T8 B16 Misc Work Papers Fdr- 3-18-03 Norad and 9-11 Radar Files by Miles Kara (Clipped w Reference Material)

8/14/2019 T8 B16 Misc Work Papers Fdr- 3-18-03 Norad and 9-11 Radar Files by Miles Kara (Clipped w Reference Material)

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Commission Sensitive

March 18, 2003

NORAD and 9/11 Radar FilesAn Unclassified InformationPaper

ByMiles Kara, P rofessionalStaff

Overview

Typically, all radar-related investigations involvethe 84 th Rad ar EvaluationSquadron (ACC), (84th RA DES) Departmentof the Air Force, Hill Air Force B ase, U tah.That Squadron uses windows-based software to display radar filesfrom the JointSurveillance System,a series of interlocking radar sites that allow NO RA Dto perform itsCONUS A ir Defense mission.

I became intimately familiar withand extensively used that software, versionRS2, in a detailed, months-long investigation of the Cuban shootdown of two unarmedcivilian aircraft overthe Straits of Florida in 1996. Accordingto a November 1999 84 thRA DES memo to the National Transportation Safety Board, "A nalysis of Long RangeRadar Data: Egyp t Air 990 Mishap, 31 Oct 99," the current version of the software isRS3 and it can be provided to interested users together witha tutorial. Accordingto thatmemo, 84th RADES can also provide responsive radarfiles in an RS3 configurationtoaid investigators.

Points of Contact

Substantive points-of-contact have not changed over the years and they areinternationally know n for their expertise. They are: Dallas Stone and Lann yClelland,who may be reached at DSN 777-2035, Commercial (801) 777-2035, e-mail:

[email protected] [email protected]. Stone will likely rememberme from my w ork on the Cuban shootdown; M r. Clelland may aswell.

Work Concerning 9/11.

A ccording to web-available National ReconnaissanceOffice (NRO) informationthe NO RA D analyst most familiar with eventsof 9/11 is Cherie Gott. She presented a"9-11 Analysis"at a June 2002 STK (Satellite Tool Kit)Users' Conference. Thecurriculum for that conference described her presentation asfollows:

Followingthe eventsof September 11,a scenario was created to servedual purposes: providea graphical, time-centric dep ictionof the events to thehighest levelswithin NORADand U SSpace Comm and Headquarters,and create

an interactive toolfo r forensic examinationof the events. This analysis usedthehijacked airliner and NOR A D interceptor radar datafrom 84th RADarEvaluationSquadron (RADES)to accurately re-createthe scenario us ing real-worldFA Aradar data. In addition,the FA A radar coveragewas modeled,to include terrainconsiderations,to examinethe loss of rada r data observedfor both thePennsylvania-and Pentagon-bound airliners.The entire scenario, includinghigh-resolutionimagery,was then used to providea useful visualizationof theevents fo r further analysis.


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Commission Sensitive

According to information at the w eb site www.stk.com Gott's analysis was basedon "primary radar and secondary radar (transponder) information available only fromofficial sources." She fused all data to develop a scenario that "enabled analysis ofvisibility andcommunications between the hijacked aircraft; examination of NORAD'sinterceptcapabilities; and the evaluation of airspace control and surveillance sensorcontributions." Among other analyses she created time-to-target displays that showed

"when NORAD's intercept aircraft took off and their distances to the hijacked airlines."Course of Action

Commission analysis should start with Gott's work. I can set that up once wehave formally engaged with the Department of Defense.


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Overview of STK Users' Conference Application TrackCT/ Application Track is the primary conference session, geared toward every level of attendee. It will consist of STK users and ACI rep-O I IX resentatives presenting how STK's commercial off-the-shelf technology capabilities support specific defense applications; customsystems integration; real-time operations; and mission design and analysis within their organization. In addition, AGI will be demonstratingnew features in STK 4.3 and discussing AGI's upcoming new technology products. Attendees can also participate in an interactive panel dis-cussion of desired future enhancements to the STK software suite and ACI's technical services.

