EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATIONITS SUMEHJAN ORIGIN &

H"EAL CHRONOLOGY& SUMERIAN ORIGIN OF EGYPTIAN

HIEROGLYPHS

BY

L. A. WADDELL

lVl T lI t l I'LA T E S

~7 T E XT I L L US TN A T ION S

KIN(; NARMAR, 2nd king of t st E gyptian Dynastyas portrayed in his Mesopotamian bas-relief

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EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATIONITS SUMERIAN ORIGIN ~

REAL CHRONOLOGYAND SUMERIAN ORIGIN OF EGYPTIAN

HIEROGLYPHS

BY THE SAME AUTHOR

THE MAKERS OF CIVILIZATION IN RACE AND HISTORY. Showing theRise of the Aryans or Sumerians, tlieir Origination and Propagation of Civili-zation, their extension of it to Egypt, India, and Crete, Personalities andAchievements of their Kings, Historical Originals of Mythic Gods and Heroes,with dates from the Rise of Civilization about 3380 D.C. 37 plates and 168text illustrations, and 5 maps. Luzac & Co., 1929. 28s.

Srartling book on our Sumerian ancestors-where the British came (rom."-Daily Mail.11 The most valuable recent work in ethnology-a new research method of great service to

scientific history."-New York Times. U History rewritten."-Daily News.11 Revolutionizes ancient history. Nowhere else except in this book of Waddell is there such

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ARYAN ORIGIN OF THE ALPHABET: Disclosing the Surnero-PhoenicianParentage 01 our Letters ancient and modern. Luzac & Co., 1927. 7s. 6d.

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PHCENICIAN ORIGIN OF THE BRITONS, SCOTS, AND ANGLO-SAXONS.100 ill ustrations and maps. WiIliams &:Norgate, 1924. 2nd edition, 1925. 15s.

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plates and maps. Bengal Government Press, Calcutta, 1892.EXCAVATIONS AT PALlBOTHRA. With plates, plans, and maps. Government

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WILD TRIBES OF THE BRAHMAPUTRA VALLEY. Calcutta, 1900.THE BUDDHISM OF TIBET. With 150 illustrations. W. H. Alien &: Co., 1895

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LHASA AND ITS MYSTERIES. With 200 original illustrations and maps.J. Murray, 1905. 4th edition, Methuen &: Co., 1930. 25s.

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PLATE I (Frontispiece.

A B

CONTEMPORARY PORTRAIT STATUE OF KING MENESFOUNDER OF THE FIRST EGYPTIAN DYNASTY AS

MANIS-THE-WARRIOR, SUMERIAN EMPEROROF MESOPOTAMIA

c. 2655 B.C.

In alabaster, ! life-size. A, front view; B, back view, with Sumerian inscriptionof his high official dedicating statue to the Sun-god. Found at Susa in Elam, whereit is supposed to have been carried off from Kish City in a raid. Now in the Louvre.(After D.P. x, PI. I.)

Note the eyeballs are formed of white limestone let into sockets and cementedwith bitumen; and the irises. now wanting, are supposed to have been formed byinlaid blue lapis-lazuli stone, as in other socketed eyeballs in Sumerian and Egyptianstatuettes and figurines about this period. The beard with shaven upper lip is alsonoteworthy; and compare with Fig. 10, p. 39.

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATIONITS SUMERIAN ORIGIN &

REAL CHRONOLOGYAND SUMERIAN ORIGIN OF EGYPTIAN

HIEROGLYPHS

BY

L. A. W ADDELLLL.D•• C.B .• C.I.E.

AUTHOR OF 11 THE MAKERS OF CIVILIZATION IN RACE AND HISTORV/11 A SUMERoARVANIlDICTlONARV/' 11 THE"ARYAN ORIGIN OF THE ALPHABET"

THE BRITISH EDDA, ETC., ETC., ETC.

WITH 21 PLATES, 97 TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS 6' 2 MAPS

LONDONLUZAC & CO.

46 GREAT RUSSELL STREET

1930

All Rights Reserved

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY

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AND HELPFUL CRITICISM IN THESE

HISTORICAL RESEARCHES

THIS BOOKIS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED

BY

THE AUTHOR

PREFACE"What were the People by whom it

(Egyptian Civilization) was developed, theCountry whence they came, the Race towhich they belonged, is to-day unknown."-Sir G. MASPERO, Dawn of Civilization,192 2 , 45.

"In dealing with Egyptian Chronology itmust always be remembered that, com-paratively speaking, little is known aboutit."-Sir WALLlS BUDGE, The Book ofKings of Egypt, I, xlii.

IN spite of the advances in our knowledge of Ancient Egyptwhich decipherment of many of the monuments of the oldPharaohs has made possible, two basic questions of the firstmagnitude still remain outstanding in as great uncertaintyas in the days of Herodotus. These are the question of theOrigin of the Civilization of the Country, and the questionof the Dates of its Kings and Dynasties.

As regards the former, opinions differ as to whethercivilization was indigenous or imposed from without. And,although on the whole the tendency is towards belief thatthe Egyptians, like so many other races both ancient andmodern, owed their culture to conquest by more advancedand intrusive peoples, yet who the conquerors were andwhen the invasions took place has remained unknown owingto lack of evidence on which to base a judgment. And a likeabsence of evidence as regards chronology has made thedating of the early and most of the later Pharaohs an affair ofguesswork, and led equally able and conscientious inquirers tofix the period of Menes and his First Dynasty at dates differingfrom one another by as much as over two millenniums of years.

In my recently published Makers of Civilization, I showedincidentally the bearing upon Egyptian problems of mycollation of the Mesopotamian inscriptions and officialKing-Lists of the Sumerians (the oldest known civilizedpeople) with the official King-Lists of the Early Aryans ofthe " Caucasian race" in the Indian Puranas. And in thepresent work I have sought to meet the requirements and

vu

viii EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

expressed wishes of Egyptologists by supplying them witha statement in full of the new evidence as to the real dateand origin of the Nile Valley Civilization and the historicalpersonalities and origin and real dates of its unknownintroducers and early developers, disengaged from theextraneous matters with which the subject was necessarilymixed up in the larger treatise. For all the latest excava-tions in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, further confirmthose discoveries.

What put me on the track of the new evidence was thediscovery that a great deal in the ancient Indian Epics andVedas regarding the Early Aryans, hitherto consideredfabulous is historic. Comparing the King-Lists of the EarlyAryans in the Puranas with the records of the SumerianMesopotamian kings on their inscribed monuments and inthe official Mesopotamian King-Lists, I observed that thetwo records, Early Aryan and Sumerian, are in entire agree-ment from the First Dynasty, Aryan and Sumerian, downthrough the long period of over two thousand years to theopening of the classic Greek epoch in Europe; and that theidentity was complete not only in the names, titles, orderof succession and exploits of the kings, but extended tosuch minute details as the names of their consorts and sons,and to the culture, language, writing, religion, symbolism,arts and industries of the peoples over whom they ruled.

The official King-Lists, Indian and Mesopotamian, showMenes and his predecessors and successors in his FirstDynasty in the same chronological order and position, withthe names and titles they bear in the Egyptian records.The Sumerian Mesopotamian and Indus Valley script ofthose kings is the same as that used by the pre-dynastic andFirst Dynasty Pharaohs in their monumental inscriptions.The Egyptian Hieroglyphs are discovered to be a slightlymodified conventional form of the Sumerian diagrammaticpicture-writing which came into use gradually during therule of Menes and his immediate successors, and to havethe same phonetic values as their parent picture-signs in theSumerian. And the radical words in Ancient Egyptian are ofSumerian origin, though later they became adapted to a largeextent to the Semitic speech and idioms of the aborigines.

The above discoveries enable us to explain and definitely

PREFACE ix

date for the first time Egyptian Civilization from the con-quest of the country by the pre-dynastic Pharaohs, nowshown to have been Sumerian emperors, about the year2780 RC. How the culture thus introduced into Egyptacquired a local conventional complexion disguising itsexotic source and affinities; how the Sumerian rulers ofEgypt came to be called pre-dynastic Pharaohs; how Menes,Sumerian crown-prince, and governor of the Sumerian IndusValley colony, erected Egypt into an independent kingdomand preserved its independence within the Mesopotamianempire when he succeeded eventually to the throne afterhis father's death; how, as the Min or Minos sea-emperorof Greek legend, he annexed and civilized Crete and extendedhis rule westwards to the Pillars of Hercules and Britain,all this as well as the hitherto wholly unknown ancestry andreal dates of Menes and his dynastic successors is dulydisclosed by the new evidence.

The accounts of Menes or "Manj-the-Warrior" in theEgyptian monuments and King-Lists and of "Manis-the-Warrior" in the Sumerian monuments and King-Lists areidentical to a degree that precludes all doubt as to theirbeing actually records of the same personalities and events.Menes, his emperor-father, and two of his successors in theFirst Egyptian Dynasty boast in their Egyptian monumentsof being descendants of the first king of the First SumerianDynasty; and the name given to this common ancestor inthe Egyptian inscriptions is the same as that given him inthe Sumerian Kish Chronicle. And in the Indian EpicsManja (or Menes), as well as his father and descendants areexpressly stated to have been lineal descendants of the firstAryan king of corresponding name to the Sumerian.

The unity as regards type and source of the ancientcivilizations of Sumerian Mesopotamia, India and Egypt isin keeping with the physique of the ruling people in allthree countries, which is shown by their portraits, sculpturesand skeletal remains to have been of the long-headed, fair,grey or blue-eyed type recognized by modems as markingthe Aryan section of the Caucasian race.

The "Caucasian" type of the early Sumerian skeletalremains exhumed from the graves at Ur has been dulyattested anthropologically by Sir Arthur Keith; and the

x EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

same type is also found in the tombs and portraits of theearly dynastic ruling race in Egypt, apart from the evidenceof their positively established Aryan genealogies.

Unfortunately however, the terminology for this racial type,to which the Sumerians belong as well as the Early Aryans,classic Greeks and Romans and many of the modern people ofEurope, is in a very confused state through anthropologistsincluding 11 Mediterraneans" amongst the "Caucasians,"and using both terms ambiguously. 11 MediterraneanRace" is at present used to include two totally distinctracial types, namely the narrow-browed dark long-heads,the type of the Iberian, S. Italian, Corsican and Aegeanaborigines, i.e. the Mediterranean Race proper; and secondlythe broad-browed fairer long-heads comprising the classicGreeks and Romans, Achaians, Ionians, Phcenicians, Berbersand Hamites on the south coast of the Mediterranean, whosehead-forms are essentially of the type of the Sumerians, Indo-Aryans (and thus inferentially of the Early Aryans) andthe type of the Goths, Anglo-Saxons and Nordics, and alsoas we shall find of Menes and his dynasty and his ancestralPharaohs who brought civilization into Egypt. In theabsence of any better name for the broad-brewed long-headedtype, I have called it " Aryan," after its most characteristicgroup. In any case, the term 11 Nordic Race" is quiteinapplicable as a synonym for 11 Aryan Race," as the Norseare only a late specialized branch of one section of the Aryans.In former works, following the current fashion, I was led ormisled into using that term occasionally in such synonymoussense, though usually under protest as 11 the so-called Nordicrace." But that term should now be wholly discarded in thisconnexion, if we would avoid needless confusion and anach-ronism. And after all, the question of the racial affinity ofthe Sumerians is wholly secondary to that of their historicalidentity with the race of Menes and his dynasty in Egypt,now discovered and established.

