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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
Systematic Literature Reviews:A 'How To' Guide
Isla Kuhn
Reader Services Librarian
Medical Library
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
• how to clarify the question (or perhaps questions) on which you need to find literature
• selecting the databases and other resources you will need to search
• devising the most comprehensive literature search strategy so you know you’ve not missed any relevant studies
• keeping up to date with new information appearing between the initial search and write-up
• issues around management of process and results
• management of references (using software such as EndNote), and getting hold of the full text article
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
1 clinical trial.pt.2 randomized.ab,ti.3 placebo.ab,ti.4 dt.fs.5 randomly.ab,ti.6 trial.ab,ti.7 groups.ab,ti.8 or/1-79 Animals/10 Humans/11 9 not (9 and 10)12 8 not 1113 dorsalgia.ab,ti.14 exp Back Pain/15 exp Low Back Pain/16 backache.ab,ti.17 (lumbar adj pain).ab,ti.18 coccyx.ab,ti.19 coccydynia.ab,ti.20 exp Sciatica/21 sciatica.ab,ti.22 spondylosis.ab,ti.23 lumbago.ab,ti.
24 or/13-2325 exp Spine/26 discitis.ab,ti.27 exp Spinal Diseases/28 (disc adj degeneration).ab,ti.29 (disc adj prolapse).ab,ti.30 (disc adj herniation).ab,ti.31 spinal fusion.sh.32 spinal neoplasms.sh.33 (facet adj joints).ab,ti.34 intervertebral disk.sh.35 postlaminectomy.ab,ti.36 arachnoiditis.ab,ti.37 (failed adj back).ab,ti.38 or/25-3739 exp activities of daily living/40 activities of daily living.tw.41 day to day activ$.ti,ab.42 daily activit$.ti,ab.43 ordinary activit$.ti,ab.44 normal activit$.ti,ab.45 stay$ active.ti,ab.
46 exp Bed Rest/47 bed rest.mp.48 or/39-4749 24 or 3850 12 and 4951 48 and 50
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYFrom topic to search
introducing the research topic
• clarifying the question
• setting parameters (inclusion/exclusion criteria not built into search?)
lose marks through sloppy referencesQuestionKeywordsSynonyms MeSH / Subject Headings / sub headingsBoolean LogicTruncation / wildcardsLimits
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYFrom topic to search
• Topic -> question -> keywords/synonyms
Diabetes, especially the impact of patient education …..
”Is patient education effective in improving blood sugar control in teenage diabetics?”
…………………keywords???.... synonyms???........................
Themes?
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
”Is patient education effecting in improving blood sugar control in teenage diabetics?”
1 – teenagers
2 – patient education
3 – blood sugar
From topic to search
Synonyms?
PICO ?
Patient/Problem/PopulationInterventionComparisonOutcome
(time?)
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
”Is patient education effecting in improving blood sugar control in teenage diabetics?”
1 – teenagers teens adolescents
2– patient education patient information
3 – blood sugar blood glucose hypoglycaemia hyperglycaemia
From topic to search
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYBoolean Logic
AND – to narrow the search by combining different topics
eg
“teenage” and “patient education”
Both terms must be present in the results.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYBoolean Logic
OR – to broaden your search, by combining similar terms
eg
“teenage” or “adolescent”
Either term can be present in the resulting set of articles.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYBoolean Logic
NOT – to restrict your search so that it does not contain a particular term
eg
Hypoglycaemia NOT hyperglycaemia
The first, but not the second, term must be present.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
”Is patient education effecting in improving blood sugar control in teenage diabetics?”
teenagers OR teens OR adolescents
AND
patient education OR patient information
AND
blood sugar OR blood glucose OR hypoglycaemia OR hyperglycaemia
From topic to search
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYQuestion:
1st theme OR OR OR
AND
2nd theme OR OR OR
AND
3rd theme OR OR OR
AND
4th theme? OR OR OR
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYMind map your question?
Research question
1st theme
4th theme
3rd theme
2nd
theme
synonym
synonym
synonym
synonym
synonym
synonym
synonym
synonym
synonym
synonym synonym
synonym
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYTruncation
treat
treats
treating
treated
treater
treatment
treatments
• Treat*
• Treat?
• Treat$
Treatment
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
Truncation / wildcards?
1 – teenagers OR teens OR adolescents
AND
2 – patient education OR patient information
AND
3 – blood sugar OR blood glucose OR hypoglycaemia OR hyperglycaemia
From topic to search
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYTask
• Go to http://tinyurl.com/embase
• Click through to open EMBASE
• Using advance search, type a key word (untick “map to subject heading”)
• How many hits?
• Type the keyword with some truncation (use *)
• How many hits?
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYFrom topic to search
• Where in the article record do you want the terms/keywords to appear?
• Title?
• Abstract?
• All/any field?
• Impact on sensitivity/specificity?
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYTask
• In EMBASE
• Type a key word, and search by “keyword”
• How many hits?
• Type a keyword and search by “title”
• How many hits?
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20144404
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYTask - EMBASE
• Type in a keyword, tick “map to subject heading”
Relevant match? Select & explode
How many hits?