S T K fo r Defense ApplicationsMonday, June 3, 8:30 AMVisualization of a BMD Scenario IncludingGround-Based Radar and Infrared Satellite SystemCarol Cheung, MIT Lincoln LabsA threat scenario is complex with many interacting elements from bothoffensiveand defensive sides. Simulated visualization of the engagementoffers perspective for further understanding the interaction, can aid inpresentations to sponsors and colleagues, and with additional analysisfunctionality, provides threat and sensor modeling. This session examinesa ballistic missile system with multiple stages, chaff, decoys, and a reentryvehicle (RV).Customized ballistic trajectories for the RV and decoys werepostulated. Defense sensors included a ground-based X-band radar and asatellite system with line of sight sensing in the LWIRband.

Monday, June 3, 9:00 AMTest & Evaluation Mission Planning andPost Flight Analysis for Missile DefenseJoe Murphy, AG IThis presentation will show the benefits of use of STK n the mission plan-ning, and post-flight analysis of missile defense flight tests. Mission plan-ners can use STK o quickly determine threat trajectories that will meetdesired relative geometry criteria with respect to fixed sensor assets an dmobile test instruments such as radar ships, and sensor aircraft.Analystscan sample macro geometry regarding viewing angles, and micro geom-etry regarding how exactly to deploy the threat deployment articles so asto meet viewing objectives. The presentation will touch on geometryanalysis, geographical coverage analysis, dynamic communication linkanalysis, proximity and coincident angles to USSPACECOMcatalog spaceobjects, and radar analysis for characterization of expected viewing con-ditions for threat objects.

Monday, June 3, 9:30 AMFloating Antenna Connectivity Simulation (FACS)Julie LaComb, Naval Undersea Warfare CenterOne of the greatest mission needs of the submarine fleet is communica-tions at speed and depth. The Floating Antenna Connectivity Simulation(FACS)was a project to simulate a submarine communications prototype,the Low ProfileAntenna, a one element, slotted cylinder antenna at UHF.The overall program was to model the hydrodynamics of a body on theocean surface, determine the washover effect on the antenna and deter-mine satellite communication performance. STK was the major integrat-ing factor in the entire demonstration. The project highlighted how soft-ware modeling could be used instead of expensive build/test process. Theproject was going to demonstrate the dynamic environment a floatingantenna performs in and why communications may drop out.

Monday, June 3, 10:00 AMSpace Support for Deployed Military OperationsTim Slauenwhite, USAF / Canadian Dept. of National DefenceThe Canadian Forces are creating a Joint Space Support Team OSST) toprovide operations support, space planning and liaison between spaceorganizations and the deployed operational commanders. The Joint SpaceSupport Project (JSSP) wa s created to define and acquire the equipmentfor this team as well as develop operational procedures. STK s the mainoperational software for one of theareas of the J S S P,Space Situations!Awareness ( S S A )as well as the NAVWARsupport areas and the primaryJ S S Tplanning support tool. This presentation will focus on how STK, viaa customized Graphic User Interface (GUI) and STK Connect, is used as anoperational platform for SS Aand NAVWARsupport as well as on its plan-ning support capabilities.

Monday, June 3, 10:30 AMImpact of Terrain on OOP Calculations in the BattlespaceFrank Snyder, AGIThe increasing reliance on GPS-based navigation by defense forces hasresulted in a greater need to understand the limitations of this system andhow to predict when those limitations will result in a less-than-ideal navi-gation solution. Factors such as Time, Signal Interference, SystemMaintenance and Terrain Obscuration must all be evaluated when deter-mining the quality of the navigation solution. This presentation will focuson showing how STK/Coveragecan assist the user in determining theDilution of Precision (DOP) for a ground- or air-based vehicle or groundregion based on the geometry to each satellite in the GPS constellation,while taking into account the terrain masking effects of the surroundinglandscape. The times of degraded GP S navigation accuracy will play animportant part in determining the timing of planned operations in thebattlespace. Simulated failure of various GPS satellites will also be demon-strated to show how signal interference and/or system maintenance canaffect the overall navigation solution.

