Systematicity and Variability in Interlanguage Systems

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    _ystgectlolty cjh Qcrlc`lnlty lj Ljtgrncjducdg _ystges

    3

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    3* Ljtgrncjducdg stuhy= c tbgirgtlocn `cokdriujh

    3*3 Tbct ls ljtgrncjducdg

    Lt digs wltbiut scyljd tbct cnn ngcrjgrs. lj tbg oiursg ia ngcrjljd c sgoijh ncjducdg. prihuog

    uttgrcjogs tbct ocj `g gvcnuctgh ir muhdgh cs grrijgius `y tbg jctlvg spgckgrs ia tbg ncjducdg

    `gljd ngcrjgh* Lj itbgr tgres. tbg acot tbct sgoijh ncjducdg ngcrjgrs prihuog ujdrceectlocn irlnn%airegh uttgrcjogs lj tbg oiursg ia tbglr ngcrjljd ocrggr ls cj gstc`nlsbgh trutb* Xbls ls ct ngcst

    trug arie tbg piljt ia vlgw ia tbg jctlvg spgckgrs ia tbg tcrdgt ncjducdg XN,* Xbg ncjducdg

    ngcrjgr. biwgvgr. sggs bls ir bgr iwj nljdulstlo prihuotlij cs `gljd jirecn sljog lt gecjctgs arie

    c aunn%anghdgh cjh sgna%oijtcljgh nljdulstlo systge ia wblob bg ir sbg ls cwcrg cjh ia wblob bg ir

    sbg bcs c aunn oieecjh; itbgrwlsg. bg ir sbg wiunh jit bcvg tckgj tbg pnujdg ti prihuog wbct

    wiunh `g rgokijgh grrijgius `y itbgrs* Tbct tbls egcjs ls tbct `gairg uttgrcjogs crg prihuogh.

    tbgy bcvg ti `g priogssgh `y tbg buecj eljh cjh tbct tbgrg ls c systge tbct ls rgspijsl`ng air

    tbg prihuotlij ia suob uttgrcjogs* Xbgrgairg. wg ocj gxtrcpinctg tbg gxlstgjog cjh ipgrctlij ia c

    nljdulstlo egobcjlse tbct ls rgspijsl`ng air ghltljd rung%divgrjgh ngcrjgr, ncjducdg* Xbls. `y

    gxtgjslij. ngchs us ti scy tbct wbct jctlvg spgckgrs ia tbg XN oijslhgr grrijgius ls lj acot oirrgotarie tbg stcjhpiljt ia tbg ngcrjgr* Xbls ceiujts ti tckljd ncjducdg ngcrjgrs jit air spgckgrs ia

    tbg XN. `ut. rctbgr. spgckgrs ia c trcjsltlijcn jcegngss)jctlijngss ncjducdg* Xbg ncttgr bcs `ggj

    dlvgj sgvgrcn hgjieljctlijs `y c jue`gr ia ngchljd aldurgs lj _NC rgsgcrob air tbg purpisg ia

    rgagrgjtlcn oijvgjlgjog* Arie tbgsg wg ocj oltg Bcrrls$s 3

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    Jiw tbg qugstlij tbct ls wirtb cskljd ls= wbct priogssgs crg rgspijsl`ng air tbg orgctlij ia

    ljtgrncjducdg systges9 Lj itbgr wirhs. biw higs tbg ncjducdg ngcrjgr hgvgnip LN9 Xbg suddgstgh

    cjswgrs ti tbls qugstlij crg hlsoussgh lj tbg ainniwljd sgotlij*

    3*0 LN hgvgnipegjt

    Lt ls acr `gyijh tbg `iujhs ia pissl`lnlty tbct cjyijg ocj coqulrg tbg XN systge cnn ct ijog* Pctbgr.c ngcrjgr wbi ls lj tbg priogss ia ngcrjljd c sgoijh ncjducdg bcs ti di tbriudb sgvgrcn stcdgs

    `gairg bg ir sbg ocj `g sclh ti bcvg coqulrgh tbct ncjducdg* _i. ijg wcy ia cjswgrljd tbg

    qugstlij "biw higs c ncjducdg ngcrjgr hgvgnip LN9" ls ti scy tbct bg ir sbg hgvgnips LN drchucnny

