SYNOPSIS CHAVAN VR EDN 8.3shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4085/15/15_synopsis.pdf · 4 5) n«ñVwV g§emoYZmV e¡j{UH$ df© 2007-2008 àdoe KoVboë`m gd© N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§Mm

$Page 1: SYNOPSIS CHAVAN VR EDN 8.3shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4085/15/15_synopsis.pdf · 4 5) n«ñVwV g§emoYZmV e¡j{UH$ df© 2007-2008 àdoe KoVboë`m gd© N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§Mm$
{ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`mªgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ Ñïr>H$moZ{ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`mªgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ Ñïr>H$moZ{ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`mªgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ Ñïr>H$moZ{ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`mªgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ Ñïr>H$moZ ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZ

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m nrEM.S>r. ({ejUemñÌ) nXdrÀ`m n[anyVugmR>r gmXa H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m

emoY à~§YmMm gmam§e

g§emoYH$g§emoYH$g§emoYH$g§emoYH$

lr. {dídmg am_M§Ð MìhmUlr. {dídmg am_M§Ð MìhmUlr. {dídmg am_M§Ð MìhmUlr. {dídmg am_M§Ð MìhmU E_.Eñgr. E_.ES>.

H$¡. gm¡. _mbVrXodr dg§Vamd nmQ>rb _{hbm ~r.ES>. H$m°boO, {_aO, Vm. {_aO, {O. gm§Jbr

_mJ©X{e©H$m_mJ©X{e©H$m_mJ©X{e©H$m_mJ©X{e©H$m

Sm°. a_m A. ^mogbo (A{Yì`m»`mVr)Sm°. a_m A. ^mogbo (A{Yì`m»`mVr)Sm°. a_m A. ^mogbo (A{Yì`m»`mVr)Sm°. a_m A. ^mogbo (A{Yì`m»`mVr) E_.Eñgr. E_.ES>.E_.E, goQ> nrEM.S>r.

lr _hmamUr Vmam~mB© emgH$s` AÜ`mnH$ _hm{dÚmb`, H$moëhmnya

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnyaH$moëhmnyaH$moëhmnyaH$moëhmnya

{S>g|~a 2008{S>g|~a 2008{S>g|~a 2008{S>g|~a 2008

{ej{ej{ej{ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`mªgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ ÑH$ à{ejUmÏ`mªgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ ÑH$ à{ejUmÏ`mªgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ ÑH$ à{ejUmÏ`mªgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>{ï>{ï>{ï>H$moZH$moZH$moZH$moZ ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZ ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZ ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZ ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZ

à~§YmMm gmam§eà~§YmMm gmam§eà~§YmMm gmam§eà~§YmMm gmam§e

1.1.1.1. g§emoYZmMr JaO d _hÎdg§emoYZmMr JaO d _hÎdg§emoYZmMr JaO d _hÎdg§emoYZmMr JaO d _hÎd

AmOÀ`m {dkmZmÀ`m g§emoYZmÀ`m ZoÌ{XnH$ àJVr_wio AmVm CnbãY AgUmao kmZ H$mhr jUmZ§Va OwZo hmoVo Va Ë`m{R>H$mUr Zdo kmZ OmJm KoV Amho. åhUyZ `m AmYw{ZH$ wJmbm nrQ>a S´>m\$a `m§Zr The age of discontinuity Ago åhQ>bo Amho. oUmam àË oH$ {Xdg Zdo kmZ KoD$Z oV Amho. Zì`m kmZm~amo~a Zdo àíZ, g_ñ`m Zdr

AmìhmZohr oUmar CÚm Amnë`m gmo~V KoD$Z oUma AmhoV. `m ~XbUmè`m n[apñWVrer VmaVå` amIUmè`m ì`ŠVrbmM `m OJm_Ü o {Q>Hy$Z amhVm oUma Amho. `mgmR>r àË oH$ ì`ŠVrbm Amdí`H$ kmZ AgU§ Amdí`H$ Amho. ho kmZ àË oH$mbm {ejUmVyZ {_iVo Vo AkmZ {_iUo AmO JaOoMo Amho. åhUyZ g§emoYH$mZo àË oH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§Jr d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ hm {ejUmVyZ bhmZ d`mnmgyZ Vo nyU© [ejU hmoB©n ªV {_imbo nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r {ejH$m§À`m A§Jr ho kmZ AgU§ Amdí`H$ Amho. H$maU {ejU ho {ejH$ nyU© H$aUma AmhoV. `mgmR>r hmoD$ KmVbobo {ejH$ åhUOo ~r.ES>.{ejH$ N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§À`m A§Jr d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

`m hoVyZo g§emoYH$mZo ~r.ES>. {ejH$ N>mÌmÜ`nH$m§À`m d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m {df` {ZdS> g§emoYZmgmR>r Ho$bobr Amho.

2.2.2.2. g§emoYZmMm gmam§eg§emoYZmMm gmam§eg§emoYZmMm gmam§eg§emoYZmMm gmam§e

g§emoYZ g_ñ oMo erf©H$ g§emoYZ g_ñ oMo erf©H$ g§emoYZ g_ñ oMo erf©H$ g§emoYZ g_ñ oMo erf©H$ (Statement of Research Problem)

àñVwV g§emoYZmgmR>r g_ñ oMo eãXm§H$Z nwT>rbà_mUo Ho$bo Amho.

""{ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`m""{ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`m""{ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`m""{ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m {dH$gZmgmR>r ñd §AÜ``Z ª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m {dH$gZmgmR>r ñd §AÜ``Z ª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m {dH$gZmgmR>r ñd §AÜ``Z ª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m {dH$gZmgmR>r ñd §AÜ``Z g§M {Z{_©Vr g§M {Z{_©Vr g§M {Z{_©Vr g§M {Z{_©Vr ---- EH$ Aä`mg'' EH$ Aä`mg'' EH$ Aä`mg'' EH$ Aä`mg''

àñVwV g_ñ oVrb {dYmZmV A§V^y©V H$mhr n[a^m{fH$ eãXm§À`m H$m`m©Ë_H$ ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo Ho$ë`m AmhoV.

3.3.3.3. H$m`m©Ë_H$ ì`m»`m H$m`m©Ë_H$ ì`m»`m H$m`m©Ë_H$ ì`m»`m H$m`m©Ë_H$ ì`m»`m

{ejH$ à{ejUmWu {ejH$ à{ejUmWu {ejH$ à{ejUmWu {ejH$ à{ejUmWu

{ejUemñÌ (~r.ES²>.) nXdrgmR>r àdoe KoVbobo à{ejUmWu nXdràmá Ho$ë`mZ§Va Oo {ejH$ hmoD$ BpÀN>Umè`m§Zm Oo à{ejU {Xbo OmVo Ë`m à[ejUmg {ejH$ à{ejU Ago åhUVmV d ho à{ejU KoUmao {dÚmWu åhUOoM {ejH$ à{ejUmWu hmoV.

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4.4.4.4. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ

A) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ åhUOo gË`mMm emoY KoÊ`mMr {Okmgm. H$m ©H$maU^md emoYÊ`mMr d¥Îmr Am{U Ë`m_YyZ OÝ_ KoUmar àË`j H¥$Vr hmo`. (Jm^m KQ>H$ n[aM`, n¥ð> 210)

~) {ejU emó n«{ejUmÏ`mªÀ`m_Ü o AmVmn ªVÀ`m {ejUmVyZ A§Jr Agbobr ({Okmgy d¥Îmr, H$m ©H$maU^md, Mm¡H$gnUm, {M{H$ËgH$ d¥Îmr d _Z_moH$ionUm, VH©$g§JVnUm B.) d¥Îmr, Agm H$m`m©Ë_H$ AW© A{^àoV Amho.

5.5.5.5. ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZ ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZ ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZ ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZ

ñd §AÜ``Z g§M ñd §AÜ``Z g§M ñd §AÜ``Z g§M ñd §AÜ``Z g§M

{ejUemñÌ N>mÌmÜ`mnH$mM d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT>rgmR>r VÁkm§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmZwgma _w{ÐV ñdê$nmVrb nwpñVH$m, N>mÌmÜ`mnH$mZo ñdV: AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r V`ma Ho$bobm g§M åhUOo ñd §AÜ``Z g§M.

ñd §AÜ``ZmgmR>r {dH${gV Ho$bobr {b{IV _mÜ`_mVrb AZwXoeZ nwpñVH$m Agm H$m`m©Ë_H$ AW© `m {R>H$mUr A{^àoV Amho.

6.6.6.6. g§emoYZmMr C{Ôï>o g§emoYZmMr C{Ôï>o g§emoYZmMr C{Ôï>o g§emoYZmMr C{Ôï>o (Objectives of Research)

n«ñVwV g§emoYZmMr C{Ôï>o nwT>rbà_mUo {ZpíMV Ho$bobr AmhoV.

1) {ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`mªÀ`m d¡km{ZH$ >Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m gÚpñWVrMm Aä`mg H$aUo.

2) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m {d{dY n¡b§y_Yrb, A{dH${gV n¡by§Mm emoY KoUo.

3) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m {dH$gZmgmR>r ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZ H$aUo.

4) ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo {ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`mªÀ`m _Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm {dH$mg H$aUo.

5) H$bm, dm{UÁ` d {dkmZ nXdrYmaH$ {ejH à{ejUmWvÀ`m d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀmm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$aUo.

6) H$bm, dm{UÁ` d {dkmZ nXdrYmaH$ d nXì wÎma nXdrYmaH$ {ejH$ à{ejUmWvÀ`m d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m {d{dY n¡by§Mm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$aUo.

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7.7.7.7. g§emoYZmMr J¥{hVHo$ g§emoYZmMr J¥{hVHo$ g§emoYZmMr J¥{hVHo$ g§emoYZmMr J¥{hVHo$ (Assumptions of Research)

àñVwV g§emoYZmMr J¥{hVHo$ nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV,

1) ñd §AÜ``Z g§M dmnaë`mZo d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀmm {dH$mg H$aVm oVmo.

2) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr à_m{UV _m{nH$m dmnê$Z d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m A{dH${gV n¡by§Mo AMyH$ _mnZ H$aVm oVo.

8.8.8.8. g§emoYZmÀ`g§emoYZmÀ`g§emoYZmÀ`g§emoYZmÀ`m n[aH$ënZm m n[aH$ënZm m n[aH$ënZm m n[aH$ënZm (Hypothysis of Research)

àñVwV g§emoYZmMr n[aH$ënZm nwT>rbà_mUo _m§S>bobr Amho.

d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr gÚpñWVr d ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmÀ`m AÜ``ZmZ§VaMr d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ pñWVr `m§_Ü o \$aH$ Zmhr.

9.9.9.9. g§emoYZmVrb Mbo g§emoYZmVrb Mbo g§emoYZmVrb Mbo g§emoYZmVrb Mbo

Aml`r Mbo Aml`r Mbo Aml`r Mbo Aml`r Mbo

d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo {d{dY n¡by Ogo {Okmgm, _Z_moH$ionUm, emór` nÕVrda {dídmg, H$m ©H$maU^md, g_rjmdmXrnUm, nwamì`mMm emoH$, dñVw{Zð>Vm, àb§{~V Ý`m`{ZdmS>m, A§YlÕoMm {VQ>H$mam

ñdml`r Mbñdml`r Mbñdml`r Mbñdml`r Mbo

ñd §AÜ``Z g§M

10.10.10.10. g§emoYZmMr ì`már g§emoYZmMr ì`már g§emoYZmMr ì`már g§emoYZmMr ì`már (Scope of Research)

1) àñVwV g§emoYZmV ho {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnyaer g§b¾ AgUmè`m gm§Jbr {OëømVrb gd© {ejUemó _hm{dÚmb`m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho.

2) àñVwV g§emoYZmV gm§Jbr {OëømV EHy$U nmM {ejU emó _hm{dÚmb`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m_Ü o XmoZ AZwXm{ZV (àË oH$s g§»`m 80), 3 {dZmAZwXm{ZV (àË oH$s g§»`m 100) {ejU emó _hm{dÚmb`m§Mm g_mdoe Amho.