Monday, June 3, 11:00 AMSpace-based RadarTom Neely, AGIA concept for a space-based ground moving target (GMTI) radar systemincluding satellite constellation and radar sensor characteristics is mod-eled using STK. The STK/MatlabInterface is used in conjunction with theSTK computational engine to conduct a Monte Carlo analysis of the oper-ational effectiveness of a particular design. The design uses a simple radarmodel with a single waveform that is analyzed to determine measures ofperformance for the following elements: constellation design, signal pro-cessing capabilities and system power of the concept system.

Monday, June 3, 11:30 AM9-11 AnalysisCherie Gott, US Space CommandThis presentation demonstrates how STK can be applied to analysis andvisualization of aircraft events. Following the events of September 11, ascenario was created to serve dual purposes: provide a graphical, time-centric depiction of the events to the highest levels within NORAD and USSpace Command Headquarters, and create an interactive tool for forensicexamination of the events. This analysis used the hijacked airliner andNORAD interceptor radar data from 84th RADar Evaluation Squadron(RADES) to accurately re-create the scenario using real-world FAA radardata. In addition, the FAA radar coverage was modeled, to include terrainconsiderations, to examine the loss of radar data observed for both thePennsylvania- and the Pentagon-bound airliners. The entire scenario,including high-resolution imagery, was then used to provide a useful visu-alization of the events for further analysis.

Integrating & Customizing S T K

Monday, June 3, 1:30 PMDistribution of STK/VO AnimationUsing Low-Bandwidth CommunicationLouis Khazoyan, Boeing Space and CommunicationsSpace operations often involve multiple, geographically separate, supportfacilities. Coordination between these sites is enhanced when all sitesshare an accurate situational awareness. The Inertial Upper Stage programdeveloped an STK/VO animation, driven by real-time telemetry, to


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9/11 AnalysisN O R A DU S E D S T K T O S T U D Y T E R R O R I S T A T T A C K S

In the days following the Sept. 11 HHHterrorist attacks, the world watched BÎEl ^las reporters and analysts replayed Î^H

existing film footage of the tragicdisas- HSJHHters, studying the pictorial record for IHjj^Hevidence of what had taken place. H^^l ^^l

In Colorado Springs, CO, the ^HHHNorth American Aerospace Defense ^^^^jCommand (NORAD) ,which protects ^^^^ Î HIU . S . and Canad ian airspace, also pieced ^^together informationat its disposal, looking fo r forensic evi-dence. AmongNORAD'sanaly tical toolswas Satellite Tool Kit.

Cherie Gott, an analyst for N O R A D and the U.S. Space

Command ,is a 10-year ST K veteran. Her job was to providegraphical depictionsof the events as they happened and to cre-ate a tool that analysts could use if similar attacks everoccurred again. Her finished w ork, whichwas in the form ofSTK 2-D and 3-D dynamic animations, then wentto thehighest-rankingofficials within N OR AD and the U.S. SpaceCommandfo r internal analysis.

Gott's STKanim ations resembledthe computer-generat-ed depictions the world saw on TV Butsince her analyses werelOunded on primary radaran d secondary radar (transponder)informationavailable onlyfrom official sources, the use of STKprovided N O R A D an d U.S. Space Command insight farbeyond what film footage ever could. Working with AGI,

Gott fused diverse data sources to develop a true- to-life sce-nario that enabled analysisof visibility an d communicationsbetween th e hijacked aircraft; examination of NORAD'sintercept capabilities; and the evaluation of airspace controlan d surv eillance sensor con tribution s. She also inco rporateddigital elevation terrain datato help discern if land form ations

I^^^ ^^^ ^^B By puttingoriginal source data into S T K ,NORAD^^^^^^^^H examined the events of 9/11.

had contributed to the widely reportedloss of transponder sig-nal for the airplanes that crashed in Somerset County,PA, andinto the Pentagon.