    `y tckljd lj `lts ir plgogs ia tbg XN ljorgegjtcnny ljti tbg gxlstljd nljdulstlo stirg ct vcrlius stcdgs

    lj tbg cttgeptgh coqulsltlij ia tbct XN*

    _gnljkgr 3

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    tbgsg ujlts purpirt ti `g nctgjt lj tbg ogrg`rcn systge* Eirgivgr. tbg NV_ bgnps tbg ngcrjgr

    gstc`nlsb gqulvcngjolgs coriss tbrgg nljdulstlo systges. tbct ls. tbg twi ncjducdgs lj oijtcot. l*g*

    tbg JN cjh tbg ngcrjgr$s vlgw ia, tbg XN. cjh tbg gjsuljd LN* Xbls bcs ncrdgny ti hi wltb tbg

    qugstlij ia biw tbg ncjducdg ngcrjgr dgts stcrtgh* _gnljkgr ip* olt* = ?8, binhs tbct "wltblj tbls

    nctgjt psyobinidlocn struoturg. tbg JN `itb ls cjh ls jittbg stcrtljd piljt air LN ngcrjljd". tbg JN.

    ij tbg ijg bcjh. jit `gljd tbg nljg ia hgpcrturg `gocusg tbg alrst%hcy gxpisurg ti tbg XN bgnps ti

    rgcotlvctg tbg NV_. wblob. lj turj. bgnps tbg ngcrjgr ti sgt up ljtgrnljducn lhgjtlaloctlijs. cjh lt. ijtbg itbgr bcjh. jit `gljd tbg stcrtljd piljt `gocusg ia tbg cttgstgh ioourrgjog ia gcrny

    aisslnlzctlij*

    _gnljkgr 3

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    7% Hgolhljd wbgtbgr ti oijtljug coogptljd tbls bypitbgsls ir ti rgmgot lt ij tbg `csls ia tbg

    aggh`cok*

    Cs cairg%egjtlijgh LN ls c trcjsltlijcn systge lj oijstcjt stctg ia anux* Xbgrgupij. wg sbiunh

    gxpgot tbg ncjducdg ngcrjgr ti kggp eihlayljd bls ir bgr nljdulstlo stirg gvgry jiw cjh tbgj lj tbg

    nldbt ia jgwny ngcrjgh ectgrlcn* Cusu`gn 3

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    cskgh bgrg ls= biw ocj c rgsgcrobgr bcvg rgoiursg ti tbg ngcrjgr$s ljtultlijs c`iut tbg LN ujhgr

    stuhy9 Wsucnny. tbg rgsgcrobgr wbi bcs ijog `ggj ljvinvgh lj tgcobljd c sgoijh ncjducdg ls lj c

    aclrny diih pisltlij ti eckg usg ia bls ir bgr iwj ljtultlijs c`iut LN cs bg ir sbg ls nlkgny ti bcvg

    tbg sceg JN cs bls ir bgr stuhgjts cjh si bg ir sbg bcs `ggj siegtlegs lj tbg pcst c jctlvg

    spgckgr ia bls ir bgr stuhgjts$ LNs,* Cjitbgr lepirtcjt wcy ia eckljd tbg ngcrjgr gxprgss bls ir

    bgr ljtultlij ia LN ls ti dgt ble ir bgr ti usg LN ti tcnk c`iut LN* Xbls egtcncjducdg. Oirhgr 3

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    Air tbg purpisgs ia crrlvljd ct tbg iptlecn ploturg ia tbg airogs sbcpljd LN. wg bcvg ti oijslhgr. lj

    iur tcsk ia hctc gnloltctlij. cnn tbg acotirs ljvinvgh lj tbg vcrlc`lnlty cjh systgectlolty ia LN* Xbls wg

    crg diljd ti hlsouss lj tbg su`sgqugjt sgotlijs*

    3*8 _ueecry cjh Oijonuslij

    Xbg eclj tbrust ia tbls sgotlij bcs `ggj ti pcy c niik ct tbg ngcrjgr ncjducdg* Tg bcvg sggj tbctLN oiegs cs c rgsunt ia c ncjducdg oijtcot sltuctlij wbgrg tbg ngcrjgr. `y obilog ir itbgrwlsg. bcs

    ti coqulrg c sgoijh ncjducdg air ble ir bgr ti ljtgrcot wltb tbg spgckgrs ia tbg XN* Tg bcvg cnsi

    tiuobgh upij tbg acotirs tbct oieg ljti pncy lj tbg rgcnlzctlij ia LN* Tg bcvg oijslhgrgh

    _gnljkgr$s 3

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    pisturg cs cj ljtgdrcn pcrt ia tbg hctc ti `g cjcnyzgh* Lj tbls cppricob. gvgry `lt ia ljairectlij

    tbct oiunh bgnp lj oncrlayljd tbg oijtgjt ia tbg hctc ir tbct ls cj cjy wcy rgngvcjt ti tbg

    pbgjiegjc cssiolctgh wltb tbg nljdulstlo hctc ls ti `g tckgj ljti cooiujt*

    0*3*0 Xbg Pctlijcnlst Cppricob

    Xbg rctlijcnlst cppricob. wblob rgoidjlzgs Obiesky 3

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