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Submitted bySwati Sharma
Synchronizing Land Use And Transport:A Step towards an Efficient City
Urban transport network weaves together a city, meeting the transportation need ofa common man while serving as a critical infrastructure facilitator for growth,employment and for sustainable development of cities.
Introduction
Urban mobility and land use stimulate economic development and have a bearingon economic, social and environment costs through fuel consumption, pollutionand time spent on travelling, making it imperative to plan for sustainable transportsystems in sync with the landuse patterns.
Compact traditionalMixed use city Zoning Increasing demand on travel
Urban Sprawl
Greek Agora
5 BcMixedUse
Zone/Hierarchy
Arcade
1780
DepartmentalStore In Europe
1850
Shopping Mall
1940
Shopping Mix1980Shopping Centre
That ServicesThe SatelliteCities.
1st DepartmentStore, BonMarche, U.K.,1852
1910
AirConditionedSpace -NYC.
Department StoresIn U.S. Suburbia
1920SupermarketKansas
Big BoxRetail
Hypermarket
1st WalmartIn U.S.,1962
Retail InTransportationHubs
1960 1970
Evolution Of Retail
Image – Worldpress.com
Kirti NagarRamesh Nagar
Lajpat nagar
Preet ViharShahpurJat
Tran
sfor
mat
ions
inth
e ur
ban
form Thriving Markets
Vacancy rate in malls –Delhi-NCR region is the highest at55%. (ASSOCHAM study, 2012)
The objective of the paper is to seek a link between accessibility and the multi-functional usage of a space.
Opportunity
Despite of provisions under the master plan, non-hierarchicalcommercial centers and unplanned
markets have come up and provide services to the city.
Mix use is prominent inevitable phenomena in the form of linearcommercial development
Well connectedMarket MixEmployment• Trade – majoremployment providerin Delhi
• 49% of peopleemployed in theinformal sector areengaged in tradingactivities
Turnover
Transit Linked InvestmentTransit Linked Investment
Specialized market RetailMix
Established Intermediated Recent development
CASE STUDY
Stage ofdevelopment
PlannedDevelopment
Urban Village
Case StudyLajpat Nagar II
Case StudyPreet Vihar
Case StudyRamesh Nagar
Case StudyShahpur Jat
Case StudyKirti Nagar
Framework of analysis
Mixed use index
• How accessibility dictates the coming upof mixed use (type of economic activity)
• Transition in land use and measure of mixingof functions through Mixed Use Index.
• Establishing the relationship between place ofemployment and residence
• Transition in the area and its impact on safetyand infrastructure
The index was developed by Joost Van de Hoek with thepurpose to measure various degrees of multi‐functionality.
FACTORS
•Retail Type•Formal And Informal Sector•Safety•Residence And Place OfEmployment Relationship
Scale ofmarket
• Factors SupportingDevelopment• Factors InducingDevelopment
Mixed use Index
LANDUSE
INFRASTRUCTUREPedestrianParkingWay finding
PublicSpaceQuality
2
3
4
5
1
Spatial Layout
ANALYSIS
LocationandAccessibility
Access toopen space
Urban Functionsand Multi-functionality
SocialEnvironmentand UsageProfile
HOUSINGWORKING
AMENITIESMulti-functional
Bi-functional
Mono-functional
Floor Space of housing, working and amenities- categorizeand distinguish different types of urban environment
Relationship defined by density, grain size and functionalmix
KIRTI NAGAR
Industrial use (furniture making)
Transformation along Ramaroad and Shivaji road
JJ cluster in industrial area
Kirti Nagar Metro StationTransformation along Ramaroad and Shivaji road
Case Study
Use relationship
IndustryIndustry
CommercialCommercialSell manufacturedgoods
ResidentialResidential
workforce
workforce
22%
13%
3%
25%19%
7%
2%1% 8%
