TAB. 20.2 - RICERCHE EFFETTUATE SANITA’ ANIMALE … · delle Alpi cCentrali Epidemiologia : strumenti per conoscere, ... dell'area di studio: altri mammiferi selvatici (roditori,

TAB. 20.2 - RICERCHE EFFETTUATE SANITA’ ANIMALE

Abrami S, Covi M, Cominardi P, Loris_Alborali° GL Gestione dei focolai : aspetti operativi e criticit a' = Outbreaks management : perspectives and critical points

Atti Convegno SIPAS. - Vol. 34 ( 2008). - p 103-113. - 8 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3781]

Meeting Annuale della Societa Italiana di Patologia ed Allevamento dei Suini (SIPAS) Tavola rotonda "La malattia vescicolare del suino : attualita' e prospettive in seguito all'emergenza 2006-2007" (34. : Salsomaggiore Terme (PR) : 13-14 marzo 2008)

Il riferimento normativo è il D.P.R. 17/05/1996 n.362 di attuazione della direttiva 92/119/CEE che introduce misure generali di lotta contro talune malattie degli animali, nonché misure specifiche per la malattia vescicolare dei suini e il Piano di emergenza/manuale operativo predisposto dal Centro di Referenza di Brescia (CERVES). 1 provvedimenti in zona di protezione e sorveglianza sono complessi, severi e onerosi anche dal punto di vista amministrativo La situazione diventa tanto più critica, quanto più compaiono nuovi focolai di MVS e di conseguenza si allungano i tempi necessari per i controlli e la revoca dei provvedimenti. Particolarmente accurata dev'essere la gestione dei controlli sierologici e clinici presso gli allevamenti. Importantissimo il flusso informativo sia per i Comuni/Regione./Ministero che per gli Allevatori, le loro Associazioni e i Media. Per l'estinzione del focolaio in tempi rapidi è necessario disporre di un protocollo operativo che abbia come obiettivo: la garanzia della minor dispersione- di virus nell'ambiente , il rispetto della sicurezza e salute dei lavoratori sui luoghi di lavoro e la protezione degli animali durante l'abbattimento. Le operazioni di abbattimento risultano complesse ed in allevamenti di dimensioni notevoli determinano una importante contaminazione ambientale, fonte di rischio nelle aree densamente popolate. Altri elementi caratterizzanti sono la pulizia e disinfezione degli allevamenti, la corretta sanificazione dei reflui e il ripopolamento delle aziende con un adeguato numero di sentinelle. Ultimo adempimento delicato e oneroso è l'iter per l'indennizzo agli allevatori sia sotto l'aspetto documentale che tecnico. Authors describe the epidemiological features of the SVD outbreaks occurred in Lombardia during the 2006 epidemic, the main attention is focalized on the outbreaks of Brescia and Mantova provinces. The 2006 2007 epidemic were characterized by high diffusion of virus between herds. This is related to high concentration of swine herds in protection area where farms from 73 became 121 during period 1996-2007. In the second period of epidemic the reduce of area between herds were the main risk factor for introduction of SVD in 76 %of outbreaks. For the purpose of this paper the following information are taken into account: herds evolution in protection area, risk factors for the introduction and spread of the infection, weakness of the bio security measures applied. In order to eradicate outbreaks as quikly as possible should be available all operative protocol aimed to guarantee: that the spreading of the virus is as less as possible, the safety and health of workers, the animals protection during culling operations. Culling operations are complex and in case of big sized herds can lead to high contamination level of the environment, eventual risk source in high animal density areas. Qther elements are cleaning and disinfections of the herds, proper sanitation of sewage and introduction in the herds of a correct number of guard animals. The last action, sensitive and onerous both administratively and technically, is the iter to get the indemnity for farmers.

Alborali° L, Abrami S, Zanardi° G, Avisani° D, Bellin i° S Malattia vescicolare e misure di bio-sicurezza : fa ttori di rischio evidenziati nei focolai lombardi nel 2006-2007 = Swine vescicular disease and bio-security measures : risk factors in 2006-2007 outbreaks in Lombardia


Meeting Annuale della Societa Italiana di Patologia ed Allevamento dei Suini (SIPAS) Tavola rotonda "La malattia vescicolare del suino : attualita' e prospettive in seguito all'emergenza 2006-

2007" (34. : Salsomaggiore Terme (PR) : 13-14 marzo 2008)

Si descrive la situazione epidemiologica della Malattia Vescicolare del Sui-no (MVS) verificatasi nell'Italia settentrionale nel periodo novembre 2006-dicembre 2007 con particolare riferimento agli episodi che hanno coinvolto le Province di Brescia, Mantova e Cremona in Lombardia.. Questi recenti focolai sono stati caratterizzati da una rapida diffusione del virus tra gli allevamenti e ciò può essere messo in relazione all'aumento della concentrazione dei suini nei comuni interessati dalla zona di protezione dove gli allevamenti sono aumentati, in undici anni, da 73 a 121. Ciò ha comportato, oltre ad una maggior densità per area, ad una riduzione delle distanze tra gli allevamenti, fattore rivelatosi fondamentale nel secondo periodo epidemico considerando che il 76 % delle aziende ha avuto nella contiguità tra gli allevamenti il principale fattori di rischio. Al fini del presente lavoro, si sono prese in considerazione le seguenti informazioni: l'evoluzione della concentrazione degli allevamenti nei comuni interessati dalla zona di protezione, le modalità di introduzione e diffusione dell'infezione, le carenze nelle misure di bio-sicurezza. In base ai fattori di rischio evidenziati (introduzione di suini, mezzi di trasporto in azienda, eliminazione degli scarti e dei morti, contiguità con altri focolai e vicinanza con terreni in cui sono stati distribuiti liquami) si è verificata la carenza nell'applicazione della misure di bio sicurezza al fine di evitare il rischio della introduzione negli allevamenti del virus della MVS. Authors describe the epidemiological features of the SVD outbreaks occurred in Lombardia during the 2006 epidemic, the main attention is focalized on the outbreaks of Brescia and Mantova provinces. The 2006 2007 epidemic were characterized by high diffusion of virus between herds. This is related to high concentration of swine herds in protection area where farms from 73 became 121 during period 1996-2007. In the second period of epidemic the reduce of area between herds were the main risk factor for introduction of SVD in 76 %of outbreaks. For the purpose of this paper the following information are taken into account: herds evolution in protection area, risk factors for the introduction and spread of the infection, weakness of the bio security measures applied. On the basis of the risk factorshighlighted in the outbreaks (movement of pigs, introduction of contmined haulier's vehicles for different purpose, proximity to other outbreaks, use of manure on agricoltural land fertilizer) bio security measures were realized to minimize the risk of SVD introduction and spread..

Amadori° M Risultati clinici ottenuti con interferon alfa e in terleuchina-2 in medicina veterinaria Citochine e interferoni : farmacologia e clinica / Ivo Bianchi. - [ Palermo : Nuova IPSA Editore, 2008]. - (Trattato di medicina fisiologica di regolazione ; v. 1) p 296-305. - 30 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3636]

Amadori° M Il contributo dell'immunologia veterinaria alla ris oluzione di problematiche di sanità e benessere animale Chirone. - Vol. 15 ( 2008). - p 4-5 [Nr. Estr. 4053]

Andreoli E, Bertoletti° I, Bianchi° A, Radaelli E, Scanziani E, Mattiello S Indagine sierologica ed istologica sulla leptospiro si in popolazioni di cervi (Cervus elaphus) delle Alpi cCentrali Epidemiologia : strumenti per conoscere, agire e decidere in sanità pubblica veterinaria : IV Workshop nazionale di epidemiologia veterinaria : Università degli studi "Sapienza" : Roma, 11-12 Dicembre 2008 : riassunti / a cura di Gaia Scavia, Susan Babsa e Marcello Sala. - Roma : Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2008. - (ISTISAN congressi ; 08/C12) p 49-50 [Nr. Estr. 3911]

Workshop nazionale di epidemiologia veterinaria (4 : Roma : 11-12 Dicembre 2008)

