AM.A121 040 LAIGa PRINT SYSTEM IN A OAPHIC COMUT901 TININAC FOR I/VISUJALLY MADICAPPI.- (U) ARMY ELECTRONICSIfSIAC AMDEVELOPMENT COMAD VM NO ~ATM. T L IASIE IT At.

UNCLASSIFIED AUG 52 IIIAOCOU/All.TO0014 PIG 9/2 ML

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M'CROCOPy RESOLUTION TEST CHARTNATIONAL BUREAV OF STANOA1103 - 1

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TR-0114 ADReports Control SymbolOSO- 1366

LARGE PRINT SYSTEM ON A GRAPHIC COMPUTER TERMINAL FOR

VISUALLY HANDICAPPED PROGRAMMERS

AUGUST 1982

By

T. L. Barber

E. B. Stenmark

DT

Approved lor public release; distribution unlimited. -

US Army Electronics Research and Development CoWmmen

Amos.pheic Sciences Labosvtu'Wit Sends Missil Rsnoe. NM 88M0

Disclaimrs

The findings in this report are not to be construed as anofficial Department of the Army position, unless so desig-nated by other authorized documents.

The citation of trade names and nanes of manufacturers inthis report is not to be construed as official Goverrmentindorsement or approval of commercial products or servicesreferenced herein.

Dmspwition

Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do notreturn it to the originator.

° 1

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (ten Data Entred

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONSBEFORE COMPLETING FORM

1. REPORT . GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBERASL-TR-0114T4. TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

LARaE PRINT SYSTEM CN A GRAPHIC C24PTER TERMINAL Final ReportFOR VISUALLY HANDICAPPED PROGRX4MERS

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHOR(e) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(e)

T. L. BarberE. B. Stenmark

S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASKAREA & WORK UNIT NUMEERS

US Army Atmspheric Sciences Laboratory

White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002DA Task No. 161102853A

It. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS It. REPORT DATE

US Army Electronics Researdh ugust 1982and Development Comand IS. NUMBER OF PAGES

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Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the eaeract entered In Block 20.It different fhow Report)

IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

IS. KEY WORDS (Continue on fteree oide If neceseay and identify by block number)

visually handicappedgraphic printcomputer programmerterminal print

2& AftWACI (00111o doyre 011110 imieU N640M 801 IdUUIt ivy block number)

For the person with normal vision, an interactive cathode ray tube terminalwith graphic capability is a useful tw-way window to the operation of acomputer. For an individual with very limited vision, such a device isdifficult if not inqpossible to use because of the small alphanuneric printsize. A software-generated graphic print set has been developed for aTektronix Model 4016-1 terminal. This print set operates as automatically asthe alphanumeric print sets that are a part of the terminal. The print can be

00 , M Mn W"910 or INov 06MLeTe1 SECUII7 CLASSIPrICATIOPI OF THIS PAtE (Wltmm Date 3aer, od

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20. ABSTRACr (cont)

adjusted from some arbitrarily small size to 2 inches in height. With thiscapability, the terminal can be very useful to an individual with vey poorvision. I-

2 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGI(When Date Intteme

I a- -/I • mmI- -I- I "-- --- / l Ii i 1 l

ACKNOWLEOGQE NT

The authors appreciate the editorial assistance provided by Linda R. Garvey instructuring the early drafts of this report.

*1."

.4 ,.,sjicn For / ;

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. . .. " ---- " - " • m l l imi •u l - I- -- --- . . . 'i3

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................... 6

INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 7

DISCUSSION ................................................................ 7

Problem ............................................................... 7

Solution .............................................................. 7

Graphics Print Set Development ........................................ 8

Margin Control ........................................................ 9

Print Size Scaling .................................................... 9

Interactive Graphics .................................................. 10

Additional Applications ............................................... 10

SUMMARY ................................................................... 11

FIGURES ................................................................... 12

APPENDIX A - GRAPHIC PRINT SYSTEM ......................................... 15

Hardward Description .................................................. 15

Start-Up Procedure and Operational Notes .............................. 15

5'