Among her analyses, G ott created time-to-targetdisplaysthat showed whenNORAD'sinterceptaircraft took off and theirdistances to the hijacked airliners.Sh e also perform eda line-of-sight analysis between the two airplanes in the WorldTrade Center atta ck. Whileshe did much of the work herself,AG I helped out by writing a Perl script that sorted an dprocessed the FAA data, generatedthe objects' flight paths,an dbrough t them into STK.AGI also cre ateda "button tool" thatallowed N O R A D users to easily m ove to strategic points intime.The finished videoclips required no special hardware torun or skills to executeviewers m erelyhad to click a but-ton and a media player showed the images.

"I can't stress enough the importance graphics playin

analysis," says Gott. "C hartsdon't always explain a situationfully, but seeing all the informationpu t together in a 2-D or3-D depiction is extremely helpful."

And now as Am erica moves forward,N O R A D and AGIcontinue to use their skills and technologies tofight the bat-tle against terrorism .

Navy Tests SubmarineCommunication with STK

D espite its name , Satellite Tool Kit is at work under th es e a . Julie LaComb, anelectrical engineerin the an tennabranch at the NavalUndersea Warfare Center (NUWQ, usedth e software suite to test an antenna prototype that wouldallow submarines to communica teto airplanes, ships, an dsatellites while m oving under waterat significant speeds.

Currently, submarinesm ust nearth e surface to raise theirmast-mountedantennas, which broachth e wate r m uch likeperiscopes. "As they do, theycreate . an easily identif iedfradar signal," says LaCom b. "For i a submar ine ,whichis supposed to be stealthy and ' ' invisible, that'sa problem." Although subs ca n : c o m m u n i c a t e

those antennas do not allow fo r satellite communica t ions .N U W C ha s been workingon several concepts that would

let the fleet communica te at higher frequencies while sub-merged.O ne model is a . simple low-prolilea n t e n n a that floatson a buoy and is towed by the submarine as itmoves underwater. It was developed as part of the government - fundedFloating Antenna Connectivi ty Simulat ion(FACS) i n i t i a t i v e ,which had several goals including s imula t ing th e ellect sea-water would have on satellite communication as i t washedover the buoyantantenna .

The FACS project also set out to determine it softwaremodeling could replace th e current expensive build/testprocess and to provide an operat ional usage tool to r sailors.STK was the project's m a i n analytical soltware. STK's chief


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DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE84TH RADAR EVALUATION SQUADRON (ACC)

HILLAIR FORCE BASE,UTAH

1 Nov 99

MEMORANDUMFOR NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD

FROM: 84RADES/TO7976 Aspen AveHill AFB UT 84056-5846

SUBJECT: Analysis of Long Range Radar Data: Egypt Air 990 aircraft mishap 31 Oct 99

1. Introduction. At the request of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), the 84thRadar Evaluation Squadron (84 RADES) is releasing radar datafrom various long-rangesurveillance radars providing coverage for Egypt Airaircraft crash on 31 Oct 99. Com prehensivesearch and beacon radar coverage of the mishap was provided by the air route surveillance radar-4 (ARSR-4) at Gibbsborro, NJ, Riverhead, NY, Oceana, VA and North Truro, MA. This datawas recorded at the Northeast Air Defense Sector Air Operations Center, Rom e industrial Park,NY.

The enclosed CD contains all radar data and products produced by the84 th RADES in support ofthis incident. Software to view the recorded data is included along with quick instructions toview the data (attach 1).