• Type in same keyword, tick “map to subject heading”
Relevant match? Select & explode
How many hits?
• Type in same keyword, tick “map to subject heading”
Relevant match? Select & focus
How many hits?
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
MeSH
1 – teen* OR adolesce* OR exp"Adolescent“/
AND
2 – patient education OR patient information OR exp”Patient Education as Topic“/
AND
3 – blood sugar OR blood glucose OR hypoglycae* OR hyperglyca* OR exp”Blood Glucose“/ OR exp"Hypoglycemia“/
From topic to search
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
Inclusion / exclusion criterion?
teen* OR adolesce* OR exp"Adolescent“/
AND
patient education OR patient information OR exp”Patient Education as Topic“/
AND
blood sugar OR blood glucose OR hypoglycae* OR hyperglyca* OR exp”Blood Glucose“/ OR exp"Hypoglycemia“/
From topic to search
Year of publication? Humans vs Animals? Type of publication? Language of publication?
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
1 teen*
2 adolesce*
3 exp"Adolescent“/
4 1 or 2 or 3
5 patient education
6 patient information
7 exp”Patient Education as Topic“/
8 5 or 6 or 7
9 blood sugar
10 blood glucose
11 hypoglycae*
12 hyperglyca*
13 exp”Blood Glucose“/
14 exp"Hypoglycemia“/
15 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14
16 4 and 8 and 15
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
1 clinical trial.pt.2 randomized.ab,ti.3 placebo.ab,ti.4 dt.fs.5 randomly.ab,ti.6 trial.ab,ti.7 groups.ab,ti.8 or/1-79 Animals/10 Humans/11 9 not (9 and 10)12 8 not 1113 dorsalgia.ab,ti.14 exp Back Pain/15 exp Low Back Pain/16 backache.ab,ti.17 (lumbar adj pain).ab,ti.18 coccyx.ab,ti.19 coccydynia.ab,ti.20 exp Sciatica/21 sciatica.ab,ti.22 spondylosis.ab,ti.23 lumbago.ab,ti.
24 or/13-2325 exp Spine/26 discitis.ab,ti.27 exp Spinal Diseases/28 (disc adj degeneration).ab,ti.29 (disc adj prolapse).ab,ti.30 (disc adj herniation).ab,ti.31 spinal fusion.sh.32 spinal neoplasms.sh.33 (facet adj joints).ab,ti.34 intervertebral disk.sh.35 postlaminectomy.ab,ti.36 arachnoiditis.ab,ti.37 (failed adj back).ab,ti.38 or/25-3739 exp activities of daily living/40 activities of daily living.tw.41 day to day activ$.ti,ab.42 daily activit$.ti,ab.43 ordinary activit$.ti,ab.44 normal activit$.ti,ab.45 stay$ active.ti,ab.
46 exp Bed Rest/47 bed rest.mp.48 or/39-4749 24 or 3850 12 and 4951 48 and 50
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
1 clinical trial.pt.2 randomized.ab,ti.3 placebo.ab,ti.4 dt.fs.5 randomly.ab,ti.6 trial.ab,ti.7 groups.ab,ti.8 or/1-79 Animals/10 Humans/11 9 not (9 and 10)12 8 not 1113 dorsalgia.ab,ti.14 exp Back Pain/15 exp Low Back Pain/16 backache.ab,ti.17 (lumbar adj pain).ab,ti.18 coccyx.ab,ti.19 coccydynia.ab,ti.20 exp Sciatica/21 sciatica.ab,ti.22 spondylosis.ab,ti.23 lumbago.ab,ti.
24 or/13-2325 exp Spine/26 discitis.ab,ti.27 exp Spinal Diseases/28 (disc adj degeneration).ab,ti.29 (disc adj prolapse).ab,ti.30 (disc adj herniation).ab,ti.31 spinal fusion.sh.32 spinal neoplasms.sh.33 (facet adj joints).ab,ti.34 intervertebral disk.sh.35 postlaminectomy.ab,ti.36 arachnoiditis.ab,ti.37 (failed adj back).ab,ti.38 or/25-3739 exp activities of daily living/40 activities of daily living.tw.41 day to day activ$.ti,ab.42 daily activit$.ti,ab.43 ordinary activit$.ti,ab.44 normal activit$.ti,ab.45 stay$ active.ti,ab.
46 exp Bed Rest/47 bed rest.mp.48 or/39-4749 24 or 3850 12 and 4951 48 and 50
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acutelow-back pain and sciatica
The objective of this review is to determine the effects of advice to rest in bed or stay active for patients with acute low-back pain or sciatica.
The following comparisons will be made:
• Bed rest versus staying active
• Bed rest versus other treatments (besides staying active)
• Shorter periods of bed rest versus longer periods of bed rest
• Staying active versus other treatments (besides bed rest)
• Comparison between different forms of advice to stay active (e.g. avoiding bedrest, staying active)
http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD007612/pdf_fs.html
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
From topic to search: same strategy, different words
Moving from one database to another…..