Lastly, the newly found real date for the accession ofMenes to the throne in Egypt at about 2704 B.C., is in fullagreement with the form of the culture of his dynasty, whichis distinctively of the Sumerian type of that period.

L. A. WADDELL.September tst, 1930.

CONTENTSPAGE

PREFACE

ABBREVIATIONS FOR CHIEF REFERENCES

vu

xix

HIS FATHER

PREDYNASTIC

CHAP.

I. MENES' HISTORICITY DISCOVERED WITH ANCES-TORS AS PREDYNASTIC PHARAOHS:

Disclosing Menes as son of the world-emperor" Sargon-the-Great " of Mesopotamia and hisDate, about 2704 B.C. 1-10

n. " SARGON - THE - GREAT" ANDAND GRANDFATHER AS

PHARAOHS:

Disclosing his Annexation or Reconquest ofEgypt, c. 2714 B.C. His Egyptian TombInscriptions in Sumerian deciphered. Histitles "Pharaoh," Kad (" Ka "), Ukus," Goth" and Aryan Race. And his Fatherand Grandfather as Predynastic Pharaohs" Ro" and" Khetm" with their real Dates,about 2765 and 2780 RC. respectively . II-31

Ill. MENES' LOST HISTORY AND ACHIEVEMENTSIN EGYPT RECOVERED:

Disclosing his identity with Manis of Mesopo-tamia. His Sumerian Governorship of Elamand Indus Valley. His Seizure of Egypt fromhis Father-emperor. His establishment of FirstEgyptian Dynasty, c. 2704 RC.• with a fully-fledged Sumerian Civilization. His Sea- andWorld-Empire, Sun-worship and Aryan Race

IV. MENES' TRAGIC DEATH ON SEA-EXPLORATION

IN ATLANTIC ISLAND, c. 2641 B.C.:

With Decipherment of Sumerian Inscriptionson Ebony Labels in his tomb in Egypt

Xl

60-70

xii EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

CHAP. PAGE

V. MENES OR MIN AS KING MINOS OF CRETE AND

REAL DATE OF MINOAN CIVILIZATION,

c. 2700 RC. • 71-75

VI. MENES' OR MAN]'S FIRST DYNASTY OF EGYPT

IDENTICAL WITH MANIS-Tusu's DYNASTY

IN MESOPOTAMIA:

Also identity in Indo-Aryan King-Lists andChronicles 76-82

VII. SECOND KING OF FIRST DYNASTY, NARMAR,

IDENTICAL WITH NARAM, SECOND KING

OF MANIS' DYNASTY IN MESOPOTAMIA,

c. 2640 RC. :

Disclosing his Sonship to Menes. His pre-history and achievements. His SumerianInscriptions in Egypt and Indus Valleydeciphered and his title Of Goth " 83-100

VIII. THIRD KING OF FIRST DYNASTY, GANI, GUNI

OR Of KHENT" IDENTICAL WITH GANI,

GUNI OR GAN-ERI, THIRD KING OF MANIS'

DYNASTY IN MESOPOTAMIA, c. 2584 B.C. :

With his Sumerian Inscriptions in Egypt andIndus Valley deciphered 101-105

IX. FOURTH KING OF FIRST DYNASTY, BAGID OR

" ZET," ALSO SUMER EMPEROR, c. 2560 B.C. :

With his Sumerian Inscriptions in Egyptdeciphered 106-107

X. FIFTH KING OF FIRST DYNASTY, DUDU, DAN OR

"DEN," IDENTICAL WITH DUDU OF MANIS'

DYNASTY IN MESOPOTAMIA, c. 2557 RC. :

With his Sumerian Inscriptions in Egypt andIndus Valley deciphered. His title of Of Usa-phaidos.' His invocation of the Sun-archangel Tasia or Tascio as in Sumerian,Asia Minor, Indus Valley and Ancient BritonInscriptions. And his Aryan titles of Of Ukus "and Of Goth " 108-121

CHAP.

CONTENTS xiii

PAGE

XI. SIXTH AND SEVENTH KINGS OF FIRST DYNASTY,

BIDI OR "MIE-BIDOS" AND "SAMPATI"

AS TRIBUTARY LOCAL KINGS OF EGYPT • 122-123

XII. EIGHTH OR LAST KING OF FIRST DYNASTY,

SHUDUR KIB, " QA" OR " QEBH," IDEN-

TICAL WITH SHUDUR KIB, LAST KING

OF MANIS' DYNASTY IN MESOPOTAMIA,

c. 2536--2527 B.C. :

With his Sumerian Inscriptions in Egypt andIndus Valley deciphered. And his Aryantitles of " Ukush " and" Goth " . 124-129

XIII. COMPLETE IDENTITY OF MENES' DYNASTY IN

EGYPT WITH MANIS' IMPERIAL DYNASTY

IN MESOPOTAMIA AND IN INDO-ARYAN

KING-LISTS, AND SUMERIAN OR ARYAN

ORIGIN OF EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION • 130-131

XIV. SECOND EGYPTIAN DYNASTY WITH RISE OF

INDEPENDENT KINGDOM OF EGYPT • 132-138

XV. REAL CHRONOLOGY OF EARLY EGYPT AND ITS

CIVILIZATION AND KINGS RECOVERED :

With fixed Dates for Predynastic and FirstDynasty Kings and basic Date of Menes asc. 2704 B.C. 13

xiv EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

APPENDICESPAGE

I. Sanskrit Text of Maha-Bharata Epic reMenes and his Dynasty in Egypt 179

11. Indus Valley Seals of Sargon and his fatherwith titles of "Pharaoh" and .. Goth "and mentioning Egypt deciphered. . 179-184

Ill. Indus Valley Sumerian Seals of Menes withtitles of .. Governor," .. Pharaoh" and" Goth " deciphered . 184-188

IV. Great Ebony Label from Menes' Tombat Abydos with Sumerian Inscriptiondeciphered . . 188-195

V. Indus Valley Sumerian Seals of FirstEgyptian Dynasty Kings with titles of"Governor," "Pharaoh," "Goth," etc.,and giving genealogies, etc. . 196-210

INDEX . 2II-2 23

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSPLATES

PLATE

I. Contemporary alabaster inscribed statue of King Menes,Founder of First Dynasty of Egypt, as King Manis-the-Warrior, Sumerian world-emperor, c. 2655 a.c. Foundat Susa in Elam. Now in the Louvre. (After D.P. x.PI. I) . FRONTISPIECE

20

30

62

70

84

86

FACINGPAGE

811. Sumerian Origin of Egyptian Hieroglyphs (PI. A)

Ill. General plan of Tombs of Predynastic and First DynastyPharaohs at Abydos showing Sargon's Tomb. (After Petrie)

IV. Indus Valley Seals of Sargon and his Father as" Pharaohs."(From photos after Sir J. Marshall)

V. Indus Valley Seals of Pharaoh Menes and his son Narmar.(From photos after Sir J. Marshall) .

VI. Lesser Labels from Menes' Tomb. (After Sir F. Petrie)

VII. Great Ebony Label from Menes' Tomb at Abydos. (After SirFlinders Petrie.) For decipherment, see App. IV.

VIII. Decipherment of Menes' Tomb Lesser Labels

IX. Nararn Enzu's Victory Stele (in Louvre), about 2620 S.C.

X. Naram Enzu in bas-relief, c. 2600 S.C.

XI. Indus Valley Seals of Pharaohs Ner-Mar, Ganeri (or DuduDan, Bagid, Shem and Shudur-Kib or Qa. From photosafter Sir J. Marshall) 88

XII. Narmar's Slate Palette of Victory from Egypt, about 2630S.C. (After J. E. Quibell and Sir F. Petrie) . 92

XIII. Plan of Dudu's Tomb in Egypt. (After Petrie) II4

XIV. King Dudu's (Den-Setui) Ebony Labels from Tomb atAbydos, about 2540 S.C. (After Sir Flinders Petrie) II6

XV. Indus Valley Seals of Pharaoh Shudur-Kib or Qa and ofUri-Mush, (From photos after Sir J. Marshall) 124-

XVI. Plan of Shudur-Kib's Tomb at Abydos 126

XVII. Shudur-Kib's (Qa-Sen) Ivory Labels from Tomb at Abydos,about 2520 S.C. (After Sir Flinders Petrie) . 127

XVIII. Surnerian Origin of Egyptian Hieroglyphs (PI. B) 158

XIX. Sumerian Origin of Egyptian Hieroglyphs (PI. C) 160

XX. Suroerian Origin of Egyptian Hieroglyphs (PI. D) 160

XXI. Sumerian Origin of Egyptian Hieroglyphs (PI. E) 162

XV

XVi EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

TEXT ILLUSTRATIONSFIG. PAGE

I. King" Ro's " Name from his Tomb at Abydos IS2. Name of Predynastic Pharaoh .. Ro " deciphered as BAU or

BAKu or PURu-G1N 163. King" Khetm's" Name deciphered as Tukh, Dukhu or Tekhi . 184. Sargon's Sumerian Inscription as Pharaoh at Abydos, on a Jar,

about 2670 B.C. (After Sir F. Petrie) 195. Sargon's Inscription on Tomb of his Queen" The Lady Ash "

at Abydos, on a Jar, about 2700 n.c, (After Sir F. Petrie) 196. Sargon's Tomb Inscription as .. Gin or Sha-Gin the Ukussi "

at Abydos deciphered 237. Sargon's Queen's Tomb Inscription at Abydos deciphered 258. Sealing of King Gin or .. Sargon " at Abydos. (After Petrie) 269. King Gin's or .. Sargon's .. Abydos Sealing deciphered 26

10. Statue of Manis-Tusu (or Menes) in alabaster. From Susa inElam. (After D.P. x, PI. I) 39

11. Menes' Title of Aha or Akba in Egypt. (After Sir F. Petrie) 5712. Menes' Title of Tusu-Menna on Egyptian Label Inscription

deciphered 5813. Menes' Great Ebony Label Tomb Inscription 6214. The Fatal Fly on Menes' Tomb Label as a Wasp or Hornet 64IS. Narmar or Nararn or .. The Strong Wild Bull" son of Menes or

Manis as Mino's son Mino-Taur. From slate palette 7216. Naram's Name in Egypt as .. Narmar " . 8517. Sealing of Narmar. (After Petrie) 8518. Narmar's Slate Palette, Reverse 9119. Narmar's Palette Inscription over enemy dead deciphered 9320. Narrnar's Palette Standard Inscriptions, Nos, I and 2 9421. Narrnar's Standards, Nos. 3 and 4· 9522. Inscription on Narmar's Standard No. I deciphered 9523. Inscription on Narmar's Standard No. 2 deciphered 9624. Narrnar's Standard Inscriptions, Nos, 3 and 4, deciphered 9725. Ivory Label of Third King of Menes' or First Dynasty of Egypt.

