. To corect this condition many specialfinishes are applied to bulbs today. They help toreduce glare, diffuse the light, color it and control it.Below are the standard types in use at present.Cleor Gloss Still used in the higher wattage 150 to1500-watt range where reflectors will be used toshield eyes from glare. Also used for floodlightingand other special purposes which require accuratecontrol of light.lnside Frosted Most common of ail bultr frnishes- the "frost" is due to acid etching of the bulb'sinner surface. This partially diffuses light, reducesgiare and shadows. Loss of light due to frostaverages under fi of l/t.Inside Goqted These provide a softer more evenly dif-fused light than frosted types, made possible by a thincoating of finely ground powder. Three types developedand introduced by Sylvania are the "Superwhite",the pink-toned "Softlight" and the aqua-tinted "Cool-Light".Doylight These bulbs are made of a special blue-green glass which absorbs some of the red, orange andyellow wavelengths and produces a whiter light ap-proximating daylight. Under it colors appear nearertheir true values than under ordinary incandescent

bulbs. Daylight buibs give about 3516 less lightthan an inside frosted bulb of the same wattage.Oulside ooted These lamps provide color effectsinexpensively by the applieation of a "baked on" trans-lucent ceramic color. The bulb and coating are fusedtogether to obtain excellent diffusion and a smoothhard surface which will not chip or collect dirt.Nolural Colored Here the color pigments are mixedwith the glass itself. These bulbs are for specializeduses where purity and permanence of color are essen-tial - as in dark ruby lamps for photography. Moreexpensive than color-coated types, they are not usedfor decorative pwposes, are available in Amber, Blue,Green and Ruby in 25, 40 and 60 watts"IIGHT CONTROL BUtBg In bulbs of this typereflecting materials appiied to either the insideor outside of the lamp offer more definite control oflight direction than is possible through ordinaryfrost or coating. These types include the:White Bowl The bowl only of these iamps is sprayedinside with a white diffusing enamel, leaving the neckof the bulb clear. This directs about 80/6 of thelight upwards, ZAa/e downwards, greatly reducingglare and shadows. For use in open fixtures wherebulb base is exposed. Burn base up.Silvered Bowl In these lamps, a finish of pure silveris deposited on the lower half of the bowl. A finaliayer of aluminum is applied to enhance bulb ap-pearance. These provide fully indirect illumination,independent of any fixture. Burn hase up.PAR crnd Refleclor Types Here the reflecting surfaceof siiver or aluminum is sealed inside the bulb. Thefilament is scientifically placed in relation to thereflector to distribute light accurately for either spot-lighting or floodlighting. Only hard-giass typesshould be used outdoors.Bolite This type of bulb provides both directand indirect lighting suitable for critical seeing.Coated inside with white powder. Burn base down.Decorotor Lamps A decorative bulb of the "GA"shape with an enamel finish on the lower, largerhalf of the bowl. Designed for exposed ceilingfixtures, it provides semi-indirect lighting - distrib-utes two-thirds of the light upwards, one-thirddownwards. Burn base up.


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TYPES OF INGANDESCENTThe base of your incandescent lamp has two impor-tant jobs to do. It holds the lamp firmly in thesocket to make contact with the electrical current.And it conducts the current through the lamp bymeans of the lead-in wires. One of these connects atthe contact disc and the other on the upper rim ofthe base. Bases, like buibs, are standardized in anumber of types.Screw Boses Most widely used of all base types.Included are: the Candela,bra on small lamps for nightlights, home appliances, and decorative purposes'The Intermediate, largely used for sign lights. TheMed'ium for most bulbs used in the home. The Mogula larger, heavy duty type for higher wattage bulbs.Medium Skirled Bcrses For lamps in applicationswhere high base temperatures are encountered'Three Gontaci Bqses Used for SJight lamps -which contain two separate filaments in one bulb.Similar to other screw bases, but has an extra "ringcontact". This aliows lighting of different wattagefilaments separately or in combination for threeillumination levels. Medium and mogul sizes.Prefocus Boses Used on many home movie bulbsand projector type dispiay lamps. Contains aninner shell to insure an exact light center lengthfor highly accurate light projection. Medium andmogul sizes.

LAMP BASESfor highly accurhte light projection. Medium andmogul sizes.Boyonel Boses Used for automobile lamps andsome home appliances to prevent lamps from loosen-ing or faliing out. Provides more secure contacl bymeans of two pins which fit into slots in socket.Candelabra and medium sizes.Disc Boses Used on both ends of the T-shapelumiline lamp. Base and holder snap together.BASE AND SOCKET IEMPERATURES Be on yourguard against too high lamp temperatures. They canaffect lamp performance arld shorten the life ofinsulating wire and sockets in the lighting fixture' Amaximum safe base temperature for general servicelamps with bulbs cemented to the base is 345'F'Higher temperatures may soften the solder whichconnects the lead-in wires to the base - also weakenthe cement and loosen the bulb. For higher wattagelamps, special types of silicone high-temperaturecement are used.BASING CEMENT Sylvania uses three kinds ofbasing cement. Lamp type and application deter-mine the amounts of resin, silicone and marble flourto be used.

