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Symposium: Process for IP Symposium: Process for IP Management, Cultivar Management, Cultivar Release, and LicensingRelease, and LicensingGulf Coast Research and Education Center, Balm, FloridaAugust 6, 2012John C. BeuttenmullerExecutive DirectorFlorida Foundation Seed Producers, Inc.
Discussion TopicsDiscussion TopicsHow the Process Works:
◦Cultivar Development◦Cultivar Release◦Intellectual Property Protection◦Licensing◦Royalty Distribution
Results of 2012 Peer Survey
Bayh-Dole Act (35 U.S.C. § Bayh-Dole Act (35 U.S.C. § 200-212)200-212)Act sponsored by:
◦Senators Birch Bayh (Indiana), Bob Dole (Kansas)
Enacted by U.S. Congress in 1980Allowed U.S. universities and other
recipients of federal research funds to own, license, and manage intellectual property created through federally funded research
"Unless private industry has the protection of some exclusive use under patent or license agreements, they cannot afford the risk of commercialization expenditures. As a result, many new developments resulting from government research are left idle."
- Senator Birch BayhIntroductory Statement, September 13,
1978
Bayh-Dole Act (35 U.S.C. § Bayh-Dole Act (35 U.S.C. § 200-212)200-212)
Prior to 1980, only 250 patents had been issued to U.S. universities“Bill designed to promote signed to promote the utilization and commercialization of inventions made with government support ...
Ultimately, it is believed that these improvements in government patent policy will lead to greater productivity in the United States, provide new jobs for our citizens, create new economic growth, foster increased competition, make government research and development contracting more competitive, and stimulate a greater return on the billions of dollars spent each year by the Government on its research and development programs.”
- Senate Judiciary Committee Report on S. 414, unanimously approved and reported to the Senate, December 12, 1979
Bayh-Dole Act (35 U.S.C. § Bayh-Dole Act (35 U.S.C. § 200-212)200-212)
University of Florida:University of Florida:Intellectual Property PolicyIntellectual Property PolicyResearch conducted by
University personnel◦Patentable inventions and other
marketable forms of intellectual property result
Obligation to serve the public interest by insuring that intellectual property is appropriately developed
University of Florida:University of Florida:Intellectual Property PolicyIntellectual Property PolicyEncourage and enable
technology development and transfer for benefit of the public
Encourage the creation of technology by providing incentive to inventors
Fund further research at the University
University of Florida:University of Florida:Intellectual Property PolicyIntellectual Property PolicyInventions of germplasm and
cultivars in which the University asserts its interests (other than those protected by utility patents) are assigned to Florida Foundation Seed Producers, Inc. (“FFSP”)◦ FFSP is a Florida non-profit corporation
and direct support organization (DSO) of the University of Florida
University of Florida:University of Florida:Intellectual Property PolicyIntellectual Property Policy
All other inventions (mainly protected under U.S. utility patents) in which the University asserts its interests are assigned to the University of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. (“UFRF”) and managed by the Office of Technology Transfer◦ Similar to FFSP, UFRF is a Florida non-
profit corporation and direct support organization of the University of Florida
University of Florida:University of Florida:Intellectual Property PolicyIntellectual Property Policy
University of Florida
University of Florida Research Foundation, Inc.
(UFRF)
Florida Foundation Seed Producers,
Inc.
All Other University Inventions (Utility
patents, copyrights, etc.)
Plant Germplasm and Cultivars (Plant patents, plant variety protection
certificates PVP)
UF/IFAS Plant Breeding UF/IFAS Plant Breeding ProgramsPrograms
Aglaonema Alfalfa Anthurium Apple Bahiagrass Beans Bermudagras
s Blueberry Caladium Centipedegra
ss Citrus Coleus Corn Cucurbits Dieffenbachia Floral
Forestry Gerbera Gladiolus Grape Lisianthus Nectarine Oats Paspalum Peach Peanut Plum Pumpkin Red Clover Rye Ryegrass Sorghum
Soybean St.