2. Radar Accuracy Constraints. The primary range accuracy limitation for both search andbeacon is 1/8 nmi, which is the value of the least significant bit in the radar target reports to endusers. Az im uth accuracy, primarily afunction of radar beamwidth, is approximately 0.2degreefor both search and beacon. Mode C height accuracy is primarily limited to 100 feet, which isthe value o f the leastsignificant bit in the Mode C altitude report. Mode C altitudes may varyfrom 'true height' depending on atmospheric conditions.The aircraft's true altitudecan beobtained by algebraically adding its corresponding D -value (included in attachm ent1) to theMode C report. In contrast, the AR SR-4 search height accuracy is primarily afunction of radardesign and the physical world (e.g., propagation conditions and target size). The average searchheight accuracy, based on specifications, is3000 ft root mean square (RMS) of the true altitude,but any single radar return height value could far exceed 3000 feet. Therefore, the ARSR-4height values should be treated as approximate values. A good indication of the relative heighterror can be obtained by comparing theassociated Mode C height (including D values) with theARSR-4 height measurement. The height measurem ent values of102,000 feet indicate theARSR-4 could not determine the height of the target and are used to represent an invalid heightvalue. In addition to these range, azimuth, and height accuracy factors, the ARSR-4 requiresapproximately 12 seconds to complete each 360-degree azim uth scan.These scan rates preclude


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contiguousaircraftpositional information (i.e., prevents a high degree of track resolution).Becauseof these intrinsic radar limitations,all radar plots illustratedin this analysison a scan-to-scan basis should be considered close approximations.

3. Description of products in attachments and Emailed/FTP files.

a. Attachment1) - D-Values (pressure-based Mode-C height correction factors)

b. Attachment2) - Summaryof events reportedby MSgt Rauchof the NEADS/84RADESOLAB as he accom plished the initial analysis of radar data.

c. Attachment3) List of all radars recordedin the provided ra dar datafiles

d. Attachment4) - Quick Instructionsfor use of RS3 Softw are (Note: W e've also includedin the FTP directory a more in-depth RS-3 tutorial an d samplefiles)

e. Products Provided

Egypt Air 990

- Coverletter- Coverletter EgyptAir 990 - (explanationof products)

-Da ta- Filtered Flight 990flight profile (RS3 configurationfile)- Filtered Flight99 0 flight profilecloseup (RS3 configurationfile)- Complete data set (RS3 configu rationfile)- Radar D ata Interface(RDI) files to feed the configu ration files- Filtered Flight 990flight profile (MS Excelfile)- Complete dataset (MSExcel file)

-Final products- Elevation Plot- Filtered Flight990 Profile o verlaidon Maplnfo data


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4. If you have any questions or need more information,please contact Mr Lanny Clelland atDSN 777-2035, Commercial (801)777-2035, or email: lanny.clelland@h ill.af.mil.

MARY M. GILLAM, LtCol, USAFCommander

Attachments1. D-Values2. Initial Event Summ ary(from 84RADES/OLAB,Rome NY)3. List of Radars4. RS3 Quick Instructions


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Attachment 1

31 OCT 99 / 1200Z(TRUE ALTITUDE = MODE C ALTITUDE + D VALUE)

AIRCRAFT MODE C

REPORTED ALTITUDE D-VALUEFEET MSL FEET

1000. 383.2000. 395.3000. 405.4000. 419.5000. 437.6000. 463.7000. 492.8000. 520.9000. 547.

10000. 573.11000. 600.12000. 629.13000. 656.14000. 682.15000. 706.16000. 733.17000. 764.18000. 796.19000. 829.20000. 857.21000. 883.22000. 905.23000. 923.24000. 941.25000. 960.26000. 983.27000. 1007.

28000. 1030.29000. 1051.30000. 1069.31000. 1083.32000. 1094.33000. 1102.34000. 1106.35000. 1114.36000. 1121.37000. 1125.38000. 1129.39000. 1135.40000. 1151.


