Synchronizing Energy and Power Through Process and Crystal ... Shailesh_Upreti_Primet.… · Synchronizing Energy and Power Through Process and Crystal Engineering Dr. Shailesh Upreti

Electrical Energy Storage: Challenges

Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline

Synchronizing Energy and Power Through Process

and Crystal Engineering

Dr. Shailesh Upreti

Robert Dobbs,

Jeff Karker, Archit Lal

January 25th, 2013

Primet Precision Materials


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry @ Primet

Anode Advancements @ Primet

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry @ Primet

Anode Advancements @ Primet

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline Challenges Facing Electrical Energy Storage

(i) Renewable Energy

• Fossil Fuels have problems

Limited quantity of clean fuels (Price can only go up)

Reserves for critical uses

All generate CO2, leading to global warming

•An electric economy is inherently cleaner

Need sources of electricity,

Solar, wave, hydro, wind may supplement .

Need means of storing electrical energy

Need to smooth electric output

(hybrid system may work, like Ultrabattery for wind – CSIRO Australia)


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline Challenges Facing Electrical Energy Storage

(ii) Transportation: HEV, PHEV, EV

• HEV – Hybrid Electric Vehicle – (no power from our home)

NiMH batteries to be replaced with Li ion

• PHEV – Plugin HEV– (charge them from home, off peak $$)

Probably all-electric drive with ICE or fuel cell to recharge

batteries (same range as present-day cars).

Planned 40 mile range covers more than 70% of all US

• EV - All electric (charge them when needed)

Lower cost (only one drive system) but limited range too.

BAE: hybrid electric drivetrain


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline

“This undated photo provided by the National Transportation

Safety Board shows the burned auxiliary power unit battery

from a JAL Boeing 787 that caught fire on Jan. 7, 2013, at

Boston's Logan International Airport. It’s been nearly a

quarter of a century since the last big jump in battery

technology. As 21st century technology strains to be ever faster,

cleaner and cheaper, the battery, an invention from more than

200 years ago keeps holding it back.

(AP Photo/National

Transportation Safety Board)”

why Boeing's new ultra-efficient 787 Dreamliners aren't flying high ??

Source: Yahoo News (http://news.yahoo.com/photos/undated-photo-provided-national-transportation-safety-board-shows-

photo-221211292--finance.html)

Challenges Facing Electrical Energy Storage


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline

Hybrid and Fully Electric Cars

E-Bikes, E-Scooters

and Power Tools

PAP (Positive Airway Pressure),

Portable carry on medical devices and

Pacemaker

Tanks, submarines, ships,

Laser Guns, UV Search

Engines and

Machine

Medical

Military

Where the Industry Going to be !!!

This increases challenges too

Satellites


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline

• Homogeneous Phase Nucleation

• Tunable Self-assembly at Nano Scale

• Ease of Uniform Substitution or Doping

• Control over Stoichiometry or Chemistry

• Computational Models for New Molecules

• Order or Disorder Tunability

• Ease of Characterization

• Controlled Crystallite Cleavage

CRYSTAL ENGINEERING

• Environmentally Benign

• Efficient Utilization of Energy

• High Throughput and Scalability (in Tons)

• Economical and Consistent Reproducibility

• Robust Control Over Particle Size and Shape

• Easy to Handle Processing Tools

• Real Time Characterization

• Innovative Design

• Easy Automation

PROCESS ENGINEERING


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline

Although there is a sound progress in materials science, there still

exists a serious discrepancy in the ability to produce solids with

preferred built-in properties by both rational design and

synthesis.

Crystal Engineering

CHEMICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY CAN HELP !!!


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline

+ istry

Chemistry & Symmetry: Molecular Building Blocks


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline Chemical Crystallography and Crystal Engineering


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline Similar elements behave differently in

different crystal systems

Li

Fe

P

O

LiFePO4

SG: Pnma

Well known

battery

material

Li2FeP2O7

SG: P21/a

Doesn’t

perform so

good


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline

Oxides

Carbonates

Phosphates

Acetates

Oxalates

Hydroxides

Sulphates

Nitrates

NanoScission Technology:

Precise Control Over Particle Size and Morphology


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline Materials Challenges

Cathode Anode


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline Materials Challenges: Cathode

Present materials have layered or tunnel structures

•Actual lab capacity around 200 Ah/kg, at practical

discharge rates, 0.5 to 2C.

