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Rexjournal Renewable Research Journal

Issue 1 JJT University & COSIA 1

System Integration:

Smart Grid with Renewable Energy

Authors

Mrs. N. V. Vader

Research student (Reg. 141012208)

JJT Univercity, Rajstan

Head of Elect. Power System Depart

V.P.M.’s Polytechnic,

Thane India

Mr. Mandar V. Bhadang

Lecturer, Electrical Power system Depart.

V.P.M.’s Polytechnic,

Thane, India



System Integration: Smart Grid with Renewable Energy

Abstract:-

As electricity demands are increasing day by day causing unbalance in the present grid

system which results in various causes like load shedding, unbalance voltage etc which

ultimately affects the consumers. Now to avoid all such situations the only option is to meet the

demand by increasing generation but, we are also lagging with the conventional sources so

generating more power is also not convenient by conventional ways. Thus, use of Renewable is

quite important.

The solar power reaching the earth’s surface is about 86,000 TW. Covering 0.22% of our

planet with solar collectors with an efficiency of 8% would be enough to satisfy the current

global power consumption solar have tremendous potential for fulfilling the world’s energy

needs

Smart grids promise to facilitate the performance of the grid system. The power industry

has adopted “smart” grids that use information and communication technologies, which may

make electric power systems more reliable and efficient.

Renewable technology enhances the available energy resources. These technologies also

enable integration of higher levels of renewable energy and conventional energy sources. The

renewable sources are not “dispatch-able”—the power output cannot be controlled. Future

energy sustainability depends heavily on how the renewable energy problem is addressed in the

next few decades.

Solar energy can be made more economical by reducing investment and operating costs and

by increasing solar plant performance. Integration of solar system with the smart grid have to

come up with the challenges put forward by solar systems like technology barrier, uncertainty,

social impact, economical aspects, free acceptance etc.

Several countries have adopted special programs to subsidize and promote solar energy.

Among the most successful ones are the Feed-In-Tariff (FIT) programs and the Production Tax

Credit (PTC) programs.

In this paper, we consider path from conventional grid towards smart grid, challenges against

integration of renewable energy, i.e. solar system. And impact of solar on grid stability,

reliability of supply. Failure of grid which leads to total blackout which may lead to renewable

energy as one of the solution to reduce impact of blackout- case study of total blackout in North

India on 29th

& 30th July 2012 .

The section of the paper will concentrate on Ways of assimilation of Solar system in Smart

grid, challenges & benefits of integrated grid systems.



Introduction:-

`In recent years availability of power in India has bothincreased and improved but

demand has consistently outstrippedsupply and substantial energy and peak shortages prevailed

in recent years. The selection of an energy resourcefor electricity generation is growing concern

about other aspects such as social, environmental and technological benefitsand consequences of

the energy source selection. Adoption of System integration by utilitieswill help to find ways to

maintain the functionality of their current systems while also riding the wave of innovative

technology that keeps them ahead of the competition.For integration of smart grid and renewable

energy systems into a integrated system needs broad range of skills .These skills are likely to

include advance technology, interface procedures, and general problem solving skills. They are

likely to include new and challenging problems with an input from a broad range of engineers

where the system integration engineer "pulls it all together."

Electrical Grid system:-

An electrical grid is an

interconnected network for

delivering electricity from suppliers

to consumers. The electrical grid

has evolved from an insular system

that serviced a particular

geographic area to a wider,

expansive network that

incorporated multiple areas. India is

geographically divided in five

regions namely, Northern, Eastern,

Western North Eastern and

Southern. All the states and union

territories in India fall in either of

these regions. Except the Southern region all other regions are operating in syncrons mode. The

Southern Region will be synchronized in 2014. All regional grids are interconnected through tie

lines. so that the power across these regions can flow seamlessly as per the relative load

generation balance.



To meet the increased transmission capacity, to reduce the transmission losses (Technical

& commercial) and to adopt Energy conservation techniques “Smart grid” phenomenon is been

adopted by utilities in transmission levels. To enhance the generation capacity as well as to

improve the performance of the distribution system local generation phenomenon has been

included for which renewable energy is the key source. The ability to increase usage of

intermittent energy sources by balancing them across vast geological regions provided an

electrical market which will remove the congestion.

Path from vertical integration to Vertical cum horizontal integration:-

Almost since their origin, electric

utilities have been vertically integrated,

with generation, transmission, and

distribution combined in a single

firm.Centralized organizationuse to

ensuremaintenance of reliability, the

supply of energy equals demand, Low-

cost production simultaneously

optimization of generator dispatch and

allocation of transmission capacity. So

money flow was unidirectional from

consumer to utility and information flow was only between transmission and generation stations.

Draw backs economical aspect and lack of coordination between different components of utility

resulted into deregulation of power system.