LAND USEResidentialCommercialRecreationalIndustrialTransportationPSPGovernmentUtilityVacant + other
27%
1%
20%3%
18%
19%
7%
2%
1%2%
LAND USE- 2013ResidentialMix use_R+CCommercialRecreationalIndustrialTransportationPSPGovernmentUtility
LAJPAT NAGAR
Lajpat Nagar Metro Station
Veer Savarkar MargFeroze Gandhi Marg
Ring Road
Commercialization spread fromCentral Market
48%
2%
22%
14%
13%
0%1%
LAND USEResidentialCommercialRecreationalTransportationPSPGovernmentUtility
36%
1%13%22%
14%
13%0%
1%LAND USE-2013 Residential
Mixed useCommercialRecreationalTransportationPSPGovernmentUtility
61%
2%
19%
11%7%
LAND USEResidential
Commercialand Mixed useRecreational
Transportation
PSP
Government
57%
1%5%
19%
11%7% 0%
LAND USE - 2013
Residential
Commercialand Mixed useUnplanned
Recreational
Transportation
56%
1%
18%
18%
7% 0%
0%LAND USE
Residential
Commercial
Recreational
Transportation
PSP
Government
Utility
43%
13%
1%
18%
18%
7% 0%0%
LAND USE- 2013Residential
Mixed use
Commercial
Recreational
TransportationPSP
Shahpur Jat
Preet Vihar
Ramesh Nagar
Transit Investment Facilitating Economic Activity
The case studies indicate that physical linkage of transit investments and urban development havebeen exploited to develop economic activity. Location advantage with respect to higher order road andproximity to established shopping center have been utilized for development of commercial areas.
Scale ofComm-ercial dev.
Name Popul-ation
Accessibility Factor inducingdevelopmentConnecting Road ROW Metro
City level Kirti Nagar 71,840 Patel road(50-60m)
Rama Road (25m)Shivaji road (60m)
Yes Industrial use (furnituremaking) + good accessibility
Lajpat Nagar II 12,229 Lala Lajpat Rai Road(45m)
Feroze GandhiMarg(24m)Veer SavakarMarg(24m)
Yes lack of employmentopportunity and commercialarea
Shahpur Jat 12,014 August Kranti MargAurobindo Marg (24m)
9-1m 2 km away Commercial development –induced due to closeproximity to NIFT, AsiadVillage etc.
Zonal level Preet Vihar 24,300 Vikas marg(45m)
YesExploiting accessibility -land-use potential
Local level Ramesh Nagar 28,920 Through 9m roadconnected toShivaji road
Around Nehru park14m
yes Serve to the local needs –Ramesh Nagar and KirtiNagar
Key ResultsObservations
The level of accessibility can be measured through axial mapping and space syntaxtheories. The size of market would decrease with decrease in accessibility.
1.
012345
FURNITURE
CARSHOWROOMS/REPAIR
FOOD +OTHER
012345
CLOTHES
JEWELLERY
ACCESSORIES +SHOES
FURNISHING
EATERIES
OTHERS
Retail types follow basic spatial patterns mediated by movementpatterns.Well connected market-high end specialized ormultipurpose shopping results, and wheremovement is local, lower end multipurpose shops develop
Observations
74%
26%
KIRTI NAGAR
Within5km
Beyong5km 82%
18%
PREET VIHAR
81%
19%
SHAHPUR JAT
38%62%
LAJPAT NAGAR
100%
0%
RAMESH NAGAR
012345
CLOTHES
GROCERIES
PERISHABLEFOOD ITEMSEATERIES
OTHERS
012345
CLOTHES +JEWELLERY
SALON
INSTITUTESEATERIES
OTHERS
012345
GROCERIES
PERISHABLEFOOD ITEMS
EATERIES
OTHERS
FORMALINFORMAL
2.
3.
4.
5.
Hence, transit investment and spatial pattern mediate the presence of informal sector anddetermine the success of economic activity.
Spatial Layout guidessquatting by informal sector
Informal sector presenceInfront of Parks ,open spacesand shops below the size of7sqm
Ramesh Nagar – 1:0.76(Thursday)1:0.4 (other days)
Kirti Nagar –Negligible
Formal to informal ratioLajpat Nagar 1:08Shahpur Jat
1:0.5Preet Vihar -Negligible
Residence and Place of Employment
KirtiNagar
Lajpat Nagar Shahpur Jat Preet Vihar
RameshNagar
ObservationSafety and Security• Safer pubic network – connectivity with metro/public transport,
inclusion of informal sector around bus stops etc., places whichget desolated at night can be done.