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Attachment 2

84th Radar Evaluation SquadronOperating Location AB

Rome, NY

Event Summary31Oc t99

1. At 1110 Z on 31 Oct 99,TSgt SustarsicNEADS/DOCBrecalled OLAB personnelat the requestofNew York Center to locate the position of Eg ypt Air flight 990 which the y had lost contact with. Thelast position for theaircraft was forwarded to Maj (CF) LaBelleNEADS/MCCat 1140 Z. An eventanalysis was produced an d given to the operations crew.

2. Informationused in this report was collected by the 84 RADES/OLAB Radar Data Interface Recorderand presented using RADES system 3. All information is based on da ta recordedfrom J-52 and J-53

ARSR-4 radar located in Riverhead, NY and North Truro, MA.

Released by: RAND ALL M. RAUCH , MSgt, USAFNCOIC Air Defense Systems Analysis


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Attachment 3

ID NAME EQUIPMENT

R51 BAR Harrington, Canada FPS117J54 BUG Bucks Harbor, ME ARSR4J63 CAR Caribou, ME ARSR4J56 DAN Dansville (Buffalo), NY ARSRlEJ62 DTW Detroit, MI ARSRlEJ58 EMP Empire, MI ARSR4J51 GIB Gibbsboro ARSR4J60 NSH Nashuak, MN ARSR4J53 NO R North Truro, MA - ARSR4J01 OCA Oceana, VA ARSR4J55 REM Remsen (Utica), NY ARSR4J02 QFF Ft Fisher, NC ARSR4J50 PLA The Plains, VA ARSR3J52 RIV Riverhead, NY ARSR4


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Attachment 4

This file contains RADES System3 (RS3) quick start inform ation.

General InformationThe RS3 Help function should be referenced for "How To " instructions.

The tracks of interest were determined by the 84th R ADES.

RS3 Radar Data Analysis T oolbarMany of the tools used in radar data ana lysis have shortcuts on the toolbar ofRS3. The buttons allow the user tocall-up certain functions in one simple step, w ithout having to scroll through severaldifferent menus. Figure 1displays the RS3 toolbar and some of its availablefunctions.

Users may select the appropriate buttonson the menu bar to start processing (play),reset (rewind), or stop (pause)the playback of radar messages in RS3. Users can operate use any RS3function such as turning on the chainingfunction (chaining connectseach radar message for the same track of interest based on the message timestamp) byclicking on the appropriate menu ba r button.

S t o p P l a y b a c k D e c r e a s eP la y b a c k S p e e dZ o o mIn Z o o m R e c t Q u e r y A r e a

R e s e tP l a y b a c k

I n c r e a s eP l a y b a c kZ o o m Z o om Z o o mS p e e d I H o m eOut %

TurnR u n s p e e dO n / O f f

ChainingO n / O f f

Figure 1. RS3 Radar Data Analysis Toolbar

Quick Instructions for using RS3 and the RS3 Project Files

1) Follow the directions in the RS3 Ins tallationInstructions.txtfile to install RS3 on your system.

2) Copy all files to your hard drive, keepingthe same file/directory structure.

3) If you copied the filesfrom a CD-R OM , you w ill need to take the "Read Only" a ttribute off of each file in theData folder.

a) To do this, right-click on each file and select Propertiesfrom the pop-up submenu.

b) Uncheck the "Read Only" check b ox in the attributes section.

c) Click OK.

Do this procedure for each file in the Data folder youcopied from the CD-ROM.

4) Go to Start->Settings->Control Panel->Display


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On the Settings tab, set the resolution (Desktop Area) on yoursystem to 800X600. Use your mouseto move the slide arrow(in middle right side of the screen) to change the resolution.Click OK.

** * This is very important sincethe RS3projects were savedinin this resolutionan d will not bedisplayed properly unlessthe

resolutionis changed to 800X600

5) Start RS3 byeither double-clickingon the RS3shortcuton your desktop(if one exists)or going to Start>Programs-->RADES-->RS3

6) Go the File menu and select Open Project.

Browsethe files in the Data folderuntilyou find the project file(".RS3" file) you want to open.Select the project file; click O pen.