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LIST OF FIGURES

1. A Tektronix Model 4016-1 terminal in design mode. The letter Bwas drawn on the screen using the move and draw command. Thethree-line structure can be easily seen in the B. It should beremembered that the diagonal dimension of the screen is 25 inches ..... 12

2. All of this print is scale factor 16. It should be rememberedthat this copy was made with a hard copy unit, decreasing theprint size by a factor of 2. As stated on the print, the toptwo rows have a rotation of 20 .................................. 13

3. Graphic print, scale factor 32, with a rotation of 50. With thelarger print, the greater rotation must be used to keep eachline from overlapping the previous line. This copy was madewith a hard copy unit and is therefore smaller by a factor of 2than it would be on the terminal screen. This actual printsize would appear as scale factor 16 on the terminal screen ........... 13

4. Use of the large print set with the Interactive Graphic Package.The graphic print set is turned on when the graph is transmittedto the terminal ....................................................... 14

5. The same graph as in figure 4, but with the graphics print setturned off. The print that appears on this particular graphis the largest print set with which this terminal is equipped ......... 15

.

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6

I

INTRODUCTION

The proliferation of computer systems in all areas of scientific endeavor andin much of the business world has made it highly desirable, and indeed neces-sary, that some individuals with very limited sight be able to interact withcomputers in much the same manner as the fully sighted through the use ofdemand terminals.

For the majority of the population, the video display terminal can be a windowinto the world of the computer, through which it is possible to view alpha-numeric input and output with no difficulties. However, for individuals withlimited vision, the video screen terminal presents major difficulties andexists as a heavily curtained window if not a completely blank wall. For manysuch individuals the primary difficulty lies with the small size of the alpha-numeric characters displayed on such terminals. Even on the few terminalscurrently available that provide hardware or firmware implementation ofoptional character sizes, the largest available character size is usually toosmall to be easily readable by many.

This paper describes one solution to this character size problem: use of thegraphics capabilities of a large-screen intelligent terminal through softwareimplementation of a controllable scale, alternate print set. The authors willgladly copy the program, free of charge, onto the disc of anyone desiring touse this large print system.

DISCUSSION

Problem "

Effective interaction with a computer system through a demand terminalrequires that the individual be able to 1) use the keyboard to input numbers,

characters, and control codes; 2) recognize and correct keyboard input errors Jquickly and easily; and 3) easily read output resulting from computer pro-cessing of his keyboard inputs. Even though he can easily accomplish thefirst of these three requirements, the individual with poor vision (50 to 2percent residual sight) is prevented from accomplishing the second and thirdwith standard video display terminals because the print displayed is too smallfor him to conveniently read.

Optical magnification, a viable option for reading most printed materials, isextremely difficult in this instance, because of the physical characteristicsof video display terminals and the dynamic nature of the displayed print.Another option sometimes available to the individual with poor vision, that ofhaving another person read for him, is at best a very poor use of man-power. :

Solutfon

A solution to the stated problem was developed by having a large-screen intel-ligent terminal (Tektronix 4016-1) produce print graphically. This graphicsprint software system is loaded into the terminal memory and resides there as

7

long as power to the terminal remains on. This alternate graphics print setcan be scaled to produce screen characters 1 inch or more in height, making itmuch easier for the person with poor vision to read.

Each keyboard key that has a standard ASCII printable character associatedwith it has a string of graphic codes associated with it under the alternatecharacter set option, which produces a multiple-line drawing of that partic-ular print character to a prespecified controllable scale size whenever thekey is struck by the operator. Simultaneously, the correct, unaltered ASCIIcode for the particular character is sent to the host computer. Likewise,ASCII codes received by the terminal as output from the computer result in thecomparable characters being drawn on the screen rather than the standard sizeprint characters being displayed.

The graphics print system operation is thus transparent both to the hostcomputer and to the terminal operator once the system is properly loaded intoterminal memory and activated.

Graphics Print Set Development

Each character in the alternate graphics print set was initially producedusing the design mode of the Tektronix 4016-1 terminal. An example of onesuch character as it appears on the screen in design mode is shown infigure 1.