3) àñVwV g§emoYZmV gm§Jbr {OëømVrb {ejU emó _hm{dÚm`mVrb gd© N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§Mr g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho.

4) àñVwV g§emoYZmV {ejUemó _hm{dÚmb`mVrb \$ŠV N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§MmM g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho.

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5) n«ñVwV g§emoYZmV e¡j{UH$ df© 2007-2008 àdoe KoVboë`m gd© N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. (`mnydu AZwÎmrU© {dÚmÏ`mªMm g_mdoe Ho$bm Zmhr.)

6) àñVwV g§emoYZm_Ü o gd© N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§À`m "d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ' `m H$m¡eë`mMmM {dMma Ho$bm Amho.

7) ñd §AÜ``Z g§Mm_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT>rgmR>r Ho$di {b{IV nwpñVHo$Mm Adb§~ Ho$bobm Amho.

8) H$bm, dm{UÁ` d {dkmZ emIoVrb gd© à{ejUmÏ`mªMm g_mdoe àñVwV g§emoYZmV Ho$bobm Amho.

11.11.11.11. g§emoYZmÀ`m _`m©Xm g§emoYZmÀ`m _`m©Xm g§emoYZmÀ`m _`m©Xm g§emoYZmÀ`m _`m©Xm (Research Limitations)

1) àñVwV g§emoYZmgmR>r \$ŠV gm§Jbr {OëømVrb {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb o \$ŠV KoVbr AmhoV. åhUyZ gXaMo g§emoYZ ho gm§Jbr {OëømVrb {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mer g§b§¾ [ejU emñÌ _hm{dÚmb`mnwaVoM _`m©{XV Amho.

2) e¡j[UH$ df© 2007-2008 `m H$mbmdYrV {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb gd© AÜ`mnZ nÕVrÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªnwaVoM _`m©{XV Amho. gXaMo g§emoYZ ho gd© {df`mÀ`m N>mÌmÜ`mnH$mnwaVoM g_mdoe Ho$bm AgyZ EHy$U 480 {dÚmWu g§» ogmR>r _`m©{XV Amho.

d¡km{ZH$ Ñ[îQ>H$moZ _mnZmgmR>r S>m°. Eg².gr. JmIa (M§XrJS>) d S>m°. A_Z{Xn H$m¡a (bw{Y`mZm) `m§Zr àH$m{eV Ho$bobr "d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ _m{nH$m' `m_Yrb gd© n¡by§Mm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho.

1) {Okmgm (Curiosity)

2) _Z_moH$ionUm (Open Mindedness)

3) emór` nÕVrda {dídmg (Faith in Scientific method)

4) H$m ©H$maU^md (Causes & effect relationship)

5) g_rjmdmXrnUm (Critical Mindedness)

6) nwamì`mMm emoH$ (Seeks Evidence)

7) dñVw{Zð>Vm (Objectivity)

8) àb§{~V Ý`m`{ZdmS>m (suspended Judgement)

9) A§YlÕoMm {VQ>H$mam (Aversion to superstition)

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`m gd© n¡by§Mm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r d d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ {dH$gZmgmR>r ñd §AÜ``Z g§M V`ma Ho$bm Amho.

`m g§MmV {dkmZ {ejUmMr C{Ôï>o, d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr JaO, d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r AÜ`mnZ, d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao Ano{jV dV©Z ~Xb d dmT>rgmR>r CnH«$_, dmT>rgmR>r Cnm`, g§MmMr d¡{eï>ço, g§M {Z{_©VrMr JaO. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ, d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ d Ë`mMo n¡by ~r.ES²>. {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r JaO `m g§Mm_wio H$m` H$aVm oB©b, d¡k{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ Agbobr ì`ŠVr, d¡km{ZH$ Om{Udm, d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ{df`r n¡by§Mr àíZmdbr, M_ËH$mam§Mo H$moS>o, M_ËH$mamMo à`moJ, g§X^© J«§W gyMr BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm A§V^m©d Ho$bm.

12.12.12.12. g§emoYZMr H$m ©nÕVr g§emoYZMr H$m ©nÕVr g§emoYZMr H$m ©nÕVr g§emoYZMr H$m ©nÕVr

g§emoYZmMr H$m ©nÕVr VrZ Q>ßß`m§_Ü o nma nmS>ë`mMo AmoK VŠË`mdê$Z bjmV oVo.

A) A) A) A) g§emoYZ nyd© AdñWm g§emoYZ nyd© AdñWm g§emoYZ nyd© AdñWm g§emoYZ nyd© AdñWm

`m AdñWm§_Ü o g§emoYH$mZo Ho$boë`m H¥$VrMm Ahdmb àH$aU 1 d 2 _Ü o g{dñVa {Xbobm Amho.

~) ~) ~) ~) g§emoYZmÀ`m V`marMr AdñWm :g§emoYZmÀ`m V`marMr AdñWm :g§emoYZmÀ`m V`marMr AdñWm :g§emoYZmÀ`m V`marMr AdñWm :

`m AdñWm§_Ü o g§emoYH$mZo Imbrb H¥$Vr Ho$ë`m

A) Aä`mg nÕVrMr {ZdS>

~) Ý`mXe© {ZdS/Z_wZm {ZdS>

H$) gmYZm§Mr {ZdS>

AAAA) Aä`mg nÕVrMr {ZdS>Aä`mg nÕVrMr {ZdS>Aä`mg nÕVrMr {ZdS>Aä`mg nÕVrMr {ZdS>

Aä`mg nÕVrÀ`m {ZdS>r~ÔbMr g{dñVa _m{hVr nmZ Z§. 77 Vo 83 n ªV {Xbobr Amho.

~)~)~)~) Ý`mXe©/Z_wZm {ZdS>Ý`mXe©/Z_wZm {ZdS>Ý`mXe©/Z_wZm {ZdS>Ý`mXe©/Z_wZm {ZdS>

e¡j{UH$ g_ñ`m§À`m Aä`mgmV g§nyU© OZg§» oVyZ EH$ àm{V{ZYrH$ Z_wZm {ZdS>bm OmVmo. Z_wZm {ZdS>Vm§Zm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ _`m©XoMmhr {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. OZg§» oÀ`m VÏ`m§{df`r nydm©Zw_mZ H$aÊ`mH$arVm OZg§» oVyZ {ZdS>boë`m ìæmŠVr qH$dm dñVy `m§À`m bhmZ g_wXm`mbm Ý`mXe© qH$dm Z_wZm åhUVmV - _wio - C_mR>o, 1998, nmZ Z§. 321

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13.13.13.13. Z_wZm {ZdS> nÕVrMo XmoZ àH$mam_Ü o dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.Z_wZm {ZdS> nÕVrMo XmoZ àH$mam_Ü o dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.Z_wZm {ZdS> nÕVrMo XmoZ àH$mam_Ü o dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.Z_wZm {ZdS> nÕVrMo XmoZ àH$mam_Ü o dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.

1) g§^mì`Vm nÕVr

2) Ag§^mì`Vm nÕVr

g§^mì`Vm nÕVrV g§^mì`VoÀ`m {Z`_m§Zm _hËd Amho Va Ag§^mì`Vm nÕVrV Aä`mgH$mÀ`m ì`ŠVrJV {ZU©`mbm _hËd Amho. XmoÝhr nÕVrV A§V^y©V AgUmè`m nÕVr nwT>rbà_mUo :

g§^mì`Vm nÓVrg§^mì`Vm nÓVrg§^mì`Vm nÓVrg§^mì`Vm nÓVr Ag§^mì`Vm nÓVrAg§^mì`Vm nÓVrAg§^mì`Vm nÓVrAg§^mì`Vm nÓVr

1. gwJ_ `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS>

2. {Z`_~Ó Z_wZm {ZdS>

3. ~hþñVar` Z_wZm {ZdS>

4. dJuH¥$V Z_wZm {ZdS>

5. JwÀN> Z_wZm {ZdS>

1. àmg§{JH$ Z_wZm {ZdS>

2. {Z{X©ï>m§e Z_wZm {ZdS>

3. gà`moOZ Z_wZm {ZdSgà`moOZ Z_wZm {ZdSgà`moOZ Z_wZm {ZdSgà`moOZ Z_wZm {ZdS>

14.14.14.14. Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo _hÎd Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo _hÎd Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo _hÎd Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo _hÎd

1) g§emoYZmV {ZdS>ë`m Joboë`m EH$H$mMr g§»`m _`m©{XV Agë`mZo g§emoYZmgmR>r {dñV¥V joÌ {ZdS>Vm oVo

2) g§emoYZmVrb EH$H$ _`m©{XV Agë`mZo {_imbobr _m{hVrgwÕm _`m©{XV AgVo. `m _`m©{XV _m{hVrMo `mo½` n¥W:H$aU, gmaUrH$aU, AY©{Zd©MZ H$aVm oVo.

3) _`m©{XV EH$H$m_wio _m{hVr {_i{dUo gmono OmVo.

g§emoYZmV {ZdS>ë`m Joboë`m EH$H$m§Mr g§»`m _`m©{XV Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mm gImob Aä`mg H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. `m CbQ> g§emoYZmgmR>r g§nyU© OZg§»`m {ZdS>br Va g§emoYH$mMr BÀN>m AgyZhr A_`m©X EH$H$mMm gImob Aä`mg H$aUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr.

15.15.15.15. gd}jU nÕVrgd}jU nÕVrgd}jU nÕVrgd}jU nÕVr

gd}jU nÕVrMo _hÎd gd}jU nÕVrMo _hÎd gd}jU nÕVrMo _hÎd gd}jU nÕVrMo _hÎd

1) gÚpñWVrVrb e¡j{UH$ KQ>H$m§Mr OmUrd hmoVo d g§emoYH$mbm ôS>gmdUmè`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dë`m OmVmV.

2) dV©_mZH$mimbm Cn wŠV Agm ^yVH$mimMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo d `m gdmªVyZ ^{dî`H$mbrZ àJVrMm doY KoVbm OmVmo.

3) _m{hVr g§H$bZmgmR>r Mm§Jë`m àH$maMr gmYZo V`ma Ho$br OmVmV.

7

4) gd}jUmÛmao _yb^yV g§emoYZmgmR>r nyaH$ Aer _m{hVr nwadbr OmVo, VgoM {d{eï> {df`joÌmV kmZd¥Õr hmoVo.

gd}jUmMo àH$ma gd}jUmMo àH$ma gd}jUmMo àH$ma gd}jUmMo àH$ma

gd}jUmMo {d{dY àH$ma AmhoV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo Xe©{dbo AmhoV.

gd}jUmMo àH$magd}jUmMo àH$magd}jUmMo àH$magd}jUmMo àH$ma

1. embo` gd}jU

i) MmMUrMr {daMZm

ii) embo` _yë`_mnZ

iii) embo` XOm© gd}jU

iv) Aä`mgH«$_ g§emoYZ

v) Am[W©H$ gd}jU

vi) B_maV gd}jU

vii) ì`dgm` gd}jU

2. bmoH$_V gd}jU

3. gm_m{OH$ gd}jU

4. ì`{º$ gd}jU

5. gd}jU dma§dm[aVm Aä`mg

6. nmR>nwamdm Aä`mg

7. Ý`mXe© gd}jU

àñVwV g§emoYZ embo` gd}jU `m nÕVrZo Ho$bo Jobo. VgoM C{Ôï> 4 À`m nyVugmR>r ghg§~§YmË_H$ nÕVr dmnabr.