• Safe neighborhood- Strong positive correlation between safety(women) and linear bazaars - women feel safer as the placeremains lively. Promoting active frontage should be done toincrease perception of safety, and this assumes moreimportance in light of recent events and crimes against women.
6.
7. Pedestrain InfrastructureMarkets mostly characterized by poor infrastructure facilities -
Lack of housing for poor near work centers –Resulted in squattingPressure on nearby urban villages
8.
Kirti Nagar Lajpat Nagar Shahpur Jat Preet Vihar Ramesh Nagar
Kirti Nagar
Lajpat Nagar
Shahpur Jat
Preet Vihar
Ramesh Nagar
Kirti Nagar
JJ Cluster,MayapuriChowk etc,
Lajpat NagarGarhi Village , JJ campVikram Vihar Extn. Rly.Line Jal Vihar, SriniwasPuri
Shahpur JatMost workers atBoutiques/zariindustry areresidents of thevillage
Preet ViharLaxmi Nagarslums close toDefencecolony etc.
Ramesh NagarHawkers/streetvendors – Uttam NagarJJ cluster Kirti Nagar,Mayapuri Chowk
Rental housing /transient housing/night shelters etc. should also be provided along with affordablehousing, to cater to the needs across the strata of the society
Incorporate pedestrian friendly designs through provision of footpath in ratio to footfall, streetfurniture and light, public toilets etc.
Observation
HOUSINGWORKING
AMENITIES
RAMESH NAGAR
HOUSINGWORKING
AMENITIES
LAJPAT NAGARSHAHPUR JAT
KIRTI NAGAR
HOUSINGWORKING
AMENITIES
PREET VIHAR
The city as a transaction networkURBAN MODELLINGThe synergy between land use and accessibility should beplanned for – to optimize the utilization of land.
9.
HOUSINGWORKING
AMENITIES
1 23
Articulated Density tosupport mixed land use andmass transit
Dispersed Density
HOUSINGWORKING
AMENITIESCity level commercial areaConnecting road – arterial roadTOD areasHave plans to serve to local level-(Lajpat nagar)
Zonal – local level –Sub arterial – roads above 18m
Mono-functional (HIG areas)Not ideal for future development- Delhi
MODEL 1 (area -100Ha.)Category built up (%) built up (%)living /employmentResidential 35 35 1,00,000Workplace Instituional/office 25 55 60,623 - 1,79,027
Retail 20Industrial 10
Amenities and recreation 10 10amenities/person - 3.5
sqm/person100
MODEL 2 (area -100Ha.)Category built up (%) built up (%)living /employmentResidential 35 35 1,00,000Workplace Instituional/office 22 50 53,695 -1,63,287
Retail 20Industrial 8
Amenities and recreation 15 15amenities/person - 5.3
sqm/person100
MODEL 3 (area -100Ha.)Category built up (%) built up (%)living /employmentResidential 33 33 1,00,000Workplace Instituional/office 33 11,4301- 38,159
RetailIndustrial
Amenities and recreation 33 33amenities/person - 12.5
sqm/person100
* slight change in land requirement* F.A.R - 2 TO 6
1
2
3
MIXED USEDEVELPOMENT
Holisticdevelopment
SPATIALSPATIAL
ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL
SOCIO-ECONOMICSOCIO-ECONOMIC •Infrastructure (cost saving)
•Reduce travel distances•Increase density•Increase open spaces•TOD
•Inclusion•Employment•Agglomeration•Efficiency•Support industriesdepend on highquality environment•Health
Reduce carbon emissions ,airpollution, heat-island effect
Affordability-housing /-Rental housing
Carbon sequestrationIncreased tree cover in openspaces
Safety
Increasepedestrianization
DevelopmentCost
Revenue
Integrateaffordablehousing andlivelihoodschemes
Integrateaffordablehousing andlivelihoodschemes
Organize Movement
Plan Landuse
IMPACT
Image – Transed2012.in ,centersandsquares.com, Worldpress.com(Money Sharma),
TRANSIT
CORRIDOR
KEY RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS…..KEY RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS…..