', ,' ,,CANDIELABRA:'. :, '.:,-,-,,:::CANDEfABRA:' f iif iri,r , ''r 'r iWffiffigW*r.*Tnror:rurn **'fir3?.lflo* ,sEDrumFocus Drsc (Lumirine) -@ sKrRrEWw- gE:s ' A


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PERFORMANCE CHARAGTERISTIGSOF INGANDESCENT LAMPSIMPORTANCE OF CORRECT VOTTAGE Voltage,as you probably know, is the "pressure" of electricity.And marked on each incandescent bulb, you'II findthe designated voltage at which it is designed or"rated" to operate. It's important to use a lamp ofthe right voltage for the circuit in which it is used.Otherwise variation between the voltage of thelamps and the voltage of the circuit will affect thelife and light output of the lamp. And generallyincrease the overall cost of your lighting.VOTTAGE RANGES Listed below you'll find thefour voltage classes which meet most requirementsfor convenience, efficiency and electrical safety foreach type of iighting service.l. Slondord Voltage - flS, l2O, 125-Voh CircuitsThis is the voltage range for the majority of generalservice lamps - although certain lamps are alsodesigned for 105, 110 and 130-vo1t service.2. High Volrage - 2gO ,o 3OO-Voh Circuits230 and 250-volt lamps take care of most highvoltage circuit requirements - although this rangealso includes 275, 285, and 300-volt lamps.3, Low Voltoge - 6 to 54-Volt CircuitsLamps in this range generally are designed tooperate from power supplied by storage batterygenerator sets. These include special types oflamps for lighting railroad cars, rural homes, boats,airplanes, trailers, etc.4. "Ronge" VoltageLamps which are etched 115 125V. fali in thisclassification. They possess a filament designed for120-volt operation to give rated performance. Opera-tion at 115-volts or 125-vo1ts is permissible; howeverlife and light output are altered.

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5. Speciol VoltogesThe few lamps in this range, such as those ratedat 75 volts and 150-vo1ts, are not included in any ofthe other four classes.EFFECTS OF VOTTAGE VARIAIION When circuitvoltage is hi,gher than rated lamp voltage -- lightoutput and watts increase - but life is reduced.That's because an increase in voltage forces morecurrent through the filament - causing it to con-sume more watts and produce more light. At thesame time, filament resistance increases because itsoperating temperature is higher. As a result, lamplife shortens because the tungsten evaporates morerapidly as its temperature rises.

On the other hand, when you decrease voltage,exactiy the opposite effect takes place. When cir-cuit voltage is lower than rated lamp voltage -light output and watts decrease - but life is con-siderably longer.Lamp users should be sure that rated voltage oflamps is within 3 volts of the socket voltage for 110-125 volt lamps - and within 6 volts of the socketvoltage for 22A-250 volt lamps.RELATIVE EFFICIENCIES The fiiament of a low-voltage lamp is both shorter and larger in diameterthan the standard voltage filament. And as youmight expect, the high-voltage filament is longer andsmaller in diameter than the standard.If you have a low-voltage lamp, its filament willneed a higher current and a lower resistance for thesame wattage. Since the filament is shorter and itssurface smaller its temperature rises because thesame wattage is consumed on the smaller surface.The rise in surface temperature increases its efficiency.And the efficiency is further increased because the

COST OF IIGI{T

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ln neorly oll coses, burning lomps ovoltoge offers the most economicol bqlolife, light, ond cost of Iight (efficiencyonly exceptions where this bolonce doopply ore oreos where power coexlremely low or replocemenl co

5/e lower Ratedthon Roled 5/6 Higherthon Rcled 5% Lower Rcredthon Rated 5/6 Higherthon RoledWhen circuit voltoge is 3/s lower lhon rated voltoge of lomp . . .

the some qs rcrted lomp voltoge... ond S/shigher.5/6 Lower Rs?ed 57o Higherthon Roted thon Roted

exlremely high.


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Xow Efficiency Vories Wirh VoltogeFo. different fypes of 100-Woll Sylvonio lomps

- lnitiol Efliciency Life."""',"i,";;"r,,", "-"',',;'*'t' i'r;

t ZO Rough Service 12.2 'l 000240 Generol Lighting 12.4 100012O Vibrqiion Service i 3.5 1 000l2O Generol Lighting 15.4 1000120 Generol Lighling 16,3 75O60 Troin Lishting I 6.5 1 00030 Troin Lighling I 8.5 I 000

Rough-service ond vibrolion-service lomps require speciol filqment con-struclior which reduces efficiency so ore nol recommended for generollighting service.

shorter filament needs fewer supports and this alsoreduces heat losses.On the other hand, if the filament of your 1ow-voltage lamp were too short - the rise in surfacetemperature woulcl reach the melting point of tungs-Len. Also a very short filament has too high a pro-portion of "end losses" from the lead-in wires. That'swhy par1, of the reduction in resistance necessary forthe low-voltage lamp is accomplished by shorbeningthe filament - and pari b-v increasing its diameter.Just thc oppo,"ite is true of the high-voltage fila-ment. Its smaller cliameter produces iower efficiency.And its greater iength requires morc support --which increases heat losses and recluces efficiencvstill further.LIFE CHARACTERISTIGS

NORMAL DEPRECIAIION As you burn incandcs-cent lamps over a period of time, thcy graduallyconsume slightly less power and give slightly lesslight. That's because normal evaporation of thefilament gradually recluces its diameter. Thisincreases its resistance to the electric cuttent, car:.singit to consume less power. Light output rlecreaseswith the lifc of the lamp as the filament operatingtemperature lowers and gradual bulb blackeningtakes place.Lighr Depreciotion ondOperoting Choroclerislics

AVERAGE tlFE The raled life represents the cLei'ogelife expectancy for all lamps of a particular type.It does not mean the actunl life to be expected from agiven individual lamp.On the Life trxpectancy Chart you can see howthis works out. It shows 1-ou that at the end ofrated life -- approximately 45,1/o of any large groupof lamps will have burned out - and 55-c./o will con-tinue to br,rrn for ionger periods. However, lampsburning be-vond their rated life become relatively soinellicient that your light wili cost you less if youreplace the lamps before burnout. (See Group LampReplacement on page 17.)