Augustinegrass
Strawberry Tomato Triticale Tropical Fruit Wheat White Clover Zoysiagrass
26 Plant Breeding Scientists DIVERSITY Wide Array of Different Crops
Plant Breeding ProcessPlant Breeding ProcessVarious methods uses to develop
new plant germplasm◦Mass selection (e.g. annual ryegrass)◦Hybridization (e.g. tomato)◦Backcrossing (e.g. peanut)◦Mutagenesis (e.g. aglaonema)◦Somaclonal variation (e.g. sweet
orange)
Plant Breeding ProcessPlant Breeding ProcessThrough several generations of
selection, the breeder identifies genotypes within populations that have improved characteristics such as:◦Disease resistance◦Yield◦Flavor, color, habit◦Time of maturity
UF/IFAS Cultivar Release UF/IFAS Cultivar Release ProcessProcessGeneral Guidelines
New cultivar shall have potential to make a significant contribution to Florida agriculture and/or the general public.i.e. - increased yield potential, disease
resistance, extend market windowDo advantages over existing cultivars
outweigh disadvantages?Are growers likely to use the new
cultivar?
UF/IFAS Cultivar Release UF/IFAS Cultivar Release ProcessProcess1. Novel plant variety developed by
UF/IFAS plant breeder2. Plant breeder notifies Department
Chair3. Department Chair convenes Cultivar
Release Advisory Committee (CRAC)a. Evaluate proposed release in regards to its
intended purpose(s)b. Provide scientific scrutiny of data, etc.c. Recommend form of IP protection (plant
patent, utility patent, PVP, public release)4. CRAC makes recommendation to the
UF/IFAS Cultivar Release Committee (CRC)
UF/IFAS Cultivar Release UF/IFAS Cultivar Release ProcessProcess5. IFAS Cultivar Release Committee
(CRC) reviews CRAC recommendation and considers the cultivar for release
6. CRC votes in favor of release7. Director of FAES approves release8. Intellectual property protection filed9. Licensed through Florida
Foundation Seed Producers, Inc.◦ Exclusively – ITN Process – or – ◦ Non-exclusively
Florida Foundation Seed Florida Foundation Seed Producers, Inc. (FFSP)Producers, Inc. (FFSP)1943 – Florida Crop Improvement
Association (FCIA) formed as an agricultural cooperative (501(c) 5)
1957 – FCIA became FFSP
Florida Foundation Seed Florida Foundation Seed Producers, Inc. (FFSP)Producers, Inc. (FFSP)Purpose:
◦To annually provide to Florida producers of crop seed and nursery stock, foundation seed stocks of the best known varieties adaptable to Florida climate and soils in adequate quantities at reasonable prices
◦To cooperate with the Agricultural Experiment Stations, University of Florida, in making available new varieties
Florida Foundation Seed Florida Foundation Seed Producers, Inc. (FFSP)Producers, Inc. (FFSP)1979
◦FFSP becomes direct support organization (DSO) of the University of Florida Non-profit corporation to utilize resources
of the University of Florida to conduct its business in support of the University.
Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Protection for Plant Protection for Plant VarietiesVarietiesUSA
◦Plant patent Administered by United States Patent and
Trademark Office (USPTO) Granted to novel, distinct, and non-
obvious plant varieties which are asexually reproduced E.g. blueberry, strawberry, gerbera,
vegetatively propagated turfgrass
Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Protection for Plant Protection for Plant VarietiesVarietiesUSA
◦Plant Variety Protection Certificate (PVP) Administered by United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) Granted to novel, distinct, uniform, and
stable varieties which are sexually reproduced E.g. peanut, oats, bahiagrass, wheat, tomato
Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Protection for Plant Protection for Plant VarietiesVarietiesUSA
◦Trademarks Administered by USPTO Don’t protect varieties – only marks used
in combination with certain goods or services to identify such goods and services as unique and distinguishable. E.g.:
Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Protection for Plant Protection for Plant VarietiesVarietiesUSA
◦Utility Patents Administered by USPTO Granted for a new and useful process,
machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof. E.g.: High oleic peanuts and peanut products
Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Protection for Plant Protection for Plant VarietiesVarietiesInternational
◦Plant Breeder’s Rights Each foreign country administers its own
legislation which provides PVP-like protection to new varieties of plants
International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) Established in 1961 to encourage the
development of new varieties of plants for the benefit of society
70 signatory countries to the UPOV convention
Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Protection for Plant Protection for Plant VarietiesVarietiesInternational
◦If international protections are not sought, plant varieties become part of the public domain in foreign territories
◦A variety can be protected under U.S. plant patent or PVP and licensed domestically, but this protection only governs the use and commercialization of such variety in the U.S.
Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Protection for Plant Protection for Plant VarietiesVarietiesInternational
◦It is not cost effective to file plant breeders rights in all territories – only file where there is potential for commercialization of such variety within the territory
◦Through international protection and licensing, royalties can be returned to Florida to support the continued development of varieties in the State of Florida
FFSP’s Licensing FFSP’s Licensing ProcessProcessMission
◦Advance the mission of UF/IFAS and the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station and the plant breeding programs for the benefit of the public
FFSP’s Licensing FFSP’s Licensing ProcessProcessNon-exclusive licensing
◦Multiple companies (nurseries, seed companies, producers, etc.) offered license agreements for production and sale
Exclusive licensing◦IFAS implemented Invitation to
Negotiate (ITN) process in 2006◦Scope of exclusivity – structure of
industry
Invitation to Negotiate:Invitation to Negotiate:What is an ITN?What is an ITN?A public call for interested parties
to submit proposals for an exclusive license of a new cultivar developed by UF/IFAS
An opportunity for parties who have an interest in a new cultivar developed by UF/IFAS to comment and provide input regarding the commercial licensing of a new cultivar
Three Principles of the ITN Three Principles of the ITN ProcessProcess
1. What is good for …. the State of Florida and its people?
2. What is good for…the University of Florida - IFAS?
3. What is good for …the breeder and the breeding program?
How are Proposals How are Proposals Evaluated?Evaluated?Consistent methodology is used
to evaluate all proposals, in the following primary areas:◦Marketing plans and goals◦Production plans and goals◦Financial considerations◦Intellectual property protection◦Prior experience with UF/IFAS/FFSP
ITN Review CommitteeITN Review CommitteeMembers:
◦ FFSP Representatives: Executive Director Licensing Associate
◦ Lead Breeder◦ Independent UF/IFAS Breeder◦ Statewide Research Program Leader
(when applicable)Committee makes recommendation
to Director of FAES
Who Benefits?Who Benefits?Industry
◦All interested companies are considered fairly and objectively
◦The process provides an opportunity for industry representatives such as trade groups/associations to comment on the licensing of new IFAS cultivars
Breeding Program◦Maximizes exposure of new cultivars
developed by IFAS breeding programs◦The process provides the breeder a
means of objectively evaluating commercial license proposals
Who Benefits?Who Benefits?UF/IFAS
◦ Proposals submitted help UF/IFAS and FFSP select a commercial partner whose vision is consistent with the goals of UF/IFAS for the new cultivar
◦ Comments submitted in response to the ITN help UF/IFAS and FFSP select the right partner and allow FFSP to negotiate the most appropriate license terms
State of Florida◦ Stakeholders are assured that an exclusive
arrangement is granted to the commercial partner that has been identified as having a vision consistent with the best interests of the State of Florida and its people, UF/IFAS and FFSP, and the breeding program
Royalty Distributions for Royalty Distributions for Cultivars and Germplasm Cultivars and Germplasm (FFSP)(FFSP)
◦Costs deducted prior to distribution (patent and legal expenses, etc.) 10% retained by FFSP 20% personal incentive to
inventors/cooperating scientists 70% to Cultivar Development Research
Support Program
Royalty Distributions for Royalty Distributions for Cultivars and Germplasm Cultivars and Germplasm (FFSP)(FFSP)
Cultivar Development Research Support (70%), calculated annually on a per cultivar basis
100% of first $50,000 goes to the breeding program
Next $100,000 goes 50% to the breeding program, 25% to the Unit, and 25% to the FAES
All revenues above $150,000, 33% to the breeding program, 33% to the Unit, and 33% to the FAES
Unit and FAES funds used for long-term support and sustainability of UF/IFAS plant breeding efforts
Royalty Distribution: Royalty Distribution: SustainableSustainable Plant Plant BreedingBreeding
Why License and Collect Why License and Collect Royalties?Royalties?Royalties have the potential to:
◦ Cover the costs of development, IP protection
◦ Continue plant breeding programs to ensure that local industries remain competitive in an increasingly global marketplace through the development of new plant cultivars Success is dependent upon % of royalties which
are returned to the developing plant breeding program vs. general university research, etc.