17.17.17.17. Z_wZm {ZdS> nÕVr Z_wZm {ZdS> nÕVr Z_wZm {ZdS> nÕVr Z_wZm {ZdS> nÕVr

Z_wZm (Ý`mXe©) {ZdS>rMr g§H$ënZmZ_wZm (Ý`mXe©) {ZdS>rMr g§H$ënZmZ_wZm (Ý`mXe©) {ZdS>rMr g§H$ënZmZ_wZm (Ý`mXe©) {ZdS>rMr g§H$ënZm

L. R. Gay `m§Zr Ho$bobr Z_wZm {ZdS>rMr ì`m»`m nwT>rb à_mUo “A sampling is the process of selecting a number of individuals for a study, in such a way that individuals represent the larger group from which they were selected” (Gay 1996 Page 111)

g§emoYZmV EImÚm à wŠV dñVy§À`m JQ>mÀ`m bjUm§~m~V {dídgZr` {ZîH$f© H$mT>md`mMo AgVmV. Aem à`moJ dñVy§À`m g§Mmbm g_ï>r qH$dm OZg§»`m åhUVmV.

8

àË`j Aä`mgmgmR>r OZg§» oMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmam d OZg§» oVyZ {ZdS>bobm H$moUVmhr Cng§M åhUOo "à{VXe©' qH$dm "Z_wZm' hmo`.

Best d Kahn `m§À`m _Vo “A Sample is a small proportion of a population selected for observation and analysis.” (Best and Kahn 2006 Page 12)

Gupta `m§À`m _Vo “Sampling is a tool which enables us to draw conclusion about the characteristics of the population after studying only those objects or items that are included in the sample.”

EImÚm _moR>çm g_whmVyZ (OZg§» oVyZ/g_ï>rVyZ) Ë`m g_whmMo à{V{Z[YËd H$aUmè`m H$mhr ì`ŠVtMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m åhUOo Z_wZm {ZdS> hmo`.

18.18.18.18. g§emoYZmÀ`m àË`j H$m ©dmhrMo Q>ßno g§emoYZmÀ`m àË`j H$m ©dmhrMo Q>ßno g§emoYZmÀ`m àË`j H$m ©dmhrMo Q>ßno g§emoYZmÀ`m àË`j H$m ©dmhrMo Q>ßno

1) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m g§X^© gm{hË`mMm emoY d Aä`mg

2) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZm{df`rMr à_m{UV _m{nH$m emoYÊ`mgmR>r kmZ à~mo{YZr nwUo d _mZgemó à`moJemim nwUo oWo ôQ>.

3) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ à_m{UV _m{nH$m {_idbr. _amR>rV ê$nm§V[aV Ho$br.

4) SAS Q>oñQ> _amR>r ê$nm§V[aV H$ê$Z VÁkm§Zm XmIdbr d `WmW©Vm nS>Vmibr.

5) ñd §AÜ``Z g§M {Z{_©Vr : d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñd §AÜ``Z g§Mmg§X^m©Vrb gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg

6) ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMr àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmVrb {Z{_©Vr

7) d¡km{ZH$Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMo nXXe©H$ 60 {dÚmÏ`mªMr àmW{_H$ MmMUr KoVbr.

8) àW_ àíZmdbr (SAS) nmM H$m°b_Mr ^ê$Z KoVbr. ñd §AÜ``Z g§M Vkm§Mm XmIbm d _mJ©Xe©Z KoVbo.

9) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ g§M V`ma H$ê$Z àË oH$ {dÚmÏ`m©g Aä`mgmg {Xbm.

10) Q>§H$boIZ d _wÐU, àH$meZ, nWXe©H$ ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMm n[aUm_

11) ñd §AÜ``Z g§M Aä`mgmgmR>r àË oH$ ~r.ES²>. N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§Zm {Xbm.

12) Xwgar MmMUr KoVbr.

13) _m{hVrMo dJuH$aU d {díbofU Am{U AW©{Zd}MZ g§X^© gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg

14) Q>§H$boIZ d _wÐU

9

g§emoYZ H$m ©nÕVrMm AmoKVŠVm

g§emoYZ g_ñ oMr {ZdS> d g§emoYZmMo ñdê$n

g§emoYZ g_ñ oMo {dYmZ :{ejH$ à{ejUmÏ mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ m

{dH$gZmgmR>r ñd §AÜ``Z g§M{Z{_©Vr

Statement of the Problem

H$m m©Ë_H$ ì m» m1. {ejH$ à{ejUmWu 2. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ

3. ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZ

(Operational Defination)

g§emoYZmer g§~§{YV gm{hË mMo qghmdbmoH$Z :g§~§{YV gm{hË mMo

qghmdbmoH$Z H$aVm§Zm maVmVrb maVm~mhoarb Pmbobo g§X © J«§W d g§emoYZmMm gmam§e KoÊ mV Ambm.

Review of Related Literature -

g§em oYZmMr C{Ôï> o 1. {ejH$ à{ejUmÏ mªÀ m _Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ m gÚpñWVrMm Aä mg H$aUo. 2. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ m {d{dY n¡by§_Yrb A{dH${gV n¡by§Mm emoY KoUo. 3. d¡km{ZH$Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ m {dH$gZmgmR>r ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZ H$aUo. 4. ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmÀ m gmhmæ mZo {ejH$ à{ejUmÏ mªÀ m_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm {dH$mg H$aUo. 5. H$bm, dm{UÁ d {dkmZ nXdrYmaH$ {ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`mªÀ`m d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm VwbZmË_H$ Aä mg H$aUo. 6. H$bm, dm{UÁ d{dkmZ nXdrYmaH$ d nXì wÎma nXdrYmaH$ {ejH$ à{ejUmWvÀ`m d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m {d{dY n¡by §ÀmmVwbZmË_H$ Aä mg H$aUo.

(Objecti ves o f Research) :

g§emoYZmMr J¥{hVHo$1. ñd`§AÜ``Z g§M dmnaë`mZo d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm {dH$mg H$aVm òVmo. 2. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr à_m{UV _m{nH$m dmnê$Z d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m A{dH${gV n¡by§Mo AMyH$ _mnZ H$aVm oVo.

(Assumptions of Research)

Selection of Research problem and Nature of Research

g§emoYZmÀ m n[aH$ënZm(Research Hypothesis)

1. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr gÚ{ñWVr d ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmÀ m gmÜ`Vog§~§Yr d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ pñWVr m§_Ü o \$aH$ Zmhr.

g§emoYZmVrb Mbo Aml r Mbo - d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo {d{dY n¡by, Ogo {Okmgy d¥Îmr B.ñdml r Mbo - ñd §AÜ``Z g§M

: (Research Variables)

g§emoYZ nÕVr : 1. gìh}jU 2. àm mo{JH$

(Method of Research)

g§emoYZmÀ m nm`è m1. d¡km{ZH$ à_m{UV _m{nHo$Mm emoY 2. nWXeu à_m{UV _m{nHo$Mr {ZdS> 3. nWXeu Aä mg 4. VÁkmMo _mJ©Xe©Z5. ñd §AÜ``Z g§M {Z{_©Vr 6. _w» g§emoYZ H$m ©dmhr

(Steps of Research)

gmYZmMr V`mar :(Prepratoin of Tools)

à_m{UV d¡km{ZH$ _m{nHo$Mm emoY, {ZdS>, Mr {ZdS> àíZmdbr d ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMr V`mar, V`ma

SAS

gmYZ {ZpíMVr :(Selection of Tools)

àíZmdbr - ñd §AÜ``Z g§M

g§emoYZ AmamIS>m : àW_ MmMUr - ñd §AÜ``Z g§M - {ÛVr MmMUr

(Research Design)

n[aH$ënZm, Ë mJ, {ZîH$f© d {e\$maer

g§emoYZmMm AmT>mdm/gmam§e

nWXeu H$m ©H«$_ : ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmÀ m n[aUm_mgmR>r

(Pilot Study)

g§emoYZ AmamIS>m : àW_ MmMUr - ñd §AÜ``Z g§M - {ÛVr MmMUr

(Research Design)

gm_J«rMo g§J«hU (Collection of Data)

10

n{hn{hn{hn{hbmbmbmbm Q>ßnm Q>ßnm Q>ßnm Q>ßnm

AmH¥$Vr H«$AmH¥$Vr H«$AmH¥$Vr H«$AmH¥$Vr H«$_m§H$ 5 : _m§H$ 5 : _m§H$ 5 : _m§H$ 5 : g§emoYZ H$m ©nÕVrMm AmoKVŠVmg§emoYZ H$m ©nÕVrMm AmoKVŠVmg§emoYZ H$m ©nÕVrMm AmoKVŠVmg§emoYZ H$m ©nÕVrMm AmoKVŠVm

8888

13131313

9999

12121212 14141414

7777

4444 5555 6666

1111 2222 3333

11111111 15151515 10101010

Xwgam Q>ßnmXwgam Q>ßnmXwgam Q>ßnmXwgam Q>ßnm

g§emoYZnyd© AdñWmg§emoYZnyd© AdñWmg§emoYZnyd© AdñWmg§emoYZnyd© AdñWm g_ñòMo eãXm§H$Z

d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§MmMo {dH$gZ EH$

Aä`mg

nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§À`m ì`m»`mnm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§À`m ì`m»`mnm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§À`m ì`m»`mnm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§À`m ì`m»`m

2. {ejH$ à{ejUmWu 3. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ 4. g§M {dH$gZ

g§~§{YV gm{hË`mMo g§~§{YV gm{hË`mMo g§~§{YV gm{hË`mMo g§~§{YV gm{hË`mMo qghmdbmoH$ZqghmdbmoH$ZqghmdbmoH$ZqghmdbmoH$Z nyd©MmMUr

ñd`§AÜ``Z g§MmMm n[aUm_

A§{V_ MmMUr

't' n[a{jH$m

ì`már d _`m©Xm J¥{hVH$m§Mr _m§S>Ur C{Ôï> {ZpíMVr

g§emoYZ V`marMr AdñWm gd}jU

nÕV

Ý`mXe© {ZdS> gm§Jbr {OëømVrb {edmOr

{dÚmnrR>mer g§b{¾V gd© ~r.ES. _hm{dÚmbò (EHy$U 5) 460

{dÚmWu

gmYZ {ZpíMVr d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ à_m{UV _m{nH$m

d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m A{dH${gV n¡by {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§MmMo {dH$gZ

g§emoYZmÀ`m _w»` àdñWm

nwT>rb g§emoYZmgmR>r Cng§hma

_m{hVrMo g§J«hU AWm©ÝdofU d dJuH$aU

{ZîH$f© d {e\$maer

11

19.19.19.19. g§emoYZMr H$m ©nÕVr g§emoYZMr H$m ©nÕVr g§emoYZMr H$m ©nÕVr g§emoYZMr H$m ©nÕVr

g§emoYZmMr H$m ©nÕVr VrZ Q>ßß`m§_Ü o nma nmS>ë`mMo AmoK VŠË`mdê$Z bjmV oVo.

A) A) A) A) g§emoYZ nyd© AdñWm g§emoYZ nyd© AdñWm g§emoYZ nyd© AdñWm g§emoYZ nyd© AdñWm

`m AdñWm§_Ü o g§emoYH$mZo Ho$boë`m H¥$VrMm Ahdmb àH$aU 1 d 2 _Ü o g{dñVa {Xbobm Amho.

~) ~) ~) ~) g§emoYZmÀ`m Vg§emoYZmÀ`m Vg§emoYZmÀ`m Vg§emoYZmÀ`m V`marMr AdñWm `marMr AdñWm `marMr AdñWm `marMr AdñWm

`m AdñWm§_Ü o g§emoYH$mZo Imbrb H¥$Vr Ho$ë`m

A) Aä`mg nÕVrMr {ZdS>

~) Ý`mXe© {ZdS/Z_wZm {ZdS>

H$) gmYZm§Mr {ZdS>

20.20.20.20. g§emoYZmgmR>r dmnabobr nÕVrg§emoYZmgmR>r dmnabobr nÕVrg§emoYZmgmR>r dmnabobr nÕVrg§emoYZmgmR>r dmnabobr nÕVr

àñVwV g§emoYZmMr C{Ôï>o, g§emoYZ gmYZo, V§Ìo, joÌ BË`mXr AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m AmYmamda e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ nÕVrMo dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mV oVo.

g§emoYH$mZo g§emoYZmg ñdê$n, JaO, _hÎd, C{Ôï>o Am{U _`m©Xm bjmV KoD$Z ~r.ES²>. N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§gmR>r d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmÀ`m g§X^m©V àm`mo{JH$ g§emoYZ nÕVrVrb H$m`m©Ë_H$ n«m`mo{JH$ A{^H$ënmÀ`m EH$b JQ> A{^H$ën Adb§~ Ho$bobm Amho.

n«m`mo{JH$ g§emoYZmV n«m`mo{JH$ nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZmVrb g_ñ`m§Mr CH$b H$aÊ`mH$[aVm n«m`mo{JH$ nÕVrMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. àm`mo{JH$ nÕVr hr d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrda EH$_od nÕV AmYmabobr Agbr Var {VMo d¡{eï>ç à`moJ ho Amho.