The Energy Policy Act (EP Act) of 1992 advocated deregulation of electric utilities by

creating wholesale electric markets. Deregulation system adopted vertical as well as horizontal

integration.There is no government restriction on entry or exit from the electricity industry at

various stages. No. of private power suppliers are introduced at as generation companies,

transmission companies and also work as power distributors.

Power generation can be done at mega level or at micro level. Micro generation is the

small-scale generation of electric power by individuals, small businesses and communities to

meet their own needs, as alternatives or supplements to traditional centralized grid-connected

power.Many small generators are allowed to sell electricity back to the grid for the same price

they would pay to buy it. The smart grid signifies digital upgrade of transmission grids and

distribution systems to optimize current operations, reduce cost and intensifications reliability.’



What is “Smart Grid”???

The Smart Grid is a compilation of concepts,

technologies, and operating practices intended to bring the

electric grid into the 21st century.A “smart grid” is an electric

grid system where all accomplices in the grid system (i.e.

electricity generators, transmission and distribution operators,

electricity consumers) communicate and work with each other

to raise the efficiency and reliability of the grid.

The smart grid delivers electricity to consumers using

two-way digital technology to enable the more efficient

management of consumers’ end uses of electricity as well as

the more efficient use of the grid to identify and correct supply demand-imbalances

instantaneously and detect faults in a “self-healing” process that improves service quality,

enhances reliability, and reduces costs

The smart grid is more than simply installing smart meters – by bringing an information

technology to the electric grid, we will develop numerous applications that use the devices,

networking and communications technology, and control and data management systems.

Smart grid in Indian power sector:-

Following factors emphasize the adoption of the smart grid in India:

• Peak shortfalls: India is world's 6th largest energy consumer, accounting for 3.4% of

global energy consumption. Demand for energy has grown at an average of 3.6% per annum

there is short fall of peak demand.

• Loss reduction: India’s aggregate transmission (technical and commercial) losses are on

av. 20-27%. Adoption of smart grid has reduced losses.

• Performance Efficiency: The smart grid can improve load factors and reduce system

losses. This will reduce the dips in load curves and improves the performance efficiency of entire

power system.

• Human Error: Error in meter reading, deliberate errors, power theft, faulty meters, and

poor maintenance of meter intentional damage has resulted with significant losses. However,

automated meter reading would lower recording and other errors thereby reduced commercial

losses.



• Peak load management: India’s supply shortfalls are during peak hours and are

persisting for many years. Implementation of demand side management had allowed more

“intelligent” load control. Restructuring of tariff with incentives has been communicated to

consumers in a dynamic manner. which would help moderate the supply-demand gap.

• Future energy: India has supported the application of renewable energy – wind energy

and solar energy. Nearly 2-3% power generation is considered by renewable energy. MOP has

under taken National Solar Mission and set a goal to add 20,000 MW of power by 2020. This

will help us to overcome peak hour short fall and also reducing carbon emission.

• Technological leap: Perhaps the most intriguing driver for India is the potential to

“leapfrog” into a new future for electricity, as it did with telecommunications. Also, the “smart”

in a smart grid is ICT — an area of unique capability in India.

Generation Mix:-

India’s energy-mix comprises both non – renewable

(coal, lignite, petroleum and natural gas) and Renewable

energy sources (Wind, Solar, small Hydro- plants,

Biomass, cogeneration, bagasse etc.). Depletion of non-

renewable sources named renewable Sources as Future

Energy Sources.There are a high potential for generation

of renewable energy from various sources – wind, solar,

biomass, small hydro, and cogeneration bagasse. The

total potential of renewable power generation in the

country as on 31st march, 2011 is estimated at 89760

MW.

Renewable technology enhances the available

energy resources. These technologies also enable integration of higher levels of renewable

energy and conventional energy sources. The renewable sources are not “dispatch-able”—the

power output cannot be controlled. Future energy sustainability depends heavily on how the

renewable energy problem is addressed in the next few decades.

Renewable (Solar & Wind) energy can be made more economical by reducing investment

and operating costs and by increasing solar plant performance. Integration of solar system with

the smart grid have to come up with the challenges put forward by solar systems like technology

barrier, uncertainty, social impact, economical aspects, free acceptance etc.

Renewable

Potential

Power generation

capacity

Wind Power

Potential

49,132 Mw (55%)

Solar power

potential

1044.16 Mw

Biomass

Power

Potential

17,538 Mw (20%)

Small Hydro

Power

15,385 Mw (17%)

Cogeneration

in Sugar Mills

5000 Mw (6%)



Renewable energy systems:-

Renewable-energy resources can be used for power generation as standalone or isolated

system. But their benefits are significantly enhanced when they are integrated into bigger electric

power grids. Each resource is different from the grid’s perspective and some are easier to

integrate than others. With greater use of smart grid technologies, higher degrees and rates of

penetration can be accommodated.