7) To run theplayback, clickthe Play (start processing) buttonin upper left-hand corner (nextto a small text drop-down menu withthe word "End"in it).

8) To zoom, click the zoom menu button (redcross with dashed box border) on the top right corner of the lowertaskbar. This allows you to zoom in an area of interest.

Begin at the upperleft hand corner of desired zoom area.Pressan d hold the left mouse bu tton; dragthe mouse to lower righthand corner of the desired zoom areaan d release the mousebutton. RS3 will zoomin on that area.

You can always revert to the original configurationby selectingthe "home" m enu button (looks like a home).

An Introduction to RS3Please read our "Introduction to RS3" docum ent included on this CD-ROM . This document is in Microsoft Wo rd

format. This guide will help you get started using RS3 and includes several practice exercises to help familiarize youwith RS3.

Contact InformationIf you have an y questions please contactM r. Lann y Clellandat (801) 777-2035 or Mr. Dallas Stoneat (801) 777-3194.


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SR-4Air Route Surveillance Radar- United States Nuclear Forces http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/airdef/arsr-4.h

FAS INuke I Guide I USA I AirDefense I l l lIndex I Search I Join FAS

_JT Weapons of

M a ssD e s t r u c t i o nth- World'

S

A R S R - 4 A ir Route Surveillance Radar

The Joint Surveillance Systemis anetworkof long rangesurveillance radars, primarily operatedandmaintainedby theF ederal Av iation Ad ministration (F AA ),but providing comm unicationan dradar datatoboth FA A andUSA F control centers.The newest long-range search radarin theJoint Surveillance System(JSS) that has recently been fielded is the Air Route Surveillance Radar Model 4 (ARSR-4). Providing aidefenseand airtraffic controlfor thecontinental United States, Guam,and Hawaii,forty join t radar siteswere installed durin gthe 1992-1995 period.TheARSR-4was fielded througha $1 billion Cong ressionallymandatedjoint F AA and AirForce program, an d each station costs over $12 m illion.

The FA Aalso operates several versionsof AirRoute Surveillance Radars (ARS Rs)for airtraffic controlinthe adjacent 1215-1350MHz band.These radars include the AR SR -1, AR SR -2, and AR SR-3. T heARSR-4Long R ange Radar (LRR ) Replacement program is designed to replace obsolete F AA air routesurveillanceradars(ARSR-1/2)and AirForcelong range radars(FPS-20/60series) at 39 operationaljoint-usefacilities w ithnew A RS R-4 systems, establisha newAR SR-4 "FAA only" siteat Caribou, Maine,

"- provide 1 ARSR -4 system to theFAA' straining and supportfacility in Oklahoma City, OK, and deliver 3additional systemsto theDepartmentof Defense. Forty-threeof the 44total systemshavebeen installedand acceptedfrom the contractor, N orthrop Grum man Corporation,as partof theF AA /Air Force RadarReplacement(FAR R) program.

Compared to the radars it replaced, the A RS R-4 is more reliable, easier to m aintain, and increases the radcoveragearea from 200 to 250 nau tical miles. T his three-dimen sional, solid state, una ttended, long rangsurveillanceradarhas anoperational frequency rangeof 1215-1400MHz anduses dual-channel frequencyhoppingtechnologyfor long-rangeand anti-jamsearchand tracking,and iscapable of detecting smallobjects byminim izing clutter, weather,and multipatheffects.Each channel pair requires83 MHz offrequencyseparationto maintainits highest possible reliability. Th is radar system supports defenseof thenationalairspaceand provides initial coastal civilair traffic control.