à`moJ åhUOo {d{eï> n[apñWVr pñWa R>odyZ Ho$bobo {ZarjU hmo`. `m_Üò H$m ©H$maU g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ Am{U gm_m{OH$ {dkmZ `m§Vrb à`moJ gmaIoM AgVmV. XmoÝhr {R>H$mUr {d{eï> n[apñWVr pñWa R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ AgVmo Am{U MbmÀ`m _mÌoVrb ~Xbm§À`m Aml`r Mbmda H$moUVm n[aUm_ hmoVmo, `mMr {ZarjUo KoVbobr AgVmV d Ë`mdê$Z Ë`m§À`m_mJrb H$m ©H$maU g§~§Y ñnï> Ho$bobm AgVmo.

12

dwSdW© Am{U íbm°g ~J© `m§Zr n«m`mo{JH$ nÕVrZo Imbrb {deof JwU gm§{JVbobo AmhoV.

A) Amnë`m BÀN>oZwgma hì`m Ë`m doir KQ>Zm KS>{dVm oV Agë`mZo à`moJ H$Vm© AMyH$ {ZarjUmÀ`m nyU© V`marV AgVmo.

~) VrM n[apñWVr H$m`_ R>odyZ Vmo nwZ…nwZ… {ZarjUo KoD$ eH$Vmo d nS>Vmim nmhÿ eH$Vmo. {d{eï> n[apñWVrMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$ê$Z BVam§Zmhr Ë`m n[apñWVrV {ZarjUo ¿`md`mg bmdy eH$Vmo d Ë`m§À`m {ZarjUmer Amnbr {ZarjUo VmSy>Z nmhÿ eH$Vmo.

H$) {d{eï> n[apñWVrV nÕVeranUo ~Xb Ho$ë`m_wio \$bm§V hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mr Vmo Zm|X H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

àm`mo{JH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr_Ü o {d{eï> KQ>H$m§À`m n[aUm_mMr gImobnUo {ZarjUo Ho$br OmVmV d Ë`mM doir BVa ~mø KQ>H$m§da {Z §ÌU R>odbo OmVo. àñVwV g§emoYZ ho àm`mo{JH$ d gd}jU `m XmoZ g§emoYZ nÕVr_wI AmhoV. ~r.ES²>. N>mÌmÜ`H$mda d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñd § AÜ``Z g§MmMm hmoUmè`m n[aUm_mMr {ZarjUo VgoM XmoZ JQ>m§Vrb H$m ©H$maU g§~§Y ñnï> Ho$bobm Amho.

21.21.21.21. n«m`mo{JH$ A{^H$ënn«m`mo{JH$ A{^H$ënn«m`mo{JH$ A{^H$ënn«m`mo{JH$ A{^H$ën

g§emoYZ Aä`mgmÀ`m _yb^yV g§aMZoMo ñdê$n H$m` ho Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r A{^H$ënmMo g{dñVa {ddoMZ Amdí`H$ AgVo.

A{^H$ënmg§X^m©V Or\$aoQ> Am{U BÝOob `m§Zr Aer ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho H$s, A{^H$ën åhUOo {gÕm§V n[aH$ënZoÀ`m narjUmgmR>r AWdm g§emoYZ àíZm§À`m {ZamH$aUmgmR>r Cn wŠV d Zo_H$m AmYma gm_wJ«r g§H${bV H$aÊ`mgmR>r V`ma Ho$bobr `moOZm hmo`. ({ejUmVrb g§emoYZ - ~Ýgr {~hmar n§{S>V)

`m g§emoYZmV A{^H$ënmMo ñdê$n Zo_Š`m d ñnï> eãXm§V _m§S>Uo {deof _hÎdmMo d Amdí`H$ AgVo. g§emoYZmMr C{Ôï>o, n[aH$ënZm, Ë`m§Vrb Mb KQ>H$ d àË`jmV oUmè`m AS>MUr `m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z A{^H$ënmMr {ZdS> H$amdr bmJVo.

gm_mÝ`V… àm`mo{JH$ A{^H$ënmMo XmoZ JQ>mV {d^mOZ H$aVm oVo, `m_Ü o

1) H$m`m©Ë_H$ àm`mo{JH$ A{^H$ën

2) KQ>H$mË_H$ àm`mo{JH$ A{^H$ën

àñVwV g§emoYZmH$[aVm àm`mo{JH$ A{^H$ënmMm Adb§~ d gd}jU nÕVrMm dmna H$aVmV. `m Ñï>rZo àm`mo{JH$ A{^H$ënmMo {ddoMZ H$aUo gmo`rñH$a R>aob.

13

àm`mo{JH$ A{^H$ënàm`mo{JH$ A{^H$ënàm`mo{JH$ A{^H$ënàm`mo{JH$ A{^H$ën

àm`mo{JH$ A{^H$ënmV A§VJ©V _w»`V… Imbrb A{^H$ënmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1) EH$b JQ> A{^H$ën

2) g_mZ JQ> A{^H$ën

3) AmdV©Z JQ> A{^H$ën

4) ~hþJQ> A{^H$ën

àñVwV g§emoYZmH$[aVm g_mZ JQ> A{^H$ënmMm Adb§~ Ho$bobm Amho.

g_mZ JQ> A{^H$ën g_mZ JQ> A{^H$ën g_mZ JQ> A{^H$ën g_mZ JQ> A{^H$ën

`m àH$mamV A{^H$ënmV n«`moJmgmR>r AÝ` gd© ~m~VrV g_mZVm amIyZ {ZdS>boë`m XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ JQ>m§da XmoZ Cnm`m§Mm Adb§~ H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m gmnoj n[aUm_m§Mr VwbZm Ho$br OmVo.

`m A{^H$ënmV g_mZ nmÌVoMo XmoZ JQ> {ZdS>bo OmVmV.

g_mZ JQ> A{^H$ënm§VJ©V g_mZ JQ> A{^H$ënm§VJ©V g_mZ nmÌVoMo XmoZ JQ> {ZdS>Ê`mH$[aVm H$moëhmnya_Yrb {dZmAZwXm{ZV {ejUemó _hm{dÚmb` lr dg§Vamd ZmB©H$, ~r.ES²>. _hm{dÚmb`, H$i§~m, {O. H$moëhmnya_Yrb e¡j{UH$ df© 2007-2008 `m H$mbmdYrV {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

`m _hm{dÚmb`mVrb 30 {dÚmÏ`mªMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gd©M AÜ`mnZ nÕVrMm g_mdoe Ho$bm. {dÚmÏ`mªMr `mXr n[a{eð>m_Ü o XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Ë`mM _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb àmW{_H$ MmMUr KoVbr. àíZmdbr, d¡km{ZH$ à_m[UV _m{nH$m S>m°. JH$ma, S>m°. A_Z{Xn H$m¡a `m§Mr àíZmdbr XoÊ`mV Ammbr.

XmoÝhr JQ>m~m~V àm`mo{JH$ JQ>mda àmH¥${VH$ d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMm dg§Vamd ZmB©H$ ~r.ES>. _hm{dÚmb`, H$i§~m H$moëhmnya oWo Adb§~ H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

{Z §{ÌV JQ>mda ñd§` AÜ``Z g§MmMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Zmhr. XmoÝhr JQ>m~m~V BVa gd© n[apñWVr g_mZ R>odÊ`mV Ambr, Ë`m Z§Va XmoÝhr JQ>m_Yrb N>mÌmÜ`mnH$mÀ`m ñd§` AÜ``Z g§MmMm n[aUm_Mm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm àË oH$r EH$ ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§M H$mhr {Xdgm H$arVm Aä`mgmH$arVm XoÊ`mV Ambm.

Ë`mZ§Va XmoÝhr JQ>mH$Sy>Z Xwgar MmMUr ^ê$Z KoÊ`mV Ambr. ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

14

22.22.22.22. g§emoYZ gmYZog§emoYZ gmYZog§emoYZ gmYZog§emoYZ gmYZo

g§emoYZ gm_J«r Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>rg§emoYZ gm_J«r Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>rg§emoYZ gm_J«r Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>rg§emoYZ gm_J«r Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnabobr gmYZo dmnabobr gmYZo dmnabobr gmYZo dmnabobr gmYZo

g§emoYH$mg g§emoYZ g_ñ o{^_wI {d{dY àH$maMr _m{hVr Jmoim H$amdr bmJVo. Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH${dY gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aVm oVmo. `m_Ü o 1) àíZmdbr, 2) {ZarjUo, 3) _wbmIVr, 4) A{^d¥Îmr, 5) emo{YH$m, 6) nS>VmimgyMr, 7) nS>Vmim MmMÊ`m, 8) nX[ZíMZ loUr, 9) A§H$nÌ 10) g_mO{ZVr, 11) àjonUerb V§Ì BË`mXr g_mdoe hmoVmo.

àñVyV g§emoYZm{^_wI CnbãY gmYZ à_m{UV _m{nH$m VÁkmH$Sy>Z V`ma Ho$bobr,

Scientific Attitude Scale Dr. S. C. Gakhar (Chandigrah) and Dr. Amandeep Kaur (Ludhiana) `m§Mr Rakhi Prakashan AmJ«m {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

àñVyV g§emoYZmÀ`m C{Ôï>m§Zm AZwgê$Z g§emoYH$mZo d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmÀ`m {dH$gZmÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo N>mÌmÜ`mnH$mÀ`m nyd© MmMUr d A§{V_ MmMUr åhUyZ `m MmMUrMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

g§emoYH$mZo ñdV:Mo kmZ, AZw^d CnbãY gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg BVa J«§WmMm Aä`mg Ë`m g§~§{YV A§YlÕm {Z_y©bZ g§~§YrMr g§X^© J«§Wm§Mm AmYma d _mJ©Xe©H$m§Mo _mJ©Xe©Z VgoM {ejU joÌmVrb VÁk AZw^dr ì`ŠVrer MMm© H$ê$Z g§M V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`mVrb AZw^dr àmÜ`mnH$ d gm_mOmVrb H$m © H$aUmao XrK© AZw^d AgUmao A§YlÕm {Z_y©bZ g{_VrMo AZw^dr VÁk d MmbdUmao VÁk `m§Zm gyMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r d C{Udm XmIdyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r {Xbr. Ë`mÀ`m Ho$boë`m gyMZm§À`m AmYmao {ejH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z ^ê$Z ¿`md`mMr A§{V_ ñdê$nmMr nX{ZíMZ MmMUr V`ma Ho$br

g§emoYH$mZo XmoZ gà_mUmV gmaUr V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`m VÁkm§H$Sy>Z ^ê$Z KoVë`m.

gà_mUmV gmaUr H«$. 1 (n[a{eï> I/J)

ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMo _yë`_mnZ VÁkmgmR>r àíZmdbr, n¥WH$aU VŠVm

g_à_mUVm gmaUr H«$. 2 (n[a{eï> I/J)

àíZmdbr n¥W:H$aU VŠVm VÁkm§gmR>r nX{ZíM`Z loUr

Aem àH$mao XmoZ àíZmdbr gà_mUm gmaUr ^ê$Z KoVë`m, Ë`mVrb gyMZm nwT>rb à_mUo

g_à_mUVm gmaUr H«$_m§H$ 1

15

ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMo _wë`_mnZ VÁkm§Zr gyMdboë`m gyMZm {Xbobr AmhoV d gdmªÀ`m gyMZm§Mm Adb§~ H$ê$Z ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§M V`ma Ho$bm.