(After Sir F. Petrie) 10326. Sealing of Third King of First Dynasty of Egypt. (After Petrie) 10327. Third King's Name on Ivory Label deciphered 10428. Third King's Name on Sealing deciphered 10529. Stele of 4th King of Menes' Dynasty. (After Sir F. Petrie) 10630. Seal of Fourth King" Zet " in Egypt. (After Sir F. Petrie) 10631. Seal of Fourth King of Menes' Dynasty deciphered 10732. King Dudu or .. Den's" Portrait on a label from Abydos 10933. Personal Name of Dudu or Dundu in Fifth King's Inscriptions in

Egypt. (After Sir F. Petrie) IIO34. The Sumerian Mound-sign in Egyptianee.Da or Dun as in

Sumerian 1II35. Inscription of Dudu or Dundu from lid of a seal box. (After

Sir F. Petrie) Il336. Inscription of Dundu with title Busahap on seal-box deciphered 11337. Line I of Col. I of Dudus Tomb Ebony Label No. I deciphered II638. Line 2 of Col. I of Dudu's Tomb Ebony Label No. I deciphered 11739. Line 2 continued of Dudu's Tomb Ebony Label No. I deciphered II840. Line 3 of Col. I of Dudu's Tomb Label No, I deciphered II9

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xvii

FrG. PAGE

41. Line I of Col. 2 of Dudu's Label No. I deciphered . II942. Line 2 of Col. 2 of Dudu's Label No, I deciphered . 12042A. Tasia or Reshef or .. Tascio," the Resurrecting Archangel 12143. Clay Sealing of Sixth King of First Dynasty of Egypt. (After

Sir F. Petrie) . 12244. Name of Sixth King of First Dynasty of Egypt deciphered 12345. Name of last King of Menes' Dynasty Shudur Kib on Ivory

Label A deciphered. 12746. Inscription of Shudur Kib on Ivory Label B.. Cols. 4 and 5,

deciphered 12847. Clay Sealings of King Shudur Kib in Egypt. (After Sir F. Petrie) 12848. Name on Sealings A deciphered 12949. Captive on Ivory gaming-reed of King Shudur Kib or Qa's

period. (After Petrie) 13150. Egyptian Cross Button Amulets of Sumerian type 13851. Seal of" Sargon "-the-Great as Sag. The Seer, the Kad, the One

Overlord. the Gut, deciphered 18052. Sargon's Father's Seal as Puru Gina, of Mushir (Egypt) and

Magan, deciphered . 18153. Sargon's Father's Seal as The Overlord Puru Par-Gin at Uridu

Land deciphered 18 I54. Sargon's Seal as Sham-Gin of Uriki (Akkad) Land deciphered. 18255. Sargon's Seal as Shar-Gin, the Great Khati deciphered 18256. Sargon's Seal as Shamm-Gin. The Gut, at Agdu Land deciphered 18357. Sargon's Seal as Gan the Pur (Pharaoh) of Khamaesshi Land

(Egypt) at Agdu Land deciphered 18358. Sargon's Seal as Gan, the Pur, the Paru Gut at Uridu Land.

deciphered 18359. Menes' Seal as Overlord-Companion Aha, the son of Sha-Gani

the Bara (or Pharaoh) at Edin Land, deciphered. 18560. Menes' Seal as Under-King Companion Manshu the Bara

(Pharaoh) at Agdu deciphered . 18561. Menes' Seal as Overlord-Companion Aha-Men deciphered 18662. Menes' Seal as Under-King Companion Aha-Men, The Gut, at

Agdu Land deciphered 18663. Menes' Seal as The One Overlord Aha, The Son of the Gut Gin.

at Agdu Land deciphered. 18664. Menes' Seal as The Overlord-Companion Aha-Man (or -Min},

the son of Azu-Esh-tar Gin deciphered. compare Fig. 51 18765. Menes' Seal as Aha, The Overthrower of King Mush, deciphered 18766. Menes' Seal as Under-King Companion Aha of Ma-esh-gan and

Mush(-sir ?) [Egypt]. deciphered 18767. Seal of Aha-Mena at Agdu Land deciphered . 18868. Abydos Tomb Great Ebony Label of Menes as King Minas,

The Pharaoh of Mushsir Land (Egypt) of the Two Crowns.Line I deciphered 189

69. Menes' Tomb Great Ebony Label Line I concluded decipherment 19070. Menes' Tomb Great Ebony Label Line 2 deciphered 1917 I. Menes' Tomb Great Ebony Label Line 2 concluded decipherment 19272. Menes' Tomb Great Ebony Label Line 3 deciphered 19273. Menes' Tomb Great Ebony Label Line 4 deciphered 19474. Menes' Tomb Great Ebony Label Line 4 concluded decipherment 19575. Narrnar's Seal as Under-King Companion Mar-Neru, The Gut,

at Elephant Land deciphered 198

xviii EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

FIG. PAGS

76. Narmar's Seal as The Gut of the Lower Land, Nera, the Gutat Agdu Land, deciphered 199

77. Seal of Under-King Companion Marrti, son of The Lofty Gut ofthe Deep Waters, the Ruler, deciphered 199

78. Seal of Under-King Companion (son?) of the HeavenlyPharaoh, Nerau of Agdu Land, deciphered. 200

79. Sha-Gin (I1) or Gan-Eris Seal as Ganeri son of The Land, TheOverlord Ruler at Agdu Land, deciphered. 201

80. Sha-Gin's (I1) Seal as Under-King Companion Sha-Gin atAgdu deciphered 201

81. Sha-Gin's (I1) Seal as Lord Gin at Agdu deciphered 20182. Sha-Gin's (Il) Seal as Under King-Companion Gan of Great

Khamaesh, King Dili the Ruler Gut, deciphered. 20283. Bag-Err's Seal as of the House of Mar, the Lord of the Deep at

Uridu Land deciphered 20284. Dudu's Seal as Dudu Dan, The Son of Gan-Eri, The Minister

of the One Overlord at Agdu Land deciphered 2038S. Dudu's Seal as Dan, The Son of Gan-the-Second of the House

of Aha and Ner the Ukus, The Gut. deciphered . 20486. Shudur Kib's Seal as Kibbu-Shuha, Son of the House of Aha

at Agdu Land, deciphered 20S87. Shudur Kib's Seal as Kib the Pharaoh, The Overlord at

Agdu Land deciphered 20S88. Shudur Kib's Seal rst line as Kibbu, The devotee of Fire, The

Gut Kibbu of Sargin the Gut, deciphered (contd. in 89) 20689. Shudur Kib's Seal znd line continued decipherment as .. Son of

Dan, Ruler of The Deep Waters at Uriki (or Uri-du) Land" . 20690. Amulet Seal of Kibbu as Kibbu, Kib, The Gut deciphered 20791. Amulet Seal continuation deciphered 20792. Shudur Kib's Seal as Rib, The Pharaoh of The Garden (of

Edin) at Agdu Land deciphered 20893. Shudur Kib's Seal as Kibbu, Lord of The Deep Waters, Son

of Aha Men, deciphered 20894. Shudur Kib's Seal as Qa, King of Ma-esh-gan (and) Mush(-sir)

[Egypt], deciphered 2099S. Seal of The Gut Shu, The Son of Pharaoh Kib deciphered 20996. Uri-Mush's Seal as The One Overlord. The Great Hero,

deciphered 210

MAPS

I. Relation of Koptos and Egypt to Mesopotamia. Asia Minorand India, showing old Trade-Routes . 4

11. Relation of Surnerian Indus Valley Colony to Mesopotamia andEgypt 36

AE.B.

BD.BE.BHE.BK.Br.

BSK.CAH.CIWA.CT.DP.EPM.ERE.FB.FD.GH.HCC.HNE.HOB.JEA.KC.KHS.KTA.LMJ.M.MBt.MD.MK1.MDC.MWD.PB.PH.PHE.PHT.PRT.PSL.RA.RB.RV.

ABBREVIATIONSOF CHIEF REFERENCES

Ancient Egypt. Ed. Sir W. M. Flinders Petrie, London.Origin and Development of Babylonian Writing. G. A. Barton,

Leipzig, 1913.Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary. Sir E. Wallis Budge, [920.A History of Egypt. J. H. Breasted, 1925.History of the Egyptian People. Sir E. Wallis Budge, 1914.Book of the Kings of Egypt, 1. Sir E. Wallis Budge. 1908.Classified List of Sumerian Ideographs. R. Briinnow, Leyden,

1889.Sea Kings of Crete. J. Baikie, 1920.Cambridge Ancient History, 1. znd Ed., 1924.Cuneiform Inscripts., W. Asia. H. Rawlinson and T. G. Pinches.Cuneiform Texts in the British Museum.Delegation en Perse Memoires.The Palace of Minos. Sir A. Evans, 1921.Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. J. Hastings.Die Boghaz Koi Text-Umshrift, H, I. Leipzig, 1922.Documentes Pre-Sargoniques. A de la Fuye.Hieroglyphs. F. L. Griffith. 1898.Clavis Cuneorum. G. Howardy, Lipsia, Ig04 f.Ancient History of Near East. H. R. Hall. 1918.Old Babylonian Inscriptions. H. V. Hilprecht, 1896.Journal of Egyptian Archseology.Chronology of Early Babylonian Kings. L. W. King. Ig07.History of Sumer and Akkad. L. W. King, 1916.Keilschrift text aus Assur. Inhalts. 1920.Museum Journal. Univ. Pennsylvania, Ig20, art. L. Legrain.Seltene Assyrische Ideogramme. B. Meissner, Ig10.Maha-Bharata.Dictionary of Assyrian Language. W. Muss-Arnolt, Berlin, 1905.Vedic Index. Macdonell & Keith, 1912.Dawn of Civilization. G. Maspero, 1922.Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Monier-Williams, 1899.Babylonian Tablets, Berens Collect. T. G. Pinches. 1915.Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Lady H. Petrie, Ig27.History of Egypt. Sir Flinders Petrie, 1923-1925.Historical Texts. Univ. Pennsylvania. A. Poebel, 1914 f.Royal Tombs, I and n. Univ. Pennsylvania. A. Poebel, [g01.Sumerian Lexicon. J. D. Prince, Ig08.Revue d' Assyriologie. Paris.Early Babylonian History. H. Radau, New York. Ig00.Rig Veda.

xix

xx EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

SMR.STE.TDC.

UE.WAOA.WBC.WBE.WISD.WMC.WPOB.

WS.WSAD.WSC.WVP.