The baseline for the "B" is seven-twelfths of the design mode vertical dimen-sion up from the bottom, while the letter is bounded on the left by tie designmode centerline. The characters were "designed" in the upper right quadrantin order to facilitate the graphic implementation of the line feed and back-space. A graphic line feed consists of a move command for the graphic cursorfrom the current character position baseline down one full character height(five-twelfths of full screen), plus two-fifths of character height (two-twelfths of full screen), to allow for clearance between lines of print. Thegraphic backspace consists of movement of the cursor one full character space(one-half of full screen) to the left.

The benefit of graphically programming the backspace and line feed as func-tions of character space width and height is that as the print size is changedwith the graphic scale command, the line feed and backspace change propor- #tionally and relative spacing of characters both vertically and horizontallyremains the same. As can be seen in figure 1, the graphic characters aredrawn with three parallel lines in each segment, which in the most usablecharacter sizes results in an apparent single heavy line or bar-type characterstructure, with enhanced contrast for better readability.

As each character was completed in design mode, it was stored referenced tothe appropriate key on the keyboard. The full set of printable ASCII char-acters, including upper- and lower-case alphabet, have been implemented in thealternate graphics print set.

8

tI

Margin Control

One major difficulty encountered in the development of the graphics print setinvolved the margin control system built into the Tektronix 4016-1. Whenoperating with any of the four standard print sizes available in the 4016-1,the system automatically detects a line of print reaching the right edge ofthe screen. When this occurs, the cursor beam is moved horizontally to theleft edge of the screen and down one standard line space (one character heightplus line clearance) prior to printing the next character. This movement iscomparable to a line feed and carriage return but does not actually involveeither of these rontrol functions.

The problem of margin control for the graphics print set is two-fold: first,the automatic detection of the right edge of the screen does not occur withthe graphics characters produced in design mode; and secondly, when the cursorbeam does move to the left edge and down for a new line of print, the verticaldownward movement is only that appropriate to the small, standard printsizes. Thus, in the first instance, characters are effectively lost off theright side of the screen, and in the second, the large graphics print on a newline vertically overlaps a large part of the previous line.

The first problem was solved by making a relatively minor modification to thestring of graphics codes that are stored for each print character. As pro-duced by the design mode, the graphics string begins with a control code toturn on graphics mode and ends with a control code to return to alphanumericmode. If the nonprinting ASCII space character is attached to the end of thegraphics string, then when the graphics string completes its function at theright edge of the screen this appended ASCII space character is sensed by thesystem margin control in the normal manner, and the cursor beam is returnedhorizontally to the left edge of the screen and is moved down one standardline space. With this modification made to each of the stored graphics codestrings, graphics print characters were no longer lost off the right side ofthe screen. However, the vertical overlap problem still existed.

This second problem was solved by imposing a slight angular rotation in theclockwise direction on all graphics. A line of graphics print produced withthis imposed rotation slopes downward from left to right and finishes lower onthe screen than it began. Now, when the cursor beam returns to the leftscreen edge and drops down one standard line space, it will be positioned farenough below the previous line to prevent overlapping. The amount of rotation,required is dependent upon the character size for consistent line spacing to

be maintained, but is quite small for all practical character sizes. Forexample, at the default scale factor of 16, the screen characters are approxi- -

Lmately 1 inch in height and a rotation angle of 2* is sufficient to avoid the" overlap problem. A slope of 20 is barely noticeable and is not at all objec-

tionable. This example is shown in reduced scale in figure 2.

Print Size Scaling

The graphic scale command of the 4016-1 permits selection of a scale factorranging from 1 to 256, with a default value of 16. An example of the printresulting from various scale factors, including the default scale factor, is

g

shown in actual size in figure 3. For a programmer with vision measuring5/200, the default size is adequate and makes the terminal operation conve-nient.

Ine cannot practically use scale factors larger than about 50, since at theiarger sizes so few characters will fit on the screen. Conversely, scalefactors smaller than 4 will produce a very high density of information ondisplays of very small characters that, while well-defined, are readable onlyby someone with normal vision. The practical range of print scale values istherefore somewhat limited.