1. How accessibility andland use induce commercialdevelopment
2.Relationship betweenAccessibility , Spatial Layoutand Retail Typology
3.Establishing correlationbetween commercial andmixed use development,residence and place ofemployment (distance)
4.Safety and Security
5. Urban DevelopmentModelEstablishing mixing offunctions for mixed useand development andits impact onEmployment andResidentialDevelopment, amenitiesand recreation spaces
MeagerIncome
T hriving MarketsPeople’s intuition
InclusiveDevelopment
Research contribute to handling the challenges of inclusive urban development…..Research contribute to handling the challenges of inclusive urban development…..
1.
2.
3.
Satellite Image – Delhi
Transportlinkage
Transportlinkage
LanduseLanduse
Humaninteraction
Humaninteraction
Pro- active planningPro- active planning
Land use exploitspatial accessibility
Form and spaceForm and space
Interactiveprocess Cultural Identity
MobilityEconomics
Natural evolution - Bazaar - DELHI – 2403notified mixed use and commercial streets
Mixed usedevelopment
ModernEvolution
Land useTransport
CreatingEmploymentopportunities
Safer city
Idealmixing
Employment for the informalsector
Inclusivedevelopment
Recovering costof infrastructure
development
Strain oninfrastructureprovision,congestion,lack ofaffordablehousing
Positive outcomes –1. employment generation (formal +
informal),2. reduced travel distance – home to
work,3. increased perception of safety4. Increased demand for housing – in
areas with mixed use
Analysis
We can do better……
Thank You
Swati Sharma .Contact Info - +91-9899669428Email ID – [email protected]
Annexure
MXI CALCULATIONSSCENARIOSCENARIO I SCENARIO II SCENARIO III
INDICATOR1 Population 50000 75000 100000
Area (ha.) 100 100 100Population Density 500 750 1000Inhabitants - dwelling untis 11111 16667 22222
111.1111111 166.6666667 222.22222222 URBAN STRUCTURE
2.1 Residentialliving area per person (sqm)EWS 5 to 7LIG 7 to 10MIG 15 to 19HIG 19 to 22
living area (dwelling unit)(sqm)(4.5*HH size) %EWS 22.5 35 87500 131250 175000LIG 31.5 30 105000 157500 210000MIG 85.5 20 190000 285000 380000HIG 99 15 165000 247500 330000Residential (net) 547500 821250 1095000Residential (GROSS) 15% 629625 944437.5 1259250storeys residential 6 6 6building area (FOOTPRINT) 104938 157406.25 209875site coverage 0.7 0.7 0.7TOTAL AREA (Ha.) 14.99107143 22.48660714 29.98214286LANDUSE (%) (vertical mixing) 14.99107143 22.48660714 29.98214286
3 ASSUMPTION -- BUILT -UP
VARIOUS PERMUTATIONS UP (%) MODIFIED (%) MXI - CENTER(%)
RESIDENTIAL 35 35 33%
INSTITUIONAL/OFFICE 25 22
RETAIL 20 20
INDUSTRIAL 10 8 33%
AMENITIES 10 15 33%
100 100 99%
4STANDARDS
4.1OfficeB1(a) General Office 19 GIA 12 NIA
B1(a) Call Centres 13 GIA 8 NIAB1(a) IT/ Data Centres
- -47 NIA
B1(a) Business Park 16 GIA 10 NIAB1(a) Serviced Office 20 GIA 10 NIA
4.2RetailA1 High Street 20 NIA 19 NIAA1 Food Superstores 19 NIA 17 NIA
A1 Other Superstores/Retail Warehouses
90 GIA 90 NIA
A2 Financial &Professional Services - -