La leptospirosi è una patologia a carattere zoonosico (Lista B OIE) che interessa anche specie animali selvatiche, le quali concorrendo al mantenimento del patogeno in natura, creano il rischio di

trasmissione del battere ai possibili fruitori degli ambienti naturali (turisti, alpeggiatori, cacciatori, ecc.). Scopo di questa indagine è evidenziare le sierovarianti di Leptospira presenti nelle popolazioni di cervo dei settori Val Fontana e Val Arigna del Comprensorio Alpino della Caccia di Sondrio e valutare l'eventuale rischio di trasmissione dell'infezione all'uomo. Durante 9 stagioni venatorie (1995-1996, 2001-2007) è stato possibile raccogliere 203 emosieri di cervo da sottoporre al test MAT per la ricerca di 8 sierovarianti: Canicola, Pomona, Ballum, Sejroe/Hardjo, Copenagheni, Australis/Bratislava, Tarassovi, Grippotyphosa. Ai fini di evidenziare una corrispondenza tra presenza dell'infezione ed eventuali lezioni renali, nelle stagioni 2004-2006 è stato possibile raccogliere 70 campioni di tessuto renale da sottoporre ad analisi istologiche. Nei 13 soggetti positivi (6,4%) sono state riscontrate le seguenti sierovarianti: Australis/Bratislava (8/203), Grippotyphosa (4/203), Pomona (2/203), Sejroe/Hardjo (2/203), Copenagheni (1/203). In due soggetti è stata riscontrata una crossinfezione tra due sierovarianti: Grippotyphosa e Copenhageni; Bratislava e Pomona. In un soggetto tra tre sierovarianti: Pomona, Sejroe/Hardjo e Australis/Bratislava. Riguardo le indagini istologiche solo in un caso è stata riscontrata una lesione renale attribuibile a leptospirosi. La presenza di più sierovarianti è probabilmente dovuta alla presenza di diverse specie all'interno dell'area di studio: altri mammiferi selvatici (roditori, piccoli carnivori) e, durante il periodo di alpeggio, le specie domestiche (bovini, ovicaprini, equidi e cani). In questa situazione, la presenza dell'infezione nel cervo potrebbe essere quindi di tipo occasionale, infatti, nonostante la presenza di alcuni soggetti con titoli anticorpali elevati verso le sierovarianti Australis/Bratislava e Grippotyphosa (1/3200), il numero dei capi positivi è ridotto e solo in un caso è stato possibile riscontrare una lesione a livello renale. Sebbene nell'area di studio, negli anni di questa ricerca, non siano state evidenziate infezioni umane, è importante considerare che: – tutte le sierovarianti riscontrate sono potenzialmente zoonosiche e in altre realtà (ad es. Nuova Zelanda), dove sussistono densità elevate di cervi, questa specie è effettivamente responsabile di contagio verso gli uomini; – nonostante l'assenza di lesioni renali, non è possibile escludere la dispersione del battere tramite urine. In futuro, oltre a monitorare l'andamento dell'infezione nelle popolazioni selvatiche, sarebbe interessante valutare la prevalenza delle infezioni da Leptospira anche nell'uomo in provincia di Sondrio e in particolare ricercarla nei cacciatori che hanno abbattuto animali positivi.

Angelini P, Macini P, Finarelli AC, Po C, Venturelli C, Bellini R, Dottori° M Chikungunya epidemic outbreak in Emilia-Romagna (It aly) during summer 2007 Parassitologia. - Vol. 50 no 1-2 ( 2008). - p 97-98. - 6 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3802]

Congresso Nazionale della Societa' Italiana di Parassitologia (25. : Pisa : 18-21 giugno 2008)

During summer 2007, an outbreak due to the loca) transmission of CHIKV by Aedes albopictus mosquitoes occurred moreover in Italy, Emilia-Romagna Region, in the areas of Ravenna, Forlì-Cesena, Rimini and Bologna cities.The originai outbreak developed in Castiglione di Cervia and Castiglione di Ravenna, two small villages divided by a river. The first case was recorded on August 9th the epidemic out-break then spread out, thus giving rise to smaller secondary outbreaks and further sporadic cases in the same area, for a total of 337 suspected cases, 217 of which confirmed by blood analysis. CHIKV has been isolated and characterized on both blood and mosquito samples.

Appino S, Alborali° L, Pregel P, Guarda F Mycoplasma spp. nell'artrite del suino = Mycoplasma spp. in arthritis in swine

Atti Convegno SIPAS. - Vol. 34 ( 2008). - p 389-392 - 8 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3763]

Meeting Annuale della Societa Italiana di Patologia ed Allevamento dei Suini (SIPAS) (34. : Salsomaggiore Terme (PR) : 13-14 marzo 2008)

Sono stati esaminati quarantuno campioni ottenuti da articolazioni di suini che erano stati regolarmente macellati, interessate da forme artritiche, prevalentemente caratterizzate da

polisierosite – poliartrite, al fine di valutare la presenza di Mycoplasma spp. I reperti anatomo-patologici raccolti comprendevano forme acute e sub-acute sierose, sieroemorragiche o fibrinose, con accumulo di liquido articolare e fibrina, anche di notevole entità (rigonfiamento), ma senza erosione evidente della superficie articolare, e/o moderata proliferazione villosa della membrana sinoviale. Porty-one synovial fluids have been collected from regularly slaughtered swine clinically affected by sierositis, arthritis - polyarthritis, in order to evaluate the presence of Mycoplasma spp. Macroscopical lesion were characterised by sub-acute to acute sierositis associated to an increase of synovial fluid and fibrin, but without signs of superficial erosions. A rnild proliferation of synovial membrane was present.

Archetti° L, Tittarelli° C, Cerioli° M, Brivio R, Gri lli G, Lavazza° A Serum chemistry and hematology values in commercial rabbits: preliminary data from industrial farms in Northern Italy http://world-rabbit-science.com/WRSA-Proceedings/Congress-2008-Verona/Papers/W-Archetti.pdf - ultimo accesso 23-02-2009. - Vol. 2008). - p 1147-1151. - 14 ref bib [Nr. Estr. 3798]

World rabbit congress (9th : Verona (Italy) : June 10-13, 2008)

The aim of this preliminary study was to establish reference normal ranges of hematological and biochemical parameters in rabbits. A total of 8 industrial farms, located in Brescia, Milano and Bergamo Provinces (Northern Italy), were monitored during a 4-year period (2004-2007). Farms showed some variability as regards size, management and production parameters. Blood samples, collected from post weaning (30-45 days old) and growing (57-65 days old) rabbits, as well as restocking females before pregnancy (nulliparous), breeders at first pregnancy (primiparous), lactating does and breeders at culling (multiparous), were delivered within three hours to the laboratory. The following analyses were performed on serum samples: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, Phosphorus (P), creatine kinase (CK), lysozyme, lactate dehydrogeìiase (LDH) and creàtinine. Blood samples were tested for: white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT), hemoglobin (Hg), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean concentration of hemoglobin in the corpuscular volume (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Results indicate that hematological and biochemical data are similar to those described in laboratory rabbits. In particular, the age-dependent trend of values was in agreement with previous observations. However, in does, a lower level of hemoglobin and lymphocyte numbers and a higher number of neutrophils and monocytes was observed, probably due to intensive production and exploitation. On the whole, this may indicate chronic stress under seemingly normal clinical conditions. LDH and CK values particularly differed from those described for laboratory rabbits. High urea and creatinine values in lactating does could be traced back to concurrent E. cuniculi infection.

Arrigoni° N, Belletti° G, Manini° F, Galletti° G, G elmini° L, Merialdi° G, Renzi° M, Tamba° M Indagine sulla prevalenza della paratubercolosi bov ina in Emilia-Romagna mediante test ELISA sul latte di massa = Survey on the prevalence of paratuberculosis in the Emilia-Romagna Region by bulk milk ELISA test

Buiatria. - Vol. 3 no 2 ( 2008). - p 3-9. - 9 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3868]

Attraverso l'utilizzo di un test ELISA del commercio (Institut Pourquier), è stata realizzata una indagine su 5.081 campioni di latte di massa appartenenti a 3.600 aziende bovine della Regione Emilia-Romagna, pari al 74,2% delle aziende presenti. Le aziende sono state sottoposte ad un numero variabile di controlli. A livello regionale la prevalenza apparente di aziende infette da paratubercolosi, calcolata su un solo controllo per azienda, è risultata essere del 3,2% (1.f.95%: 2,7-3,9%), mentre la prevalenza reale è stata stimata intorno al 10,7% (l.f. 95%: 9,7% - 11,8%). In

alcune province, dove è stato effettuato un controllo ripetuto (3 campioni per azienda), la prevalenza è risultata significativamente più elevata rispetto a quella stimata mediante campionamento singolo. Per realizzare una stima della prevalenza è quindi auspicabile l'utilizzo di un modello basato su controlli ripetuti nel corso dell'anno, in grado di fornire risultati più conservativi. By using a commercial ELISA test (Institut Pourquier), a survey on 5,081 bulk milk samples belonging to 3,600 dairy herds of the Emilia Romagna region (74.2% of the total herds) has been performed. The herds were submitted to a variable number of tests. On the basis of a single sample per herd, the apparent prevalence of infected herds is 3.2% (95% c.l: 2.7-3.9%), while the estimated real prevalence is 10.7% (95% c.l.: 9.7% - 11.8%). In some provinces, using repeated tests (3 samples/herd), the prevalence resulted significantly higher than the prevalence estimated on the basis of a single test. To obtain an accurate prevalence estimate, the use of a scheme based on repeated sampling is preferable, giving more conservative results.