Interactive Graphics

The chief advantage of the large-character-size graphics print set is that itenables the individual with impaired sight to interact with a computer instrictly alphanumeric input/output. The graphic print set also providesadvantages in the use of the Tektronix Interactive Graphic Package (IGP). TheIGP system is designed to permit interactive development of various types andsizes of data graphs. Normally, the axis notations and labeling are producedby the standard alphanumeric print set built into the terminal. These char-acters are thus equivalent to the standard alphanumeric character sizes andare too small for the visually handicapped programmer/scientist to read con-veniently.

If, however, the alternate (graphical) print set is turned on when IGP isactive, the axis notations and labels will be drawn at the selected scale size(figure 4). Once the programmer/scientist has determined that the graphvalues and labels are correct and as he wants them, the graphic print set canbe turned off and the graph redrawn (figure 5). Hardcopy output from IGP maythen be obtained by direct copy of the screen display or by drawing the graphon a digital plotter, depending on the available hardware configuration. Ifthe reader wishes more information concerning this software system or the useof the software itself, the authors should be contacted.

.°

Additional Applications

As mentioned in the discussion of graphic print set scaling, use of smallscaling factors produces very small characters on the screen. When precededby a system command to refocus the cursor beam to draw a very fine line, theactivation of the alternate graphics print set with a scale of one produces avery high density of information on the 4016-1 screen, which is readable byanyone with normal vision. A maximum of 300 lines of 440 characters each canbe 'lsplayed. The determination of specific uses for such a high-densitydisplay is left to the imagination and ingenuity of the reader.

In terms of large print scales, the system may prove to be useful to thenonvisually impaired in classroom situations, where it may be desirable to beable to read displays of alphanumeric information on a computer terminal atdistances of 15 to 30 feet.

10

I~j

When used with the IGP, the graphics print set provides additional flexibilityin selection of character sizes for legends, labels, and headings of graphicalmaterial.

A graphics print set that is completely usable interactively by an operatorwith very poor vision has been developed on a large screen computer termi-nal. When the software for the graphic print set is loaded into the terminalmemory and the alternate print set is turned on, an automatic printing systembecomes available. The scale factor can then be used to adjust the print sizeto the minimum the individual can comfortably read on the terminal screen.Many visually handicapped programmers/scientists can make full unassisted useof a terminal and computer in a manner that would otherwise be very difficult,if not impossible. Typed information can easily be checked for accuracy, and

any error messages the computer produces can be noted. Program results anddata are readily examined. Results in the form of graphics can be set up,examined by the operator, and placed in final form through use of the largeprint capability.

This same graphics print system can be useful to operators with normalvision. With a scale factor of 1, high information density can be availableon the terminal screen. The 25-inch screen with large print can be used as aninstructional aid in a classroom situat: n, making it possible for the entireclass to see computer input and output. The varidble print size capabilitycan be quite useful when preparing graphic output, permitting greater flexi-bility in making up legends, labels, and headings.

The principal purpose and advantage of the graphics print system is that itmakes a computer system completely accessible to programmers/scientists withas little as 2 percent residual vision.

mF

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Fiur 1. A Tektoni Moe 406- temia i n h ete a

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Figure 1. A Tektronix Model 4016-1 terminal in design mode. The letter B was

drawn on the screen using the move and draw command. The three-line structure can be easily seen in the B. It should be remem-bered that the diagonal dimension of the screen is 25 inches.

12

iI

IPSDFGHJKL ;

GRPPH ICS PRINT

Figure 2. All of this print is scale factor 16. It should be remembered thatthis copy was made with a hard copy unit, decreasing the print size bya factor of 2. As stated on the print, the top two rows have arotation of 20.

O WERTYU

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* Figure 3. Graphic print, scale factor 32, with a rotation of 50. With thelarger print, the greater rotation must be used to keep each linefrom overlappinq the previous line. This copy was made with a hardcopy unit and is therefore smaller by a factor of 2 than it wouldbe on the terminal screen. This actual print size would appear asscale factor 16 on the terminal screen.

