SYSTEM OF GROWA MODELS -HISTORY AND … · dr. f. wendland, dr. f. herrmann, dr. r. kunkel, dr. b. tetzlaff - 118 - suŠa ponovno v letu 2013 24. miŠiČev vodarski dan 2013 dr. frank

dr. F. WENDLAND, dr. F. HERRMANN, dr. R. KUNKEL, dr. B. TETZLAFF

- 118 - SUŠA PONOVNO V LETU 2013

24. MIŠIČEV VODARSKI DAN 2013

dr. Frank WENDLAND * dr. Frank HERRMANN dr. Ralf KUNKEL dr. Björn TETZLAFF

SYSTEM OF GROWA MODELS -HISTORY AND APPLICATION IN GERMANY AND ABROAD-

ABSTRACT

GROWA has grown from the first model, addressing main runoff components in mid-90s, into a system of models that is still being developed for various water management applications. So far it has enabled analyses of water balance and nutrient flow. Nowadays, development is focused on higher time resolution and additional features (e.g. for irrigation management), and regional water balances including climate change impacts for large areas. Application of GROWA has already spread to a number of German Federal States as well as to several EU members and Turkey. In Slovenia GROWA proved to be useful tool for water balance of the whole territory, while the know-how transfer for nutrient flow modelling is now in final phase. There are open possibilities for future German-Slovenian cooperation, especially in the field of current model development.

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF GROWA MODEL

GROWA development started in the mid-90s in order to determine the main runoff components (direct runoff and groundwater runoff) as a function of the interaction between the actual land cover and climatic, pedologic, topographic, and hydrogeological conditions. In the subsequent years GROWA was further developed and applied in the framework of national and international research projects:

- Developed 1996-1998 in the framework of the BMBF research priority „Elbe-Ecology“

- 1999-2006: Cooperation with Lower Saxony's Federal Agency for Mining, Energy and Geology (LBEG) and the Federal Environment Agency of the Federal State of North Rhine - Westphalia (LANUV); implementation of the model in the Environment information systems NIBIS and HYGRIS; use of GROWA results for quantitative status review according to EU-WFD

- 2002 – 2004: Further development for urban areas and application for Metropolitan area Hamburg in cooperation with Umweltbehörde Hamburg (BSU)

- 2006-2008: further development of GROWA for lignite area Lower Rhine embayment (upper boundary condition for groundwater model) in cooperation with RWE – Power

- Since 2006: Application and further development in a number of international projects and cooperation:

o the EU – LIFE – Project WAgriCo, o in Turkish catchment areas (Izmit bay, Porsuk river…) o in Greek catchments (Thessaly) o in Slovenia

- Since 2008: Further development in the framework of studies on behalf of several Federal Environment ministries and agencies. GROWA is used for the determination and management of nutrient inputs (N and P) into groundwater and surface water on the Federal State level, including applications in:

o Saarland (water balance) o Weser basin (nutrient modelling) o Hessen (modelling of erosion )

* dr. Frank WENDLAND, dr. Frank HERRMANN, dr. Ralf KUNKEL, dr. Björn TETZLAFF, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), D-52425 Jülich, Germany




o Sachsen-Anhalt (nutrient modelling) o Schleswig-Holstein (nutrient modelling) o Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (nutrient modelling) o Thüringen (nutrient modelling)

- Since 2009: Further development of GROWA for impact analyses of climate change on water resources. Increasing temporal resolution and development of mGROWA model in the framework of:

o the EU project CLIMB (Sardinia, France and Turkey) o the BMBF research Priority KLIMZUG in Metropolitan area Hamburg (Germany) o on behalf of the Environment ministries of Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westfalia.

THE GROWA MODEL AT A GLANCE: INPUT, PROCEDURE AND OUTPUT Growa is a grid based model consisting of several modules, enabling separation of input precipitation into main water balance components: real evapotranspiration, total discharge, direct runoff and groundwater recharge (Fig. 1). Modular concept of the model makes it possible to adapt individual modules in the case of discordance between modelled and measured values.

Figure 1: The GROWA model at a glance: Input, procedure and output. Main features of the model are as follows:

- Scale of application: 100 - 500.000 km² - Spatial resolution: Variable, grids - Temporal resolution: Year - Input data: Digital data (e. g. maps…) - Potential evapotranspiration: Penman – Monteith equation - Runoff separation: base flow indices (BFI)




- Results: Total runoff, percolation water, direct runoff (overland flow, interflow, drainage flow), groundwater recharge

- Validation: observed runoff at gauging stations (MQ, MoMNQ) - Implementation: C++; GIS- linkages to GRASS / ArcView

GROWA MODEL APPLICATIONS IN GERMANY I: QUANTITATIVE STATUS ASSESSMENT In Germany the GROWA model was applied to regions ranging typically between mesoscale river basins of approximately 1000 km2 up to entire States or river catchments of 100,000 km2 and more (Kunkel et al., 2006). In the regions where it has been applied the GROWA model results are used for practical water resources management related issues, e.g. the granting of permits to abstract groundwater on a regional level and for the status reviews of the groundwater bodies according to the EU Water Framework Directive. For the federal states North Rhine Westphalia, Lower Saxony, Hamburg as well as Bremen the mean long-term area distributed water balance was calculated, in collaboration with the Geological Surveys of the above mentioned Federal German States (Figure 2). As each Federal State has a different data basis the challenge was to unify this data to one homogeneously data set which should be used to model the water balance: real evapotranspiration, total runoff, direct runoff, groundwater recharge.