Arrigoni° N, Cammi° G, Cerutti° G, Manini° F, Bersan i A, Cavalli L, Fava M, Fea C, Fumi E, Guareschi F, Zioni O, Belletti° GL Studio della persistenza di Mycobacterium avium sub sp. paratuberuculosis nei foraggi concimati con effluenti di allevamenti bovini infetti = Study on the persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in crop fertilized with slurry from bovine infected herds


E’stato condotto uno studio sulla persistenza di Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) nei foraggi concimati durante il periodo autunno-invernale con letame o liquame provenienti da allevamenti bovini infetti da Paratubercolosi, a vario livello di prevalenza aziendale. Le indagini condotte sui foraggi, prelevati sul campo prima della raccolta, hanno rivelato una sola positività in PCR (10%) e sono sempre risultate negative all'esame colturale. I campioni di foraggio, prelevati dopo la raccolta e all'inizio dell'utilizzo per l'alimentazione animale, sono sempre risultati negativi, sia al test PCR che alla coltura. Questi risultati ci portano a concludere che, nelle condizioni descritte, il rischio di contaminazione dei foraggi, sebbene possibile, rivesta minore importanza nella diffusione dell'infezione rispetto ad altri fattori igienici e manageriali. A study on the persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) in crop fertilized during the autumn-winter period with slurry or manure coming from bovine infected herds with different prevalence levels of Paratuberculosis, was carried out. The tests performed on the crop samples, collected before harvesting, showed a single positive result by PCR (10%) and were always negative to culture. The crop samples, collected after harvesting and at the beginning of their use for animal feeding, were always negative, both in culture and in PCR. These results lead us to conclude that, in the described conditions, the contamination risk for crop, although possible, is of limited importance for the spreading of infection, compared with other hygienic and managerial factors.

Bacci B, Morandi F, Ostanello F, Alborali° L, Sarli G Diagnosi di enteropatia proliferativa suina da Laws onia intracellularis = Diagnosis of proliferative enteropathy by Lawsonia intracellularis

Large Anim Rev. - Vol. 14 no 3 ( 2008). - p 115-118. - 21 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3829]

L'enteropatia proliferativa è una patologia enterica estremamente comune nel suino ed è causata da Lawsonia intracellularis, un batterio intracellulare obbligato. La malattia si manifesta in differenti forme cliniche, tutte caratterizzate macroscopica-mente da un ispessimento della mucosa del piccolo intestino e del colon. La modificazione istologica di base è rappresentata da un processo proliferativo di cellule epiteliali immature nelle cripte dell'ileo e del colon, che porta alla formazione di cripte allungate o ramificate. Le cellule proliferate contengono grandi quantità di batteri all'interno del citoplasma. Sono state sviluppate diverse metodiche per la diagnosi della malattia, come test sierologici e PCR. L'istologia, e in particolare 1'immunoistochimica, sono le metodiche di riferimento

(gold standard) per la diagnosi post mortem della malattia.. Proliferative enteropathy (PE) is a common intestinal disease of pigs caused by Lawsonia intracellularis, an obligate intracellular bacterium. The disease includes a group of acute and chronic conditions with a common pathological change characterized by a thickening of the mucosa in the small intestine and colon. Histologically the affected tissues show marked proliferation of immature epithelial cells of intestin al crypts. The proliferating cells invariably contain numerous intracytoplasmic bacteria. Diagnostic tools have improved overall detection and early onset of PE in pigs, include various serological and molecular-based assays. Histological tests and immunohistochemistry continue to be the gold standard for the post mortem diagnosis of the disease.

Bano L, Anniballi F, Delibato E, De_Medici D, Agnoletti F, Cocchi M, Drigo I, Magistrali C, Fontana° MC, Merialdi° G,, Arossa C, Fe nicia L Avian botulism in Italy: application of a duplex PC R assay as a useful tool for the isolation of neurotoxigenic strains Congress "Clostridium botulinum : epidemiology, diagnosis, genetics, control and prevention" : 16-19 June 2008 / [s.l : s.n, 2008]. - p 66 [Nr. Estr. 3963]

Congress "Clostridium botulinum : epidemiology, diagnosis, genetics, control and prevention" : Helsinki, Filand : 16-19 June 2008)

Avian botulism is a paralytic and often fatal disease of wild and farming birds occurring worldwide and caused by Clostridium botulinum type C and D. The disease is often diagnosed only on clinical and epidemiological features because of the difficulty of laboratory confirmation. Particularly, the need to isolate the toxigenic strains in order to produce an auto-vaccine, is a hard step depending on the frequent loose of the gene encoding the neurotoxin. Avian botulism has been documented also in Italy but, due to the lack of a specific surveillance system on animal botulism, the epidemiological and clinical data are not already systematically collected. We reported a recent experience on repeated outbreaks of avian botulism occurred in the North–East of Italy. A duplex PCR for bont/C and bont/D genes, together with Internal Amplification Control (IAC), was optimised and successfully utilized for the laboratory confirmation of the outbreak and to facilitate the isolation of the neurotoxigenic strain used to produce the autovaccine. The IAC was included in the PCR protocol to avoid false negative results due to the lack of the reaction caused by inhibitory substances. It is also discussed a project to organize in Italy a surveillance system, in collaboration with the Italian Ministry of Health, the National Reference Center for Botulism at the ISS, state veterinary diagnostic laboratories (IZS) and other stakeholders to collect all epidemiological, clinical and microbiological data connected with animal botulism.

Bano L, Drigo I, Agnoletti F, Cocchi M, Ferro T, Bacchin C, Guolo A, Marcon B, Bonci° M, Merialdi° G Clostridium difficile nel suino : rilievi batteriol ogici, immunoenzimatici e biomolecolari a confronto = Evaluation of bacteriological examination, ELISA toxins test and real-time PCR in the diagnosis of porcine Clostridium difficile associated disease



Con il presente studio si è voluta indagare la diffusione di Clostridium difficile (CD) in campioni fecali, contenuti intestinali e tamponi rettali prelevati da suini con sintomatologia enterica in atto o deceduti in seguito a questa, appartenenti a varie fasi d'accrescimento (sottoscrofa, post-svezzamento, magronaggio, ingrasso). La ricerca di CD è stata eseguita mediante esame colturale con terreno selettivo e mediante Real-Time PCR; i campioni, inoltre, sono stati sottoposti alla ricerca

delle tossine A e B tramite ELISA. Gli isolati sono stati identificati e tossinotipizzati mediante multiplex PCR in grado di evidenziare il gene specie-specifico tpi e i geni tedA e tcdB codificanti rispettivamente le tossine A e B. CD è stato isolato dal 23,3% dei campioni, con una prevalenza maggiore (43,5%) nei soggetti lattanti. Fra i 27 ceppi di CD isolati 13 sono risultati tcdA+/tcdB+,1 tcdA-tcdB- e 13 tcdA-/tcdB+. La Real-Time PCR ha evidenziato una sensibilità superiore rispetto all'esame batterio-logico permettendo di individuare la presenza di CD dal 28,2%dei campioni; le concentrazioni di CD più elevate (10(Allaseconda)-10(allaterza) UFC/g) sono state osservate nei campioni risultati positivi sia all'esame batteriologico che alla ricerca delle tossine. 1 risultati confermano l'elevata suscettibilità del suino lattante nei confronti di CD ma evidenziano il coinvolgimento di questo microrganismo anche in episodi diarroici di soggetti d'età superiore, quali scrofe e suini all'ingrasso. Infine la Real-Time PCR abbinata al test immunoenzimatico per la ricerca delle tossi-ne, si è dimostrata uno strumento affidabile e rapido per la diagnosi della clostridiosi da CD. In order to investigate the cole of Clostridium difficile (CD) in swine enteritis outbrealcs, 79 faecal Samples, 30 intestinal contents and 12 rectal swabs were collected from subjects with a history of diarrhoea, in 31 different farms. Samples were stratified by growing phase (suckling, post-weaning, growing, fattening). Each sample was cultured in a selettive medium for CD. Isolates were identified by a cornmercial biochemical panel kit and by the specific CD Ihi gene PCR. Each isolate was tested by multiplex PCR to reveal the presente of tcdA and tcdB genes encoding for toxin A and toxin B respectively. The samples were screened for CD toxins A and B by using a commercia) ELISA. 26 intestina) contents and 73 faecal samples were tested by Real-Time PCR to enumerate CD CFU per g of sample. CD was recovered from 27 samples and the higher prevalente was evidenced in suckling pigs (43.5/0). Thirteen strains resulted positive for botti tcdA and tcdB genes, one strain was tcdA-/tcdB-, whereas 13 resulted tedA-/tcdB+. 28 samples tested positive by Real-Time PCR and the higher concentrations of CD (10(Allaseconda)-10(allaterza) UFC per g) was detected in samples resulted positive for botti toxins and cultural examinations. Toxin A and B were detected in 21 of the 27 samples positive for CD. This study point out the fact that CD is involved in outbreaks of enteric disease in swine, irrespective of age even if the higher prevalente was detected in suckling pigs. Furtherinore the enumeration of this enteric pathogen by Real-Time PCR coupled with ELISA toxin test provides a rapid and accurate tool for the diagnosis of clostridiosis supported by CD.