13

10 0I>800

600

00

Figure 4. Use of the large print set with the Interactive Graphic Package.The graphic print set is turned on when the graph is transmitted tothe terminal.

14

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*OUTPUT INTERRUPT*

ee-

)

see-

400-

6el-

0 4 s 10 12

Figure 5. The same graph as in figure 4, but with the graphics print setturned off. The print that appears on this particular graph is thelargest print set with which this terminal is equipped.

is

--_____ - --- , --..- ----- - '!1II7

APPENDIX A

GRAPHIC PRINT SYSTEM

Hardware Description

The graphic print set software was developed and has been implemented on aTektronix Model 4016-1 25-inch screen terminal equipped with options 40, 41,5, and 27.

The terminal memory is volatile and must be reloaded each time the terminalpower is turned on. For this purpose, the software is maintained on a floppydisc using the Tektronix Model 4907 File Manager mass storage device.

Hardcopy is obtainable in the developmental system from either the Tektronixmodel 4631 Dry Process Hard Copy Unit or from the Tektronix Model 4662 Inter-active Digital Plotter.

Start-Up Procedure and Operational Notes

These directions are written from and directed to the point of view of avisually impaired operator who finds it an advantage to rely on audible aswell as visual responses from the system, which might be of lesser interest tothe fully sighted operator.

1. Turn on the 4907 File Manager floppy disc system 117-V ac power.

2. Load the graphics print set floppy disc completely into the 4907,until the floppy disc is caught. The label on the floppy disc must be up.Close the 4907 drive system door by pressing down on the long rectangular barjust above the floppy disc slot. A latch clicks when the bar is completelydown.

3. Turn on the 4016-1 terminal 117-V ac power. The screen will slowlyturn a fluorescent green over a period of about 2 minutes. ien the screen Isfully illuminated, press the "shift" and "page" keys together. The screenshould go dark, and in about 30 seconds the phrase "G.P.I.B. Initialized"should appear in the upper left corner of the screen.

4. Type !ON(CR) to turn on the microprocessor in the terminal. (CR)indicates pressing the carriage return key.] To check all steps up to thispoint, type ! six times. The phrase "Illegal Command" should flash on thescreen three times, one below the other. This indicates that all steps havegone properly so far. Press (CR) to ready the system for the next command.

5. Set the date and time in the 4907 File Manager system by typing!TIME(SP)16-Aug-81.09:44:32(CR). All such commands on the terminal start withthe !. Follow the ! with TIME, leaving no space between. Follow TIME withone space and the number for the day of the month, 16 in this example. A dashis required between the day and month and between the month and year. Themonth is written as the first three letters of the name of the month (e.g.,Aug). A period, but no space, must separate the year (81) from the hour (09),

16

-

with colons separating the hour from the minutes (44) and the minutes from theseconds (32). A (CR) must follow immediately after the seconds.

6. Type !SET DII-1(CR). This command tells the microprocessor that thefloppy disc is present and that its address is 1. At this point, if every-thing has been performed correctly, the bell will sound. If the bell does notsound, repeat steps 5 and 6.

7. Type !MOUNT DI1(CR). This readies the floppy disc in the unit. Ifthe command went properly, the bell will sound. If the bell does not sound,repeat this command.

8. The system should now be ready to copy software from the floppy discto the terminal memory. The graphics information for the print set in thisexample is stored in file KEYS$ on the floppy disc. The command is !COPYDI1.KEYS$ TD(CR). This takes the file KEYS$ from disc and copies it to termi-nal memory. If the command is taken correctly, one can hear the heads shiftseveral times in the floppy disc unit. When the command is completed, thebell will sound. If the bell does not sound or the disc heads do not shift,step 8 should be repeated.

9. Finally, the operator selects the desired character size and turns onthe graphics print set by pressing "shift" and "2" simultaneously and thenpressing key A, S, D, or F. The graphics print set should then be fullyoperational.

Pressing "shift" and "2" together puts the terminal into "expand" opera-tion. This operation executes the commands stored in the "learn" segment ofterminal memory that is associated with the next key pressed. In this case,each segment, whose contents were transferred to the terminal memory from thefloppy disc during step eight, contains a string of four commands for theterminal.