The Mediterranean Race. G. Sergi, 1901.Textes elamites-sernitlques. V. Schei!.Les Chronologie des Dynasties de Sumeret d'Accad. F. T. Dangin,

1918.Ur Excavations. I. H. R. Hall and C. L. Woolley, 1927.Aryan Origin of the Alphabet. L. A. Waddell, 1927.Weld-Blundell Collection Cuneiform Texts. Oxford, 1923.The British Edda. L. A. Waddell. 1930.Indo-Sumerian Seals Deciphered. L. A. Waddell, 1925.Makers of Civilization in Race and History. L. A. Waddell, 1929.Pheenician Origin of Britons. Scots and Anglo-Saxons, L. A.

WaddeU, 1924.The Sumerians. C. L. Woolley. 1928.Sumer-Aryan Dictionary. A-F. L. A. Waddell. 1927.Seal Cylinders of W. Asia. W. H. Ward. Washington. 1900.Vishnu Purana. Trans, H. H. Wilson; ed. F. Hall, 1864.

THE SUMERIAN ORIGINOF EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

I

MENES' HISTORICITY DISCOVERED WITH ANCESTORS ASPREDYNASTIC PHARAOHS

Disclosing M enes as son of the world-emperor "Sargon-the-Great" of Mesopotamia & his Date, about 2704 B.C.

"All that we know of the first of thePharaohs-Menes-beyond the fact of hisexistence is practically nil."-MAsPERO,Dawn of Civilization, 1922, 233 .

.. Menes appears to be a •conflate' personageof legend."-{;ambridge Anc. Hist., 1924.1,267.

HITHERTO Menes, the traditional founder of the First Dynastyof Egypt, although regularly cited in the native Egyptianking-lists from the old chronology of Sety I downwards toManetho as the founder of the First Dynasty in Egypt, hasbeen so shadowy and so little known, that notwithstandingthe discovery of his" tomb," with contemporary inscriptions,by Sir Flinders Petrie in the royal cemeteries at Abydos in1900, he is still regarded by the latest historical text-booksas "a conflate personage of legend." And beyond thefinding of his name in a few contemporary and later inscrip-tions, and the inference that he possibly arrived in UpperEgypt either from Libya on the west, the Sudan on thesouth, Arabia on the east or from Elam in Persia on the north-east by way of the Red Sea, and that he is the traditionaluniter of Upper and Lower Egypt and founder of Memphiscity, nothing whatever is known to Egyptologists of his originand ancestry, achievements, personality, portrait and race.

The manner in which I was led to discover the trulyhistorical character of Menes, his lost epoch-making historyand pre-history, his genealogy continuously back through

A I

2 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

seven centuries to the first Sumerian or Aryan king whowas the traditional founder of civilization and builder ofthe first city, his Aryan race, his date, and the fact that hewas at one and the same time the Sumerian emperor inMesopotamia and the first dynastic king or Pharaoh inEgypt as a crown colony of his world-empire, has beenbroadly indicated in the Preface.

The first clues to these discoveries were gained by myobservation that Menes (as he was called by the Greeks) orManj (as he is usually called in his own Egyptian inscriptions) 1appears in his due chronological position along with hisdynasty in the official king-lists of the Early Aryans fromthe first king onwards, as preserved in the ancient Indianepic chronicles, the Puranas, In the latter he bears the nameof Asa Manja, or 1/ Manja the shooter" in the solar versionof these lists, and Manasyu or Manas-the-Uniter in the lunarversion. 2 And the great Indian epic, the Maha-Bharata, insupplementing the Purana chronicle account, describeshim as 1/ Manasyu of the line of the Prabhu [Paraa or, Pharaoh '], the royal eye of Gopta [Kopt or Egypt] andof the four ends of the earth." 3 The Indian epic king-listsfurther record that he was the son and successor of themighty world-emperor, King Kuni or Sha-Kuni or Sagara,whom I had fully identified with the Mesopotamian world-emperor, whose name is variously spelt Kin, Gin, Gani,Guni, or Shar-Guni, a name which is arbitrarily semitized byAssyriologists into 1/ Sargon," in order to equate it withthe Hebrew name 1/ Sargon " of the much later notoriousSemitic Assyrian king of that name in the eighth century B.C.who carried the Jews into exile, and from whom they dis-tinguish the former as 1/ Sargon-the-Great."

On comparing these Early Aryan king-lists with those ofthe Sumerians in Mesopotamia," I observed that the latterdocuments also recorded in the self-same chronologicalposition the dynasty of King Gin or Guni (" Sargon-the-Great "), bearing substantially the same names and titles asin the Indian lists and in exactly the same order; and thatthe names and order from 1/ Sargon's " son Manis onwardswere identical with those of Menes' dynasty of Pharaohs on

1 See later. 2 See pp. 4 f. 3 See p. 4 and App. 1. 0 Kish Chronicle.

MENES AS SON OF SARGON-THE-GREAT 3

their own Egyptian monuments. Menes or Manj in hisEgyptian inscriptions usually bears the title of .. M anj-the-Warrior," and in the Sumerian king-lists and in his owninscriptions in Mesopotamia, the son and successor of.. Sargon-the-Great " is styled" Manis-the-Warrior.' Andthe last king of this dynasty, bearing the same name in bothSurnerian and Egyptian inscriptions, has his name signifi-cantly written on his own Egyptian inscription by theself-same Sumerian pictographic signs as in the Surnerianking-lists and in his own inscriptions as Sumerian emperorin Mesopotamia.

Further comparison disclosed that Menes' father, .. Sargon-the-Great," along with the latter's father and grandfatherwere identical in names and titles with the three PredynasticPharaohs who immediately preceded Menes in Egypt; andwho have left there their records, seals or sealings inSurnerian script. And these identities are confirmed by theirown Sumerian inscriptions in Egypt, and by their officialseals in their Indus Valley colony, in which most of thembore also the title of .. Pharaoh," and mention Egypt byname as being within their empire.

Let us now examine the detailed proofs for these identitiesof Menes or Manj and his .. predynastic " ancestors inEgypt with those of Manis and his immediate imperialSumerian ancestors in their contemporary inscriptions inMesopotamia and the Indus Valley and in the Indian epicrecords of the Early Aryan kings.

MENES OR MANIS-Tusu AS MANASYU THE" PHARAOH

OF GOPTA" (EGYPT) IN THE INDIAN EPICS

The name of this Aryan king under the form of M anasyuis found in the lunar version of the Indo-Aryan King-Lists,and corresponds to the solar form of his name as AsaManjas or Asa Manja in the solar main-line lists in whichhe is No. 38 (see Table, p. ISI)-the solar lists 1 being themost complete and in undisturbed chronological order.And .. Sargon" in this Puru version is called Pra-Vira or.. Foremost hero," in which Vi"ra corresponds to his Sumeriantitle of Pir,2 V being a very late invented letter.s

1 Lists of the purer Sun-worshippers. 2 WMC. 200. 3 See W AOA. 49 f.

4 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

One of the Indian Epic records of this King Manasyu andhis ancestry states according to my revised reading: 1

"PURU had by his wife Paushti three sons PRA-ViRA,Ishwara and Raudr-ashwa, all of whom were mightycharioteers," Amongst them Pra-Vira had by his wifeACCHURA Seni a son named MANASYU of the line of thePRABHU [' Pharaoh '], the royal eye of GOPTA [Kopt orEgypt] and of the four ends of the earth. Manasyu bySu-Vira's daughter begat three sons Shakta, Samhana andVagma, all heroes and mighty charioteer warriors."

Here we have fortunately preserved to us in the Indianepic the concentrated tradition of the Aryan King Manasyuas "Pharaoh of Gopta" or Egypt, all in a nutshell. Hisgenealogy is fully authenticated back to his grandfatherPuru 11, who is Puru-Gin of the Sumerian Isin lists and hisEgyptian and Indus inscriptions, and Uru-ka Gina of hisMesopotamian monuments.

Manasyu's father Pra-Vira, identified as Sargon, here bearsthe title of Vira corresponding to his Pir title in the Old IsinSumerian king-list; whilst the Pra, in series with the longerform Prabhu, now appears to be the equivalent of theEgyptian Parda or " Pharaoh." 3

His mother's name of Acchura Seni also confirms Manasyu'sidentity with Manis-Tusu. Her Indian name substantiallyequates, as we shall see, with the Mesopotamian name forSargon's queen of "Lady Ash-nar," also read Ash-lal ; andland r are freely interchangeable and Egyptian has thesame letter for both. And we shall find that Sargon in hisown Egyptian inscription calls his queen" The Lady Ash."

His designation as "of the line of the Prabhii " clearlydefines him as " of the line of the Pharaohs." Prabhic, theSanskrit word here, means" ruler, master, lord," f and it isin series with his prefixed title of Pra, obviously derivedfrom the Sumerian Par, Bar or Baru, " lord" 5-the form

1 The Sa.nskrit text of this critical record in the Maha-Bharata epic isgiven in App. I.

2 Sargon in his war records states that he rode in "a brazen chariot."3 See WSAD. 34 and cp. BD. 238-the Egyptian name had its first

syllable latterly spelt with the Sumerian house-sign Bar or Pal', so as tomean" The Great House" ; and in Surnerian Bar, Bara»:" great house orpala.ce or temple" (WSAD. 29), and PI. XVIII.

, MWD.684. 5 WSAD. 34.

MAP I.

RELATION OF KOPTOS AND EGYPT TO MESOPOTAMIA, ASIA MINORAND INDIA, SHOWING OLD TRADE ROUTES.

MENES OR MANIS IN INDIAN EPICS 5

Prabha adopted by the Indian scribes was presumably tomake this "Pharaoh" title intelligible to Indian readers.And the fact that he is described as .. of the line of thePrabhn " is obviously to denote that his father (Sargon)before him was also a Pra or Pariia or Pharaoh. And weshall find that Sargon in one of his Indus seals calls him-self" Pharaoh," and in another (No. 8) .. The Son of Egypt(or Khamaesshi) Land," implying his birth in Egypt.'

The title "Royal Eye" for Manasyu is a strikinglyEgyptian metaphor and in series with the name Asar(Greek Osiris) for the traditional deified ancestor of Menes,which name is written in Egyptian and Sumerian by thesame pictograph and phonetic value of an Eye over a Throne.sanother instance of the Sumerian origin of a fundamentalEgyptian word with the same meaning, word-form andhieroglyph writing. And Menes, in one of his inscriptionsin Egypt, actually uses this Eye-Throne Sumerian hiero-glyph for his title, see Fig. 12, p. 58.

The title "Eye of the Four ends of the Earth" forManasyu is, we shall find, the equivalent of Manis-Tusu'sMesopotamian imperial title and of his son Naram Enzu'stitle of " King of the Four Quarters of the World." 3

The place-name Gopta» is of great historical importance.It equates with the Ancient Egyptian Gebt or Gabt namefor Koptos ; 5 and it survives in the modem" Copt " titlefor native Egyptians as opposed to immigrant Arabs; andit is clearly cognate with Kept-os of the Greeks, the nameof the oldest immemorial trade-city in Upper Egypt on theNile, to the east of Abydos (see Map I). It was,presumably, the first capital of Menes in Upper Egypt.This name Gopta or Copt is probably, I suggest, the realsource of the name" Egypt," the" Aiguptos " of the Greeks.