Bano L, Merialdi° G, Bonilauri° P, Dall'Anese G, Cap ello K, Comin D, Cattoli G, Sanguinetti V, Hampson DJ, Agnoletti F Prevalence, disease associations and risk factors f or colonization with intestinal. spirochaetes (Brachyspira spp.) in flocks of laying hens in north-eastern Italy Avian Pathol. - Vol. 37 no 3 ( 2008). - p 281-286. - 32 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4022]

The present study investigated the occurrence of anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes of the genus Brachyspira in laying hen flocks in Treviso province, north-eastern Italy, with respect to prevalence, spirochaete species present, disease associations and risk factors for colonization. A total of 450 faecal samples from 45 sheds on 29 laying hen farms were cultured for intestinal spirochaetes. Nineteen sheds on 12 farms contained chickens with symptoms consistent with avian intestinal spirochaetosis, including reduced egg production, wet litter and/or pasty vents. Spirochaetes were isolated from 157 (34.8%) samples from 21 (72.4%) farms, and from 32 (71.1%) sheds. From these positive samples, 189 spirochaetal isolates were speciated using three polymerase chain reaction assays and a restriction fragment polymorphism analysis of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction products. Overall, 52 (27.5%) isolates were identified as pathogenic Brachyspira intermedia, 26 (13.8%) as pathogenic Brachyspira pilosicoli, 93 (49.7%) as non-pathogenic (Brachyspira innocenslBrachyspira murdochii), and 18 (9.6%) were unidentified. Faeces from 14 sheds (31%) on 10 farms (34.5%) contained B. intermedia and/or B. pilosicoli, and disease consistent with avian intestinal spirochaetosis was observed in nine of these sheds on seven farms. There was a significant association (P =0.042) between the presence of spirochaetes and using deep pits rather than conveyor belts for manure disposal. Sheds housing chickens >40 weeks of age were significantly more likely to contain spirochaetes (P =0.048) and pathogenic species (P =007) than sheds housing younger chickens. A significant association (P=0.02) was found between infection with pathogenic spirochaetes and reduced egg production..

Barbieri° I, Brocchi° E, Campagna° D, Capucci° L Ph variations affect PK stability of guanidine-trea ted BSE and BASE-associated PrP Prion2008 : 08-10 October 2008, Madrid, Spain : book of abstracts / [Spain : s.n., 2008]. - p 126 [Nr. Estr. 4054]

Prion2008 : Madrid, Spain : 08-10 October 2008)

Background: The agent responsible for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy may exist in at least 3 different forms referred to as C-Type, H-Type and L-Type based on electrophoretic mobility and glycoprofiling of PrPs,. Passages in conventional mice and inoculation in cows has shown diversity in bovine prion strains in terms of incubation period and lesion profile strengthening the hypotesis that, as for human TSE, each prion conformer carries the specific information that determine its own distinct biological properties. Objective: We investigated biochemical and physicochemical properties of PrPsc associated to classical BSE (C-type) and BASE (L-type) Italian isolates in order to unravel differences in their molecular structure. Methods: Aliquots of BSE and BASE terminally diseased brain homogenates were incubated with increasing concentration of GdnHCI at different pH values followed by limited proteolysis with PK. Then samples were precipitated with methanol and subjected to Western blot with a set of MAbs. Results and Discussion: Treatment with 2.5 M GdnHCI pH 7.6led to a significant increase in PK sensitivity of L-type PrP compared to C-type that showed resistance to PK up to 3.5 M GdnHCI. Interestingly, when GdnHCI solutions at pH 3.5 were used an increased stability to PK of both C-type and L-type PrP was observed as they were digested at GdnHCI concentration of 4.5 M and 4.0 M respectively. These data indicate the possibility of discriminating C-type and L-type PrP on the base of their distinct stability to PK-induced proteolysis following exposure to guanidine. They also suggest the existence of differences in their conformational properties that seem to be affected by pH variations. Assessing the extent of such biochemical diversity may provide hints to understand how differences in the molecular structure of C-type and L-type PrP are related to the distinct pathological phenotype of BSE and BASE.

Bardasi° L, Fontana° MC, Stanzani F, Marliani A, Palm interi S, Baldi M, Grandini S, Rugna° G, Galletti° G, Merialdi° G, Vecchi° G Indagine sulla diffusione di dermatofiti nelle colo nie feline di Bologna nel quadriennio 2004-2007 Epidemiologia : strumenti per conoscere, agire e decidere in sanità pubblica veterinaria : IV Workshop nazionale di epidemiologia veterinaria : Università degli studi "Sapienza" : Roma, 11-12 Dicembre 2008 : riassunti / a cura di Gaia Scavia, Susan Babsa e Marcello Sala. - Roma : Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2008. - (ISTISAN congressi ; 08/C12) p 55-56 [Nr. Estr. 3907]


Introduzione. Le Dermatofitosi rappresentano comuni infezioni degli animali domestici e dell'uomo. Gli animali, che condividono l'ambiente con l'uomo, possono servire come utili indicatori relativamente alla presenza di patogeni in uno specifico habitat. Obiettivo di questo studio è stato quello di ottenere informazioni sulla diffusione dei Dermatofiti nelle colonie feline di Bologna. Metodi. Nel corso del quadriennio 2004-2007, nell'ambito di un piano di monitoraggio sullo stato sanitario delle colonie feline, in occasione degli interventi di sterilizzazione previsti dalla Legge regionale dell'Emilia-Romagna n. 27 del 07-04-2000 e dal relativo piano di applicazione dell'Azienda AUSL, sono stati campionati per ricerca Dermatofiti 2572 soggetti provenienti da 276 colonie ubicate nel territorio comunale di Bologna. Per il prelievo sono state utilizzate apposite spazzole sterili, successivamente inoculate su piastre di Dermatophyte Test Medium (DTM) ed incubate a 30°C per 10 giorni. Le colonie sospette sono state confermate e tipizzate attraverso valutazioni

macroscopiche e microscopiche. Risultati. Dei 2572 campioni complessivamente esaminati, 278 (10,8%) sono risultati positivi per Dermatofiti. Nei diversi anni, le percentuali di positività sono risultate pari al 15,1% (97/642) nell'anno 2004, 15,1% (94/622) nell'anno 2005, 5,7% (38/665) nell'anno 2006, 7,6% (49/643) nell'anno 2007. Prendendo in considerazione solo le colonie da cui sono stati prelevati almeno 10 soggetti per ogni anno di monitoraggio, il tasso di positività intra-colonia è risultato compreso nel range 0-54% nell'anno 2004, e nel range 0-21% nell'anno 2007. Microsporum canis è risultato il Dermatofita isolato con maggiore frequenza, mentre sono state isolate solo sporadicamente altre specie di Microsporum o Trichophyton spp. Conclusioni. I risultati di questo studio confermano come Microsporum canis, principale agente di dermatofitosi nell'uomo, sia diffuso nelle colonie feline che potrebbero quindi rappresentare un potenziale serbatoio urbano dell'infezione. La percentuale di soggetti positivi ha subito una netta diminuzione fra il primo ed il secondo biennio, sia in termini generali (test Z, p<0.01) sia in termini intra-colonia. Al raggiungimento di questo risultato si ritiene abbiamo contribuito diversi fattori: l'informazione di ritorno da parte del Servizio Veterinario AUSL al Responsabile della colonia sulla positività del test accompagnata dalle indicazioni sullo specifico trattamento terapeutico; il controllo delle nascite tramite gli interventi di sterilizzazione gratuiti; l'educazione sanitaria svolta nell'ambito della vigilanza programmata. L'insieme di questi fattori ha determinato un progressivo miglioramento delle condizioni igienico-sanitarie e gestionali delle colonie nel corso del quadriennio considerato. Questi dati confermano l'importanza di una corretta gestione sanitaria delle colonie feline attraverso interventi di controllo demografico e di monitoraggio, profilassi e terapia delle malattie infettive.

Bassi° S, Carra° E, Carpana E, Ferro A, Pongolini° S Detection of Paenibacillus larvae spores in natural ly and artificially contamined honey samples : comparison between cultural and molecular methods Symposium "Diagnosis and control of bee diseases : August 26 and 28, 2008 Freiburg (Germany)" / [s.l. : s.n., 2008]. - p 136-137 [Nr. Estr. 4001]

Symposium "Diagnosis and control of bee diseases" : Freiburg (Germany) : August 26 and 28, 2008)

Bellini° S Malattia vescicolare del suino : situazione naziona le della malattia e prospettive per le nuove strategie di controllo = Swine vesicular disease in Italy : epidemiological situation and future control strategies



L'Italia è considerata endemica per la malattia vescicolare del suino (MVS) e per questo motivo sono in corso piani di eradicazione. Nel periodo 2006 - 2007 c'è stata una recrudescenza della malattia, il picco epidemico è stato negli ultimi mesi dell'anno, quando la malattia è stata individuata ed è diffusa nelle regioni settentrionali. La Lombardia è risultata la regione maggiormente interessata. La presenza della MVS in regioni del Nord, dove è presente una realtà zootecnica di tipo intensivo, ha provocato gravi danni economici nell'intera filiera suinicola. Le attività di sorveglianza nei confronti della MVS continuano ad essere mantenute per giungere all'eradicazione della malattia, ma anche per dimostrare che c'è una parte del territorio nazionale che è "libero da infezione" e poter così garantire l'esportazione dei prodotti. La presenza di una malattia come la MVS in un territorio comporta gravi restrizioni commerciali sull'esportazione di animali vivi e di pro-dotti derivati e le conseguenti ripercussioni economiche che questo comporta. Quanto accaduto nel corso del 2006 rende indispensabile una revisione delle misure di controllo per la malattia, che, oltre a quanto già previsto nei precedenti piani dovrà tenere contro delle criticità riscontrate nella recente epidemia e proporre gli opportuni correttivi.

