Synchrotrons, Synchrotron Radiation, Applications · 2015. 5. 21. · Synchrotron – a defintion . Spring 8, Hyogo, Japan “An accelerator where electromagnetic radiation is produced

Synchrotrons, Synchrotron Radiation, Applications ,,,,

Yngve Cerenius

Advanced Analysis Methods - Chalmers 2015

Outline


• X-RAYS Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Conventional X-ray Sources • SYNCHROTRONS History Principles Synchrotron Radiation • MAX IV The Project Machine/ Performance The Site • SYNCHROTRON BASED METHODS General Examples

The discovery of X-rays

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923)

„Über eine neue Art von Strahlen“ published on 28 Dec 1895

Nobel Prize in Physics - 1901


Conventional (X-ray) Sources

X-ray tube (Coolidge design) ~ 1913

Toshiba DR 6 ~ 1960

e-

Applied Voltage ~ kV

Cathode

X-rays

Anode




Rotating Anode ~ 1970 (1930)

e-


Cathode

X-rays

Anode





e-


Cathode

X-rays

Anode




Metal-jet-anode X-ray tubes (2005)

A few W

A few 10th W

Electron beam power (before melting the target).



Illustration from J. Nucl. Med. Technol. September 1, 2004 vol. 32 no. 3 139-147

X-ray production

Events 1, 2, and 3 Incident electrons de-accelerated by interaction with the nucleus with the emission of a continuous energy spectrum of x-ray photons. Event 4 Interaction with the electrons surrounding the nucleus. • A K-shell electron is ejected ->

unstable vacancy. • An outer shell electron transitions to

the inner shell • Emits an x-ray with energy equal to the

difference in binding energies of the outer electron shell and K shell = “characteristic” of the target.

4

3 2 1


Synchrotron radiation


Particle physics

Synchrotron radiation

EVOLUTION

First particle accelerators

More and more energetic

particles,

Bigger and bigger

machines

First observation of synchrotron radiation

Construction of the first dedicated machines

1930

1947

1980 First synchrotron user activity as “parasites” on machines dedicated for particle physicists.

1947: First observation of synchrotron radiation at General Electric (USA).

Origin of Synchrotrons


Brightness Moore’s Law Proposed in 1965 by Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel. The number micro- processor transistors on chip doubles every two year.

1021

1015

109

1900 1950 2000

Wigglers

Bending magnets

Undulators

Conventional sources

MAX IV

ESRF

Daresbury


Synchrotron – a defintion

Spring 8, Hyogo, Japan

“An accelerator where electromagnetic radiation is produced by relativistic electrons that are bent (accelerated) in a magnetic field and thus producing a continuous spectrum of radiation with an energy ranging from infrared to hard X-rays.”


Synchrotrons are everywhere

The Synchrotron – IKEA approach

1

3

2

4

5

5

6

6

4 2

1

5

Insertion devices

RF system

Linac Bending Magnet

Vacuum pipe/ focusing magnets

3

Electron gun


The Movie


Make more light

N: Number of bends; Ne: Number of electrons

I ~ Ne

I ~ N x Ne

I ~ N2 x Ne

Ntyp = 40

Ntyp = 90

N=∆ωω


Wiggler

Undulator

Electrons Bending magnet Wiggler

Undulator

Make more light - Insertion Devices


Brilliance - many orders of magnitude brighter than conventional sources.

Continuous spectrum - from infrared to hard X-rays.

Collimated - very low divergence compared to conventional sources

Polarised - strongly, but not completely, polarized in the plane of motion.

Pulsed - electron bunches produce light pulses.

Coherent - Ultra small emittance -> high degree of coherence

Properties of SR



Beamlines – The Ikea Approach



Beamlines – Optics


Beamlines – Optics

MAX IV


The MAX IV Laboratory

● Consists of the present MAX-lab (MAX I, II & III) & the construction of the new MAX IV facility.

● The first synchrotron (MAX I) was inaugurated 1987.

● The present lab has +1000 users (2014) - we expect +2000 in 2026.

The present user community of MAX-lab


The MAX IV Timeline

2009 Basic funding

approved

2011 Initial

beamline funding

approved Start civil

constructions

2013 Civil

construction ready for Linac

Start Linac construction Additional beamlines

funded

2014 Linac

commisioning Start mounting

rings FemtoMAX

commisioning

2015 Linac and

FemtoMAX operation Move into building

Start mounting beamlines

2016 Rings

operation All initial 7 +1 beamlines in

operation

2016-20?? Adding more

beamlines Develop the

facility further FEL?

Close MAX-lab

MAX IV Inauguration

The MAX IV Budget

Secured in 2009 “A start version of MAX IV”: 1055 MSEK

Machine

2000 MSEK financed through a 25 year rental agreement

Building Beamlines

Phase1: 562 MSEK Finest 50 MSEK Phase2a: 265 MSEK DanMAX 80 MDKR ….


http://media.maxlabiv.se/2011/08/Max_IV_logo.jpg

MAX IV - Corner stones

1.5 GeV ring (96m) - 2016

3.0 GeV ring (528m) – 2016

300m LINAC: Injects the rings & Drives femtosecond X-ray source - 2015

7 Initial Beamline Projects 2015-2016 + 6 additional recently funded


MAX IV - a comparison

MAX IV Circumference (m) 528 Energy [GeV] 3 Nr of straights 20 Hor emittance (nm rad) 0.24 Current [mA] 500 Hor RMS beam size (μm) 45 Vert RMS beam size (μm) 1-4

Diamond ESRF 561 2000 3 6 22 30 2.7 4 300 200 123, 178 40-60 6-10 5-10


It’s all about the emittance!