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
From topic to search: same strategy, different words
• http://www.sign.ac.uk/methodology/filters.html Observational Study Filters
Medline (via OVID)1 Epidemiologic studies/ 2 Exp case control studies/ 3 Exp cohort studies/ 4 Case control.tw. 5 (cohort adj (study or studies)).tw. 6 Cohort analy$.tw. 7 (Follow up adj (study or studies)).tw. 8 (observational adj (study or studies)).tw. 9 Longitudinal.tw. 10 Retrospective.tw. 11 Cross sectional.tw. 12 Cross-sectional studies/ 13 Or/1-12
Embase (via OVID)1 Clinical study/ 2 Case control study 3 Family study/ 4 Longitudinal study/ 5 Retrospective study/ 6 Prospective study/ 7 Randomized controlled trials/ 8 6 not 7 9 Cohort analysis/ 10 (Cohort adj (study or studies)).mp. 11 (Case control adj (study or studies)).tw. 12 (follow up adj (study or studies)).tw. 13 (observational adj (study or studies)).tw. 14 (epidemiologic$ adj (study or studies)).tw. 15 (cross sectional adj (study or studies)).tw. 16 Or/1-5,8-15
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
From topic to search: same strategy, different words
• http://www.sign.ac.uk/methodology/filters.html Observational Study Filters
Medline (via OVID)1 Epidemiologic studies/ 2 Exp case control studies/ 3 Exp cohort studies/ 4 Case control.tw. 5 (cohort adj (study or studies)).tw. 6 Cohort analy$.tw. 7 (Follow up adj (study or studies)).tw. 8 (observational adj (study or studies)).tw. 9 Longitudinal.tw. 10 Retrospective.tw. 11 Cross sectional.tw. 12 Cross-sectional studies/ 13 Or/1-12
Medline (via Pubmed)#1 “Epidemiologic studies”[Mesh]#2 “case control studies”[Mesh]#3 “cohort studies”[Mesh]#4 Case control[Text Word] #5 (cohort stud*))[Text Word] #6 Cohort analy*[Text Word]#7 (Follow up AND (study or studies))[Text Word] #8 (observational AND (study or studies))[Text Word]#9 Longitudinal[Text Word]#10 Retrospective[Text Word]#11 Cross sectional[Text Word]#12 “Cross-sectional studies”[Mesh]#13 #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYKeywords
introducing the research topic
reviewing relevant literature
• identifying keywords and synonyms and MeSH
• structuring your search strategy with boolean logic
References
• DON’T plagiarise!
• Don’t lose marks through sloppy references
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYSensitivity vs Specificity
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYSensitivity vs Specificity
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYSensitivity vs Specificity
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
introducing the research topic
reviewing relevant literature
Identify relevant sources (and then search them!)
databases?
websites?
hand searching?
snowballing?
books?
grey literature?
ongoing trials?
• http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/electronicresources/
• Google? Search by Organisation
• Which journals are key to your work?
• WoK or Scopus
• LibrarySearch or COPAC or GoogleBooks
• Google: blog search; SIGLE; conference proceedings
• Trials registers
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
introducing the research topic
reviewing relevant literature
Identify relevant sources (and then search them!)
References & PDFs
• Critically appraising
• managing
• storing
• using them (cite while you write)
• Data extraction
CASP http://www.casp-uk.net
“How to read a paper” Trish Greenhalgh WB 18.343 – in the Medical Library or http://tinyurl.com/bmj-trish
ZoteroMendeleyEndnoteWebEndnoteReference ManagerRefWorksPapers
Pdf xchange
Prisma
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
introducing the research topic
reviewing relevant literature
Identify relevant sources (and then search them!)
References
Keeping up to Date
• alerts
• journal TOCs
• citation tracking
Email alertsRSS fees
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
introducing the research topic
reviewing relevant literature
Identify relevant sources (and then search them!)
References
Keeping up to Date
Management of process and results – more info on data management
• What is the data you need to record?• Where will you record it? Where will you store it?• How will you record it?• How will you share it?
When should all this start?
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
introducing the research topic
reviewing relevant literature
Identify relevant sources (and then search them!)
References
Keeping up to Date
Management of process and results
Writing Up
• what did you actually do?
• and where did you do it? (750 words?)
• Search log/diary• Results matrix• Tidying up your strategy• What did you find, where? • Explicit criterion = reproducable methodology
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
http://jech.bmj.com/content/61/12/1069.full.pdf
http://www.bmj.com/content/328/7446/991.full.pdf
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYBooks that might help
• http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|cambrdgedb|1258728
http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|cambrdgedb|317470
http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|cambrdgedb|4750307
http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|cambrdgedb|4850812
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYStopping
• Repetition
• Change in ratio of “good” : ”bad” articles retrieved
• Boundaries/Parameters?
• Databases are not infinite:
• if your strategy is good enough, and your current awareness strategy is in place, trust it, and stop.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYHelp!
Isla Kuhn
Reader Services Librarian
Medical Library
Box 111
Addenbrooke’s Hospital
email: [email protected]
phone: (01223) (3)36750
web: http://library.medschl.cam.ac.uk
Thank you.