SVD has been persistently reported in Italy in the last decade, hence surveillance and eradication activities are in place. During 2006 - 2007 a recrudescenze of SVD was reported in Italy and outbreaks were identified in Northern regions, Lombardia resulted the one mainly affected. The presence of the disease in Northern Regions caused heavy economic losses in swine farming and meat processing industry. Surveillance and eradication activities for SVD have to be maintained in Italy to reach the disease free status for the whole Country. Anyhow, surveillance activities are all essential for trade purpose, in fact they are necessary to demonstrate that part of Country is already SVD-free. The presence of a disease, such as SVD, impairs the critical factors highlighted during the 2006 - 2007 epidemic have been taken into account to review the surveillance actions foreseen in the national surveillance and eradication plan.

Bellini° S, Alborali° L, Bonazza V, Avisani° D, Zanardi ° G Swine vesicular disease in Lombardy Region: diffusi on in densely populated pig area Second Annual meeting Epizone : "Need for speed" : 4,5 and 6 - June, 2008 Brescia, Italy : programme and abstracts / [s.l. : s. n., 2008]. - p 79 [Nr. Estr. 3993]

Annual meeting Epizone (2nd : Brescia, Italy : 4,5 and 6 - June, 2008)

Swine vesicular disease (SVD) is a contagious disease of pigs caused by an Enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family. In Europe, SVD outbreaks have been steadily reported in Italy in the last decade, where surveillance and eradication activities are in piace. In the period 2006 - 2007 a recrudescence of SVD was recorded and the disease spread widely in the Italian Northern Regions. Lombardy, a region with high pig stoking density, was most affected. Even though SVD is considered to be moderately contagious, the 2006 - 2007 epidemic in Lombardy, compare to the previous ones (1989-1989, 2000, 2002), was characterized by a rapid disease spread. In fact, 53 outbreaks were detected and some 150.000 pigs were stamped out. The SVD outbreaks reported in Lombardy in the period 2006 - 2007 may be grouped in two epidemic periods. During the first one (November 2006 - February 2007) SVD spread among the farms according to the typical routes of transmission of the disease. On the contrary, in the second epidemic period (May 2007 - October 2007), the diseases showed an endemic trend in a small high-density area of the region. The main risk factor for outbreaks in this area, was proximity to a previous outbreak. To verify the pattern of SVD spread in high-density-areas and to highlight the relevant risk factors, the epidemiological investigations and bio-security questionnaires carried out in the outbreaks were thoroughly evaluated.

Bellini° S, Bugnetti° M, Grazioli° S, Brocchi° E Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD): disease situation, e pidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control measures Workshop Epizone "Research in swine viral disease "Building Bridges" : 7-9 July 2008, Shanghai / [s.n. : s. n., 2008]. - 53 p. [Nr. Estr. 3830]

Workshop Epizone : Shanghai : 7-9 July 2008)

SVD was first observed in Italy in 1966, when it was clinically recognised as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Despite clinical signs, bio - chemical properties of the virus showed that it differed from FMD, in fact, SVDV was classified as an Enterovirus within the Picornaviridae family. SVDV causes a vesicular diseasè in pigs but does not affect ruminants. In Europe, SVD affected Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Portugal and Italy in the early "90"s. Since then only Italy and Portugal have reported outbreaks. The last reported case of SVD from the Far East was in Taiwan in 1999. SVDV is extremely resistant in the environment and to normal disinfectants, its stability in the environment is a feature of major importance in the epidemiology and control of the disease. Direct contact of susceptible animals with infected pigs or their excretions is usually necessary for disease transmission. SVD has a limited tendency to diffuse, even within infected premises, it is not transmitted by the airborne route, spread from one pen to an other may not happen in absence of movement of infected pigs or contaminated material. Swill feeding has been considered a risk for the

spread of SVD. SVD diagnostic procedures are lay down at Community level in Commission Decision 2000/428/EC. Currently, very sensitive and specific tests are available for SVD diagnosis and for the differentiation with FMD. Control measures are established in EU by Council Directive 92/119/EEC and are activated on the basis of clinical suspicion, even though experience from the field indicates that clinical severity of SVD appears to have decreased and sub clinical infection is now more common than clinical form.

Belluzzi G, Dottori° M, Ferroni C, Spaggiari° B Campylobacter, una zoonosi emergente a livello comu nitario AIVEMP newsletter. - Vol. 5 no 4 ( 2008). - p 2-6. - 41 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4003]

Benedetti° D, Fiorini M, Cracco M, Ferrari S, Capucci° L, Brocchi° E, Monaco S, Zanusso G Molecular characterization of low molecular mass C- terminal fragments in different Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease subtypes Prion2008 : 08-10 October 2008, Madrid, Spain : book of abstracts / [Spain : s.n., 2008]. - p 155 [Nr. Estr. 4055]

Prion2008 : Madrid, Spain : 08-10 October 2008)

Background: In sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) the clinical variability has not been fully explained by molecular studies relating two major types of PrP21-30 with unglycosylated peptides of 21(type 1) and 19 kDa (type 2) and the amino acid methionine or valine at position 129. In a previous work, by using two-dimensional immunoblot we identified distinct N-terminal truncated forms of prion protein in different sCJD subtypes. Objective: In the present study, we searched on low molecular mass PrPs, fragments (below 10kDa) which might correlate with the phenotypic variability observed in different sCJD molecular subtypes. Methods: Brain homogenates of sCJD subjects were separated by mono- and two-dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblotted by using anti-PrP antibodies directed to N- and C-terminus epitopes. Results and Discussion: We biochemically characterized by mono- and two-dimensional analyses novel C-terminal PK-resistant fragments migrating at -5.5 kDa and with an isoelectric point around 4. These fragments were found in almost all different sCJD subtypes with minor variabilities among subjects. These data show the presence of multiple PrPs, conformations in sCJD and, in addition, shed new tight on the correlation between sCJD phenotypes and disease associated PrP molecules.

Benedetti V, Manzoli C, Vezzoli° F, Luini° M Esame batteriologico/PCR su tamponi nasali di bovin i in focolai di malattia respiratoria X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 99-100. - 10 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3946]

Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) (10. : Alghero : 22-24 Ottobre 2008)

The prevalence of main bacterial respiratory pathogens was studied in 354 cows of different age and attitude during outbreaks of respiratory disease. The animals were sampled with swabs of the deep nasal cavity (30 cm of length). P. multocida, M. haemolitica and A. pyogenes were demonstrated by culture and typing with conventional method. H. Somni and M. Bovis were demonstrated by culture and subsequent specific PCR on developed colonies. M. bovis was the pathogen more frequently

demonstrated (33,6110), followed by P. Multocida (21,5%) H. Somni (13,6%), M haemolitica (11,9%) and A pyogenes The microorganisms were frequently associated. Our method of culture/PCR is valid to demonstrate "difficult microorganism" from potentially contaminated sources.

Bertoletti° I, Bianchi° A, Andreoli E, Mattiello S Monitoraggio sanitario di caprioli (Capreolus capre olus) abbattuti durante la stagione venatoria 2006 in Provincia di Sondrio Epidemiologia : strumenti per conoscere, agire e decidere in sanità pubblica veterinaria : IV Workshop nazionale di epidemiologia veterinaria : Università degli studi "Sapienza" : Roma, 11-12 Dicembre 2008 : riassunti / a cura di Gaia Scavia, Susan Babsa e Marcello Sala. - Roma : Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2008. - (ISTISAN congressi ; 08/C12) p 57-58 [Nr. Estr. 3910]


Il monitoraggio sanitario degli ungulati selvatici è fondamentale per conoscere gli agenti patogeni presenti in un territorio, in particolare quelli che possono essere trasmessi dagli ungulati domestici a quelli selvatici, e viceversa, e quelli responsabili di zoonosi. Scopo di questo studio è indagare le condizioni sanitarie di caprioli a vita libera in provincia di Sondrio (Alpi Centrali). Abbiamo effettuato l'esame autoptico di 28 caprioli abbattuti durante la stagione venatoria 2006 nella provincia di Sondrio raccogliendo: sangue, feci, secreto oculocongiuntivale e parti di tessuto da polmoni, diaframma e intestino.È stato possibile analizzare 23 sieri ottenendo: –100% di reazioni negative per Leptospira spp., nonostante la presenza dell'infezione in popolazioni simpatiche di cervo; – 100% di reazioni negative per VRS e BVD; –100% di reazioni negative per IBR e PI3, nonostante la presenza di queste patologie negli allevamenti bovini della provincia di Sondrio; – 56,5% (13/23) di reazioni positive al test SAR per Brucella abortus/melitensis; non è stato possibile confermare questi risultati con la Fissazione del Complemento, a causa della scarsa qualità del siero; – 21,7% (5/23) di reazioni positive al test di immunofluorescenza per Borrelia burgdorferi, a conferma della presenza del patogeno nell'area di studio. Dodici campioni di feci sono stati analizzate mediante flottazione: in 3 campioni non è stata rilevata presenza di uova di parassiti; nei restanti 9 è stato possibile identificare i seguenti generi parassitari gastrointestinali, che suggeriscono una possibile interazione con specie domestiche: Ostertagia (7/9), Cooperia (1/9), Haemonchus (4/9), Eimeria (1/9). Dodici tamponi oculo-congiuntivali raccolti sono risultati negativi per la ricerca di Mycoplasma conjunctivae. Ventidue campioni di tessuto polmonare sono stati sottoposti all'esame immunoistochimico (IHC) per la ricerca del VRS e 2 animali sono risultati positivi. Nessuna relazione è stata trovata tra IHC e gli esami sierologici, suggerendo una possibile latenza del virus negli ospiti. Undici campioni di intestino sono stati testati tramite PCR per Mycobacterium paratubercolosis, dando esiti negativi, sebbene la patologia sia presente negli animali domestici all'interno dell'area di studio. Le condizioni sanitarie della popolazione non destano preoccupazione, ma la positività sierologica a patologie quali brucellosi e borreliosi necessitano di ulteriori indagini a tutela della sanità umana e del patrimonio zootecnico dell'area di studio.