Role of Renewable energy:-

In INDIA the renewable energy sector

is developing with a slower pace but to

overcome this first step taken is formation of

ministry of non-conventional energy

resources. However, India lags behind the

other nations in use of renewable energies.

India’s total grid connected renewable energy

capacity (excluding large hydro) is around

26.96 GW out of which 68.9% comes from

wind source while 4.59% comes from solar

PV cells.

Sr.No. State Solar Energy Wind Energy

01 Tamil Nadu 2MW 4132.72 MW

02 Maharashtra 11.2MW 1837.85 MW

03 Karnataka 10MW 1184.45 MW

04 Rajasthan 105MW 670.97 MW

05 Gujarat 654.81MW 1432.71 MW

06 Andhra Pradesh 10MW 122.45 MW

07 Madhya Pradesh 2MW 187.69 MW

08 Kerala 00MW 23.00 MW

09 West Bengal 2MW 1.10 MW

10 other states 35MW 3.20 MW



Benefits of integration:-

Leading characteristics of renewable resources that impact their integration into power

grids are their size (generation capacity as compared to other sources of power generation on a

system), their location (both geographically and with respect to network topology), and their

variability (minute-by-minute, daily, seasonally, and intermittently).Renewable integration -

reducing our nation’s dependence on foreign coal by enabling the seamless integration of

cleaner, greener energy technologies into our power network.

Normally Renewable resources are connected at the distribution level and as larger resources

(wind farms, solar farms) are connected at the transmission level.

1. Future energy sustainability: Renewable energies are making a significant contribution to

climate protection, diversify resources, ease dependence on fossil resources, not produce

any type of contamination, domestic energy carriers and therefore contribute to regional

value creation and help to secure employment. Hence renewables as future energy

provides sustainability.

2. Empowering grid in peak hours :Integration of more renewables and storage support the

smart grid with real time information and substituting renewable energy sources

whenever possible. Increasing proportion of Renewables in generation mix not only

improves operational efficiency but reduces peak demands

3. Energy management: Smart metering helps to adopt energy management techniques such

as Demand side managementat consumer level, demand response usage leads to

optimum utilization and results into saving of energy.

4. Independent systems: RE systems works as isolated system during grid failure and

reduces impact on customer. Industrial and commercial consumers adopt grid connected

RE systems which helps to reduce power demand. Sometimes isolated system in

residential areas conserves the energy.

5. Upgrading Electrical market: Power exchange provides an electronic platform to

facilitate trading of electricity at national level. Initiated Renewable energy trade since

2011. India ranks fourth for its market potential in renewable energy.



Challenges in Integration of renewable with Smart grid:-

Variable generation, provided by many renewable-energy sources, is a challenge to

electric grid operations. But when used in integration with smart grid as responsive distributed

generation can be a profit to system operations if coordinated to relieve stress in the system (e.g.,

peak load, line overloads, etc.). Smart grid approaches can reduce barriers and facilitate

integration of renewable resources.

The challenges can be categorized below as technical, financial, business and societal issues.

A--Technical:-

1. Advanced Control Strategies: Solar and wind power plants exhibit changing dynamics,

nonlinearities, and uncertainties .Hence smart grid require advanced control strategies to

solve effectively. The use of more efficient control techniques would not only increase

the performance of these systems, but would increase the number of operational hours of

solar and wind plants and thus reduce the cost per kilowatt-hour (KWh) produced.

2. Wind and solar energy are both intermittent resources. Wind behavior changes daily and

seasonally, and sunlight is only available during daylight hours. Both wind and solar

energy can be viewed as aggregate resources from the point of view of a power grid, with

levels that vary within a 10 minute to 1 hour time frame, so they do not represent the

same form of intermittency as an unplanned interruption in a large base-load generator.

3. Research in technology is still in progress. Hence existing generation and delivery

infrastructure (i.e. legacy) of RE systems must be adaptive to work with new

technologies.

4. Being flexible to changing technologies require identifying the vital interface between

technology components.

5. Achieving association across service providers, end-users and technology suppliers is

difficult in particularly in growing international market place. Exchange of knowledge

and information can allow multiple parties to connect their devices and system for proper

interaction, but attaining interoperability is difficult.

B-Business and financial:-

1. Understanding and communicating the value proposition of a smart grid deployment for

each stakeholder in the electricity supply chain is scary.



2. The financial environment risk and reward can challenge business plan for smart grid

investments as well as in Renewable energy system.

3. Regulatory understanding and sensitivity to providing an appropriate environment for

smart grid investment takes place. Regulatory decisions (or lack of decisions) can create

new challenges.