23.23.23.23. Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>

àñVyV g§emoYZmMr C{ÔîQo ì`már d _`m©Xm VgoM g§emoYZ nÕVr `m§Mm {dMma H$aVm gm§Jbr {OëømVrb {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mer g§b¾ EHy$U nmM _hm{dÚmb`m§Mm g_mdoe àñVyV g§emoYZm V H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.

Ë`m_Ü o XmoZ AZwXm{ZV {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`m_Ü o d VrZ {dZm AZwXmZrV _hm{dÚmb o AmhoV.

AZwXm{ZV _hm{dÚmb`mMr {dÚmWu g§»`m àË oH$s 80 {dZmAZwXm{ZV _hm{dÚmb`m§Mr g§»`m àË oH$s 100 Aer EHy$U 460 N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§Mr Z_wZm {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m_Ü o XmoZ {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb o _{hbm EH$ AZwXm{ZV d EH$ {dZmAZwXm{ZV _hm{dÚmb` Amho. VrZ _hm{dÚmb o _wbo d _wbr {_l AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü o EH$ AZwXmZmVrb XmoZ {dZmAZwXm{ZV _hm{dÚmb`m§Mm g_mdoe Amho.

24.24.24.24. ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMr {Z{_©Vrñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMr {Z{_©Vrñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMr {Z{_©Vrñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmMr {Z{_©Vr

_w»` C{ÔîQ>ç H«$_m§H$ 3 Mr nyV©Vm `m Q>ßß`mV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ g§MmÀ`m {dH$gZmg§X^m©V ~r.ES>. N>mÌmÜ`mnH$mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm VnmgUrÀ`m hoVyZo nWXeu Aä`mgmVyZ à`mo{JH$ {Z §{ÌV JQ>mVrb MmMUr nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUr XoÊ`mV Ambr. 2007 _Ü o d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ g§M V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. {_imboë`m MmMUrÀ`m AmYmao _m{hVrMo g§»`memñÌr` {díbofU H$ê$Z d¡km{ZH$ g§MmMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm VnmgÊ`mV Ambr.

25.25.25.25. AmYma gm_wJ«rMo {díbofUAmYma gm_wJ«rMo {díbofUAmYma gm_wJ«rMo {díbofUAmYma gm_wJ«rMo {díbofU

àñVyV g§emoYZmÀ`m C{ÔîQ>mÀ`m AmYma gm_wJ«r O_m H$aÊ`mgmR>r àW_ MmMUr gm§Jbr {OëømVrb nmM _hm{dÚmb`mMr KoVbr. àíZmdbr ^ê$Z KoVbr. Ë`mZ§Va Aä`mgmgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§M àË oH$s {Xbm. EH$m _{hÝ`mZ§Va nwÝhm VrM àíZmdbr ^ê$Z KoÊ`mV Ambr.

VgoM CnbãY Pmboë`m AmYma gm_J«rMo {d{dY n¡by§Mo eoH$S>m à_mU H$mT>bo. à_mUm_Ü o à_mU {dMbZ, ghg§~§Y, JwUm§H$ d narjU `m dU©ZmË_H$ d AZw_mZmË_H$ gm§p»`H$sÀ`m ghmæ`mZo H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

16

26.26.26.26. g§emoYZmMo gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$f© g§emoYZmMo gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$f© g§emoYZmMo gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$f© g§emoYZmMo gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$f©

C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f©C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f©C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f©C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f©

C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 1 À`m n[anyV©VogmR>r N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§À`m nyd©MmMUrÀ`m gÚ:pñWVrÀ`m {díbofUmMo {ZîH$f© Imbrbà_mUo -

AAAA)))) _hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f©

1) àñVwËm AmaoIZmZwgma n¡by {Okmgm, H$m ©H$maU^md, g{_jmdmXrnUm, nwamì`mMm emoY, dñVw{Zð>Vm Am{U àb§{~VÝ`m`{ZdmS>m BË`mXr A{dH$grV AmhoV.

2) dñVw{ZîR>Vm d emñÌr` nÜXVrda {dídmg B. n¡by§À`m JwUm§Mr gamgar `m AZwH«$_o 43.07 d 41.22 BVH$s Amho.

3) {d{dY n¡by§À`m {dH$mgmH$arVm à{ejUmÏ`mªZm ñd §AÜ``Z gmYZ nwadUo JaOoMo Amho ho ñnîQ> hmoVo.

4) d¡km{ZH$ X¥{ï>H$moZmÀ`m g§X^m©V KoVboë`m nyd© MmMUrV gamgarMm {dñVma 29.87 - 43.07 À`m _`m©XoV Amho.

5) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m EHy$U gamgar 36.21 Amho.

~)~)~)~) _hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo {ZîH$f©

1) àñVwV AmaoIZmZwgma n¡by {Okmgm, _Z_moH$ionUm, emór` nÕVrda {dœmg, H$m ©H$maU^md, g{_jmdmXrnUm, nwamì`mMm emoY, àb§{~V Ý`m`{ZdmS>m Am{U A§YlÕoMm {VQ>H$mam. BË`mXr A{dH$grV AmhoV.

2) dñVw{ZîR>Vm `m n¡byÀ`m JwUm§Mr gamgar 42.47 BVHo$ Amho.

3) {d{dY n¡by§À`m {dH$mgmH$arVm à{ejUmÏ`mªZm ñd §AÜ``Z XoUo JaOoMo Amho ho ñnîQ> hmoVo.

4) d¡km{ZH$ X¥{ï>H$moZmÀ`m g§X^m©V KoVboë`m nyd© MmMUrV JwUm§À`m gamgarMm {dñVma 29.17 - 42.47 À`m _`m©XoV Amho.

5) d¡km{ZH$ Ñï>rH$moZmMr EHy$U gamgar 36.21% eoH$S>m à_mU Amho.

17

H$)H$)H$)H$) _hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 3 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 3 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 3 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 3 Mo {ZîH$f©

1) àñVwV AmaoIZmZwgma n¡by {Okmgm, _Z_moH$ionUm, H$m ©H$maU^md, g{_jmdmXr nUm, nwamì`mMm emoY, dñVw{Zð>Vm Am{U A§YlÕoMm {VQ>H$mam BË`mXr A{dH$grV AmhoV.

2) dñVw{ZîR>Vm d emñÌr` nÜXVrda {dídmg B. n¡by§À`m JwUm§Mr gamgar AZwH«$_o 42.82 d 40.85 BVH$s Amho.


4) d¡km{ZH$ X¥{ï>H$moZmÀ`m g§X^m©V KoVboë`m nyd© MmMUrV JwUm§À`m gamgarMm {dñVma 26.37 - 42.82 À`m _`m©XrV Amho.

5) d¡km{ZH$ Ñï>rH$moZmMr EHy$U gamgar 35.20% eoH$S>m à_mU Amho.

S>)S>)S>)S>) _hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo {ZîH$f©

1) àñVwV AmaoIZmZwgma n¡by {Okmgm, _Z_moH$ionUm, H$m ©H$maU^md, g{_jmdmXr nUm, nwamì`mMm emoY, dñVw{Zð>Vm Am{U A§YlÕoMm {VQ>H$mam BË`mXr A{dH$grV AmhoV.

2) dñVw{ZîR>Vm d emñÌr` nÜXVrda {dídmg B. n¡by§À`m JwUm§Mr gamgar AZwH«$_o 43.25 d 41.96 BVH$s Amho.


4) d¡km{ZH$ X¥{ï>H$moZmÀ`m g§X^m©V KoVboë`m nyd© MmMUrV JwUm§À`m gamgarMm {dñVma 29.68 - 43.25 À`m _`m©XoV Amho.

5) EHy$U gamgar d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ 36.35% Amho.

B)B)B)B) _hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 5 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 5 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 5 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 5 Mo {ZîH$f©

1) àñVwV AmaoIZmZwgma n¡by H«$. {Okmgm, _Z_moH$ionUm, H$m ©H$maU^md, g{_jmdmXr nUm, nwamì`mMm emoY, dñVw{Zð>Vm Am{U A§YlÕoMm {VQ>H$mam BË`mXr A{dH$grV AmhoV.

2) dñVw{ZîR>Vm d emñÌr` nÜXVrda {dídmg B. n¡by§À`m JwUm§Mr gamgar AZwH«$_o 43.11 d 40.23 BVHo$ Amho.


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4) d¡km{ZH$ X¥{ï>H$moZmÀ`m g§X^m©V KoVboë`m nyd© MmMUrV JwUm§Mm {dñVma 29.68 - 43.11 À`m _`m©XoV Amho.

5) EHy$U gamgar d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ 36.20% Amho.

darb {ZîH$fmªdê$Z Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo H$s, C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 1 Zwgma gd©M _hm{dÚmb`mVrb N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§Mm gÚ:pñWVrMm AmT>mdm KoVbm AgVm d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$_r Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo {ZîH$f© C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo {ZîH$f© C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo {ZîH$f© C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo {ZîH$f©

C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 2 À`m n[anyV©VogmR>r N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§À`m d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m A{dH${gV n¡by§Mo {díbofUmMo {ZîH$f© Imbrbà_mUo -

_hm{dÚmb` H_hm{dÚmb` H_hm{dÚmb` H_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f©«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f©«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f©«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f©

1) _hm{dÚmb` H«$. 1 _Yrb à{ejUmWuZm nyd© MmMUrV àmá Pmboë`m JwUmZwgma Ago AmT>iyZ oVo H$s AmboIm_Ü o {ZX}e Ho$boë`m 1 Vo 9 n¡by§§Mr Ag_mYmZH$maH$ àJVr {XgyZ oVo.

2) _hm{dÚmb` H«$. 1 _Yrb à{ejUmWuZr àmá Ho$boë`m JwUm§À`m gamgarMm {dñVma 29.87 - 43.07 À`m _`m©XoV Amho.

3) `m _hm{dÚmb`mVrb gd© N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§Mm d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ A{dH${gV {XgyZ oVmo.

_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo {ZîH$f©

1) _hm{dÚmb` H«$. 2 _Yrb à{ejUmWuZm nyd© MmMUrV àmá Pmboë`m JwUmZwgma Ago AmT>iyZ oVo H$s dVw©i AmboIm_Ü o {ZX}e Ho$boë`m 1 Vo 9 n¡by§§Mr Ag_mYmZH$maH$ àJVr {XgyZ oVo.



_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 3 Mo {ZîH$f©H$ 3 Mo {ZîH$f©H$ 3 Mo {ZîH$f©H$ 3 Mo {ZîH$f©



19


_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo {ZîH$f©




_hm{dÚmb` H«$__hm{dÚmb` H«$__hm{dÚmb` H«$__hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 5 Mo {ZîH$f©m§H$ 5 Mo {ZîH$f©m§H$ 5 Mo {ZîH$f©m§H$ 5 Mo {ZîH$f©




darb {ZîH$fm©dê$Z Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo H$s, gd©M _hm{dÚmb`m§_Yrb gd© N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§À`m A§Jr gd©M n¡by A{dH${gV Agbobo {XgyZ oVmV.

C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 3 Mo {ZîHf© 3 Mo {ZîHf© 3 Mo {ZîHf© 3 Mo {ZîHf©

C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 3 À`m n[anyV©VogmR>r nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUr_Yrb ñd §AÜ``Z g§M d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT>rgmR>r `m Ñ{ï>Zo {díbofU Ho$bo AgVm gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$f© nwT>rbà_mUo -

_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©

1) `m _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb nyd© MmMUrÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§À`m gamgarMm {dñVma 29.90 Vo 43.06 À`m _`m©XoV Amho.

2) `m _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb A§{V_ MmMUrÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§À`m gamgarMm {dñVma 76.92 Vo 95.00 À`m _`m©XoV Amho.