Blanchaert A, Vezzoli° F, Pozzi P PRRS and ADV : results obtained from the intraderma l vaccination of gilts using the vaccines separately or in combination 20th Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress IPVS 2008 : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : poster proceedings / [s.l : s.n, 2008]. - p 413. - 3 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3924]

International Pig Veterinary Society Congress (IPVS) (20 : Durban, (South Africa) : 22-26 June 2008)

Bonilauri° P, Bellini R, Calzolari° M, Angelini R, Venturi L, Fallacara° F, Cordioli° P,

Angelini L, Venturelli C, Merialdi° G, Dottori° M Chikungunya virus in Aedes albopictus, Italy Emerg Infect Dis. - Vol. 14 no 5 ( 2008). - p 852-853. - 8 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4002]

Brocchi° E, Crosatti° ML, Grazioli° S, Bugnetti° M Preliminary evaluation of panels of monoclonal anti bodies developed against four vaccine strains of FMD viruses of serotype A for antigenic profiling and vaccine matching of field isolates The global control of IMD tools, ideas and ideals : report : European Commission for the Control of Foot-and Mouth Disease, Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee : 14-17 October 2008 Erice, Italy / [s.l. : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2008]. - p 85 [Nr. Estr. 3957]

Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease : Erice, Italy : 14-17 October 2008)

Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs) are strategic resources to study the antigenic profile of new field isolates of Foot-and-mouth Disease (FMD) virus and their antigenic relationships with reference strains. This knowledge is important to properly select most suited vaccine strains when vaccination is adopted as a control measure against FMD. Objective of this work was upgrading of MAbs to FMDV type A through the production of new panels of MAbs to selected vaccine and field strains of type A. Materials and methods: Five strains of type A were selected as target for the production of MAbs, namely the vaccine strains A 22 Iraq, A24 Cruzeiro, A 15 Tahiland 16/60, A Iran 96 and the field isolate A Malaysia 16/97. A preliminary characterisation of MAbs was achieved, based on reactivity in ELISA, Virus neutralisation ability, identification of conformational or linear epitopes and intratype cross reactivity with a panel of 25 strains of type A, including vaccine strains and representative field isolates. Results: Wide panels of MAbs were obtained against each of the five strains of FMDV type A. The variety of MAbs obtained, their various profiles of intra-type reactivity that confirmed the high level of antigenic variability within type A, the diverse reactivity in Western Blot and Virus Neutralising tests were indicative that these MAbs actually cover different antigenic sites and may be useful for the creation of panels suitable for antigenic profiling. Discussion: Cross-protection between vaccine and field strains should mainly rely on neutralising sites; then, antigenic profiling obtained with neutralising MAbs is more likely to predict the level of cross-protection. In order to complete the characterization of the new MAbs and verify whether they sufficiently cover the main antigenic sites, mapping of epitopes target of the neutralising MAbs is in progress.

Brocchi° E, Grazioli° S, Pezzoni° G Evaluation of profiling ELISA for antibodies to no n structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus for DIVA-serology The global control of IMD tools, ideas and ideals : report : European Commission for the Control of Foot-and Mouth Disease, Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee : 14-17 October 2008 Erice, Italy / [s.l. : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2008]. - p 84 [Nr. Estr. 3958]


Introduction: The vaccinate-to-live policy for Foot-and-mouth Disease (FMD) is based on the availability of validated screening assays to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals based on the detection of antibodies to FMDV non structural proteins (NSP). The need of confirmatory tests for NSP-serology has encouraged this study for the determination of serum profiles against multiple NSP. Materials and methods: Indirect ELISAs for the measurement of antibodies to the NSP 3A, 3B and 3D of FMDV were developed; for 3A and 3D a specific monoclonal antibody was used to trap the respective recombinant antigen. Diagnostic performances were studied using known sera

derived from experimental cattle with a know FMD status. Data were analysed in comparison with results of a validated 3ABC-trapping ELISA. Results: Early seroconversions against 3A, 3B and 3ABC were similar, while antibodies to 3D occurred two days earlier; however, antibodies to 3B were low or not detectable in few animals. Duration of antibodies was evaluated up to 400 days after infection: results showed that antibodies detected by the 3ABC-ELISA were the most persistent, followed by antibodies detected by 3A-ELISA, while antibodies detected by 3B- and 3D-ELISA decayed more rapidly. Specificity for 3A-ELISA was 98.3%, sensitivity reached 100% in infected cattle and 83% in cattle that were vaccinated prior to infection. These sensitivity estimates are similar to those found for the validated 3ABC-trapping ELISA, consistently with the good correlation observed between the two tests. The specificity for 3B-ELISA reached 99%, whilst sensitivity was significantly lower in both categories of infected (75%) and vaccinated/infected (72%) cattle, possibly due to either “3B-nonresponder” cattle or to a faster decay of antibodies to 3B. Further research is needed to improve sensitivity and specificity of the 3D-trapping ELISA. Conclusions: 3A and 3B-ELISA may be considered as prototype NSP-ELISAs useful for NSP-Ab profiling. They do not reach individually the diagnostic performance of the 3ABC-ELISA; however, combined in a “profiling test” comprising multiple antigens, they may have interesting applications, including a potential use as confirmatory system.

Brocchi° E, Grazioli° S, Pezzoni° G, Borrè° A Confirmatory tests for Foot-and-Mouth disease DIVA serology based on profiling of antibodies to non structural proteins Second Annual meeting Epizone : "Need for speed" : 4,5 and 6 - June, 2008 Brescia, Italy : programme and abstracts / [s.l. : s. n., 2008]. - p 125. - 1 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3985]


The vaccinate-to-live policy for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is based on the availability of validated screening assays to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals based on the detection of antibodies to FMDV non structural proteins (NSP). The need of confirmatory tests for NSP-serology has encouraged this study for the determination of serum profiles against multiple NSP. Materials and Methods: Indirect ELISAs for the measurement of antibodies to the NSP 3A, 313 and 3D of FMDV were developed using monoclonal antibodies to trap the respective recombinant antigens. Diagnostic performances were studied using known sera derived from experimental cattle with a know FMD status. Data were analysed in comparison with results of a validated 3ABC-trapping ELISA (1). Results and discussion: Early seroconversions against 3A, 313 and 3ABC were similar, while antibodies to 3D occurred two days earlier; however, antibodies to 3B were low or not detectable in few animals. Duration of antibodies was evaluated up to 400 days alter infection: results showed that antibodies detected by the 3ABC-ELISA were the most persistent, followed by antibodies detected by 3A-ELISA, while antibodies detected by 313- and 3D-ELISA decayed more rapidly. Specificity for 3A-ELISA was 98.3%, sensitivity reached 100% in infected cattle and 83% in cattle that were vaccinated prior to infection. These sensitivity estimates are similar to those found for the validated 3ABC-trapping ELISA, consistently with the good correlation observed between the two tests. The specificity for 3B-ELISA reached 99%, whilst sensitivity was significantly lower in both categories of infected (75%) and vaccinated/infected (72%) cattle, possibly due to either "3B-non-responder" cattle or to a faster decay of antibodies to 313. Further research is needed to improve sensitivity and specificity of the 3D-trapping ELISA. Conclusions: 3A- and 3B-ELISA may be considered as prototype NSP-ELISAs useful for NSP-Ab profiling. They do not reach individually the diagnostic performance of the 3ABC-ELISA; however, combined in a "profiling test" comprising multiple antigens, they may have interesting applications, included a potential use as confirmatory system.