•Need to use full capacity, understand chemistry better

•Need to reduce expensive material content, such as

Cobalt

•Reduce the cost of manufacturing significantly lower

•Consistency from batch to batch processing


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline LiMO2 or Li2MnO3 (Layered, M = Mn, Co, Ni or mixed)

2-D Structure and 2-D Transportation

• Cation disorder partially blocks the Li ion activity

• Transverse or in plane (XY) hopping facilitates the Li ion transportation

• Disorder has nominal effect on capacity


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline

• [010] channel blocked due to cation disordering

• Significant impact on reversible capacity

• In plane hopping is forbidden

3-D Structure and 1-D transportation LiMPO4 (Olivine, M = Fe, Mn, Co)


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline

Primary nano particles forming secondary micron size agglomerates

Nano Sized LiFePO4 @ Primet Precision


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline LFP Performance in half cell and 18650

LFP

LFP Data at - 20°C 1C/1C


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline LFP High-rate discharge performance

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

0 10 20 30

Spe

cifi

c C

apci

ty (

mA

h/g

)

C Rate

Primet

EU

Cell format: 10370 cylindrical

Cathode Primet: 93 LFP / 5 PVDF / 2 Carbon

Cathode EU: 88 LFP / 6 PVDF / 6 Carbon

Anode: Graphite

Electrolyte: 1M LiPF6 in EC/EMC

Company Confidential

Information

23

Primet LFP offers outstanding capacity up to 30C


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline

High resolution Powder X-ray Diffraction of LiMn1.5-yNi0.5-xM`x+yO4*

High Power Spinel Cathode Material: LiMn1.5-yNi0.5-xM`x+yO4*

* M` = proprietary

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Ca

pa

cit

y (

mA

h/g

)

Cycle No.

LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 LiMn1.5Ni0.40Cr0.10O4

LiMn1.5Ni0.45Ga0.05O4

Test:

0.2C,1C,5C,10C followed by

1C cycling


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline Primet in-Situ Electrochemical cell

Ch

arg

e D

isch

arg

e

in-Situ X-ray Diffraction of LiMn1.5-yNi0.5-xM`x+yO4 as a function of Charge and Discharge


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline Materials Challenges : Anode

Cathode Anode


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline Materials Challenges: Anode

Pure Lithium can not be used

• Dendrite formation.

Carbon used in all secondary cells

• Works effectively

• Low volumetric capacity

New Materials Needed (cost an issue)

• Bulk metals a possibility, but expand and decrepitate

• Nanomaterials in protected form appears to work at low

rate (like SONY SnCoC)

• Nano oxides such as Li4Ti5O12 work, but limited energy

and capacity


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline Primet’s Spinel Li4Ti5O12

Charge Capacities of Li4Ti5O12 at Different Rates

Scanning Electron

Micrographs of Li4Ti5O12


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline

LEAF

Where the Industry Going to be !!!


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline Multidisciplinary Approach is Required for the Breakthrough

Computation Engineering Characterization

Diagnostics


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline Summary

• Crystal engineering is the key component not only in designing new

materials but also in diagnosing existing hurdles.

• NanoScission technology can produce compositions with controlled

particle size and morphology

• In-situ diffraction experiment conducted confirm the framework

stability, indicating a promising cathode material.

• Electrochemistry of Primet material outperform many materials

available in commercial market.


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline

Thanks to all my

Acknowledgements


Process Engineering

Crystal Engineering

Cathode Chemistry

Anode Advancement

Summary

Acknowledgements

Outline Acknowledgements

• United States Army Lab

• New York State Energy Research and Development Authority

• New York Battery and Energy Storage Technology Consortium (NY-BEST)

• Brookhaven National Lab

• Advanced Photon Source, ANL

• SUNY, Binghamton

• MaxPower Inc.

• Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

• Our industrial collaborators

• Funding from investors and government organizations

Documents

Synchronizing Energy and Power Through Process and Crystal ... Shailesh_Upreti_Primet.… · Synchronizing Energy and Power Through Process and Crystal Engineering Dr. Shailesh Upreti