In his name" Manasyu," as it occurs in this Indian text,it is significant that the affixyu means in Sanskrit" uniter " 6so the name would thus be "Manas-the-Uniter"; andMenes is designated by Egyptian tradition as "The Uniter

1 This is significant re his legend of birth on the Nile, see later.2 See pI. XVIII, and WSAD. p. 20. 3 RB. 7. and PHT. iv, 213.4 Now recognized as a territorial designation for the first time, it pre-

viously having been translated as a mere grammatical expression.s BD. 1044. 6 MWD. 8S3.

6 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

of the two crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt." Underhis other Indian name as Asa-Manja, or .. Manja theShooter," is described in the Indian Chronicles, his quarrelwith, and disinheritance by, his father, Sagara (Sargon),which, we shall find later, appears to relate to his declarationof independence in Egypt during the lifetime of his fatherin Mesopotamia; and thus explaining why Sargon's youngerson succeeded his father on the Mesopotamian throne andnot Manis-Tusu, his eldest son, who only succeeded later.

IDENTITY OF MENES WITH THE ARYAN EMPEROR MANASYU

& MANIS-Tusu, SON OF SARGON, CONFIRMED

It was this startling and revolutionary discovery by me,about a quarter of a century ago, that Menes, the founderof the First Dynasty of Egypt, was clearly identical withthe Aryan Emperor Manasyu of Gopta, or Asa-Manja orAsa-Manjas, and with Manis-Tusu, the son of Sargon,disclosed by the Indian Chronicles and King-Lists, thatchiefly forced me to take up seriously the gigantic task ofmastering the Sumerian language and its linear and cunei-form script, in order to revise the spelling of the names atfirst hand, after observing the totally different forms of thenames which different Assyriologists .. restored" from thesame Sumerian writing in the same texts. All the more sowas I prompted to take up this Egyptian side of the research,as the marvellous civilization of Ancient Egypt had capti-vated me ever since I had spent some weeks at the BoulaqMuseum in Cairo in the eighties, and had acquired eventhen an amateurish acquaintance with the Egyptianhieroglyphics.

On gaining a working knowledge of all three scripts,Sanskritic, Sumerian with cuneiform, and Egyptian, thedetailed examinations and comparisons of the critical namesin the several texts with the associated histories of thekings thus made possible, fully confirmed the identities of thelatter as now demonstrated in detail.

THE NAME MENES OR MAN] RE MANIS 7

THE NAME" MENES," MANJ OR AHA-MANJ COMPARED WITH

TIlE SUMERIAN MANIS-Tusu & ITS INDIAN FORMS

One of the earliest critically-important historical resultsof this trilingual comparison of the Sumerian, Indian andEgyptian proper names was that which emerged from mycomparison of the names for Menes (as the Greeks calledhim, and the Manj or Aha-Manj of his own inscriptions)with its Sumerian and Indian forms. This disclosed identityin all three. And as this trilingual identity is of criticalimportance not only for the identity of Menes with Manis-Tusu, but also for the rest of Menes' Dynasty as well, it isdesirable here to examine it in detail.

IDENTITY OF THE NAME .. MENES," MANJ OR AHA-MANJ

IN EGYPTIAN, INDIAN & SUMERIAN

It is necessary to premise in my comparison of theEgyptian language and writing with other cognate Aryanlanguages and writing-for I have demonstrated that theAncient Egyptian language is radically Aryan in its rootsand writing.! although it adopted latterly a Semitic idiomin using these Aryan roots, as the subjects of Menes, likethose of Sargon in Mesopotamia were mostly Semitic-speaking people-that Ancient Egyptian writing, like itsAryan cognates Sanskrit, Pali, Hindi, etc., and Phcenicianalphabetic writing, does not usually express the short vowela in its writing. The hitherto unknown reason for this, asI have demonstrated in my Aryan Origin of the Alphabet,is that the short vowel a is inherent as an affix in eachconsonantal letter.

Thus" Menes," as the Greeks called him, spells his name(as also do later Egyptians) by the .. Egyptian" hieroglyphsreading alphabetically M-N and M-N-]. Egyptologists recog-nized that in order to sound the words written by thisconsonantal way of spelling, it was necessary to introducea vowel after each initial and medial consonant. Butunaware of the reason for this consonantal spelling withits absence of short vowels, they agreed on the expedientof arbitrarily introducing the vowel e after each initial and

1 WSAD. passim.

8 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

medial consonantal sign in rendering the words into" Roman"or European alphabetic writing.

But, as I have shown in my Aryan Origin of the Alphabet,the unexpressed vowel in Ancient Egyptian was not e, butwas the a inherent in each consonant as in the other Aryanlanguages which used this consonantal form of writing.Thus the Egyptian name for" Menes," written M-N andM-N-J does not usually read Men or Menj, as" restored" byEgyptologists, but reads properly M an or M anaj or M anj ;just as in the Indian Sanskrit his name is written M-N-S-Y-Uand A-S-M-N-J, which are universally transcribed intoRoman characters by all Indianists as Manasyu and Asa-Manja.

The fuller Egyptian form of Menes' name as Manj,strikingly confirms the literal identity of the Egyptian withthe Sanskrit Manja (or Asa-Manja), the son of the EmperorSagara, that is Sargon; and it equates also phoneticallywith the Manis name of Sargon's son in Sumerian-theaffix Tusu meaning, as seen below, .. The Warrior." Thisfuller Egyptian form of Menes' name is usually disguised bymany English Egyptologists as M ena. But the alphabeticvalue of the last letter is rightly rendered by the Berlinschool as J,1 which is now seen to be its proper value byour trilingual comparison; and this is confirmed by thepictorial form of this Egyptian hieroglyph which pictures aflowering reed, which I observed was the same sign, form,sound, and meaning as the Sumerian pictograph of theflowering reed word-sign with the phonetic value Gi ll-thusaffording another of the many instances I have demonstratedof the derivation of the Egyptian hieroglyphs from theSumerian pictographs, with the same pictographs, form,phonetic value and meaning.

We thus get the trilingual equation of Menes' name asfollows:

Egyptian.Man or Manj

Sumerian.M anis or M anisi

Sanskrit.M anasyu a.nd M anja,

Similarly is it with the title of Aha or Akha which.. Menes" uses sometimes along with his proper personalname of Manj or abbreviated into Man, and giving him a

1 GH. xi. 2 Br, 2385. This soft Gi being parent of ].

PLATE IT. SUMERIAN. EGYPTIAN.

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MENES IN EGYPTIAN, INDIAN & SUMERIAN 9

form of name with title which is usually spelt by EnglishEgyptologists as Aha Men or Aha Mena ; but which shouldnow be properly spelt Aha (or Akha) Manj, though, as weshall find, Menes himself sometimes spells his name on hisIndo-Sumerian seals as Men, see Plate V, Nos. 2, 3 and IO.

Here again our trilingual comparison confirms the identityof this title Aha or Akha in all three languages, Egyptian,Sumerian and Indian, in meaning and generally in word-form. This title Aha or Akha means in Egyptian "TheWarrior," and is derived, as I have shown, from the Sumerianroot Aha or Akha "Fight, strike down," a Sumerian rootwhich runs in the same word-form and meaning through-out the whole family of Aryan language including theEnglish.' And the Egyptian hieroglyph for this sign, which isa picture of two arms holding a shield and a battle-mace, issignificantly derived as I have shown from the similar Sumeriansign for this pictograph Aha or Akha, again showing thederivation of the Egyptian hieroglyphs from the Sumerianwith the same pictograph signs, word-form and meaning."Thus it is demonstrated that the Sumerian title of Sargon'sson, namely, Manis-Tusu or "Manis-the-Warrior," is theequivalent of the Egyptian Aha-Manj or Akha-Manj, forTusu in Sumerian also means, as I have shown, "War orFight" and is the Sumerian origin of our English word" Tussle." 3

So also, the Indian form of Menes' title as Asa-Manjameans "Manja-the-Shooter" -As meaning in Sanskrit"Shoot at, cast, throw," 4 thus showing that the Indianscribes had translated the Sumerian title Tusu into Sanskritto render it intelligible to Indian readers, just as Meneshimself had translated it by Aha to render it more intelligibleto Egyptians to whom Tusu was presumably unknown."

We thus find that besides Menes' identity of name in allthree languages-Egyptian, Sumerian and Indian-his titlealso of " Warrior or Fighter" also is identical thus:

Egyptian.Manj-the-Warrior =(Aha-Manj)

1 WSAD.9.4 MWD. 1I7.

Sumerian,M anis-the-Warrior(Manis-Tusu)

2 PI. n.

Indian.M anja-the-Shooter.(Asa-Manja).

3 WSAD.9-IO.5 Cp. WSAD. 10.

IO EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

And we shall find that Menes calls himself .. the son ofGina or Sha-Gina" in his Indus Valley and Egyptianrecords, in agreement with the Sumerian king-lists of theofficial Kish Chronicle re Manis. And several of hisdescendants in the First Egyptian Dynasty likewise claimthe same ancestry in their Egyptian inscriptions. Thusno proof of identity could be more complete in regardto .. Menes," the founder of the First Dynasty of Egypt,being the son of .. Sargon-the-Great " or King Gin, to whomas a predynastic Pharaoh of Egypt we now turn.

11

" SARGON-THE-GREAT" & HIS FATHER ANDGRANDFATHER AS PREDYNASTIC PHARAOHS

Disclosing his Annexation or Reconquesi of Egypt, c. 2714 B.C.,His Egyptian Tomb Inscriptions deciphered,His titles" Pharaoh," Kad (" Ka "), Ukus, " Goth" G Aryan

Race,His father 0- grandfather as Predynastic Pharaohs" Ro " G

" Khetm;"With their real Dates about 2765 and 2780 B.C. respectively.

THE father of Menes, now disclosed as the mighty Meso-potamian emperor King Gin, Gani or Guni, the so-called.. Sargon-the-Great" of Semitists, repeatedly calls himselfin his own records and is called in the later BabylonianOmen literatures: "King of the Four Quarters of theWorld"; that is in series with Menes' Indian epic title of.. The Royal Eye of Gopta and of the Four Ends of theEarth." That this was no mere idle boast, but was justifiedto a very considerable extent in fact, is shown in my Makersof Civilization, wherein is collated the evidence for the vastextent of his empire, extending from the Indus Valley onthe east to the British Isles on the west, and embracing a.. world-empire" considerably larger than that of Alexanderor the imperial Romans; and thus. entitling him to bestyled "world-emperor," as he usually is. And it wasthrough this vastness of their monarchic and colonizingsway that he and his immediate descendants were enabledto diffuse so effectually and rapidly their Sumerian civiliza-tion throughout the greater part of the known old worldof their time, from about 2725 B.C. onwards.

