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Symbolism: Debussy With materials from: Watkins, Glenn, Soundings: Music in the Twen2eth Century (New York: Schirmer, 1995) & Whi>all, Arnold, Musical Composi2on in the Twen2eth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). NB To understand the slides herein, you must play though all the sound examples to hear the principles in acMon. The sound of the music will make sense of the rules.

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Symbolism:  Debussy  

     

With  materials  from:    Watkins,  Glenn,  Soundings:  Music  in  the  Twen2eth  Century  

(New  York:  Schirmer,  1995)  &    Whi>all,  Arnold,  Musical  Composi2on  in  the  Twen2eth  Century  

(Oxford:  Oxford  University  Press,  1999).    

NB  To  understand  the  slides  herein,  you  must  play  though  all  the  sound  examples  to  hear  the  principles  in  acMon.  The  sound  of  the  music  will  make  sense  of  the  rules.  

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 ‘I  wanted  from  music  a  freedom  which  it  possesses  perhaps  to  a  greater  degree  than  any  other  art,  not  being  Med  to  a  more  or  less  exact  reproducMon  of  Nature  but  to  the  mysterious  correspondences  between  nature  and  ImaginaMon.’      

   (Claude  Debussy,  April  1902  at  the  Mme  of  the  Premiere        of  his  opera,  Pelléas  et  Mélisande).  

   

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‘Freedom’    • Debussy  celebrated  not  because  he  puritanically  turned  his  back  on  late  romanMc  ‘decadence’  

• But  because  he  promoted  music  of  understatement  and  delicacy  

• QuesMoning  of  Germanic  tradiMon  

• Advocacy  of  spontaneity  in  preference  to  calculaMon  

• Openness  to  a  wide  range  of  influences,  the  progressiveness  of  Russian  music  and  Javanese  gamelan  (which  he  heard  at  the  1889  Paris  ExhibiMon),  for  example  

• All  this  appealed  to  later  composers,  especially  the  post-­‐1945  avant-­‐garde    ‘what  interested  me  in  Debussy  was  not  his  vocabulary  itself  but  its  flexibility,  a  certain  immediacy  of  invenMon,  and  precisely  the  local  indicipline  in  relaMon  to  the  overall  discipline’  (Pierre  Boulez  in  Conversa2ons  with  Céles2n  Deliège  (London,  1976),  96).    

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How  did  Debussy  use  his  musical  ‘vocabulary’  (which  was,  essenMally,  that  of  tradiMonal  harmony  and  counterpoint)?      • He  maintained  accepted  principles  of  voice-­‐leading    • He  maintained  principles  of  formal  organisaMon  • He  preserved  the  disMncMon  between  consonance  and  dissonance  and  the  presence  of  keys  and  modes  

 ‘he  subordinates  the  customary  role  of  conMnuity  as  a  means    of  grouping  like  events  into  coherent  enMMes  to  that  of    disconMnuity,  as  a  means  of  separaMng  disparate  events:    disconMnuity  defines  formal  units  from  without,  but    determining  their  boundaries’  (Richard  Parks  in  The  Music  of    Claude  Debussy  (New  Haven,  1989),  204).    

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1885-­‐88    • Explores  alternaMves  to  Wagnerian  chromaMcism  

• Modality  

• Gliding  parallel  chords  decoraMng  and  prolonging  a  dominant  9th  chord  (lee)  

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• Comparing  Debussy’s  emerging  style  with  SaMe’s  early  piano  style  

• Quaver  chordal  anMcipaMon  of  the  cadence    

• Debussy’s  series  of  tenuto  markings  seem  to  reflect  SaMe’s  placement  of  the  quaver  downbeat  

Forwarding  sta2c  parallelisms  as  an  ideal  –  ‘considered  avant-­‐garde  as  much  for  their  nihilism  as  for  their  newness’ (Wartkins  1995,  p.71).  

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Prélude  à  “L’aprés-­‐midi  d’un  faune”  (1892-­‐1894)  

• Opening  flute  solo  resounds  throughout  the  work  and  provides  the  source  material  for  the  enMre  piece  • (the  number  of  lines  in  Mallarmé’s  poem  is  the  same  as  the  number  of  bars  in  Debussy’s  piece)  • Instability  of  the  opening  melodic  tritone  (C-­‐sharp  –  G)  • The  E  major  harmonies  of  bar  3  are  compromised  in  bar  4  and  juxtaposed  against  another  tritone  relaMonship  (B-­‐flat)  in  bar  5  

• (these  methods  said  to  be  analogous  to  the  ambiguity  of  Mallarmé’s  poeMc  style).  

• Ambiguity,  momentary  resoluMon,  followed  by  ambiguity  in  a  conMnuing  stream  that  periodically  endorses  symmetry  and  finally  offers  resoluMon  (the  piece  ends  in  E  major).  • Reinforced  by  the  rhythm  and  phrasing    -­‐and  undulaMng  pulse  replaces  the  tyranny  of  the  barline  

• E.g.,  in  bars  56-­‐7,  the  movement  sounds  not  so  much  like  syncopaMon  as  a  momentary  fluctuaMon  away  from  the  triple  simple  into  duple  compound  meter,  supported  by  an  underlying  wave  moMon  

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Nocturnes  (1897-­‐99)  and  La  Mer  (1903-­‐05)  

• Open  fiehs  • Pentatonic  ideas  • Dorain  and  phrygian  moMfs  • Pure  triads  • 9th  chords  • Polyrhythms  • ArMficial  scales  (sharp  4  and  flat  7)*  (see  next  slide  for  example)  • Augmented  triads  • French  6ths    • Both  of  which  form  a  natural  alliance  with  whole-­‐tone  scales  

 *recently  idenMfied  as  one  of  the  South  Indian  modes,  Vacaspa2  

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Préludes  (1910-­‐13)  • ‘Voiles’:  the  outer  secMons  of  the  work  are  exclusively  fashioned  from  whole-­‐tone  material  (first  example)  and  funcMon  as  a  frame  to  a  brief  internal  episode  which  is  completely  pentatonic  (second  example)  

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• ‘La  cathédrale  englouMe’:  opening  pentatonicism  and  use  of  harmonic  fourths  and  fiehs  reflects  symbolist  interest  in  bells;  emphasises  through  its  diatonic  parallelisms  the  French  infatuaMon  with  linear  modality  from  the  Mme  of  SaMe’s  early  piano  works  (see  earlier)  and  D’Indy’s  research  into  Gregorian  chant.  

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• ‘Feux  d’arMfice’:  illustrates  the  colourisMc  possibiliMes  of  sonoriMes  no  more  complex  than  the  major  triad  (note  the  nonfuncMonal,  tritonally  related  harmonies  in  the  next  example,  C  -­‐  F-­‐sharp.  E  –  B-­‐flat)  

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• Bitonal  clashes  in  the  opening  measures:  

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• Buzzing  quasi-­‐atonal  prefiguraMons  that  prefigure  Bartók  (furious  crushed  seconds  of  this  example):