The first three commands in each string select the scale factor and setthe appropriate center position and rotation angle, respectively. The fourthcommand, which i-s the same for each string, turns on the graphics print set.The scale factors referenced to each letter are A = 16, S = 24, D = 30, andF = 36. (The equivalent print sizes are A = three-fourths inch, S = 1 inch,D = 1-1/4 inch, and F = 1-1/2 inch.) Proper adjustment of the center positionensures that each line of print contains a whole number of characters. Asdiscussed earlier, the rotation angle prevents overlapping of lines.

To change print sizes after the graphics print set is already in opera-tion, the operator must first turn the graphics off by typing !CHA N(CR). The

0 operator then simply repeats step nine, selecting the letter that is refer-enced to the desired print size. The new print size will then be rea4y foruse.

The turn-on procedure is repeated here in brief form:

1. Turn on power to floppy disc unit

2. Load floppy disc

I -- '1

17i

- •• m~, m~mmm• m •mmmmmm • ml / l*m •

3. Turn on power to terminal

4. !ON(CR) (turn on microprocessor)

5. !TIME 16-Aug-81.09:44:32(CR) (enter date/time)

6. !SET DI1-1(CR) (tell microprocessor the disc is there)

7. !MOUNT DI1(CR) (start floppy disc)

8. !COPY DII.KEYS$ TD(CR) (copy software)

9. Shift 2, A (turn on graphic print set with scale factor of 16)

1%

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AFWL/WEKirtland, AFB, NM 87117

21

TRASANA Inge Dirmhirn, ProfessorATTN: ATAA-SL (D. Angulano) Utah State University, UMC 48WSMR, NM 88002 Logan, UT 84322

Commander Defense Technical Information CenterUS Army White Sands Missile Range ATTN: DTIC-DDA-2ATTN: STEWS-PT-AL Cameron Station, Bldg. 5White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002 Alexandria, VA 22314

124

Rome Air Development Center

ATTN: Documents Library Conwanding OfficerTSLD (Bette Smith) US Army Foreign Sci & Tech CenGriffiss AFB, NY 13441 ATTN: DRXST-IS1

220 7th Street, NEEnvironmental Protection Agency Charlottesville, VA 22901Meteorology Laboratory, MD 80Rsch Triangle Park, NC 27711 Naval Surface Weapons Center

Code G65Dahlgren, VA 22448

US Army Research OfficeATTN: DRXRO-PP CommanderPO Box 12211 US Army Night VisionRsch Triangle Park, NC 27709 & Electro-Optics Lab

ATTN: DELNV-DCommandant Fort Belvoir, VA 22060US Army Field Artillery SchoolATTN: ATSF-CD-MS (Mr. Farmer) CommanderFort Sill, OK 73503 USATRADOC

ATTN: ATCD-FACommandant Fort Monroe, VA 23651US Army Field Artillery SchoolATTN: ATSF-CF-R CommanderFort Sill, OK 73503 USATRADOC

ATTN: ATCD-IRCommandant Fort Monroe, VA 23651US Army Field Artillery SchoolATTN: Morris Swett Library Dept of the Air ForceFort Sill, OK 73503 5WW/DN

Langley AFB, VA 23665Comander

US Army Dugway Proving Ground US Army Nuclear & Cml AgencyATTN: STEDP-MT-DA-M ATTN: MONA-WE

(Mr. Paul Carlson) Springfield, VA 22150Dugway, UT 84022

DirectorCommander US Army Signals Warfare LabUS Army Dugway Proving Ground ATTN: DELSW-OS (Dr. Burkhardt)ATTN: MT-DA-L Vint Hill Farms StationOugway, UT 84022 Warrenton, VA 22186

US Army Dugway Proving Ground CoenanderATTN: STEOP-MT-DA-T US Army Cold Regions Test Cen

(Dr. W. A. Peterson) ATTN: STECR-OP-PNDugway, UT 84022 APO Seattle, WA 98733

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