The records of " Sargon's " conquests of the West andhis conquest or reconquest of Egypt are contained in the oldofficial copies of his edicts and chronicles in the archives of

II

12 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

the oldest Sun-temple in Mesopotamia at Nippur (see map,p. 4), and repeated in the later Omen-tablets of the Baby-lonians, which latter give the dates of those conquests withreference to the year of his reign, which is now found to havebegun about 2725 B.C.

SARGON'S CONQUESTS IN THE WESTERN OLD WORLD TO

THE TIN-MINES (? OF BRITAIN) BEYOND THE WESTERNSEA OR MEDITERRANEAN

In his inscriptions at Nippur temple If Sargon-the-Great"claims that: If Unto King Gin, king of the Land (or Earth),Lord Sakh gave no foe from the Upper Sea [Mediterranean]unto the Lower Sea [Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean], LordSakh ... subjected the lands to him." And the Omenversion of his Chronicles states: "King Gin who marchedagainst the Land of the West, and conquered the Land ofthe West, his hand subdued the Four Quarters of theWorld." 1

Further details of his conquests in the West are given inothers of his inscriptions, and in his Chronicles in theirBabylonian copy and in the Assyrio-Babylonian extractsin the Omen-literature. Thus the Chronicles state theparticular year in which he achieved these conquests, inalmost literal agreement with the Omen version, and makethe complete conquest to have occurred in the eleventhyear of his reign, while the Omens place it in his third year.This is supposed to imply that his first expedition was inhis third year and the full conquest in his eleventh.

This Chronicle copy reads: 2 "King Gin, king of AguduCity, through the Weapon 3 of Lord Sakhar Tar ~ (or? LadyIsh-Tar) was exalted. And he possessed no foe or rival.His glory over the world he poured out. The Sea in theEast [? West] 5 he crossed. And in the eleventh year theLand of the West (or Sunset) in full his hand subdued.He united them under one rule. He set up his images inthe West. Their booty he brought over as arranged."

1 KC. 2, 27. 2 Text in KC. 2, 3 f. The reading is as revised by me.3 Bal, Br. 278-9.4 Br.50 8 I. On Sakba« Tar v . Ishtar, see WMC. 220.5 The Omen version says" The Sea of the West he crossed," KC. 2, 31.

SARGON AS PREDYNASTIC PHARAOH IN EGYPT 13

Some particulars regarding these conquests are given inone of his edicts on the boundaries of his empire.' Thisrefers amongst other things to his "conquest of the landof the Muru (Amorites)" and mentions his suzeraintyover "the Tin-land country which lies beyond the UpperSea [Mediterranean]." This obviously refers to Sargon'ssovereignty over the tin-mines of Comwall.s and I have ad-duced evidence for the introduction of the Bronze Age intoBritain by Amorites before his epoch or about 2800 B.C. Andit mentions that" theproduceof themines is taken, and the pro-duce of the fields to King Gin has been brought." And Egyptor Mishir or Mizir is mentioned as being within his frontiers.

SARGON AS A PREDYNASTIC PHARAOH WITH INSCRIPTIONS

& TOMB AT ABYDOS

Although " Sargon" is admitted by a leading Assyrio-logist to have held Egypt and to have included Egyptwithin his empire by its name of .. Mizir" 3 and by othersunder its hitherto unidentified Semitic title of " Dilmun," 4none of the text-book writers on Babylonian or EgyptianHistory refer to the subject at all.

But we now find Sargon's own inscription, as the" oldest"of the inscriptions of Predynastic Pharaohs that have beenfound at the royal tombs at Abydos, and attesting that hisown tomb was there along with that of his queen. And itnow appears that Sargon, with his vast world-empire, hadselected for his mausoleum for himself, his queen and hisdynasty that relatively cool semi-temperate part of hisrealm in Egypt on the Mediterranean, presumably becauseit was a more natural resting-place for him and his Caucasianrace than the torrid sun-baked mud plains of Mesopotamia.And we shall find that both Sargon-the-Great and his sonMenes and their dynasty call themselves Gut or " Goth " intheir Indus Valley seals, as well as Bar or Par or " Pharaoh."

This discovery of Sargon as a Predynastic Pharaoh wasmade through the Indian Chronicle account of " Sargon's "son under his title there of M anasyu, identifying him withManis-Tusu and Menes.

1 Text in KTA. 1920. No. 92.3 Sayee in Ancient Egypt, 1924, 2-5.

2 See WPOB. 413 f.4 See refs, later.

14 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

THE .. PREDYNASTIC" PHARAOHS OF EGYPT

The kings or .. Pharaohs" of Egypt before Menes aretermed by Egyptologists" Predynastic." This is becausethe late Egyptian priest Manetho, who compiled in the3rd century B.C. a list of the Pharaohs for Ptolemy 11Philadelphus, for the great library of Alexandria (of whichwork only fragments are now found in the works of laterclassic writers), heads his long list of the Pharaohs with Menes,whom he calls the founder of the First Dynasty in Egypt.And similarly Sety I (whose beautiful alabaster sarcophagusis now a chief treasure in the Soane Museum in London),the father of Rameses-the-Great, also begins his list ofEgyptian kings with Menes, who was the traditional uniterof the crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingshipand nation.

But Manetho prefixes to Menes a list of ten kings, who itwas said reigned before Menes at Thinis near Abydos for aperiod of 350 years before Menes, and who may be nine pre-Sargonic Sumerian suzerains with Sargon as the tenth.And before these again he prefixes a long list of gods anddemigods as kings with fabulous ages, just as did his moreor less contemporary Babylonian priest Berosos in his listalso compiled for the Seleucid Greek king of Babylon, andsomewhat like the Isin priests prefixing fabulous chronologyto the historical kings of Mesopotamia. The early list ofEgyptian kings, also on the Palermo steleof the Fifth Dynasty,enumerates ten kings before Menes, the names of whom aremostly illegible. But no inscribed remains of any of theseten legendary pre-Menes kings are said to have been found.

The only inscribed objects with personal names recoveredat Abydos and other old Egyptian sites which are consideredby Egyptologists to be .. Predynastic," give the names ofeight kings or .. pharaohs" who are believed to be Pre-dynastic from the archaic form of the writing and therelatively early-culture form of the objects inscribed,coupled with the absence of their names in the First Dynastylist. And these eight historical" Predynastic " kings havebeen arranged by Egyptologists in serial order according totheir supposed relative archeological ages.! But as the last

1 PHE. r, 6.

PREDYNASTIC KING" RO" IS SARGON'S FATHER IS

two are written in a later style and classed as belonging tothe period of .. Narmer" who is within the First Dynasty,this leaves only six" Predynastic " kings of whom inscribedremains have been found; and three of these are doubtfullyPredynastic.

Now, the very first of these historical Predynastic Pharaohs,and heading the list, proves by our new Sumerian and Indiankeys to be none other than the father of Menes, "Sargon"himself! And the other two who are placed by Egyptolo-gists immediately after him are disclosed to be his father andgrandfather, who preceded him as predynastic Pharaohs.

SARGON'S FATHER & GRANDFATHER AS THE PREDYNASTICPHARAOHS HITHERTO CALLED " Ro " & " KHETM "

The three earliest of the Predynastic Pharaohs who haveleft inscriptions are those whose names have hitherto beenread Ka-Ap, Ro and Khetm, They are now disclosed to berespectively in reality Sargon himself with his father andgrandfather; but chronologically they are in the reverseorder to what they have been placed by Egyptologists OIlarcheological grounds--another instance of the unreliabilityof archeological dating.

INSCRIPTIONS OF KING "Ro"

The inscriptions of King" Ro " were found in his greattomb at Abydos, roughly scratched on large votive funerealjars of pottery which were placed alongside large alabaster

I, 2, 3. On Pottery. 4. On Sealing.FIG. I.-King" Ro's .. Name from his Tomb at Abydos.

jars,! and another was impressed on a clay sealing by acylinder seal of Mesopotamian style and engraved in finerfashion." They are shown in the above figure.

1 PRT. I. xliv, 2-9. 2 PRT. n. xiii. 96, and PHE. 1,5·

16 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

DECIPHERMENT OF THE REAL NAME OF PREDYNASTIC

PHARAOH If Ro," IDENTIFYING HIM WITH SARGON'SFATHER

For decipherment, I here place the Egyptian writing ofthis king's name alongside the standard Sumerian writingof the Sargonic period in Mesopotamia in the conventionalstyle of pictographs used for lithic engraving there.

It is seen that the Egyptian writing is not in the

~1'4 ~ 1~S~:~P'd V LfVO..d'v"~R d . I :l ?I .... 5ea s : BA,PA,BAA-U. BA _ u- U. (?~ P\lR.U-G1N.

Transl. BAU, BAUU or BAKU or Hawk-king PURU-GIN.

FIG. 2.-Name of Predynastic Pharaoh" Ro," deciphered as BAU,BAUU or BAKU or PURU-GIN.

conventional Egyptian style of hieroglyphs, which wasdeveloped after Menes' epoch, but it is essentially inSumerian linear pictographic script, with the hawk-signdrawn somewhat more naturalistically than in the con-ventional diagrammatic form generally used in Mesopotamia;and that the signs have their Sumerian phonetic syllabicvalues and are not alphabetic, which accounts for the namenot having been hitherto deciphered or read." For ourdecipherment the signs are given in the usual direction forreading, namely from left to right, as in Sumerian, Englishand all Aryan languages.

1 B. 83; Br. 2047-8. 2 B. 365; Br. 8645.3 The crescent sign is also written as a circle. B. 365.4 Br. 8632-4. On Puru value cp. Br. 8632,7501-2,6971.5 B. 92; Br. 2384.6 The .. Ro .. value assigned to it by Egyptologists was obtained from

the later Egyptian value of R borne by the oval sign, as representing" amouth" or .. entrance" Ra (B.D. 416, G.H. 12). This is obviously derivedfrom S. Ri, Rin" a ring, circle, enclosure, periphery, orifice" (Br. 10167 f.),with sign conventionally differentiated from the circle as a square.

KING" KHETM" IS SARGON'S GRANDFATHER 17

His name it will be noticed is spelt in Egypt in threedifferent ways, namely as Ba-u (or Bak-u) , Ba-u-u and Puru-Gin. These forms of his name thus equate with the form ofhis name as the 36th king on the main-line lists in the IndianChronicles and in the old Sumerian prefixed lists in the IsinChronicle and on his Indus Valley seal, as is displayed inthe following equations:

Egypt. Old SumerianLists (Isin 1).Indus Valley

Seal. 2 Indian Lists.