Typicol Mortolify or Life ExpectoncyCurve for lncqndesceni Lomps

o ro 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 I00II0 l2O l3O I40 I5Percent of REted Averoge Life

BULB BTACKENING Doubtle'ss you've noticed theblackening thal has taken place on the inside ofhousehold bulbs b-v the time yolr throw thern away.This results from normal evaporation of the filamentand the depositing of tungsten particles on theinner bulb surface.In vacuum lamps, the biackening is uniformthroughout the bulb. In a gas fiIled lamp the hotgas cnrrents caruy the particles upwards - deposit-ing them on thc bowl if the lamp is burned basedown - on the neck if it is burned base up. Forthis reason, base-up burning reduces light output

less because the larger area of the lamp bowl remainsc1ear.In some lamps an active chemical called a "getter"is usecl to reduce gas plessure and clear up bulbatmosphere when thc lamp is first lighted. Espe-cially in the case of vacuum lamps, the "getter"eflectivel-v rednces blachening throughout life.

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A-t5t5w

GENERAL TIGHTING

a-t925to75W

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PS-30300 w

fga-23r50 w

:'+'iat-PS-40500 ww

A-25200 w

P5-522OO0 W (Cleor) ffiKii;isllt

]ffi5ri:rrlr,::

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s'sA-r960w

S-40500 w

.q r ta-21 Ps-25w so-ioo-r50 w

PS-s2 PS-3s250 & 1000 w 300 w3-uTE

i:a-2ttoo w

PS-52Z5O to 1 500 W

DAYTI

A-r9 A-23 P5-25 PS-306ow loow t50w 2oowSILVER BOWL AND 5EfY1I.5ILVER

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qil#PS-25150 w

%.#wPS-30200 w P5-35300 w

PS-40500 w

PS-25 G-305o-roo-t50 w 100-200-300 w

PS-35300 wBOWLg3ss

,.i

R-4050-too-150 w

GENERAL LIGHTING TAMPS This includes the"A" ]ine in 15 to 150-watt sizes, and the PS type in150 to 2000-watt sizes - with medium screw basesto 300 watts - larger sizes r,vith mogul bases. X{ostwidely used of all incandescent lamps t'or generaliighting in homes, offlces, stores, factories, etc. Higherwattages are for commercial and industrial use.Cleor Lomps For use with covered reflectors andfor high mounting where glare will not affect eye-level vision. 15 to 2000-watt sizes.Inside Frosfed Iieduces extremely high filamentbrightness of clear lamps, and helps reduce shadows.15 to 1500-watt sizes"DAYLIGFIT TAMPS Made of blue glass to give awhiter light approximating dayiight. Used in manycommercial and industrial applications whereveraccurate color observation is important. Clear orinside frosted. 25 to 500-watt sizes.SUPERWI{ITE A deluxe household lamp that givesan unusually soft diffused white light. Recommend-ed for use where bulbs are wholly or partly exposed.15 to 200-watts.SOFTIIGHT Specially coated to provide a flatteringpearl-pink glow to complexions and interiors. 40 to1S0-watt sizes, plus 50-100-150 and 100-200-300Slite sizes and Z\-watt Flame Shape.COOI-tlGHT An inside coated lamp especially de-signed for interior illumination for enhancing blueand green color schemes to suggest a cool, restfulatmosphere.COUI{TRY IIOME TAMPS For use with battery-generator sets. For homes, in 15 to 100-watt sizes.A-17 to A-23 inside-frosted bulbs, rnedium base, for28-32 voit circuits. For camps, boats, etc. in 15 to50-watt sizes, inside frosted bulbs, medium base,for 6 and 12 volts.SILVER BOWL LAMPS Give full indirect lightingthrough mirror coating of silver on lower half of bowl.Coating will not tarnish or deteriorate. 60 to 1000-watt sizes, medium or mogul bases. Semi-Siluer Bowllamps, providingindirect and direct lighting, availablein 300 and 500 watt sizes with mogul base.3-tlTES tr'or 3-way switch floor and table lamps.Provide three separate lighting leveis by using twofilaments of different wattages in the same bulb. In-

a-23100 wX*-Jj'|i

I2


13/24

INGANDESGENT LAMPS

side frost or coated white for complete diffusion -must be burned base down. 30-70-100, 50-100-150,30-200-230, and 100-200-300.BUGLITE Yellow lamps which give abundant lightbut do not attract insects as do ordinary lights. 25to 200-watt sizes, medium base"DECORATOR LAMPS Pleasing GA shape for risewhere bulbs are exposed. Distributc two-thirds oflight upwards, one-third downwards, providing -remi-indirect lighting through enamerl finish on lower halfof bow1. 5O-watt, medium base, basc-up bnrningon11..PAR TYPE REFLECTOR LAMPS Of molded weather-resistant "hard" glass - primarily for outdoor usebut can be used indoors. Built-in reflector scienti-ficaliy controls light distribution. Wide beam flood-lite or narrow concentrated-beam spotlite types. Forsafety lighting, parking iots, drive-in theatres, andall types of outdoor iighting. AIso for generai indoordown-lighting for counters, displays, stages, auxiliar;.industrial lighting. With medium skirted base in 75and 150-watt sizes, the latter also with side-prongbase to flt shallow fixtures.R TYPE REFTECTOR tAMPg One-piece blown glass,fully frosted, with built-in reflector to control lightdistribution. Wider beam provides more "spill"light than PAR iamps of sarne wattage. F loodliteand spotlite types. 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 500, 750-watt sizes. Frimariiy for indoor use for industrial ordisplay floodiighting. 300-watt "hard" glass t-vpeavailable for outdoor use. Except for the PAR lampsit is recommended that hard glass types of lamps beshielded if used outdoors. Medium, medium skirtedand mogul bases. The R-52 types, 500-watt and750-watt sizes, are especially suited for industrialhigh-bay lighting.TUBULAR AND SHOWCASE IAMPS Used in bothcommercial and industriai applications for showcase,panel and locaiized lighting. Tubuiar lamps can beused in smali trough reflectors, come in Z\-wattT-6%and 40-watt T-8 and T-10 sizes. The reflector typeshave built-in reflecting surfaces and spring contactbases for positioning - come in 25 and 40-wattT-10 sizes.