3) darb ñV§^mboImìXmao ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s nyd© MmMUrÀ`m JwUm§nojm A§{V_ MmMUrVrb gamgar JwU A{YH$ àmá Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

20

4) nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrV gd©M n¡by§Zm JwUm§_Ü o \$aH$ {XgyZ oVmo.

5) A§{V_ MmMUrV nyd© MmMUrÀ`m VwbZoV OmñV JwU {XgVmV.

6) A§{V_ MmMUrVrb JwU ho Xe©{dVmV H$s ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmÀ`m dmnam_wio JwU dmT>bobo {XgyZ oVmV.

_hm{d_hm{d_hm{d_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©Úmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©Úmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©Úmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©



3) darb ñV§^mboIm×mao ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s nyd© MmMUrÀ`m JwUm§nojm A§{V_ MmMUrVrb {Okmgm, _Z_moH$ionUm, H$m ©H$maU^md, nwamì`mMmemoY, dñVw{ZîR>Vm, àb§{~V Ý`m`{ZdmS>m `m n¡by_Ü o gamgar JwU A{YH$ àmá Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.







3) darb ñV§^mboIm×mao ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s nyd© MmMUrÀ`m JwUm§nojm A§{V_ MmMUrVrb {Okmgm, _Z_moH$ionUm, em.n. {dídmg, H$m ©H$maU^md, dñVw{ZîR>Vm `m n¡by_Ü o gamgar JwU A{YH$ àmá Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.




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3) darb ñV§^mboIm×mao ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s nyd© MmMUrÀ`m JwUm§nojm A§{V_ MmMUrVrb {Okmgm, nwamì`mMm emoY, _Z_moH$ionUm, H$m ©H$maU^md, dñVw{ZîR>Vm, àb§{~V Ý`m`{ZdmS>m, A§YlÜXoMm {VQ>H$mam `m n¡by_Ü o gamgar JwU A{YH$ àmá Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.




_hm{dÚmb` H«_hm{dÚmb` H«_hm{dÚmb` H«_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 5 Mo nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©$_m§H$ 5 Mo nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©$_m§H$ 5 Mo nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©$_m§H$ 5 Mo nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©



3) darb ñV§^mboIm×mao ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s nyd© MmMUrÀ`m JwUm§nojm A§{V_ MmMUrVrb {Okmgm, _Z_moH$ionUm, H$m ©H$maU^md, dñVw{ZîR>Vm, g{_jmdmXrnUm `m n¡by_Ü o gamgar JwU A{YH$ àmá Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.




darb {ZîH$fmªdê$Z Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo H$s, ñd §AÜ``Z g§M d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT>rgmR>r Cn wº$ Amho ho {gÓ hmoVo.

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C{Ôï> HC{Ôï> HC{Ôï> HC{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo {ZîH$f©«$_m§H$ 4 Mo {ZîH$f©«$_m§H$ 4 Mo {ZîH$f©«$_m§H$ 4 Mo {ZîH$f©

C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 4 À`m n[anyVugmR>r ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMo {dH$gZ H$arV AgVmZm VÁkm§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmZwgma Ame` à_mUVm gmaUr d àíZmdbr n¥W:H$aU gà_mUVm gmaUrdê$Z VÁk _mJ©Xe©H$m§Mo {díbofUmMo gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$f© nwT>rbà_mUo -

ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMo gà_mUVñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMo gà_mUVñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMo gà_mUVñd §AÜ``Z g§MmMo gà_mUVm {díbofUmMo {ZîH$f© m {díbofUmMo {ZîH$f© m {díbofUmMo {ZîH$f© m {díbofUmMo {ZîH$f©

ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§M {dH$gZm~m~V VÁkm§Mo _mJ©Xe©H$mImbr _VmÀ`m Zm|XrZwgma nwT>rbà_mUo {díbofU Amho.

1) ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$m_Yrb g_m{dï> Ho$bobo _wÔo, ^mfm, {MÌo, AmH¥$Ë`m BË`mXr~m~V EHy$U 64 JwUmn¡H$s 49 JwU àmá AmhoV, Va 77.56 % eoH$S>m à_mU gdm©{YH$ Amho.

2) g§MmÀ`m ~m~V gm§JVm oV Zmhr `m~m~V EHy$U n¡H$s 12 _Vo {_imbr AmhoV. 18.75% eoH$S>m à_mU Amho.

3) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT>rgmR>r ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmÀ`m~m~V Zmhr åhUOo ZH$mamË_H$ _Vo 3 AmhoV. 4.68% eoH$S>m à_mU Amho.

4) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmÀ`m ~m~VrV A{YH$ gyMZm VÁkm§À`mH$Sy>Z _mJ©Xe©Z H$arVm g§M CÎm_ Amho Ago 8 n¡H$s 6 _Vo AmhoV. 77.7% eoH$S>m à_mU Amho. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmÀ`m ~m~V Ag_mYmZ H$maH$ _Vo 2 AmhoV. 22.22% eoH$S>m à_mU Amho.

5) g§MmÀ`m {dH$gZm~m~V àmá VÁkm§À`m JwUmdê$Z Ago {XgVo ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§M CÎm_ V`ma Ho$bobm Amho.

àíZmdbr n¥W:H$aU {díbofU {ZîH$f©àíZmdbr n¥W:H$aU {díbofU {ZîH$f©àíZmdbr n¥W:H$aU {díbofU {ZîH$f©àíZmdbr n¥W:H$aU {díbofU {ZîH$f©

CnamoŠV VÁkm§À`m _mJ©Xe©H$m§À`m n§gVr gmaUrdê$Z EHy$U g§MmÀ`m àíZmdbr n¡byMm AmT>mdm KoVbm AgVm.

1) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT>rgmR>r ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§Mm_Yrb àË oH$ n¡byZwgma àíZmdarb n§gVr gdm©{YH$ à_mU gamgarZwgma 92% eoH$S>m à_mU Amho.

2) àíZmdbr gmaUrdê$Z {dH$gZmgmR>r ZJÊ` 2.78% eoH$S>m à_mU Amho.

3) gd©M VÁkm§À`m _mJ©Xe©H$m§À`m gwMZoZwgma AZwXoeZ g§M CÎm_ JwU {XgyZ oVmV.

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4) gdmªÀ`m n§gVrdê$Z {ejH$ à{ejUmWugmR>r V`ma Ho$bobm g§M gd©M Ñ[ï>Zo CÎm_ Amho.

darb {ZîH$fm©dê$Z Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo H$s, gd©M VÁkm§À`m _mJ©Xe©H$m§À`m gyMZoZwgma d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ AZwXoeZ g§M gd©M Ñ{ï>Zo CÎm_ V`ma Pmbobm Amho.


C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 5 À`m n[anyV©VogmR>r H$bm, dm{UÁ` d {dkmZ nXdrYmaH$ {ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`mª_Yrb d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$aVmZm g§emoYH$mZo nyd© MmMUr d A§{V_ MmMUrMo {díbofUm_Yrb gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$f© nwT>rbà_mUo -

_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXdrYa nyd© MmMUrMo _hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXdrYa nyd© MmMUrMo _hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXdrYa nyd© MmMUrMo _hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXdrYa nyd© MmMUrMo {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f©

1) H$bm emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 29.46 Vo 43.14 Va emñÌemIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 33.33 Vo 55 `m _`m©XoV Amho.

2) emñÌ emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m VwbZoV H$bm emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Yo d¡km{ZH$ X¥pîQ>H$moZ H$_r OmUdVmo.

3) H$bm emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o gd©gmYmaUnUo gd©M n¡by A{dH$grV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

4) emñÌ emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o {Okmgm, H$m ©H$maU^md, g_rjmdmXrnUm d A§YlÜXoMm {VQ>H$mam B. n¡by A{dH$grV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

5) àñVwV _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb H$bm d emñÌ {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r YZmË_H$ _mÌm XoÊ`mMr JaO Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

_hm{dÚ_hm{dÚ_hm{dÚ_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXdrYa A§{V_ MmMUrMo mb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXdrYa A§{V_ MmMUrMo mb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXdrYa A§{V_ MmMUrMo mb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXdrYa A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f©

1) H$bm emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 75.46 Vo 99.73 Va emñÌemIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 84.00 Vo 98.15 `m _`m©XoV Amho.


3) H$bm emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o gd©M n¡by {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

4) emñÌ emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o {Okmgm, H$m ©H$maU^md, g_rjmdmXrnUm d A§YlÜXoMm {VQ>H$mam B. n¡by A{YH$ {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

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1) H$bm emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 30.13 Vo 42.40, dm{UÁ` emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 25 Vo 55 Va emñÌemIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 33.33 Vo 55 `m _`m©XoV Amho.


3) dm{UÁ` Am{U {dkmZ `m emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Yo àb§{~V Ý`m`{ZdmS>m hm n¡by gmYmaU {dH$grV Pmbobm {XgVmo.

4) dm{UÁ` Am{U {dkmZ `m emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Yo {Okmgm, _Z_moH$ionUm, H$m ©H$maU^md, g_rjmdmXrnUm, nwamì`mMm emoY d A§YlÜXoMm {VQ>H$mam B. n¡by A{dH$grV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

5) àñVwV _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb H$bm , dm{UÁ` d emñÌ {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r ñd §A§Ü``Z g§M XoÊ`mMr JaO Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nXdrYa A§{V_ MmMUrMo _hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nXdrYa A§{V_ MmMUrMo _hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nXdrYa A§{V_ MmMUrMo _hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nXdrYa A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f©

1) H$bm emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 74.30 Vo 99.72, dm{UÁ` emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 72.00 Vo 100.00 Va emñÌemIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 74.00 Vo 97.00 `m _`m©XoV Amho.

2) darb {VÝhr emIoVrb VwbZm H$aVm gd©M emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

3) gd©M emIoVrb gd©M n¡by§Mm d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.



2) H$bm , dm{UÁ` d {dkmZ `m VrZhr emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ A{dH$grV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

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3) VrZhr emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Yo gd©M n¡by A{dH$grV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

4) àb§{~V Ý`m`{ZdmS>m hm n¡by gd©M emIoVrb à{ejUmÏ`mª_Ü o gdm©V A{YH$ A{dH$grV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

5) àñVwV _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb H$bm, dm{UÁ` d emñÌ {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r ñd §AÜ``Z g§M XoÊ`mMr JaO Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 3 Mo nXdrYa A§{V_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 3 Mo nXdrYa A§{V_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 3 Mo nXdrYa A§{V_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 3 Mo nXdrYa A§{V_ MmMUrMo _ MmMUrMo _ MmMUrMo _ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f©


2) H$bm emIoVrb à«{ejUmWu§À`m VwbZoV dm{UÁ` d {dkmZ `m emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ H$_r OmUdVmo.

3) emñÌ d dm{UÁ` emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Yo gd©M n¡by {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

4) H$bm emIoVrb à{ejUmÏ`mª_Ü o AZwH«$_o emñÌmr` nÜXVrda {dídmg, dñVw{ZîR>Vm, H$m ©H$maU^md, nwamì`mMm emoY, _Z_moH$ionUm B. n¡by A{YH$ {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

5) dm{UÁ` d emñÌ {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o gd©M n¡by A{YH$ {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

6) ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmÀ`m dmnam_wio d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ àË oH$ n¡by_Ü o A{UH$ {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo nXdrYa nyd© MmM_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo nXdrYa nyd© MmM_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo nXdrYa nyd© MmM_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo nXdrYa nyd© MmMUrMo UrMo UrMo UrMo {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f©


2) emñÌ d H$bm emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥pîQ>H$moZ gamgar g_mZ OmUdVmo.

3) XmoÝhr emIoVrb emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o gd©gmYmaUnUo gd©M n¡by A{dH$grV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

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4) H$bm d {dkmZ emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o {Okmgm, H$m ©H$maU^md, g_rjmdmXrnUm d A§YlÜXoMm {VQ>H$mam, emñÌmr` nÜXVrda {dídmg B. n¡by A{dH$grV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

5) àñVwV _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb H$bm d emñÌ {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r ñd §AÜ``Z g§M XoÊ`mMr JaO Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.