Calisesi L, Cappuccio P, Pozzi P, Fiorentini° L

Valutazione dell'efficacia di un vaccino contro Hae mophilus parasuis mediante indagine clinica di campo = Evaluation of the efficacy of an Haemophilus parasuis vaccine through a field clinical investigation



E' stata condotta una prova di campo con lo scopo di valutare l'efficacia di un vaccino del commercio contro la Malattia di Glsser. Sono stati valutati nel corso della prova 2486 suini provenienti dalla medesima scrofaia (sito 1) e suddivisi in tre gruppi: - Suinetti vaccinati (SV), nati da madri non vaccinate, - Suinetti non vaccinati (MV) nati da madri vaccinate, - Suinetti che non hanno ricevuto alcun intervento vaccinale (C). Gli animali sono stati seguiti durante la permanenza in sito 2 e per i primi 24 giorni all'interno del sito 3. Sono state condotte osservazioni settimanali di tutti i gruppi che hanno consentito di rilevare la percentuale di soggetti con sintomi clinici riconducibili a Malattia di Glsser. Inoltre sono stati eseguiti esami autoptici e di laboratorio al fine di determinare la causa di morte dei soggetti deceduti nel corso della prova. Questo lavoro ha consentito di raccogliere un'importante mole di dati dai quali si deduce che le lesioni articolari si sono manifestate con una significativa minore incidenza nel gruppo MV. A field trial has been conducted with the purpose to appraise the effectiveness of a commercia) vaccine aganist Glsser's disease. During the test 2486 piglets from the same firm (site 1) have been valued. They has divided in three groups: - Vaccinated pigs born by not vaccinated mothers (SV), - Not vaccinated pigs born by vaccinated mothers (MV), - Not vaccinated pigs (C). Piglets have been checked during the permanence in site 2 and for the first 24 days in site 3. Through weekly observations of all groups, percentge of piglets with clinical symptoms referable to Glsser's disease has been recorded. Besides we have performed laboratory and necropsy examinations on dead animals. From the data obtained we can conclude that a significant clinical variation was relative to articular pathologies in MV group.

Calzolari° M, Bonilauri° P, Mascali_Zeo Silvia, Bellini R, Angelini P, Venturelli C, Dottori° M Screening for viral dectection of Aedes albopictus larvae hatched from eggs collected during a Chikungunya outbreak in Italy Second Annual meeting Epizone : "Need for speed" : 4,5 and 6 June, 2008 Brescia, Italy : programme and abstracts / [s.l. : s. n., 2008]. - p 110. - 3 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4004]

Annual meeting Epizone (2nd : Brescia, Italy : 4,5 and 6 June, 2008)

In 2007 the mosquito Aedes albopictus was involved as vector in an outbreak of CHIK in Italy. The disease affected about 250 people, mainly in the village of Castiglione di Cervia (Ravenna). The risk of overwintering of the CHIKV is represented by infected females transmitting the virus into the eggs (VT). Experiments conducted on VT of CHIKV in Ae. albopictus produced conflicting results: it was excluded by Mourya (2), but Zhang et al. (3) isolated the virus from pools of Tiger mosquitoes born from experimentally infected mothers. Recently, the CHIKV was isolated in 2 out of 500 pools of larvae sampled in La Reunion (1). The aim of this study was to check the presence of CHIKV in the mosquitoes progeny belongin to the area of the Italian outbreak. 2.Material and Methods Eggs from ovitraps employed for monitoring of Tiger mosquito were collected. The ovitraps sticks were put in closed glass jars with appropriate solution and let at room temperature for 12-14 h, in order to hatch the eggs. The same sticks after first hatching were conserved for further 3-4 weeks at 4-5°C and re-processed at least other two times, to hatch diapausing eggs. Larvae were reared at room temperature for 7-10 days, grouped in 15-20 individuals pools and submitted to RTPCR3. Results 402 sticks sampled from August until October 2007 in 158 sites were processed. A total of 8947 specimens (16% from diapausing eggs) was obtained, 101 were from Castiglione. The specimens obtained were grouped into 590 pools and subjected to PCR, without any positive result. 4. Discussion and Conclusion. No positive PCR results were obtained, indicating that VT didn't occur in the sampled eggs. Anyway VT is a rare event in CHIK and it might not be easily detectable. For

this reason our thought is that re-appearing of the disease from Ae. albopictus larvae is improbable but this event can not be completely excluded.

Calzolari° M, Leotti G, Bianchi M, Sarli G, Dottori° M Pseudo-miasi causata da Ophira Aenescens (Diptera: muscidae) in suini da ingrasso = Pseudo-myiasis caused by Ophira Aenescens (Diptera: muscidae) in swines



Nel marzo 2007 abbiamo analizzato feci di suino provenienti da un alleva-mento di Imola (BO) contenenti larve di dittero, il fenomeno ha fatto sospettare che potesse trattarsi di una inusuale miasi. Il sopralluogo effettuato nell'allevamento ha con-fermato l'abbondante presenza di larve nell'unica sala nella quale sia era manifestato il problema e la necroscopia su uno dei maiali ha evidenziato la presenza delle stesse larve anche nell'apparato digerente dello stesso. Tutte le larve campionate sono state identificate in laboratorio confermando che si trattava della medesima specie, Ophyra aenescens. Il fenomeno osservato è quindi stato spiegato con l'ingestioni delle larve presenti nell'ambiente da parte dei maiali, che le emettevano quindi con le feci senza digerirle, originando una contesto simile a quello causato da una eventuale miasi (pseudo-miasi). In March 2007 we analyzed pig's stool come from a farro in Imola (Bologna) containing Diptera larvae and we suspected that phenomenon could be an unusual myiasi. Our visit in the piggery confirmed the abundant presene of these larvae only in the room where the event was shown and the necroscopy on one of the .pigs showed the presence of the saure larvae into the digestive system. The laboratory identification of all sampled larvae confirmed that they were all the lame species, Ophyra aenescens. Wc explain the observed phenomenon by the pigs' ingestion of larvae in the environment, that were not digested and then discharged by the stool, originating a situatuation similar to a myiasi (called pseudo-miasi).

Camarda A, Circella E, Pennelli° D, Battista P, Di_Pa ola G, Madio A, Tagliabue° S Occurrence of pathogenic and faecal Escherichia col i in layer hens Ital J Anim Sci. - Vol. 7 ( 2008). - p 385-389. - 7 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4047]

Centodiciassette Escherichia coli isolati in corso di focolaio di colibacillosi (84 stipiti) e da galline ovaiole sane (33 stipiti) sono stati sierotipizzati e sottoposti a ricerca di geni di virulenza: iss, tsh, cva. La sierotipizzazione ha permesso di caratterizzare il 56% degli stipiti e di identificare 15 differenti sierogruppi. 078, 02 e 0128 risultavano i più frequenti tra E. coli isolati da soggetti ammalati, mentre agli stipiti di origine fecale era più spesso associato il sierogruppo 0139. Le percentuali di riscontro dei geni di virulenza ricercati risultavano significativamente più elevate negli stipiti provenienti dagli animali ammalati rispetto a quelli di origine fecale. Era possibile osservare l'associazione di più geni in uno stesso ceppo. In particolare, il patotipo iss-tsh-cva si evidenziava nel 46,5% degli E. coli associati a malattia. Considerando il sierotipo di appartenenza dell'isolato, tutti gli E. coli 078 e 02 presentavano il tipo genetico iss-tsh-cva, quando isolati da soggetti ammalati, ma potevano presentarsi anche privi di geni di virulenza quando isolati da soggetti sani. A total of 117 Escherichia coli from colibacillosis affected (APEC) and clinically healthy birds (AFEC) were serotyped and tested for the presence of virulence genes: iss, tsh, cva. A total of 54.5% E. Coli were typeable and 15 different serogroups were identified. The most common serogroups among APEC strains were 078, 02 and 0128, whereas 0139 was predominant in faecal strains from healthy birds. Iss, tsh e cva were more frequently detected among the septicaemic E. coli strains. The association of virulence genes was observed. Particularly, the pathotype iss-tsh-cva was present in 46.5% of APEC strains. Referring to serogroups, E. coli 078 and 02 originating from colibacillosis affected birds were always isstsh-cva positive but did not share virulence genes when they came

from healthy birds. Cammi° G, Arrigoni° N, Belletti° GL, Garilli FZ, Ri cchi° M, Vicari° N, Tamba° M, Galletti° G Indagine sulla presenza di Prototheca spp. in allev amenti di bovine da latte del Nord Italia X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 120-121. - 9 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3943]


Bulk tank milk samples collected from 350 dairy herds located in the Po Valley (Northern Italy) were investigated for Prototheca spp. Ali samples were cultured on PIM at 30 "C for 72 h for total number of Prototheca cells and analyzed also for total bacteria count and somatic cells count. Prototheca spp. were isolated in milk sample from 54 (15,43%) dairy herds. No statistical correlation resulted between Prototheca spp. isolatìon and bulk tank milk somatic celi counts and total bacterial count.