R.EFTECTOR

DECORATOR8rIg,?

GA-2550w

SPOTS AND

PAR-38Mediuh Skided BoseZ5 ond 150 Wofis

FtooDs

PAR-38Side Prong't50 w

/slF@qrb F-?t&*,9ar\f1 **/I #lJri.,gFffiF ,qf,lfrr$R-40Medism Skided B

150 ro 300 W

'*#'*"ryfry,rtrfxta-Rg,siR-30Medium Bose75W

,&._o/-lqft E\._. lii'r' ti'

, ,WR-40Mogul Bose300 lo 500 W R-52Mogul Bose5OO ond 750 W

6gss*s.&,

ffiW#T-t 0

Refleclorond 4O

rY\,rT -6V225W

TUBUTAR REFTECTOR

T-ro T-1025 dnd 40 W SpringConlocl gqse25 dnd 40 W &4?T-840w


14/24

DIRECT-LITE5

SIGN AND DECORATIVE

a-2t s-1460w low

TT.IMILINE

T-830&60w

T-840w

APPTIANCE AND INDICATOR

MAJOR TVPES OF SYLVA*

D RECT-LITES \Vith bLrilt-in reflecting surfacee'-speciaL11' de-signed for efTicient 11ett'ero.l lighting lorhigh-ba)' inclustrial mor-lnting where maintenance iscliiiicrilt. I,{a-v be shielded or unshieldcci. 60 to1000 ivatt sizers, A and FS 'qhaperrl bulbs. 300-watt tsS-40 availabie rvith medium-skirted base.sIGP.I AND DECORATIVE TAMPSlndoor Types In white, ivor1., flametint, and othercolors in larger sizes. Clear or outside coated toproduce a soft, velvety appearance. S, F, G and Abulb shapes, candelabra and niedium bases, 6 to40-watt sizes. Also Natural Colored lamps for amateurstage trighting, in amber, b1ue, green or rub5', S and Abulb shapes, 10 to 60-watt sizes.Outdoor Types C1ear, inside frosted, and insidecolored types in most colors - with S and A bulbshapes, medium bases" Decorative lamps in 10 to40-watt sizes. C1ear Daylight Sign lamps in 10 to50-watt sizes. Low wattages minimize thermaicracks, permit exposed outdoor use.tUMltlNE LAMPS Tubular shape for special in-terior lighting effects and where space prevents use ofconventionai light bulbs. For display case, cove,sign, mirror and picture lighting. 30 to 60-wattsizes with disc base, clear, inside frosted and colored.APPLIANCE AND INDICATOR LAMPS A completeiine of small and medium size lamps for special house-hold uses including pilot lights for appliances, refrig-erator lights, and a range oven lamp which with-stands temperatures up to 475"F. 6 to 40-wattsizes, clear and inside frosted types, with candelabra,intermediate or mediuln screw bases - or bayonetbases, depending on type of socket used.INFRARED HEAT IAMPS Since Infrareds do notrequire the higher filament temperature needed toproduce visibie light - the filaments are designed forcomparatively low operating temperature which re-sults in more radiant heat and much longer life.They provide fast, economical. extremely efficientsources of heat energy. In tndustr5' they arewidely used for all types of heating, drying and bak-ing operations. On the farm they find major use inpoultry brooding' In the home they offer all typesof minor apnlications such as thawing frozen pipes,

A13{p s#ts igtfli, a Igla ; &I lg. ., *fA-*"'e6"*s&-g

PS-30loo&lsow pS-35 e 2oow [ i&f* # '1b,*1 d %,gs* .{- ffiIt*t'^\*sffi,&iBWs5P5-40300 wPS-52500 w P5-60250 & 1000 w

ff*1''ir.,i :''1ri iJ '3

F-ro F- 5 F-15l5w 25W 40wF-t0r5W.; A .&

G-18V225W

s-I4 A- 9 A-21tow 25W 40w: =G-2540w

a,leF ,rb iRs ,t$ i{' lffc-77W A-15 C-725&40W tOWD. C. BoY.

T-7 T-8l5W 25WD. C. goy, D. C. BoY'11


15/24

INFRARED HEATrir':i:"r3r''lrrr'1r:rr'rrr " .....-.

ROUGH SERVICE

',\:

E r'*?*.= .*A-I9 A-2125&50W 75&tOOW

R-40t25, 250 & 325

tnfP5-2t50

fw- *8E \ ,w{;LAMPSwarming cold motors, temporary room heating, etc.Inl25 to 375-watt sizes with medium-skirted basesand a 250-watt size with medium base. A special 250-watt type, primarily for brooding, is available.ROUGH SERVICE TAMPS For extension cords inmachine shops, garages, on steam shovels and otherlocations where lamps receive rough handling" Insidefrosted, 25,50,100, 150, 200-watts - and 200-wattClear - all with medium base.VIBRAIION SERV|CE tAMpS Spe'cial filament with-stancls vibration, as from indu-qtrial machinery. Clearor inside frosted, 25,50 and 100-watts, medium base.These lamps are not recommencled for horizontaiburning.EXTENDED SERVICE LAMPS A special supple-mentarlu. linc of lamps recommended o,nly for usewhere lamp replacement costs are high and powercosts are lorv. Designed to give 2500 hours life per-formance but to gain this longer life a sacrifice ismade in light output and efficiency. Available insizes and types from 25 watts to 1000 watts.STREET TIGHTING tAMPSSlreel Series Lomps Designed for operation in anelectrical series connection with a high-voltage source,with constant-current transformers rated at 4, G:G,7.5 and 20 amperes. Sizes give initial light outputfrom 320 to 15,000 lumens, mogul bases. Certain sizescan be burned only in designated base-up or base-down positions. Rated life 2000 hours. Several typesof Sylvania Street Series lamps incorporate a "closelead" construction to stop destructive arcs that maydevelop in the event the cutout in the socket fails tooperate as intended.Muliiple Streef Lomps For operation in multiplestreet lighting circuits on a standard power souree"85 to 575-watt sizes in A and PS bulb shapes, mediumand mogul bases, any burning position. Rated life is1500 hours.Group Replocernent Lomps Speciai longJife StreetSeries Lamps 320 lumens to 15000 lumens andmultiple street lamps 58 watts to 860 watts, bothtypes rated at 3000 hours. For installation where$oups of lamps will be replaced all at sarne time -sually twice a year.

{*iglD-. aF

ttr#e&\" ;rk t*#w" ''wE,$t. ,1swR-40250 WG-30r25, 250 & 325 W

: .lB,$wP5-30200 w

VIBRATION.{ -3{

SERVICE

b*i'gt*A-19 t ta25&50W A-23I0o wSTREET LIGHTING

,.it't;t.-.1t;,t{*tWA-2385 &926,

Lf.lSi-6'w,rxs'"PS-406000, tooool5O0O Lumens

ti;1lffilgd*%%,grP5-4037o, 405, 575,585 & 520 W

j-:"-1I

1..1{i};t

r x5P5-2575 & t89 W

]l''ri]lri*+-;-1l[xH.V

P5-3515 268,2es & 3iro w

I t]\ ":/\li' l-rlirltso.'lffiY

PS-25320, 600, t000& 250O lumensP52500

Ium


16/24

TRAFFIC SIGNAL

\,,p]rl'gP-25I50 W

:*il1t, ,irllll.iY. .,*&a}KET"gp'

PS-40500 w

rya-15l5w

1' lhriI t[]; i1,,11' :lirwl-20& 1000

l'xA.'2375&100w

wA-2t40, 60,67 & too W

MAJOR TYPES OF SYLVANIINGANDESGENT LAMPS

TRAFFIC SIGNAL TAMPS Specia111' engineererl forclependable operation at a lumen output consistentwith long lifc. 40, 60, 6? and 100-watt in A-21 sizeand 150-watt P-25 - all with clear glass bulbs andmeclium base.AVIATION SERVICE TAMPS Ampere rated AirportMarker Lamps come in tubular bulb shape withmetliurn prefocus base in 3O-volt to 200-watt T-10 toT-14 sizes. Also in watt rated lamps from 500 to1000-watt T-20 with mogu). or medium bases, man-vpre-focus, for use as Air Beacon, Air Course Markeranct On Course Beacons. Wind Direction andTraflic Signal lamps have A-type bulbs - come in15 to 100-watts, A-15 to A-21 sizes with mediumbases.TRAIN LAMPSTroin Lighting Lomps Specially designed with shortrugged coil fllaments to withstand difficult railroadservice. Made for low-voltage generator operation at30 and 60-vo1ts-in 15 to 100-watt A-17 to A-23 bulbsizes, inside frosted.Locomolive Heodlight Lomps Highly concentratedfilament accurateiy focussed in reflector produces afar-reaching intense beam. 100-watt A-21 bulb size andspecial P-25 250-watt size featuring"double support"t-o withstand vibration. Both with clear glass bulbs,for 32-vo1t operation.Locomolive Cob [omps For all locomotive lightingexcept headlights. 15-watt size only, clear glassS-14 bulb, medium base {or 34-volt operation'STREET RAILWAY LAMPS Designed for operating 5lamps in series on regulation street railway voltagesaf 525 to 650 volts. Rated in identifying odd watt-ages of 36 to 301 watts, in A, F and PS bulb shapes,some types clear glass, some inside frosted, depend-ing on use. Larger sizes constructed to preventur"ittg when burnout occurs. 30-vo1t cut-out lamps,operating 20 lamps in series, to prevent alcing, areaiso available.(Fnr rnore complete inJormation on anA of th'e lampstistecl in tltis section, write to Syluani,a for the LargeLamp Price Scltedule.)

t\#l$*T-I4Volt 20O W

AVIATION SERVICE

A-r 925&50w

a-216Z&t00w 500

TRAIN TIGHTING. 1

A-1715w

LOCOMOTIVE

a-1925&50w

:1i"e.-.s-r415W

'1

a-21r00 w

A-1936W

STREET RAILWAY

PS-30201 w

) ':t.:I ,l:1,. ilt

P-2594W PS-3530r w

CAB AND HEADLIGHTSj'j';ir

ffiP -25250 W

A-2136&56w

16


17/24

-=-< 2INGANDESGENTLIGHTING a

Naturally your incandescent lighting systemwili give you maximum light output when it isfirst installed. And under normai operatingconditions it will probablv require less atten-tion and servicing than other t--vpes of iighting.But with length of service, as we've seen,lamps graduallv deliver less light. Dust anddirt collect by degrees on fixtures, walls andceilings - and they absorb morc and moreGROUP LAMP REPLACEMENT In large industrialand commercial incandescent installations, replacinglamps one at a time as they burn out is a costly wasteof maintenance time and legwork. 'Iirat's because,at today's high wage levels, labor is the largest singleitem of lamp replacement cost.It saves time and money - as well as greatlyimproves over-aIl lighting efficiency to use theconvenient modern method of group lamp replace-ment. That is, to replace all lamps at one time -hen they have already burned between 70 h IA0l/oof their rated average life.