Bau or Bauuor Bakuor Pau-Gin = Bara-Ginor (Pa) Puru-Gin = Buru-Gina

Bu or Buz = Bahu= Biihuka

Par-Gin = Pra-Cin-watBuru or Puru = Puru (11)

It is also seen that whilst the later Indian scribes havepreserved substantially the same spelling of the name as inthe Egyptian inscriptions they have Sanskritized themslightly in order to extract a meaning from them. Thus theyhave made Bauu or Baku into Biihu and Biihuka, both ofwhich latter names mean in Sanskrit "The arm" or"mighty." And Par-Gin and Puru-Gin they haveSanskritized into Pra-cin-wat or " The collector or gatherer,"with the tradition that" he conquered the eastern countriesto the confines of the rising sun." 3 And in one of hisIndus seals he calls himself "Son of Egypt and Magar(Sinai Peninsula)." 4 In his inscriptions in Mesopotamia,where he was a famous builder and law-giver, he callshimself Uru-ka Gina.5

THE PREDYNASTIC KING "KHETM'S" REAL NAME IN

EGYPTIAN & SUMERIAN, IDENTIFYING HIM WITH SAR-GON'S GRANDFATHER

Similarly, the name of the Predynastic Pharaoh 6 hithertoread " Khetm " or " Khatm " is now disclosed to be writtenin Sumerian hieroglyph and with the Sumerian phoneticvalue of that sign. That sign pictures a Sumerian cylinder-seal (Tukh or Dukh) in its realistic form with its attachedloop of string, as contrasted with its diagrammatic form inMesopotamian Sumerian for rapid writing with straight

1 WMC. 140. 2 App. 11. 3 MBt. I, 95. 4 App. 11. 5 WMC. 190 f.6 It is on a clay sealing. Petrie, Naqada and Ballas, lxxx, I, and

PHE. I, 5. See Fig. 3. over page.B

IS EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

lines, on wet clay-tablets, as seen in the annexed figure,where the Sumerian form of this sign is placed beneath theEgyptian for comparison.

It is thus seen that this predynastic Pharaoh's name,hitherto read" Khetm," 2 reads in Sumerian Tukh, Tukhu,Dukh or Tekhi, which equates with the name of the 35th king

Egyptian.

Sumerian Mesop.

Reads: TUKH, DUKHU or TEKHJ.lFIG. 3.-King .. Khetm's" 2 Name deciphered as TUKH. DUKHU or

TEKHI.

on the main-line list of the Indian Chronicles, who is madetherein the father of the king above-named and the grand-father of Sagara or Sargon, and it also equates with thename for this king in the old Sumerian King-Lists. Thus:

Egypt.

Tukhu or Tekhi

Old SumerLists.Tuke 3

Indian Lists.

Vri-Taka or Dhri-Taka.

The Indian prefixes Vri and Dhri were obviously addedfor descriptive purposes by the early Indian scribes whoconverted the Sumerian syllabic pictographic writing intothe Indian alphabetic writing. For Vri in Sanskrit =" tocover, check, conceal," that is the sense of " a seal," whichthis Tekhi literally means in Sumerian. And Dhri has theanalogous meaning of " keep down, restrain, preserve" (whichare also secondary meanings of this Sumerian " seal" word.Indeed Dri-Tikr is a Sanskrit word for" seal" 4- and weshall find that Sanskrit frequently intruded an r Cockney-

1 B. 157. Br. 3921, spelt Di- (or Ti)-ukh (or -ukhu or -akh) giving theform D(i)ukhu or T(i)ukhu or T(i)akh or Dikh, cp. Br. 8289-90. On Tekbi,Br. 3922.

2 "Khetm" or "Khatm" is the later Egyptian descriptive title forthis seal sign, as " the cut or engraved," and is derived from the EgyptianKhat" cut or engrave" (BD. 569); which Egyptian word is seen to beobviously derived from the Sumerian Khat" cut" (Br. 5581), which I haveshown to be the parent of our English word" Cut," and of its equivalentsin the Aryan family of languages, Sanskrit Chid, etc.

3 WMC. 140,587, ~ Apte's English-Sanskrit Diet, 381.

SARGON'S EGYPTIAN INSCRIPTS. ON HIS TOMB 19

wise into the old Aryan or Sumerian roots. This Takhi" seal" word is also obviously the source of the modernIndian Tika for the caste mark on the forehead of Hindus.

And incidentally this Sumerian "seal" word, which hasalso meaning" written tablet," is, as I have shown under itsDikh, Tikh and Dukh values, the parent of our English words"Tick-et, Tok-en, Dock-et, Docu-ment," etc., and thecorresponding words of this form and meaning which runthroughout the Aryan family of languages I-another in-stance of the Sumerian origin of the Aryan languages.

" SARGON'S" INSCRIPTIONS AS PREDYNASTIC PHARAOH GIN

OR SHA-GIN IN EGYPT

(the so-called King "Ka-ap")

That this startling discovery of " Sargon's " inscriptionsin Egypt was not made before, is now seen to be owing,partly to the narrow outlook of Egyptologists, with their

FIG. 4.-" Sargon's" Sumer FIG. 5.-Sumerian Inscrip-ian Inscription as Pharaoh tion of" Sargon's " queen,at Abydos. (On a jar, "The Lady AsH," atafter Sir F. Petrie, PHE. Abydos. (On a jar. afterI, 5.) Sir F. Petrie, PHE. I. 5.)

theory that Civilization and the Egyptian hieroglyphsoriginated in the Nile Valley, and partly to the fact thatthese predynastic inscriptions are written in the EarlySumerian script and language, and not in the later derivedconventional form of the Egyptian hieroglyphs with whichalone Egyptologists are familiar. As a result these Sargonicinscriptions have hitherto remained undeciphered and unread.

1 WSAD. 55 f.

20 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

These highly critical inscriptions of this king, now disclosedto be the great emperor .. Sargon" (see Figs. 4 and 5) asa Predynastic Pharaoh of Egypt, were discovered by Prof.(now Sir) Flinders Petrie in one of the oldest tombs atAbydos in Upper Egypt. In this tomb the queen of thisking was buried, and also it seems himself.

In summarizing the discovery and contents of this tombProf. Petrie says: 1 .. The tomb of this king is a brick-lined pit about twenty feet long and half as wide. It hadbeen entirely plundered anciently; but many cylinder jarsof pottery remained in the sand, bearing inscriptions [Fig. 4-5]which gave the name of • Horns Ka,' with the personalname of 'King Ap.' Besides these there are other similarinscriptions [Fig. 5] of • Ha, wife of the Horns Ka.' In thesame tomb was an impression of a small seal of Ka. Fromthese remains we see that the system of inscribing the royalproperty, of sealing on clay with a cylinder seal and the freeuse of writing, were already in course of development,leading on to the civilization which followed."

.. SARGON'S" SUMERIAN INSCRIPTIONS AT ABYDOS

When I first saw these inscriptions about twenty yearsago, in the light of my Indian keys to Menes' Mesopotamianorigin and with some acquaintance with Egyptian hiero-glyphs and Sumerian writing, I observed that the writinggenerally resembled the Early Sumerian script and differedconsiderably from the conventional Egyptian hieroglyphs andcontained some signs which were absent in the latter.

On scrutinizing the inscriptions in detail some years later,I found that the writing was radically of the old cursiveSumerian type (such as I later found written regularly onthe Indo-Sumerian seals of the Sargonic and later period) ;and that it was obviously intended to be read with theSumerian phonetic values of the signs, that is syllabically.Moreover, it was clear that both inscriptions were to be readin the retrograde direction, as the Sun-Hawk sign in bothfaced to the right, a feature which indicates the directionfor reading to the left through the beak or nose of bird or

1 PHE. I. 4-5.

PLATE Ill.

GENERAL PLAN OF TOMBS OF PREDYNASTIC AND FIRST DYNASTYPHARAOHS AT ABYDOS.

(After Sir F. Petrie, PRT., Il, PI. LVIII.)

Note the tomb of Sargon-the-Great as King" Ka ' to the right of that of Menes'(Aha); and the tombs of Menes' descendants on the South and North become more andmore extensive and developed. See PI. XIII for details of Pharaoh Dudu's or" Den's"tomb; and PI. XVI for details of King Shudur Kib's or Qa's tomb.

SARGON AS AN UKUSI LINE ARYAN 21

animal in archaic Hittite and in Egyptian inscriptions, andalso as we now find on the Indo-Sumerian sealings.

On reading the signs with their Sumerian syllabic values,I found that the King's personal name read GIN-UKUS,or GIN-UKUSSIl (see decipherment table, Fig. 6). Thisstrikingly confirmed his identity with King Gin or " Sargon " ;for the usual title of " Sargon " in the Indian Epics is Kuni(or Shakum) Aikshvaka, i.e. "Kuni descendant of Ikshvaku "-the latter being as we have seen the solar title of the firstAryan king and the equivalent, as we have found, of hisSumerian title in the Kish Chronicle of Ukusi. And" Sargon"as Kuni or Shakuni in the Indian Epics is repeatedly calledby this proud title of "Descendant of Ikshvaku,' and hisdescendants also bear this title.s

THE SHIELD FOR THE SOLAR TITLE OF THE PHARAOHS ON

" SARGON'S" TOMB INSCRIPTION AT ABYDOS AND ITS

SUMERIAN MEANING.

At the outset it is noteworthy that the king's Solar titleis enclosed within a sign consisting of an upright panelledframe with three vertical bars in its top register (comparedwith two in the queen's inscription) and surmounted by theSun-Hawk, while his solar title occupies its lower register.The Solar title of Pharaoh is called by Egyptologists" theHorns name" from" Horns" or Ham, the title of the Sunand of the Sun-Hawk, which is presumably derived from theSumerian Hu or Ha name for the Hawk." And this" Horns"title is given the first place of all the plural titles usedby subsequent Pharaohs, each of whom claimed to be" Son of the Sun." It is significant that already Sargonhad adopted this heraldic shield-like enclosing device forframing his Solar title; and it was evidently the modelcopied by the latter Pharaohs for this purpose, with thealteration that the vertical bars were relegated to the lowerregister, thus giving more prominence to the Solar title.The vertical bars have suggested to some Egyptologists thatthis design, which they call serekh, represented a bannerwith fringes, because in the later forms the bottom bars

1 Br. 11184 gives the complement -si to the Kus value.2 See WMC. 196. 3 Br, 2053.

22 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

have sometimes free ends; but their early position as erectbars above is against this view. Much more probable, itseems to me, is the suggestion that the figure representedthe hieroglyph of a temple; for this seems confirmed bythe fact that the sign resembles the upper portion of theSumerian pictograph of the temple-sign, which has thevalue of Bar or Bara» which designated him as the Pardaor" Pharaoh" in Egyptian inscriptions of the First Dynasty,as we shall see, and also in the Indus seals. And in itsdeveloped forms in the stele of the fourth king of the FirstDynasty it is figured realistically as a temple or palace (seeFig. 6, p 23).

This temple or palace sign, or the upper portion of thatsign, is placed within the square sign, which in Sumerianhas the value of Rin, and meaning primarily" Ring," andsecondarily .. enclosure, dwelling-place"; and it has theSemitic value of Saru,2 which is thus presumably the sourceof the later Egyptian name serekh ; I have accordinglytranslated it as .. of the House of the Pharaoh."

