What is a synapse?

A synapse is the junction between 2 neurones.

There is a very narrow gap of about 20nm between neurones called the synaptic cleft.

An action potential cannot cross the synaptic cleft, so nerve impulses are carried by chemicals called neurotransmitters.

A Synapse Pre-synaptic neurone = neurone sending impulse Post-synaptic neurone = neurone receiving impulse

Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter is made by

the pre-synaptic neurone and is stored in synaptic vessels at the end of the axon.

The membrane of the post-synaptic neurone has chemical-gated ion channels called neuroreceptors. These have specific binding sites for neurotransmitters.

Cholinergic Synapses

Acetylcholine is a common transmitter.

Synapses that have acetylcholine transmitter are called cholinergic synapses.

Some neurones form more than 1 synapse.

This is an electron micrograph of synapses between nerve fibres and a neurone cell body.

What happens at a cholinergic synapse? Stage 1

An action potential arrives at presynaptic membrane. Voltage gated calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane open, calcium ions enter the presynaptic neurone.

What happens at a cholinergic synapse? Stage 2

Calcium ions cause synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane, releasing acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft.

What happens at a cholinergic synapse? Stage 3

Acetylcholine diffuses cross the synaptic cleft and binds to specific neuroreceptor sites in the post synaptic membrane.

What happens at a cholinergic synapse? Stage 4

Sodium channels open. Sodium ions diffuse into the postsynaptic membrane causing depolarisation, which may initiate an action potential.

What happens at a cholinergic synapse? Stage 5

Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine. The products diffuse back into the presynaptic neurone where acetycholine is resynthesised using ATP from the mitochondria.

Neuromuscular Junctions Same stages as

cholinergic synapses, but in this case the postsynaptic membrane is the muscle fibre membrane, (Sarcolemma). Depolarisation of the sarcolemma leads to contraction of muscle fibre.

Drugs Drugs which have molecules of

similar shape to transmitter substances can affect protein receptors in postsynaptic membranes.

Drugs that stimulate a nervous system are called AGONISTS

Drugs that inhibit a nervous system are called ANTAGONISTS.

Various effects of drugs on synapses:

DRUG ACTION EFFECT

   

Mimic a neurotransmitter Switch on a synapse

Stimulate the release of a neurotransmitter

Switch on a synapse

Open a neuroreceptor channel

Switch on a synapse

Block a neuroreceptor channel

Switch off a synapse

Inhibit the breakdown enzyme

Switch on a synapse

Inhibit the Na+K+ATPase pump

Stop action potentials

Block the Na+ or K+ channels

Stop action potentials

Effect of nicotine and atropine

Summary A synapse is the point where 2 nerve cells

meet. Tiny gap = synaptic cleft. Chemical transmitter released from

presynaptic neurone diffuses across synaptic cleft & fits into receptors on postsynaptic membrane. May cause postsynaptic neurone to depolarise & set up action potential.

Neuromuscular junction = motor neurone connects with muscle fibre – similar to a synapse.

Many drugs affect synapses.