light instead of reflccting it as clean surfacesdo. Failure to keep iamps and fixtures clean caneasil1. gs11ss a loss of 3 footcandles in every 10.This makes a regular maintenance programdesirable for any large installation of incan-descent lamps its frequencl. derpencling onhow rapiclll' soiling occltrs. Bulbs shoqld bewiped, fixtures washed and walls and ceilingscleanecl or repainted at scheduled interyals.Dnring the period from 70c/6 on, bulb blackeningincteases, light output decreases and lamps burn outmore frequently

-as already indicated on the

Lamp Mortalitl' and Depreciation Charts on page11. So the sma1l amount you save by keeping aginglamps in service is more than offset by much greaterlabor cost savings through group replacement.What's more, if you schedule group lamp replace-ment to take place at the same time as regular clean-ing - one maintenance operation can accomplishboth. This cuts your labor costs per lamp to a frac-tion of the one-at-a-time replacement cost.GROUP REPLACEMENT SAVINGS ANALYSIS

Consider a high-bay installation of 500 1amps. The simplified analysis below can be applied to determine the econo-mics of "One at a Time" replacement against "Group Replacement" for this high-bay installation of 300-watt 1amps."ONE AT A TIME" Lomp Replocement sYtvANtA GROUP REPTACEMENT {Ar 80/6ot Rqred Life

$500.00IIIi*

$220.00Iv$720.00

A. TABOR COSTTime inMinulesper Collv20-lo-

B. LAMP COSTNumberofLompsv500

A. I.ABOR COSTTime inMinulesper Lompv560

B. tAMP COSTNumberofLomps*500

X HovrlyRoieI*x $3.00

X NumberofLomps*X s00 : $12s.0

: $220.0100.044.0

48 9.0

HourlyRote

I*_t qoNet PricePerLompv

$.44

Numberofl.ompsv500

TOTAL "ONE AT A TIME'' COST(Add A & B)

Net PricePerLomp+$.44

C. Addilionql 2O/s Charge for individuolreplqements os they occur, lzo/s of Lobor Cost A ot lefi)D, Additionql 20/6 ol B qbove covers lomp costs forreplocemenls as they occur.E. Add A + B + C { D for Group Cosr if GR ismode or 8O/s ot Rored LifeTOTAT GROUP REPTACEMENT COST(Multiply E x 1.25 to odiust for full Roled Life)THESE SAVINGS ARE TYPICATlf with "one qt o lime" lomp replocing you ore spendingWith Sylvonia Group Replocement, you will spend onlyYOU SAVE

For a completely detailed study it wouid be necessary to take inaccount certain other factors in favor of Group Replacementuch as fixture maintenance which is usually done at the same timOn the other hand, there is also diminished lumen output becausefew of the lamps would burn out belore the regular time of GroReplacement. However, the above gives a general idea of the poininvolved and shows that Group Replacement may be even moattractive where higher labor rates exist.

$720.00$611.25$ I 08.75


18/24

Tips onIncandescentLamp SeruicingW

lt--+-s'i-'*q {:-,'f.ll

Because incandescent lamps are more simple inoperation than any other electric light source - theyusually give very satisfactory service with little or noattention. However certain conditions may causeunsatisfactory performance or too-early lamp failure.Listed below are some of these conditions and whatyou can do to correct them.lf Lighr Outpul is Too Low This may be causedby too many blackening or burned-out bulbs, plussoil on walls or ceilings. If so, group replacement andcleaning are overdue. Lamps too small for the light-ing job also may be at fault. Be sure replacementsare the correct size prescribed for your installation.lf Volloge ls Too High or Low Incandescentlamps are very sensitive to voltage variation. Toohigh voltage will increase light output but greatlyshorten life. Too low voltage will lenglhen life butdecrease light output. Rated lamp voltage shouldbe within 3 volts of the socket voltage for 1l-0-125volt lamps, within 6 volts of socket voltage for 220'250 volt lamps. Most utilities will provide a volt-meter for taking readings and assist you in correctingthis condition.lf Lomps Are Subiecl to Rough Service Roughservice differs from vibration service in consistingof large amplitude shocks at rather low frequencies'To withstand this destructive treatment, speciallyconstructed rough-service lamps should be used'Rough service and vibration lamps are more expen-sive and less efficient than general service lampshowever, and should not be used unless conditionsare severe enough to warrant them.lf Lomps Are Subiect lo Vlbrcrlion Since vibrationgreatly shortens lamp life, special measwes should betaken. If vibration is slight, a spring or vibrationsocket may end the trouble. Otherwise vibrationlamps should be used which are specially constructedto give good service under these conditions.lf Bulb Blistering Occurs Bubbles or blisters areuncommon but may occur in higher-wattage lampsdue to softening of the glass. They may result fromincorrectly designed fixtures, equipment which con-

centrates heat on the bulb, or excessively high sur-rounding temperatures. Using an open type offixture which permits escape of heat may correct it'lf Bulb Ghecks or Gracks This may cause bulbfailure, so such lamps should be removed immediately'The condition occlrs when higher wattage bulbs areexposed to a drop of water or cold metal' Hardglass or P1'rex lamps which do not erack frommoisture should be used in exposed locations or out-doors. Low-wattage vacuum lamps also can be usedoutdoors safely, since the vacuum acts as an insulatorand keeps glass temperature low enough to preventinjury from rain or snow'lf Bulb Blqckens Too Ropidly Bulb blackening isnormal for all incandescent lamps with increasedlength of service, but excessive early blackening mayindicate an incorrect burning position' Most in-candescent lamps can be burned in any positionbase-up or base-down, but burning positions of spot-lights, floodlights and some street lamps are limitedaid instructions should be checked to make sure ofcorrect piacement.