Why License and Collect Why License and Collect Royalties?Royalties?Licensing allows for extremely efficient
technology transfer◦ Maximize availability of new plant varieties
which often have superior characteristics which lead to direct benefit to the grower
◦ Creates incentive to remain competitive◦ UF/IFAS succeeds when the grower
succeeds
Royalty Distribution: Royalty Distribution: SustainableSustainable Plant Plant BreedingBreeding
UF policy encourages and enables the development of commercially successful plant varieties and the transfer of these varieties to industry for the benefit of the agricultural sector and the general public in Florida, the U.S., and abroad
As funding for plant breeding programs at land grant universities has decreased, many of these programs have become reliant on royalty returns for their survival
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
U.S. land grant universities and research programs (USDA/ARS) with active plant breeding programs surveyed
17 questions◦ Focuses:
Cultivar release processes Breadth of plant breeders and programs Licensing processes Royalty distribution
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
Respondents:◦ Rutgers University, University of Wisconsin,
Auburn University, Iowa State University, Washington State University, North Carolina State University, University of Arkansas, USDA/ARS, Oregon State University, University of California Davis, University of Georgia, and Louisiana State University
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
Does your institution license released plant varieties and germplasm exclusively, non-exclusively, or both?
◦ 100% of institutions license both exclusively and non-exclusively.
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
How does your institution decide whether released plant varieties and germplasm are licensed exclusively or non-exclusively?◦ UF: Decisions relative to plant variety
licensing are made by FFSP based on guidance and recommendations of UF/IFAS plant breeders, academic department chairmen, and other representatives who serve on the UF/IFAS Cultivar Release Committee and the UF/IFAS Cultivar Release Advisory Committees.
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
How does your institution decide whether released plant varieties and germplasm are licensed exclusively or non-exclusively?◦ Survey: most all respondents indicated that
these decisions are made at the institution’s cultivar/variety release committee level with input sought from the office of technology transfer/licensing agent
◦ Exclusive arrangements are often sought when specialized marketing effort is required
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
How are royalty rates, license fees, and annual minimum royalty rates for plant varieties and germplasm established?◦ UF: Financial terms of license agreements are
based on reasonable royalty rates which are generally accepted within a particular industry. FFSP analyzes the royalty rates of other proprietary plant varieties which have been developed, released, and licensed by other U.S. land grant institutions so that its royalty rates are comparable to those of others.
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
How are royalty rates, license fees, and annual minimum royalty rates for plant varieties and germplasm established?◦ Survey:
Historical precedent, industry standards, rates of other varieties
Margins, Market approach - what market will bear? Advice of inventor, internal release and licensing
committees
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
What process (e.g. ITN, bid solicitation, etc.) does your institution use to announce exclusive license opportunities? How are respondents evaluated?◦ UF: ITN◦ Survey:
Bid solicitation – bids evaluated by committee (evaluate on multiple criteria)
No announcement – seek out industry leaders Classified Ad and Federal Register posting Mostly for international Variety release/licensing committee evaluates
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
Are licenses granted internationally as well as domestically? If so, are both non-exclusive and exclusive licenses pursued for both?
UF: ◦ Yes. Typically, international territories are
licensed exclusively - exclusive licensee has increased capabilities and incentives to protect, market, trial, develop, and enforce the intellectual property protection of the licensed plant varieties. Both exclusive and non-exclusive licensing models are pursued domestically.
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
Are licenses granted internationally as well as domestically? If so, are both non-exclusive and exclusive licenses pursued for both?
Survey: ◦ All respondents that have international demand
and interest license internationally◦ Most all license exclusively overseas◦ A few predominately license only non-exclusively
domestically, but the majority license both exclusively and nonexclusively, domestically and internationally
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
For international licensing, how does your institution reflect the equity position of in-state stakeholders versus out-of-state and foreign companies?
UF: ◦ 1) Given the first opportunity to evaluate, license,
grow, market, and commercialize plant varieties developed and released by UF/IFAS
◦ 2) In-state stakeholders benefit directly and indirectly from the extensive research and extension efforts carried out by UF/IFAS research and extension faculty
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
For international licensing, how does your institution reflect the equity position of in-state stakeholders versus out-of-state and foreign companies?
UF (cont.): ◦ 3) In-state stakeholders are granted license
agreement terms which are no less favorable than the terms extended to out-of-state and foreign companies
◦ 4) During times of short supply of plant material, preference is given to in-state producers
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
For international licensing, how does your institution reflect the equity position of in-state stakeholders versus out-of-state and foreign companies?