Figure 2: Mean long-term groundwater recharge in North-West Germany.

GROWA MODEL APPLICATIONS IN GERNMANY II: NUTRIENT MANAGEMEN The discharge of plant nutrients from the soil into the groundwater and surface water is always bound to the runoff components. For this purpose GROWA model has been coupled to the reactive N-transport models GROWA-DENUZ/WEKU (Kunkel & Wendland, 2006; 1997) and the P-transport

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Kuhr, P., Haider, J., Kreins, P., Kunkel, R., Tetzlaff, B., Vereecken, H., & Wendland, F. (2013): Model Based Assessment of Nitrate Pollution of Water Resources on a Federal State Level for the Dimensioning of Agro-environmental Reduction Strategies: The North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) Case Study. - Water Resources Management, 27(3), 885-909.

Kunkel, R. und Wendland, F. (2002): The GROWA98 model for water balance analysis in large river basins; the River Elbe case study. Journal of Hydrology 259(1-4), 152 - 162.

Kunkel, R., Bogena, H., Tetzlaff, B. und Wendland, F. (2006): Digitale Grundwasserneubildungskarte von Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Hamburg und Bremen: Erstellung und Auswertungsbeispiele. Hydrologie und Wasserbewirtschaftung 50, H5, 212 – 220.

Kunkel, R., M. Eisele & F. Wendland (2008): Assessing necessary nutrient reduction for measurement planning in groundwater bodies. Water Science and Technology, 58 (12), 2295-2302.

Kunkel, R., M. Eisele, W. Schäfer, B. Tetzlaff & F. Wendland (2008): Planning and implementation of nitrogen reduction measures in catchment areas based on a determination and ranking of target areas. Desalination, 226, 1-12.

Kunkel, R.,Kreins, P., Tetzlaff, B.,& Wendland, F. (2010): Forecasting the effects of EU policy measures on the nitrate pollution of groundwater and surface waters, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 22 (6),872-877

Montzka, C., M. Canty, R. Kunkel, G. Menz, H. Vereecken and F. Wendland (2008): Modelling the water balance of a mesoscale catchment basin using remotely sensed land cover data. Journal of Hydrology 353, 322 - 334 .

Montzka, C., M. Canty, P. Kreins, R. Kunkel, G. Menz, H. Vereecken & F. Wendland (2008): Multispectral remotely sensed data in modelling the annual variability of nitrate concentrations in the leachate. Environmental Modelling & Software, 23 (8), 1070-1081.

Panagopoulos, A., Arampatzis, G., Kuhr, P., Kunkel, R., Tziritis, E. & Wendland, F.: Area-differentiated modeling of water balance in Pinios Basin, central Greece (Water Resources Management, submitted)

Tetzlaff, B., Kuhr, P., Vereecken, H. u. Wendland, F. (2009): Aerial photograph-based delineation of artificially drained areas and their relevance for water balance and nutrient modeling in large river basins.- Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 34, 552 – 564.

Tetzlaff, B., Friedrich, K., Vorderbrügge, T., Vereecken, H. & Wendland, F. (2011): Distributed modelling of mean annual soil erosion and sediment delivery rates to surface waters, Catena, 102, 13-20.

Tetzlaff, B., Andjelov, M., Uhan, J & Wendland, F.: Distributed modelling of groundwater recharge in Slovenia (Environmental Earth Sciences, accepted)

Tetzlaff, B., Kuhr, P., Vereecken, H. u. Wendland, F. (2009): Aerial photograph-based delineation of artificially drained areas and their relevance for water balance and nutrient modeling in large river basins.- Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 34, 552 – 564..

Tetzlaff, B., H. Vereecken, R. Kunkel & F. Wendland (2009): Modelling phosphorus inputs from agricultural sources and urban areas in river basins. Environmental Geology, 57, 183-193.

Tetzlaff,B.; Hake,J.-F.; Vereecken,H.; Wendland,F. (2010): Sustainable use of water resources in Europe and the role of integrated modelling of phosphate fluxes International Journal of Global Environmental Issues (IJGENVI), 10 (2010) 1/2, 172 – 193

Tetzlaff, B. & Wendland, F. (2012): Modelling sediment input to surface waters for German states with MEPhos: Methodology, sensitivity and uncertainty, Water Resources Management, 165-184.

Wendland, F., Kunkel, R., Tetzlaff, B. und Doerhoefer, G. (2003): GIS-based determination of the mean long-term groundwater recharge in Lower Saxony. Environmental Geology 45(2), 273 - 278.

Wendland, F., H. Behrendt, H. Gömann, U. Hirt, P. Kreins, U. Kuhn, R. Kunkel & B. Tetzlaff (2009): Determination of nitrogen reduction levels necessary to reach groundwater quality targets in large river basins: the Weser basin case study, Germany. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 85 (1), 63-78.

Wendland F., Horst Behrendt, Ulrike Hirt, Peter Kreins, Ute Kuhn, Petra Kuhr, Ralf Kunkel und Björn Tetzlaff (2010): Analyse von Agrar- und Umweltmaßnahmen zur Reduktion der Stickstoffbelastung von Grundwasser und Oberflächengewässer in der Flussgebietseinheit Weser. Hydrologie und Wasserbewirtschaftung, 54. Jahrgang, Heft 4, August 2010, 231 – 244.

Documents

SYSTEM OF GROWA MODELS -HISTORY AND … · dr. f. wendland, dr. f. herrmann, dr. r. kunkel, dr. b. tetzlaff - 118 - suŠa ponovno v letu 2013 24. miŠiČev vodarski dan 2013 dr. frank