The FAA and AirForceare also concerned that continuingto reallocate spectrum usedby theARSR -4 willfurther impactthe dual-frequencyhopping capability thatis key to itsdesign.The AirForce states thattheneed to have frequency-ho pping, anti-jam capabilitiesand the use of AirTraffic Controland other radars

willmake retuningand/orrestricteduse difficultin some areas.The AirForcemaintains thatthereallocationof the1385-1390MHz band segment will degrade theradar'sfrequencyhopp ing capabilitythat is key to itsdesignfor antijamming defense.The FA A and AirForce state that reallocationat aminimumcould require software modificationsestimatedto cost $35 million. Spectrumcongestion alreadyexistsin this bandand if theremaining available frequencies cannot supportfuturedual-frequencyrequirements,hardw are m odifications estimatedat $588 millionand taking5 yearsto complete willberequired.

f 3 3/17/03 11:13 A M


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of 3

http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/airdef/ar

ARSFU Site Locations

OceanaCQVR)

andenAFB (VBG

SanClemen te

Island (USD)Jedburg

Whitehouse

Melbourne

Mt, Santa Row,

COMMISSIONED

O R D I N J1XWJ 4

INSTALLED (FINALACCEPTED] 2

INSTALLATIONIN PROGRESS

TamiamiCQM8)

3/17/03 11:13 AM


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.j Surveillance Radar - United States Nuclear Forces http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/airdef/arsr-4.hti

Sources and Resources

I Nuke I Guide I USA I Air Defense I l l lIndex I Search I Join FA S

http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/airdef/arsr-4.htm

Maintained by Steven AftergoodUpdated Thursday, February 24,2000 8:02:22 AM

f 3 3/17/03 11:13 AM


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Page l of 2

NORTH AMERICAN AEROSPACE DEFENSECOMMAND

NewsRelease

DIRECTORATE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS,NORTH AMERICAN AEROSPACE DEFENSE COMMAND,250 S Peterson Blvd, Suite 116, PETERSON AFB, CO 80914-3190(719) 554-6889 Website: www.norad.mil

Contact: (719) 554-6889 18September, 2001

NORAD's Response Times

PETERSON AFB, Colo. -The following timelines show NORAD's response to the airlinerhijackings on September 11, 2001.

*All times are Eastern Daylight Time;NEADS = North East Air Defense Sector, NORAD**Scramble = Order to get an aircraftairborne as soon as possible***Estimated = loss of radar contact****Flight times are calculated at 9 miles per minute or .9 Mach***** The FAA and NEADS established a line of open communication discussing AA Fit 77 and UA Fit 93

American Airlines Flight 11 - Boston enroute to Los AngelesFAA Notification to NEADS 0840*Fighter Scramble Order (Otis Air National Guard Base, Falmouth, Mass. Two F-15s) 0846**Fighters Airborne 0852Airline Impact Time (World Trade Center 1) 0846 (estimated)***Fighter Time/Distance from Airline Impact Location Aircraft notairborne/153 miles

United Airlines Flight 17 5 - Boston enroute to Los AngelesFAA Notification to NEADS " 0843Fighter Scramble Order (Otis ANGB, Falmouth, Mass. Same 2 F-15s as Flight 11) 0846Fighters Airborne 0852Airline Impact Time (World Trade Center 2) 0902 (estimated)Fighter Time/Distance from Airline Impact Location approx 8 min****/71miles

American Flight 77 -Dulles enroute to Los AngelesFA A Notification to NEADS 0924Fighter Scramble Order (Lanqley AFB, Hampton, Va. 2F-16s) 0924

Fighters Airborne 0930Airline Impact Time (Pentagon) 0937 (estimated)Fighter Time/Distance from Airline Impact Location approx 12 min/105miles

United Flight 93 - Newark to San FranciscoFAA Notification to NEADS N/A *****Fighter Scramble Order (Langley F~16s already airborne forAA Fit 77)Fighters Airborne (Langley F-16 CAP remains in place to protect DC)Airline Impact Time (Pennsylvania) 1003 (estimated)Fighter Time/Distance from Airline Impact Location approx 11 min/100miles

(from DC F-16 CAP)

Documents

T8 B16 Misc Work Papers Fdr- 3-18-03 Norad and 9-11 Radar Files by Miles Kara (Clipped w Reference Material)