Survey: ◦ Some have preferential/reduced royalty◦ In-state research and extension efforts◦ Reinvestment of international royalties into
in-state programs
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
For international licensing, how does your institution reflect the equity position of in-state stakeholders versus out-of-state and foreign companies?
Survey (cont.): ◦ Protection sought to ensure that royalties can be
collected◦ Delayed international licensing (timing of access,
2-5 years, crop dependent)◦ Allocation of limited stocks to in-state producers
first
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
For international licensing, what does your institution do (if anything) to manage competition between foreign producers and in-state growers/producers?
UF: ◦ Provided first access to commercialize new varieties◦ Generally granted preferential financial terms (e.g. a
lower per plant based royalty, no production based royalty, etc.), thus giving these in-state growers/producers a competitive advantage over foreign producers.
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
For international licensing, what does your institution do (if anything) to manage competition between foreign producers and in-state growers/producers?
Survey: ◦ First access, terms structured to provide in-
state industry with a competitive advantage◦ Delayed international licensing
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
Does your institution have an intellectual property rights office or other affiliated organization (e.g. crop improvement association, foundation seed program) that deals with plant patents/PVPs, plant variety and germplasm licensing or other revenue-generating mechanisms?
UF: ◦ Office is within foundation seed organization
(FFSP)
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
Does your institution have an intellectual property rights office or other affiliated organization that deals with plant patents/PVPs, plant variety and germplasm licensing or other revenue-generating mechanisms?
Survey: ◦ 10 are within central university/research administration
office (e.g. research foundation)◦ USDA/ARS – ARS Headquarters; University of Arkansas – in
Experiment Station; Iowa State – Research Foundation and Crop Improvement/Foundation Seed
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
Number of full-time equivalent (FTE) staff handling intellectual property rights for plant varieties in calendar year 2011.
UF: ◦ 2.25
Survey:◦ Average: 2.45 FTE(s) per institution
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
How are unreleased experimental lines and germplasm exchanged or transferred to other organizations?
Transfer to other U.S. public research institutions:◦ UF: MOU or MTA used and UBMTA used
◦ Survey: 100% use MOUs or MTAs 31% use license agreements 54% use the Uniform Biological Materials Transfer
Agreement (UBMTA)
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
How are unreleased experimental lines and germplasm exchanged or transferred to other organizations?
Transfer to U.S. private companies:◦ UF: MOU or MTA used
◦ Survey: 92% use MOUs or MTAs 54% use license agreements 23% use the Uniform Biological Materials Transfer
Agreement (UBMTA)
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
How are unreleased experimental lines and germplasm exchanged or transferred to other organizations?
Transfer to international research institutions:◦ UF: MOU or MTA used
◦ Survey: 100% use MOUs or MTAs 31% use license agreements 23% use the Uniform Biological Materials Transfer
Agreement (UBMTA)
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
How are unreleased experimental lines and germplasm exchanged or transferred to other organizations?
Transfer to international private company:◦ UF: MOU or MTA used
◦ Survey: 92% use MOUs or MTAs 54% use license agreements 23% use the Uniform Biological Materials Transfer
Agreement (UBMTA)
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
Takeaways from survey:◦ UF and FFSP are very similar to other
institutions in the use of exclusive and non-exclusive license agreements and the method for establishing royalty rates
◦ The UF and FFSP process of seeking and evaluating potential exclusive licensees is formal but not drastically different from the processes (bid solicitations, etc.) used by others
2012 Peer Review 2012 Peer Review SurveySurvey
Takeaways from survey (cont.):◦ UF/FFSP has the most aggressive royalty
reinvestment policy for plant breeding research program support (70%) WSU is equivalent for seed crops
◦ FFSP has the lowest overhead rate (10%) of all institutions surveyed – allows for maximization of research program support
◦ UF/FFSP is unique in that plant variety licensing is managed by the foundation seed organization
Symposium: Process for IP Symposium: Process for IP Management, Cultivar Management, Cultivar Release, and LicensingRelease, and LicensingGulf Coast Research and Education Center, Balm, FloridaAugust 6, 2012John C. BeuttenmullerExecutive DirectorFlorida Foundation Seed Producers, Inc.