3) H$bm emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o gd©M n¡by {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

4) emñÌ emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o {Okmgm, H$m ©H$maU^md, g_rjmdmXrnUm d A§YlÜXoMm {VQ>H$mam B. n¡by A{YH$ {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.



2) H$bm , dm{UÁ` d {dkmZ `m VrZhr emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ A{dH$grV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.


4) g{_jmdmXrnUm hm n¡by gd©M emIoVrb à{ejUmÏ`mª_Ü o gdm©V A{YH$ A{dH$grV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.


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1) H$bm emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 73.66 Vo 94.34, dm{UÁ` emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 74.00 Vo 100 Va emñÌemIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 73.33 Vo 95 `m _`m©XoV Amho.

2) dm{UÁ` emIoVrb à«{ejUmWu§À`m VwbZoV H$bm d {dkmZ `m emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ H$_r OmUdVmo.

3) emñÌ d H$bm emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Yo gd©M n¡by {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

4) H$bm d emñÌ emIoVrb à{ejUmÏ`mª_Ü o AZwH«$_o emñÌmr` nÜXVrda {dídmg, dñVw{ZîR>Vm, H$m ©H$maU^md, nwamì`mMm emoY, _Z_moH$ionUm B. n¡by A{YH$ {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

5) dm{UÁ` {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o gd©M n¡by A{YH$ {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

6) ñd §AÜ``Z g§MmÀ`m dmnam_wio d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ àË oH$ n¡by_Ü o A{YH$ {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

darb gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$fm©dê$Z nXdrYmaH$m§À`m_Ü o nyd© MmMUr d A§{V_ MmMUr_Yrb {ZîH$fm©dê$Z Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s, d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñd §AÜ``Z g§Mm_wio dmT>bobm {XgyZ oVmo. H$bm emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mªMo_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$_r {XgyZ oVmo Va dm{UÁ` d {dkmZ emIo_Yrb {dÚmÏ`mªMo_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT>bobm {XgyZ oVmo.

C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 6 MoC{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 6 MoC{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 6 MoC{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 6 Mo {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f© {ZîH$f©

C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 6 À`m n[anyV©VogmR>r H$bm, dm{UÁ` d {dkmZ nXì wÎma {ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`mª_Yrb d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$aVmZm g§emoYH$mZo nyd© MmMUr d A§{V_ MmMUrMo {díbofUm_Yrb gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$f© nwT>rbà_mUo -

_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXì w_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXì w_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXì w_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXì wÎma nyd© MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©Îma nyd© MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©Îma nyd© MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©Îma nyd© MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©


2) H$bm emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m VwbZoV emñÌ emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Yo d¡km{ZH$ X¥pîQ>H$moZ H$_r OmUdVmo.

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4) emñÌ emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o {Okmgm, nwamì`mMm emoY, g_rjmdmXrnUm d A§YlÜXoMm {VQ>H$mam B. n¡by A{dH$grV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

5) àñVwV _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb H$bm d emñÌ {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r CnMmamË_H$ AÜ``ZmMr JaO Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXì wÎma A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXì wÎma A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXì wÎma A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo nXì wÎma A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©



3) H$bm emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o gd©gmYmaUnUo gd©M n¡by {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

4) emñÌ emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o {Okmgm, nwamì`mMm emoY, g_rjmdmXrnUm d dñVw{ZîR>Vm, em.n.{dídmg B. n¡by {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

5) àñVwV _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb H$bm d emñÌ {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ ñd §AÜ``Z g§Mm_wio {dH$grV Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nXì wÎma nyd© MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nXì wÎma nyd© MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nXì wÎma nyd© MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nXì wÎma nyd© MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©




29

4) emñÌ emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o {Okmgm, nwamì`mMm emoY, g_rjmdmXrnUm, _Z_moH$ionUm B. n¡by A{dH$grV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.


____hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nXì wÎma A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nXì wÎma A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nXì wÎma A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 2 Mo nXì wÎma A§{V_ MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©

1) H$bm emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 71.11 Vo 100 Va emñÌemIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 77.37 Vo 100 `m _`m©XoV Amho.

2) H$bm d emñÌ emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Yo d¡km{ZH$ X¥pîQ>H$moZ g_mZ OmUdVmo.

3) H$bm emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o gd©gmYmaUnUo gd©M n¡by {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

4) emñÌ emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o {Okmgm, nwamì`mMm emoY, g_rjmdmXrnUm d dñVw{ZîR>Vm, em.n.{dídmg B. n¡by {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.




2) emñÌ emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m VwbZoV H$bm emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Yo d¡km{ZH$ X¥pîQ>H$moZ A{YH$ OmUdVmo.

3) emñÌ emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o gd©gmYmaUnUo gd©M n¡by A{dH$grV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

4) H$bm d emñÌ {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o OdiOdi gd©M n¡by A{dH$grV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

30



1) H$bm emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 77.40 Vo 95.23 Va emñÌemIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 80.00 Vo 100 `m _`m©XoV Amho.

2) emñÌ emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Yo H$bm emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªnojm d¡km{ZH$ X¥pîQ>H$moZ H$_r OmUdVmo.

3) H$bm emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o gd©gmYmaUnUo gd©M n¡by A{YH$ {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

4) emñÌ emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o {Okmgm, nwamì`mMm emoY, g_rjmdmXrnUm d dñVw{ZîR>Vm, emór` nÓVrda {dídmg B. n¡by {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

5) àñVwV _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb H$bm d emó {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñd §AÜ``Z g§Mm_wio {dH${gV Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo nXì wÎma nyd© MmMUrMo {ZîH$f_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo nXì wÎma nyd© MmMUrMo {ZîH$f_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo nXì wÎma nyd© MmMUrMo {ZîH$f_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 4 Mo nXì wÎma nyd© MmMUrMo {ZîH$f©©©©


2) H$bm, dm{UÁ` d {dkmZ `m VrZhr emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZmMo gd©M n¡by A{dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.



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2) H$bm, dm{UÁ` d {dkmZ `m VrZhr emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZmMo gd©M n¡by {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

3) VrZhr emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Yo gd©M n¡by {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.




2) H$bm, dm{UÁ` d {dkmZ `m VrZhr emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZmMo gd©M n¡by A{dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.




1) H$bm emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 78.18Vo 94.54, dm{UÁ` emIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 70.00 Vo 98.33 Va emñÌemIoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§Mm {dñVma 73.33 Vo 95.92 `m _`m©XoV Amho.

2) dm{UÁ` emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m VwbZoZo emñÌ d H$bm {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ H$_r OmUdVmo.

3) dm{UÁ`_Ü o {Okmgm, em.n.{dídmg, H$m ©H$maU^md, dñVw{ZîR>Vm, àb§{~V Ý`m`{ZdmS>m A{YH$ {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

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darb gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$fm©dê$Z nXì wÎma {ejH$-à{ejH$m§§À`m nyd© MmMUr d A§{V_ MmMUr_Yrb {ZîH$fm©dê$Z Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s, d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñd §AÜ``Z g§Mm_wio dmT>bobm {XgyZ oVmo. H$bm emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mªMo_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$_r {XgyZ oVmo Va dm{UÁ` d {dkmZ emIo_Yrb {dÚmÏ`mªMo_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT>bobm {XgyZ oVmo. H$bm emIoVrb {ejH$m§À`m_Yrb ñd §AÜ``Z g§Mm_wio d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ A§{V_ MmMUrV A{YH$ dmT>bobm {XgyZ Ambm.


C{Ôï> H«$_m§H$ 7 À`m n[anyV©VogmR>r {ejUemó N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§À`m_Yrb d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$aVmZm nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUr_Yrb {_i{dboë`m àmám§H$mMo {díbofUmdê$Z gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$f© nwT>rbà_mUo -

_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f© _hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f© _hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f© _hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 1 Mo {ZîH$f©



3) A§{V_ MmMUrÀ`m VwbZoV nyd© MmMUrÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o \$maM H$_r JwU àmá Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

4) nyd©MmMUrVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o gd©M n¡by A{dH$grV Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

5) A§{V_ MmMUrV {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o gd©gmYmaUnUo AZoH$ n¡by {dH$grV Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

6) nyd© MmMUrnojm A§{V_ MmMUrV {Okmgm, _Z_moH$ionUm, emór` nÓVrda {dídmg, H$m ©H$maU^md, dñVw{ZîR>Vm, àb§{~V Ý`m`{ZdmS>m `m n¡by§Zm gdm©V A{YH$ JwU à«má Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.

7) A§{V_ MmMUr gd©M n¡by§§_Ü o ñd §AÜ``Z g§Mm_wio d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ dmT>bobm ñnîQ> hmoVmo.



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3) darb ñV§^mboIm×mao ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s nyd© MmMUrÀ`m JwUm§nojm A§{V_ MmMUrVrb {Okmgm, _Z_moH$ionUm, H$m ©H$maU^md, em.n.{dídmg, dñVw{ZîR>Vm, àb§{~V Ý`m`{ZdmS>m,A§YlÜXoMm {VQ>H$mam B. n¡by_Ü o gamgar JwU A{YH$ àmá Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.






3) darb ñV§^mboIm×mao ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s nyd© MmMUrÀ`m JwUm§nojm A§{V_ MmMUrVrb {Okmgm, _Z_moH$ionUm, g{_jmdmXrnUm, H$m ©H$maU^md, dñVw{ZîR>Vm `m n¡by_Ü o gamgar JwU A{YH$ àmá Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.






3) darb ñV§^mboIm×mao ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s nyd© MmMUrÀ`m JwUm§nojm A§{V_ MmMUrVrb {Okmgm, _Z_moH$ionUm, H$m ©H$maU^md, dñVw{ZîR>Vm, àb§{~V Ý`m`{ZdmS>m `m n¡by_Ü o gamgar JwU A{YH$ àmá Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.


34


_hm{_hm{_hm{_hm{dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 5 Mo {ZîH$f© dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 5 Mo {ZîH$f© dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 5 Mo {ZîH$f© dÚmb` H«$_m§H$ 5 Mo {ZîH$f©



3) darb ñV§^mboIm×mao ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s nyd© MmMUrÀ`m JwUm§nojm A§{V_ MmMUrVrb {Okmgm, _Z_moH$ionUm, H$m ©H$maU^md, emór` nÓVrda dídmg, dñVw{ZîR>Vm, àb§{~V Ý`m`{ZdmS>m `m n¡by_Ü o gamgar JwU A{YH$ àmá Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.



darb gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$fmªdê$Z Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo H$s, nyd© MmMUrVrb JwU d A§{V_ MmMUrVrb JwU nmhVm ñd §AÜ``Z g§Mm_wio d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT>bobm {XgyZ oVmo. A§{V_ MmMUrV nyd© MmMUrÀ`m VwbZoV OmñV JwU {XgVmV. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ gdmªÀ`m_Ü o dmT>bobm {XgyZ oVmo.

gamgar àmám§H$mMo {ZîH$f©gamgar àmám§H$mMo {ZîH$f©gamgar àmám§H$mMo {ZîH$f©gamgar àmám§H$mMo {ZîH$f©

gd© _hm{dÚmb`m§_YyZ nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrVrb d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m gamgarÀ`m àmám§H$mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s nwT>rbà_mUo {ZîH$f© AmhoV.

1) _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb nyd© MmMUrÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§À`m gamgarMm {dñVma 29.95 Vo 42.92 À`m _`m©XoV Amho.

2) _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb A§{V_ MmMUrÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§À`m gamgarMm {dñVma 76.30 Vo 95.04 À`m _`m©XoV Amho.

3) darb ñV§^mboIm×mao ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s nyd© MmMUrÀ`m JwUm§nojm A§{V_ MmMUrVrb {Okmgm, nwamì`mMm emoY, H$m ©H$maU^md, emór` nÓVrda {dídmg, dñVw{ZîR>Vm, àb§{~V Ý`m`{ZdmS>m `m n¡by_Ü o gamgar JwU A{YH$ àmá Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.