DECIPHERMENT OF SARGON'S INSCRIPTION AT ABYDOS

In the decipherment of this Sumerian inscription of.. Sargon," in order to enable the reader to follow it, I have,in the accompanying Decipherment Table in Fig. 6, arrangedin the first line the signs in their usual orthographic Sumerianorder for reading from left to right; and in the second lineare placed for comparison the corresponding forms of thesesigns in the standard Early Sumerian script of Mesopotamia,in which it will be noticed the signs are given a slightlymore cursive and somewhat abbreviated form for rapidwriting; in the third line are placed the Sumerian phoneticvalues of each sign in roman type, each duly attested fromthe standard Sumerian lexicons; and in the fourth line isthe literal translation all duly attested for each word bythe references in the preceding line. The language isSumerian.

Here it is seen that .. Sargon" uses, or is given, for hispersonal name at Abydos in Egypt precisely the same

1 Br, 6871-%: WSAD. 29. 2 B. 443; M. 7683.

SARGON'S EGYPT INSCRIPTIONS DECIPHERED 23

personal name Gin which he uses with the variant Ganiin his inscriptions in Mesopotamia, and which is used forhim in most of the Babylonian inscriptions. And his titleof "The Ukus or Ukussi," we have seen designates him asa descendant of the first Sumerian king Ukusi of Ukhu (Sun-Hawk City), or the first Aryan king under his solar title ofIkshwaku of the Indian Epics and Vedas, in keeping withthe references to him in the Indian Epics as an Aikshwakaor " descendant of King Ikshwaku," i.e. " Ukusi of Ukhu."

Predynastic f ~0 11l XX~_~M~~~i~. l Lfq~~/~~Reads: SHI\' PA - RlN-BARA kAD GJN U- KUS

Transl.: The Shepherd of the (Sun-)Hawk, of the House of the Pharaoh,KAD (the lofty) GIN, the Ukus (or Ukussi).

FIG. 6.-Sargon's Tomb Inscription as the Solar KAD, GIN, orSHA-GIN, the UKUSSI at Abydos deciphered.

The Sha 8 prefix to his solar title is in series with hisname and title spelt Sha-Gin in the Old Sumerian King-Lists above noted and in series with his fuller Indianform of name as Sha-Kuni. The sign for his solar title" KAD" is the pictogram of an uplifted hand with thefingers erect. In its conventionalized Egyptian hieroglyphform this sign is pictured by two uplifted hands conjoinedand is given the phonetic value of Ka, whence Egypto-

1 Sha, " The shepherd." B. 93 ; Br. 2552 and see note 8.2 B. 83; Br, 2045, 2047, and see Bak, Pak, in WSAD. 25. Rin 443,

Br. 10167.3 B. 301; Br. 6872.• B. 311; Kad or Shu, Br. 7063-5.5 B. 283; Br. 6506.6 B. 273; Br, 6020.7 B. 508; Br, I1184, Kus, with complement -si,8 This Sba sign means" protect," " protector," also" shepherd," and

" shining," Br, 2560, 2572, 2577. It is clearly not the reed sign Gi, withthe meaning of " king," from which it differs by its curve below.

24 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

logists have called the solar title of this king" King Ka,"This Ka value in Egypt is obviously derived from theSumerian value of this sign as Kad or Kat,! wherein thefinal d, as is often the case, has dropped out; and affordsanother illustration of the derivation of the Egyptianhieroglyphs from the Sumerian in pictographic form andphonetic sound. This title Kad is used by Sargon also inhis beautiful Bull signet (PI. IV, No. r) from the IndusValley. And Kad as we have seen was a not infrequenttitle used by the Phoenicians, and we have seen that Sargonwas an Aryan Phcenician.

The simplicity in the titles of the great world-monarch"Sargon,' without any reference to his empire on this funeraryvotive vase is noteworthy. Possibly his temporal titles wererecorded on his main epitaph (as in those of his descendantPharaohs as we shall see) which has been lost. Hereit should be noted that, this inscription was presumablywritten by his son Menes, who we shall find revolted againsthis father and was in revolt against him at the time of thelatter's death, and thus lost the immediate succession inMesopotamia. In such circumstances, if Sargon's bodywere really buried in this tomb, which was the tomb of hisqueen (the mother of Menes), who obviously died before him,his body must have been embalmed for its transport fromMesopotamia to Abydos to repose beside that of his queen.On the other hand, no embalming or mummification is foundin Egypt before the Second Dynasty, nor customary till theThird Dynasty, nor has any been found in Mesopotamia orelsewhere in the civilized old world outside Egypt.

We now turn to the inscription of the Queen of If Sargon "found in the same tomb.

SARGON'S QUEEN'S TOMB INSCRIPTION AT ABYDOS

DECIPHERED

The inscription on Sargon's Queen's tomb vase (Fig. 5)is likewise written in the reversed direction or towards theleft, and in the Sumerian language. When arranged for

1 Br, 7063.

SARGON'S QUEEN'S EGYPT INSCRIPTION 25

decipherment in the usual Sumerian order of reading fromleft to right it reads as follows :-

Predynastic.

Mesopot.Sumerian,

Reads:

-90 _II 'i-X~ - \;;JI'vV\dD~~fud~D*,

, ~ 3 4 5PA - RIN- BARA KAD IVIA-A5H N1N-1

Transl.: (Of) The (Sun-)Hawk House of the Pharaoh KAD, my Lady ASH.

FIG. 7.-Sargon's Queen, the Lady Ash (Ash-Nini). Tomb inscriptionat Abydos deciphered.

The name of Sargon's Queen here as 11 The Lady Ash" isof immense critical importance. In later Babylonian recordsthe name of Sargon's Queen is given as Ash-nar(-tum) orAsh-lal(-tum)-tum meaning 11 the exalted," and 1 and rare freely interchanged dialectically. And in the IndianEpics her name as the mother of Manasyu, i.e., Menes, is givenas Acchura(-Seni) (see p. 4). Thus both Babylonian andIndian substantially agree with the Abydos inscription, andconfirm her identity as the Queen of 11 Sargon" or King Gin.

The third sign, that immediately following the 11 Horus "Kad title, is the ship-sign as the pictograph of a Nile boat,as distinguished from the high-prowed ship-sign in Meso-potamian Sumerian. I t has the phonetic value of ma, withthe literal meaning of 11 my" or 11 me," and is, as I haveshown, obviously the Sumerian origin of these Englishwords. This gives the reading, 11 Of the (Sun-)Hawk Houseof the Pharaoh Kad, my Lady Ash," and shows that Sargon'sQueen died within his lifetime and was here buried by him.

KING GIN'S OR 11 SARGON'S" SEALING AT ABYDOS AND ITS

DECIPHERMENT

I find another of King Gin's or 11 Sargon's " inscriptionsamongst the sealings unearthed at the Abydos tombs by

1 As in previous Fig.3 B. 1; Br, 2; WSAD. 19.

2 B. 137 ; Br. 3682.4 B. 532; Br, II949. 5 B. 533.

26 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

Sir F. Petrie, included by the latter in " Sealings of KingKa and Nanner," 1 and here reproduced in Fig. 8.

FIG. 8.-Sealing of King GIN or .. Sargon .. at Abydos.(Photo after Petrie.]

It will be noticed that this royal sealing (for a jar orother article of the royal property) consists of a tenfoldrepetition of two alternating signs, namely a circle withmatted line interior and a branched twig or reed; and fromexigencies of space for the circles two of the reeds belongingto the lower row of circles are squeezed into the top row ofsigns. Now, these signs are the well-known Sumerian

tiEfb~Predynastic ~ yMesopot. 0 ~ f

Sumerian. .:t:t=t=t~Reads:

FIG. 9.-King Gin's or .. Sargon's" Sealing from Abydos deciphered.Here it is seen that King Gin calls himself Sharu-Gin, suggestingthat this seal was for use in Mesopotamia.

syllabic signs for Shar, U and Gin as seen in the abovedecipherment table, which also shows that the sealing readsin the retrograde direction, from right to left.

Thus these three inscriptions from the tomb of the Pre-dynastic Pharaoh, Gin, Sha-Gin or Sharu-Gin at Abydos,the tomb of himself and his Queen, with his solar title ofKad - and we have seen that "Sargon" was a famous

I PRT. 11., pI. XII, 95.3 B. 273; Br. 6020.

2 B. 353; Br. 8208.4 B. 92, as before.

SARGON'S RECONQUEST OF EGYPT 27

Sun-worshipper-now identify him clearly with the mightyworld-monarch If Sargon" or King Gin of Mesopotamia,whose empire included Egypt, and with the father of KingManasyu or Asa-Manja If the Prabhu of Gopta " and son ofSha-Kuni and Queen Acchura(-Seni) of the Indian Epics,who was, we have found, identical with Manis-Tusu orIf Manis-the-Warrior " of Mesopotamia, and with Manj orAha-Manj or If Manj - the - Warrior" of the Indian epics,or the Egyptian Manj or If Menes."

SARGON'S ANNEXATION OR RECONQUEST OF EGYPT,

& ROUTE & DATE

Some light also is thrown on the date and route of Sargon'sannexation of Egypt by the references in his chronicles andin the extracts preserved in the Babylonian and AssyrianOmen-literature, and in his traditional autobiography.While the former gives the specific year of his reign for hisfirst expedition of conquest to the Mediterranean as his thirdyear of reign and his culminating conquest of If all the landsof that Western Sea of the Setting Sun" in his eleventhyear, his autobiography says: If To the Western Sea-coastthrice did I advance," and it adds, If Iatu (or Itu)-Land-Mouth submitted," wherein the word now read as Iatu(or Itu) has hitherto been read by its Semitic synonym ofIf Dilmun." 1 And that Sargon regarded this Iatu-Land-Mouth (also defined as Pu-Land," a Semitic title for LowerEgypt," presumably from Pu, the old name for the earlysacred city of Buto in the Delta i and the centre of theaboriginal predynastic Serpent cult) as one of his greatestconquests in the West, seems evidenced by its being giventhe first place of the only two places, both in the West,actually named as conquered by him in his autobiography.

Now it is significant that the old and usual Egyptian

1 This territorial name has hitherto been conjecturally read Ni-tuk(-ki),with the Semitic synonym Dilmun (Br. 5372). But the standard Sumerianbilingual glossaries give for the first sign the chief value of I or la (Br.53°5; M. 3664-5). and Tau is the name of this sign. And the definition ofthis land name is prefixed by .. Pu-Land," and it bears the suffix ka or.. Mouth" (Br, 5372). It thus obviously designated latu Land as .. TheLand of the Mouth of the latu River or Nile."

2 Br. 5372; M. 7799. 3 MD. 789. • BD. 98r a.

28 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION OF SUMER ORIGIN

hieroglyphic name for the River Nile is Iaue,1 a namealso applied to the Land of Egypt.s

This 11 Iaiu Land-Mouth," therefore, one of