16 NIA
A3 Restaurants & Cafes 13 GIA 18 NIA
4.3Leisure & Visitor AttractionsC1 Budget Hotels 1 employee per 3
bedrooms1 employee per 3 bedrooms
C1 General Hotels (3star)
1 employee per 2bedrooms
1 employee per 2 bedrooms
C1 4/ 5 Star Hotels 1 employee per1.25 bedrooms
1 employee per 1.25bedrooms
D1 Cultural Attractions 36 GIA 36 GIA
D2 Cinemas 90 GIA 90 GIA
D2*
Amusement &EntertainmentCentres 40 GIA 70 GIA
D2 Sports centres andPrivate Clubs
90/ 55 GIA 65 GIA
4.4 INDUSTRY Light industry
population 100000workforce 35%
35000
DDA NORMS SCENARIOSCENARIO I SCENARIO II SCENARIO III
INDICATORPSPDISPENSARY 0.26/10000ppl 1.3 1.95 2.6EDUCATIONPRIMARY 0.2-0.4 1.5 2.25 3SENIOR SEC 0.6-0.8 3.5 5.25 7BANQUET HALL 0.08-0.2 0.5 0.75 1RELIGIOUS 0.08 0.4 0.6 0.8ANGANWARI .04-.06 2.5 3.75 5MILK BOOTH 0.08-0.20 0.5 0.75 1TAXI + AUTO STAND 0.04 0.2 0.3 0.4TOTAL 10.4 15.6 20.8
2.6 RECREATION- OPEN SPACENEIGHBOURHOOD PARK (ha.) 1ha./10,000ppl 5 7.5 10HOUSING AREA PARK (ha.) 0.5ha/10,000 2.5 3.75 5TOT-LOT (ha.) 0.5sqm/person 2.5 3.75 5MULTI-PURPOSE GROUND (HA.) 1 1.5 2LANDUSE (%)(ground) 11 16.5 22TOTAL 21.4 32.1 42.8
1. MODELS - UP POP - 1,00,000
Use % built up(sqm)built -
up(lakh)typearea perperson type
total popaccommodated/Working F.A.R
GROUND COVERAGE(ha.) %
TOTALCOVERED
residential 35 1259250 12.59 inhabitant 100000 4 29.98Instituional/office 25 899464 8.99 workforce 6 15 14.99
range 8 11243320 44973
GeneralOffice
19 12
Call Centres 13 8
IT/ DataCentres -
47
BusinessPark
16 10
ServicedOffice
20 10
Retail 20 719571 7.19 workforce 3 23.99 30range 13
20 5535290 35979
High Street 20 19 7995FoodSuperstores
19 17
OtherSuperstores/ RetailWarehouses
90 90
Financial &ProfessionalServices
-
16
Restaurants& Cafes
13 18
Industrial 10 359785.714 3.59 workforce 2 17.99 17.98928611243
LightIndustry(BusinessPark)
32 47
7655Amenities 10 359785.714 3.59 1 35
35 ha.
butaccording toDDA norms -area requiredfor amenities 42.8
area underamenitiesshould be min12% (includinggreen spaces) 12.22857143
Total 100 3597857.14 35.97 97.98
TRANSPORT 15OTHER
112.98
2. MODELS - modified POP - 1,00,000
Use % built up(sqm)built -
up(lakh)typearea perperson type
total popaccommodated /Working FAR
GROUND COVERAGE(HA.) %
TOTALCOVERED
Residential 35% 1259250 12.59 inhabitant 100000 4 29.982
Instituional/office 22% 791529 7.92 workforce 6 13.192 13.19range 8 98941
20 39576GeneralOffice
19 12
Call Centres 13 8
IT/ DataCentres -
47
BusinessPark
16 10
ServicedOffice
20 10
Retail 20% 719571 7.20 workforce 3 23.986 30range 13
20 5535290 35979
High Street 20 19 7995FoodSuperstores
19 17
OtherSuperstores/RetailWarehouses
90 90
Financial &ProfessionalServices
-
16
Restaurants& Cafes
13 18
Industrial 8% 287828.5714 2.88 workforce 2 14.391 17.988995
Light Industry(BusinessPark)
32 47
6124
Amenities 15% 539678.5714 5.40
35 ha.
but accordingto DDA norms- area requiredfor amenities 42.8
area underamenitiesshould be min12% (includinggreen spaces) 12.22857143 22
Total 1 3597857.143 35.97 83.17214536