LIG}IT ABSORPTIONoF coLoRSThe color of walls and ceilings has a direct influence on

".;lri; lieht aeti""r"a. The dirker colors absorb mor-eu"a -to i"q"iie more lamp wattage to provide satisfactttHilili-t.tt""1;u walls and ceilines, the-refore, not onlv contribto---oi" cheerful surroundings-but also sav rnoney in.curconsumotion. The amount of light absorbed by variousopaque colors is listed below.White, lvoryWhite..'.,'.2O7o Tqn"" """"65%lvory..., '.,,,..297" OliveGreen.. '..7Primrose Yellow.. .,, . . . .227" Forest Green, ...8Groy (depending onrints).., . ..3O'IOV7Buff,.... ....."367"Pink........ ....467"AzureBlue.. ....60705ky Blue. . .. .. ..$7"

Cordinql Red,.... .....'.80Brown.. . .rDqrkGreen. ..,.9Dork Blue. . ,. .'.9Blqck.., ........,9

18


19/24

COMPANYbehindthe product

SYLVANIA,..Has been manufacturing incandescent lamps since1901. And Sylvania has contributed many of thedesign advances which have made incandescentlamps increasingly efficient producers of electriciieht. Listed below you'Il find some of these out-

standing "Firsts" in incandescent design. Theyprovide a major reason why Sylvania ranks today asone of the leading manufacturers in the field.

ManufacturingFacilitiesSylvania's Lighting Division manufactures a com-plete line of over 1800 types and sizes of incandescentlamps for ali pllrposes. In addition, it producesfluorescent lamps, parts and fixtures, as well asmercury vapor, photoflash, photoflood and manyother types of lamps. S1'lvania's manufacturingfacilities for the Lighting Division alone comprise9 modern factories in 5 states.

IMPORTANT SYL\/ANIA "FIRSTS'' IN INCANDESCENT DESIGN

.... f',

I i'._irxx

.S{k,*l.11I : .{.,.,'.itlt-.wiI Li 1' .,::

1925 First to develop a wide neck, mili-t;'pe re-flector Iamp in the P-19 bulb size.1928 First to introduce lamp construction whichprevented destructive arcing at failure.1929 First in the general use of photoelectric meth-ods to supplant visual methods in lamp photometry.l93O First to develop and introduce the inside whitebowl lamp.l93l First to deveiop an incandescent lamp wilh aniriside reflector surface of vaporized meta1.

1932 First to produce 100-watt lamps especialiydesigned and constructed for Vibration Service.1935 First to introduce a lamp v,'ith an arc quench-ing fuse built into the base of the lamp.l946 First to market an inside diffused coated lanrp--- with more and better diffusion than that of previ-ous "frosted" lamps.I955 First to introduce the specially coated pearl-pink "Softlight" iamp, .,vhich reduces glare andshadorvs, produces a light more flattering to skin tonesand room furnishings.

One of Sglaanio,'s ltr,csnriescent Lamp Plartts - at Salem, Mass.

19


20/24

SYLVANIA'S QUALITYSylvania has long been a leader in the modernscience of Quality Control. Quality Control isvital to consistently maintain Sylvania standards.And it is no exaggeration to state that these are thehighest known in lighting manufacture.Sylvania Quality Control includes hundreds ofchecks and inspections of all a lamp's raw materialsand parts - as well as all manufacturing processesit undergoes. How precise this control must be insome cases, is shown in the close limits set for thetungsten filament. Here a variation of 1/100,000thof an inch in the diameter of certain filaments mayaffect the life of the lamp by as much as 25/6. As acheck on the diameter of a known length of filamentwire, Sylvania weighs the wire to within iess than 40mi,lti,onths of a pound. Or take the wire mandrel on

Samples oJ lamp materials suclt' as th"ese ceram'ic coatedbulbs are careJullg checked for quali'ty. The "mounts"(insicle structure) of incandescent lam

are regularlg inspected, for possible d'eJects.

SYLVANIAResearch andproduct deuelopmentengLneerLng

Pioneering research by scientists and engineers inSylvania laboratories constantly broadens Sylvania'sknowledge of the various gases, metals, chemicalsand other components of incandescent lamps. Theresults of these findings are designed into new andimproved types of lamps . . which often requirethe designing of new machines to put them intomass production.CONTROL PROGRAMwhich the tungsten wire is coiied. If this varies byV10,000th of an inch in diameter, it can affect theiife of the lamp by as much as 20/6.Naturally the standards for all parts of the lampdo not need to be so exact as those for the filament.The important thing is that the standards sel for anypart of the lamp are rigidly adhered to - at everystep in its making. As the pictures on this and thefollowing page will show you.In short, Syivania's Quality Control Program'insures top performance in Sylvania incandescentlamps. It is why they are unsurpassed in theamount of light they give and the length of theiruseful life. And why your investment in Sylvaniaincandescent lamps bri4ss you top value for yourlighting dollar.

20


21/24

,w. tii.t:ia::

Syluania 'incandescent lamps cLre "se($oned" in agingracks such as this.SYLVANIAINGANDESGENTSMEET OR EXCEEDU. S. GOVERNMENTSTANDARDS

All incandescent lamps purchased by the U. S.Government must conform to certain establishedspecifications. These have become the acceptedstandards which measure the quality of incandescentlamps.Sylvania lamps are guaranteed to meet or exceedthose standards.In fact, for every year since 7922 - Sylvania hasbeen supplying incandescent lamps on contract tothe U. S. Government. Euery Sgluania incandescent lamp receiaesIighting test before being packaged.