2

1ε

∝Brilliance

3

2

magnetsq N

EnergyC=ε

Unit cell @ MAX IV


The 7 bend achromat

• 20 main cells (achromats) • Each achromat consists of five unit cells plus two matching cells

Each unit cell contains 1 dipole, 2 quadrupole, 1 sextupole and 3 octupole magnets plus two dipole corrector pairs and two BPM heads. Low field & small aperture dipole -> modest power consumption -> the synchrotron radiation losses become small due to the low dipole fields.

A MAX IV unit cell


The Site

Early Summer 2010

11/05/2015 32

22/10 2010 Ground breaking

Summer 2010

The Site

11/05/2015 33

Early Summer 2011

The Site

11/05/2015 34

August 2012

The Site

March 2014 February2015

The Site

Applications/ Beamlines


Beamlines/ Experimental Stations

• Usually tailored to the needs of different photon based analytical methods, e.g. a BioMAX is a protein crystallography beamline

• Each beamline usually works totally independent of the others. Therefore can many experiments and analytical methods be done simultaneously (e.g. at MAX IV up to 30 different stations)


Scattering / Diffraction

Light-matter interaction

● Absorption ● Ionization

● Resonant

Elas

tic /

Inel

astic

David Attwood http://ast.coe.berkeley.edu/srms/2007/Lec02.pdf

Techniques - general


1 Structural Information Diffraction (single crystal/ powder) Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) 2 Chemical Information Spectroscopy techniques RIXS- Resonant Inelastic Scattering EXAFS - Extended X-ray absorption fine structure XPS – X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 3 Imaging Radiography (2D) Tomography (3D) Combination of techniques, In-situ, Kinetics, gracing incidence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wide.jpg

High spatial resolution (< a few nanometer) Time resolved studies (< femtoseconds 10-15 s) High chemical sensitivity (dilute samples or

detailed electronic structure) Collimated beam -> complex structures Coherence -> new possibilities for X-ray imaging

Nano engineering Electronics Fibers Composites Micro-fluidics Phase transitions Catalysts Energy storage Photo-biology Environmental Sc. Films and interfaces Gases Superconductors Magnetism Pharmacy (Proteins/ viruses) Polymers Cellulose Metallurgy Medicine

Applications - general


10. FlexPES (Transfer) Photoelectron Spectroscopy and NEXAFS

11. MAXPeem (Transfer) 12. CoSAXS 13. SoftiMAX Coherent Soft X-Ray Scattering, Holography…

1. FemtoMAX Studies of ultra-fast processes in materials

2. NanoMAX Imaging, spectroscopic & scattering techniques with nanometer resolution

3. BALDER (Hard) X-ray absorption spectroscopy with emphasis on in-situ and time resolved studies.

4. BioMAX Macromolecular crystallography with a high degree of automation and remote access

5. VERITAS RIXS combining a unique resolving power with high spatial resolution.

6. HIPPIE High-pressure photoelectron spectroscopy

7. ARPES Angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy for detailed studies of the electronic structure.

8. FinEstBeaMS Estonian-Finnish Beamline for Materials Science

9. SPECIES (Transfer) VUV High-pressure photoelectron spectroscopy and RIXS

The 13 Funded Beamlines


Example 1 – Structural Information

Protein Crystallography

Max Perutz & John Kendrew Plasticine Model of Myoglobin

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962

A cell organelle, the ribosomes at 2.8Å resolution. Selmer et al., 2006


Nobel Prize Science

2012 G protein-coupled receptors Brian Kobilka, Robert Lefkowitz 2009 Structure and function of the ribosome V. Ramakrishnan, T. Steitz, A. Yonath 2006 Molecular basis for eukaryotic transcription R. Kornberg 2003 Discovery of channels in the cell membrane P. Agre, R. MacKinnon


http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brian_Kobilka_(649437151).jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lefkowitz3.jpg

Protein Crystallography – the standard (automated) way

1

2

3

4 5


http://www.google.se/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=rntiDGGDBxqr7M&tbnid=onIMGgiLGmi9iM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://biop.ox.ac.uk/www/lab_journal_1998/Endicott.html&ei=0rt3UtCkLYjUtQbb_oHYDg&bvm=bv.55819444,d.Yms&psig=AFQjCNFY5-wM7VXLhLYPRUU8vFELO72qIw&ust=1383664970861418

45

BioMAX Beamline

BioMAX 2013 BioMAX 2014

BioMAX 2015

Key Parameters 20 × 3 um2 focus. 2 x 1013 ph/sec 5 to 22 keV.


Protein crystallography – the bottle neck


Micro-crystals

Micro-crystals of a photosynthetic reaction center


Serial Micro-focus Crystallography

Slower micro-jet or micro-fluidics injection

• Rapid X-ray detector & (for polychromatic option). • X-ray chopper can provide short exposures. • ~1000 images/sec (~3 M images/hour).

Scattering Methods 2014

Literature

● David Attwood, Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation: Principles and Applications, Cambridge University Press 2007; Classes and problems online: http://ast.coe.berkeley.edu/sxr2009/

● http://www.lightsources.org

Documents

Synchrotrons, Synchrotron Radiation, Applications · 2015. 5. 21. · Synchrotron – a defintion . Spring 8, Hyogo, Japan “An accelerator where electromagnetic radiation is produced