35


gd© _hm{dÚmb`m§_YyZ nyd© d A§{V_ MmMUrVrb d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m EHy$U àmám§H$mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s nwT>rbà_mUo {ZîH$f© AmhoV.

1) _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb nyd© MmMUrÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§À`m gamgarMm {dñVma 37.13 Vo 38.03 À`m _`m©XoV Amho.

2) _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb A§{V_ MmMUrÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JwUm§À`m gamgarMm {dñVma 88.31 Vo 89.70 À`m _`m©XoV Amho.



darb {ZîH$fm©dê$Z Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo H$s, nyd© MmMUr_Ü o {_aO _hm{dÚmb`mMo gdm©V H$_r JwU {XgVmV. gm§Jbr _hm{dÚmb`mMo OmñV JwU {XgVmV. A§{V_ MmMUr_Ü o VmgJmd _hm{dÚmb`mMo H$_r JwU {XgVmV. Bñbm_nya _hm{dÚmb`mMo gdm©{YH$ JwU {XgVmV.

n[aH$ënZoMo narjUmMo n[aH$ënZoMo narjUmMo n[aH$ënZoMo narjUmMo n[aH$ënZoMo narjUmMo {ZîH${ZîH${ZîH${ZîH$f©f©f©f©

1) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ _m{nHo$_Yrb XmoÝhr MmMUr_Yrb VwbZm H$arVm A§{V_ MmMUrVrb _Ü`_mZmV A{YH$ (\$aH$) Amho ho {XgyZ oVo.

2) ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§M dmnaë`m_wio n[aUm_H$maH$Vm {XgyZ oVo.

3) 0.05 gmW©H$ ñVamda àmá + gmW©H$ Agë`mZo ewÝ` n[aH$ënZm VmÁ` R>aVo.

4) {ejH$ à{ejH$m§Zm AÜ``ZmV ñd§ÀÜ``Z g§MmÀ`m dmna Ho$ë`mg gH$mamË_H$ ~Xb {XgyZ oVmo ho {gÕ hmoVo.

5) `m g§MmÀ`m dmnam_wio {ejH$ à{ejUmÏ`mªÀ`m d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m g§H$ënZm A{YH$ ñnï> hmoVmV.

darb {ZîH$fm©dê$Z Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo H$s, ñd §AÜ``Z g§Mm_wio d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmTy> eH$Vmo.

23232323. g§emoYZmgmR>r {eg§emoYZmgmR>r {eg§emoYZmgmR>r {eg§emoYZmgmR>r {e\\\\$maer $maer $maer $maer

àñVwV g§emoYZmMr ì`már d _`m©Xm d g§emoYZmVyZ {_imboë`m {ZîH$fm©Zwgma {e\$maer nwT>rb à_mUo gwM{dÊ`mV oV AmhoV.

36

1) AÜ`mnZ ho {dÚmWu H|$ÐrV Agmdo. {dÚmÏ`m©Mm nwaogm H¥$Vr wº$ gh^mJ Agmdm.

2) AÜ`mnZmV d¡{dÜ`nyU©Vm H¥$Vr H$ê$Z Vo _Zmoa§OH$ H$amdo.

3) AÜ`nmZmV {d{dY CnH«$_ d H$m ©H«$_mda â Úmdm.

4) Ho$di n[ajoVrb JwUmdaM â Z XoVm, df©âmVrb {dÚmÏ`mªMr kmZmg§X^m©V CnH«$_, H$m_H$mO `mda â Agmdm, AÜ`mnZ {d{dYm§Jr Agmdo.

5) Á`m CnH«$_mV gmYZo bmJVmV Ë`mV {dÚmWu gh^mJr H$ê$Z ¿`mdoV, CXm. ñbmB©S> àmoOoŠQ>a, H$m°å wQ>a, d¡km{ZH$ _m{hVr, A§Vami _m{hVr, {dkmZ {deof BË`mXr.

6) {dÚmÏ`mªZm AÝ` {df`mV A{^ê$Mr dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY CnH«$_ am~dmdoV. dmVm©boIZ, nWZmQ>ç, H$mÌU g§J«h, à{VH¥$Vr Z_wZm d {dkmZ AÜ`mnZ AmZ§XXm`r d {dkmZ A{^d¥Îmr dmT>{dUmao Agmdo.

7) H$bm emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñdV§Ì {dkmZ {df`H$ A{^d¥ÎmrMr dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r ì`dñWm ìhmdr.

8) dm{UÁ` emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r A{YH$ d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT>Ê`mgmR>r {d{dY Cnm``moOZm ìhmì`mV.

9) emó AÜ`mnZmVrb {dÚmÏ`mªH$[aVm d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT>rgmR>r AZwXoeZ g§MmMr JaO qH$dm Aä`mgH«$_mV VaVyX H$aÊ`mV `mdr.

10) gd©M emIoVrb nXdr d nXì wÎma N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§Zm d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT>rgmR>r Aä`mgH«$_mV Amdí`H$ Vo ~Xb VmVS>rZo H$aUoV `mdo.

11) {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT>rg bmJmdm åhUyZ gd©M ñVamda gdmª{JU à`ËZ ìhmdm.

24.24.24.24. nwT>rb g§emoYZmgmR>r {df` nwT>rb g§emoYZmgmR>r {df` nwT>rb g§emoYZmgmR>r {df` nwT>rb g§emoYZmgmR>r {df`

àñVwV g§emoYZmMr ì`már d _`m©Xm bjmV KoD$Z àñVwV g§emoYZmVyZ {_imboë`m {ZîH$fm©Zwgma A{YH$ Aä`mgmgmR>r Imbrb {df` gwM{dÊ`mV oV AmhoV.

1) {ejH$mMo à{ejU VgoM AZw^d d {dÚmÏ`m©Mr A{^ê$Mr VgoM {dkmZ g§nmXUyH$ H$gmoQ>r `m_Yrb ghg§~§YmMm Aä`mg.

2) AÜ`mnZmV {deof AZw^yVr {Xë`mZo {dÚmÏ`m©Mm A{^d¥Îmrda hmoUmè`m n[aUm_mMm Aä`mg.

37

3) {dkmZ AÜ`mnZmV {d{dY CnH«$_mÀ`m Am`moOZm_wio {dÚmÏ`m©À`m ghg§nmXUyH$sdarb hmoUmè`m n[aUm_mMm Aä`mg.

4) Aä`mgnyaH$ d {dkmZ CnH«$_m_wio {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m {dkmZ A{^d¥Îmrda hmoUmè`m n[aUm_m§Mm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg

5) {ejH$m§À`m {d{dY AÜ`mnZmÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m {dMma à{H«$ oVrb Aä`mg.

6) AÜ`mnZmVrb {ejH$ A§V{H«$`m d Ë`mZwgma {ejH$m§À`m à{H«$ oV Pmboë`m ~Xbm§Mm Aä`mg.

7) {ejH$m§À`m AÜ`mnZm{df`r A{^ê$Mr d A{^d¥Îmr Am{U Vo Am`mo{OV H$arV Agbobo CnH«$_ `m§À`m ghg§~§YmMm Aä`mg.

8) {ejH$m§À`m _mÜ`{_H$ ñVamdarb {dÚÏ`mªÀ`m {dkmZ A{^d¥Îmr _mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dkmZ A{^d¥Îmr emo{YHo$Mo {dH$gZ d {VMo à_m{UH$aU.

9) {dkmZ CnH«$_ CnbãYVm Am{U {dkmZ A{^d¥Îmr `mVrb nañnam§g§~§YmMm Aä`mg

10) {d{dY {df` CnbãYVm d CnH«$_ Am[U {dkmZ A{^ê$Mr, A{^d¥Îmr `m nañnag§~§YmMm Aä`mg.

11) AZwXm{ZV d {dZmAZwXm{ZV emim_Yrb CnbãYVm d CnH«$_mMm d {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m {dkmZ A{^d¥ÎmtMm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg.

12) _amR>r B§J«Or _mÜ`_mVrb emimVrb {dkmZ{df`H$ CnbãYVm d {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m {dkmZ A{^d¥ÎmrMm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg.

13) {d{dY gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ JQ>mVrb {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m {dkmZ A{^d¥ÎmrMm Aä`mg.

14) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT>rgmR>r AZwXoeZ g§MmMo Cn`moJ d BVa _yë o dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Aä`mg.

15) AZwXoeZ gm{hË`mMm d _yë`m§Mm dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Aä`mg.

16) ~hþ_mÜ`_r g§MmMm dmna H$ê$Z d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg.

S>m°. a_m A. ^mogboS>m°. a_m A. ^mogboS>m°. a_m A. ^mogboS>m°. a_m A. ^mogbo lr. {dídmg am. MìhmUlr. {dídmg am. MìhmUlr. {dídmg am. MìhmUlr. {dídmg am. MìhmU _mJ©X{e©H$m g§emoYH$

38

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H$a§{XH$a gwaoe (1998). CX`moÝ_wI ^maVr` g_mO, H$moëhmnya, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ

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OJVmn, h. Zm. (1995). e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó. nwUo : AZ_mob àH$meZ.

Xm^moiH$a Za|Ð (1997). A§YlÕm {dZme`, nwUo : amOh§g àH$meZ, (2004) R>>ab S>moig ìhm`MM, gmVmam, N>m`m àH$meZ. (2005) lÕm d A§YlÕm, nwUo, amOh§g àH$meZ. (2006). bT>o A§YlÕoMo ^mJ-1,2,3, gmVmam, N>m`m àH$meZ

Xoe_wI, {X.Jmo. (2006). gm_mÝ`{dkmZ Aä`mgH«$_ ñdê$n d d¡{eï>ço. "OrdZ{ejU' : _hmamï´> amÁ` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX, nwUo n¥ð> 20,21,22.

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ndma O`qgJamd ^mD$gmho~ (1997). {dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ Am{U àJVr, H$moëhmnya : \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ

n§{S>V ~Ýgr {~hmar (1977). {ejUmVrb g§emoYZ g§H$ënZmË_H$ n[aM`. nwUo : ZyVZ àH$meZ.

aoJo _o.nw. (2004). {ddoH$dmX, {dkmZ Am{U lÕm, nwUo bmoH$dmL>_`J¥h, àH$meZ

bÉ>m g§O`Hw$_ma, bÉ>m _Zrfm (1997). Amamo½` Am{U A§YlÕm, _hmamï´> A§YlÓm {Z_y©bZ g{_Vr, gm§Jbr

í`m_ _mZd (1991). Am_Mm Xod Y_m©bm {damoY Zmhr, _w§~B©, _Zmo{dH$mg àH$meZ.

39

gmoaoZgZ h~m©Q>©. AZwdmXH$ JmoJQ>o lr. ~. (1976). {ejUmVrb _mZgemñÌ. nwUo : lr{dÚmm àH$meZ .

_§S>no à_mo{XZr, _§S>no Hw$_ma (1998 _mM©). d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ, gmVmam : _.A§.{Z.g.

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_§S>no à_mo{XZr, _§S>no Hw$_ma (1999 Am°JñQ>). {dkmZ Am{U M_ËH$ma, gmVmam : _hmamï´> A§YlÓm {Z_y©bZ g{_Vr, gm§Jbr

_§S>no à_mo{XZr, _§S>no Hw$_ma (1998 {S>g|~a). {ñÌ`m Am{U A§YlÕm, gmVmam : _hmamï> A§YlÓm {Z_y©bZ g{_Vr, gm§Jbr

àm. _w§S>o _pÀN>¨ÐZmW, _§S>no Hw$_ma, {ZnmUrH$a nm.Z§. (1997). A§YlÕm§Mr Xw{Z`m, M_ËH$mam§Mr {H$_`m, gmVmam : _hmamï´> A§YlÓm {Z_y©bZ g{_Vr, gm§Jbr

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SYNOPSIS CHAVAN VR EDN 8.3shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4085/15/15_synopsis.pdf · 4 5) n«ñVwV g§emoYZmV e¡j{UH$ df© 2007-2008 àdoe KoVboë`m gd© N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§Mm