Watts and lumen outputlar ge spherical photometers of lamps are measured,such, as this.

xf'

SYLVANIA'S integrated operationscontribute to QUALITY PLUSSylvania manufactures not only incandescent lamps - but many of theraw materials and parts that go into them.This means that Sylvania can and does manufacture incandescent lampswhich are superior to regular industry standards - because it is not limitedby the standards for parts or raw materials set up by outside suppliers. Thisunique additional control of quality gives Sylvania a tremendous qualityadvantage over general competition.SYLVANIA processes its own tungsten. . . makes its ownlead-in wires . . . coating and lamp production machinery

27


22/24

ALSO fYIADE BY SYLVANIATO GIVE YOUTOP TIOHTING PER,FORMANCE

Over 3OO Types ofFTUORESCENT tAtl^PS Widely used for generallighting in stores, offices, schools, factories, -and wherever higher levels of comfortable glarelesslighting are required to illuminate broad areas.Most popular are the economical Standard Sta,rd, theSlimline Instant Start,the Rapi'd'Start Med,ium Bipi,nand the powerful new Raptid Start High Output series,including VHO (Very Fligh Output) lamps.Over ZOO Types ofFTUORESCENT FIXTURES Sylvania ofiers a com-plete line of sturdily constructed fixtures of advanceddesign and outstanding efficiency in a wide range ofstyles for industrial piants, offices, stores and schools- making it easy to select the style best suited foryour particular needs. Sylvania's guarantee - themost liberal in the industry - covers a full year'suse of each fixture and all its parts. Completecatalog on request by writing to SYLVANIA ElectricProducts Inc., Wheeling, West Virginia'FLUORESCENT STARTERS If you use StandardStart (preheat) lamps, insist on Sylvania starters.They insure better lighting performance - withpositive starting and fuil rated service from yourlamps. These starters are ETL Certified and bothU. L. and C. S. A. Approved - as well as guaran-beed by Sylvania's own money-back Certificate for afull year's service.MERCURY VAPOR TAMPS Provide maximumlighting brilliance with long life, Iow cost, for highmounting use in mills, foundries, factories - andfor outdoor use in street lighting, -parking lots,sports arenas, etc. 100 to 1000-watt sizes deliveringfrom 3000 to 60,000 lumens. Regular and color-improved types, including the new whiter-appearingSilver-White and the new Gold Shade, excellent as acaution light for railroad crossings, intersections,floodiighting buildings, etc.


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You'ii find these booklets invaluable in planningnew lighting systems - or in getting better per-formance from your present lighting system. Forcopies of any of them, just write Sylvania LightingDivision at Salem, Massachusetts.

Stocks ore mointoined ot locotions indicotedDETROIT 4, MICHIGAN*7800 lntervole AvenueWebster 3-8765KANSAS CITY I5, KANSAS*450 Funston RoodDrexel 1-3773t 05 ANGEIES 54, CAUFORNIA*6505 Eost Goyhort StreetRoymond 3-5371tfllLwAuKEE, wlscoNslN606 W. Wisconsin AvenueBroodwoy 1-9467MINNEAPOLIS. MINNESOTA7l I West Loke SlreetTAylor 7-2818MINEOLA, [. 1., N. Y.244 Mineolo BoulevordPloneer 7-537ONEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA8140 Forshey StreetAudvbon 7757

by osteriskPHILADEIPHIA 3I, PENNSYLVAN*4700 Porkside AvenueGreenwood 7-5000PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA(Mt. Lebcrnon)300 Mr. Lebonon Blvd.Lehigh 1-4974SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS*69 Loring AvenuePloneer 4-21 45SAN FRANCISCO, CAtlF. (Burling*18'l I Adrion RoodBurlingome, Co liforniqOXford 7-3500SEATTTE 4. WASHINGTON*3466 E. Morginol WoyMoin 6888sr. touls 9, MlssouRl*501 0 Kemper AvenueMohowk 4-8974TETERBORO, NEW JERSEY*1000 Huyler StreetAtlos 8-948.4

INTERNATIONAL DlVlSlON . 7740 Broadway, New York 77, N. y. . Judson 6-2424SYLVANIA

Send for any of these booklets . . . na cost or obligation to youSY|-VANIA Lorge Lomp Price ScheduleSYLVANIA FluorescentLighring GuidebookSYIVANIA lighring Fixture CofologMORE LIGHT for Less Money with Sylvonio MercuryVopor Lomps

SYLVANIA DISTRIBUTION GENTERSSALES AND SERVIGE DIREGTORY*Worehouse

ATEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA*2520 Ookville SlreetKing 8-8300ATLANTA I O. GEORGIA*2 l'l 5 Sylvon Rd., S. W.Poplor 6-3633BUFFATO 6, NEW YORK*60 I Boiley Ave.South 5000CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA225 So. Tryon StreetEdison 3-9885cHtcAco, ILUNOIS*2001 No. Cornell AvenueMelrose Pork, lllinoisFilmore 5-0I 00CLEVETAND I I, OHIO'k4848 W. l30th StreetCleorwoler 2-0500DALIAS 2, TEXAS*l 00 Fordyce StreetRiverside 1-4836DENVER I6, COLORADO*47OO E. 48th AvenueFlorido 5-2303

l-IGHTING DIVISION . Salem . Massachusetts


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Documents

Sylvania Incandescent Lighting Guide Book 1957