4. Developing an appropriate incentive structure that aligns economic and regulatory

policies with energy-efficiency and environmental goal needs to be tailored to each

member economy.

C-Societal:-

1. Strategies need to account for a variety of policy objectives (affordability, sustainability,

growth and cultural values).

2. Assigning value to externalities, such as environmental impacts, is difficult, but

necessary, in balanced decision- making.

3. Understanding and accounting for the beneficial aspects of smart grid investments as a

mechanism for job creation and advancing a technically skilled workforce needs

development.

4. Greater awareness about capabilities of smart grid and there benefits for improving

energy-efficiency and renewable resource integration policies.

5. Research and development activities: the speed with which new ideas and deployment

tactics are being generated.

Case Study: Major Power failure in India -2012:-

On 30th

June 2012 the two stages in North India have drawn excess power from the grid

which resulted in dropping frequency level which tripped the NEW grid and cascaded the

Northern and Eastern Grid. Western grid has isolated itself from NEW grid by reducing the

demand. Among the two major circuits linking Agra-Gwalior and a line linking Zerda in Gujarat

and Kankroli in Rajasthan were out for maintenance which main links connecting western and

northen grid. Prior to fault on 29th one of this line was heavily loaded by around 1000MW power

flowing through a single circuit brought it on a verge of Collapse by 3pm.

Because of such critical condition at 2.30 pm the Northern transmission grid collapsed

and took Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Uttar

Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh into darkness. NTPC’s six plants: Singrauli (2000 MW),



Rihand (2500 MW), Dadri (1820), Auiya (652 MW), Anta (413 MW) and Badrapur (705 MW)

stopped generating following the failure.

Vital Observations:-

Due to the above mentioned failure some vital observations were carried out which are

as mentioned below:-

• Railways and Delhi Metro came to halt for few hours due to failure of signaling systems.

• About 270 miners were stuck in coal mines in eastern India as elevators stopped

working.

• Restoration time 15 hours (80% of service).

• Delhi Airport was open because of back-up power (Micro-Grid) in 15 seconds.

• Oil refineries in Panipat, Mathura & Bhatinda continued operating because of captive

power stations (independent of grid).

• Villages like Meerwada in Madhya Pradesh were unaffected, because of 14 kW solar

power station.

• Majority of industries, shopping malls, commercial complexes not affected due to their

backup systems which were run by diesel generators.

• Major IT hubs, small commercial sectors and some agricultural loads were still in line

due to renewable energy generation like solar energy & Wind energy.

Due to this integrated system some of the major break downs were prevented by the use of

such integrated systems and the minor part of northern grid was operating without any

disturbances. If this would have been implemented on the complete grid system might be this

major black out would have been prevented. Thus integrating renewable energy into grid

requires not only new technology but new attitude and operating procedure.



Conclusion:-

Renewable generation has the benefit of enhancing sustainability (reducing environmental

impacts), reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reducing dependence on local or imported

fossil fuels, and increasing energy security through diversification of energy sources.

Smart grid technology can control renewable resources to effect changes in the grid’s

operating conditions and can provide additional benefits as distributed generation assets or when

installed at the transmission level.

Distributed generation can support weak grids, adding grid voltage and improving power

quality. In certain circumstances, distributed generation can be used in conjunction with

capacitor banks for management of power flows or to manage active and reactive power balance.

If harvested and taken care of control system,

“Renewable Resources will act as Smart Grid Assets.”

Reference: -

Papers

• Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) Energy Working Group May 2011

Report, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland, WA

99352, USA.

• Paper on Control for Renewable Energy and Smart Grid. By, Eduardo F. Camacho,

Tariq samad , Mario Garcia-sanz, and Ian Hiskens.

• Paper on Building a Smarter Smart Grid through better renewable energy

Information. By Cameron W-Potter member IEEE.

• An introduction to the Smart Grid (White paper) By Wissam Balshe, Sales

Application Engineer.

• Smart Grids White Paper WH-1:14.8.2009 CSTEP (www.cstep.in) Rahul Tongia,

Ph.D.



• Central statistics office national statistical organization ministry of statistics and

programme implementation government of India (www.mospi.gov.in)

Websites

• http//www.powergrid.in/national grid.html

• http://www.powermin.in/loaddispacthcenter

• http://www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/stakeholder_roundtable_sept_09_fin

al.2.00.pdf

Books

• The India Solar Handbook June 2012 edition.

• Renewable energy technologies by Ramesh R. Publication:- Narose publishing

house.

• Renewable energy sources and their environmental impact by Abbasi S.A / Abbasi N.

Publication: - PHI/New Delhi.

• Renewable energy sources and emerging technologies by D.P.Kothari / Sigal K.C

Publication:- PHI/New Delhi.