Campitelli L, Di_Martino A, Spagnolo D, Gavin JDS, Di_Trani L, Facchini M, De_Marco MA, Foni° E, Chiapponi° C, Moreno_Martin° A , Chen H, Guan Y, Delogu M, Donatelli I Molecular analysis of avian H7 influenza viruses ci rculating in Eurasia in 1999-2005: detection of multiple reassortant virus genotypes J Gen Virol. - Vol. 89 no 1 ( 2008). - p 48-59. - 60 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3634]

Avian influenza infections by high and low pathogenicity H7 influenza viruses have caused several outbreaks in European poultry in recent years, also resulting in human infections. Although in some cases the source of H7 strains from domestic poultry was shown to be the viruses circulating in the wild bird reservoir, a thorough characterization of the entire genome of H7 viruses from both wild and domestic Eurasian birds, and their evolutionary relationships, has not been conducted. In our study, we have analysed low pathogenicity H7 influenza strains isolated from wild and domestic ducks in Italy and southern China and compared them with those from reared terrestrial poultry such as chicken and turkey. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the H7 haemaggiutinin genes were all closely related to each other, whereas the remaining genes couid be divided into two or more phylogenetic groups. Almost each year different H7 reassortant viruses were identified and in at least two different years more than one H7 genotype co-circulated. A recent precursor in wild waterfowl was identified for most of the gene segments of terrestrial poultry viruses. Our data suggest that reassortment allows avian influenza viruses, in their natural reservoir, to increase their genetic diversity. In turn this might help avian influenza viruses colonize a wider range of hosts, including domestic poultry.

Campos RdM, Malirat V, Neitzert E, Grazioli° S, Brocchi° E, Sanchez C., Falczuk AJ, Ortiz S, Rebello MA, Bergmann IE Development and characterization of a bovine serum evaluation panel as a standard for immunoassays based on detection of antibodies again st foot-and-mouth disease viral non-capsid proteins J Virol Methods. - Vol. 151 no 1 ( 2008). - p 15-23. - 27 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3837]

The widespread perception of the effectiveness of applying tests based on the detection of

antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viral non-capsid proteins (NCPs) to assess virus circulation irrespective of vaccination triggered the demand for international standards to evaluate the comparative performance of the upcoming assays against the OIE Index test developed at the Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center, PAHO/WHO. To this end, a panel was developed composed of 34 cattle sera from animals with an unambiguous exposed/infected status, covering serotypes 0, A and C, obtained either under experimental conditions or from the field in regions with different epidemiological situations. Reference values in the Index test and their reproducibility in other laboratories, data on stability as well as results in four other commercial kits and one in house test were obtained. The characteristics of the panel which comprise adequate preparation following international guidelines, a broad range of antibody reactivity, proper stability and the ability to assess comparative diagnostic sensitivity, make it suitable as a reference standard to evaluate if tests equivalent to the OIE Index method are used in support of FMD control programs and by trading partners, and also whether they maintain their standards of diagnostic performance.

Candotti° P I suini 30 giorni. - Vol. 1 no 8 ( 2008). - p 25-45 [Nr. Estr. 3873]

Candotti° P, Dotti° S, Amadori° M, Villa° R, Lomba rdi° G, Rota_Nodari S, Ferrari° M Experimental infection of pure bred landrace pigs w ith porcine respiratory and reproductive virus (PRRSV) : clinical and laboratory findings 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 123. - 3 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3815]

International Pig Veterinary Society Congress (IPVS) (20th : Durban, (South Africa) : 22-26 June 2008)

Candotti° P, Dotti° S, Guana S, Rota_Nodari S, Amad ori° M, Villa° R, Petrini S, Lombardi° G, Ferrari° M Sensibilità di suini di razza large white e landrac e sperimentalmente infettati con PRRSV = Susceptibility of pure bred large white and landrace pigs to experimental infection with PRRSV



Ventotto suini di trenta giorni di vita e di linee genetiche diverse: quattordici Large White e quattordici Landrace, sono stati sperimentalmente infettati con il virus della PRRS. La prova è durata trenta giorni e gli animali sono stati clinicamente, virologicamente e immunologicamente monitorati al fine di evidenziarne eventuali differenze alla infezione. I dati raccolti sembrano evidenziare una sintomatologia clinica più evidente e nei soggetti Large White e ciò potrebbe essere in relazione ai differenti valori di IL- 10 sierica, IFN-(ipsilon)SC e IgM, registrati nelle due linee genetiche. In this study, twenty pigs, thirty day old of two different pure bred lines: fourteen Large White and fourteen Landrace, were experimentally infected with PRRS virus. The animals were investigated for thirty days by clinical, virological and à immunological tests, to compare the infection response differences between two pig lines. The collected data seem to evidence a more severe clinical sign in Large White aniimals than in Landrace and tris finding could be in relationship with different values of IL-10, IFI –(ypsilon) SC and IgM, that were detected in the two pure bred lines.

Candotti° P, Dotti° S, Guana S, Rota_Nodari S, Amad ori° M, Villa° R, Petrini S, Lombardi° G, Ferrari° M Susceptibility of pure bred large white and landrac e pigs to experimental infection with porcine respiratory and reproductive virus (PRRSV) 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 122. - 3 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3814]


Candotti° P, Rota_Nodari° S A case report of blue spots and abortion syndrome i n northern Italy 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Society Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - v. 2. - cdrom p 559. - 4 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4039]

International Pig Veterinary Society Congress (IPVS) (20th : Durban, South Africa : 22-26 June 2008)

Candotti° P, Rota_Nodari° S, Berti F, Ostanello F, M eliota F Efficacy of a new vaccine (Myco-Suivax®) against My coplasma hyopneumoniae under field conditions 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Society Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - V. 2. - cdrom p 195. - 3 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3952]


Canelli° E, Luppi° A, Barbieri° I, Lavazza° A, Moreno_ Martin° A, Sozzi° E, Lelli° D, Cordioli° P Tipizzazione genetica di ceppi del virus della diar rea virale bovina (BVDV) isolati in Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna dal 1999 al 2007 X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 128-129. - 10 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3942]


A panel of 115 BVDVs isolated in the 1999-2007 period from cattle breed in Lombardia and Emilia Romagna regions was subtyped by sequencing and phylogenetically analyzed. Primers used target a fragment of the 5'UTR region of BVDV genome. The data obtained show that the isolates belong lo 9 subtypes within BVDV-1, indicating a high level of genetic heterogeneity. Two subtypes never reported before in Italy are described. BVDV-1b and 1e are the most frequent isolated subtypes. The low frequency of BVDV-2 isolates is in agreement with the sporadic Italian occurrence.

Canelli° E, Luppi° A, Fallacara° C, Sozzi° E, Lelli° D, Moreno_Martin° M, Cordioli° P Genetic characterization of bovine viral diarrhoea viruses isolated from cattle in Northern Italy during the 1999-2007 period 7th ESVV pestivirus symposium, Uppsala Sweden 16-19 September 2008 / [s.n. : s.l., 2008]. - p 179. - 5 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3965]

ESVV pestivirus symposium (7th : Uppsala, Sweden : September 16-19, 2009)

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a Pestivirus which is cause of significant economic losses in cattle farming. Only 2 distinct genotypes (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2) are recognized and moreover BVDV-1, analysed in 5'UTR, comprises, by now, 15 subgroups (from a to o) [4] and BVDV-2 includes subtypes a and b. The aim of this study is the subtyping (by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis) of a panel of BVDVs isolated by our laboratory from 1999 to 2007, in order to find out the distribution of the isolated strains, the most prevalent subgroups, how recent viruses compare with isolates obtained before and to confront the viruses with others from Italy and Europe. Methods A panel of 115 samples, preventively tested and found positive to BVDV by isolation on REB celis (bovine kidney celi), A panel of 115 samples, preventively tested and found positive to BVDV by isolation on REB celis (bovine kidney celi), were then directly analyzed using RT-PCR for amplification of a fragment of the 5'-UTR of BVDV, without passages on celi culture. The primer pair used, BE-B2, targets the 5'UTR, in highly conserved regions of BVDV [2]. They were chosen because of their ability to differentiate BVDV from other Pestivirus and to determine the genotype of isolates [2]. The PCR products were sequenced after purification using the same primers of identificative PCR and phylogenetically analysed. Results Most BVDVs analyzed were classified as genotype 1 and belong to 9 subgroups according to nomenclature proposed by Nagai et al, 2008. The two groups more represented are BVDV e group (35) and b group (40). Ali the BVDV-1 b strains create a homogenous group, while BVDV-1 e strains form three separate genetic groups. The homology among these three groups is around 91-92%, lower than percentages of similarity between strains belonging to each group (95-97%, 96.5-98.8% and 97% respectively). Other isolates are grouping as BVDV-1 a, d, f and h (6, 9, 6 and 6 isolates respectively), only 2 as BVDV-1 g and other 2 as BVDV-1 k. A small group of 5 isolates is lowly genetically correlated to all other genetic subgroups. Strains of this group showed a high sequence identity between each other (98-99%). No isolates grouped in BVDV-1 c, i, j, m, n and o. Only 4 BVDV type 2 were detected (3 BVDV-2 b and 1 BVDV-2 a). The phylogenetic tree reported below was constructed from the 5'UTR sequences used. Sequences of field viruses analyzed are compared with sequences of reference strains or strains belonging to the on line GenBank Conclusions The analysis of data obtained, shows that 9 subgroups within BVDV-1 are circulating in the analysed area, indicating a high level of genetic heterology. BVDV-1 b and 1e are the most frequent subtypes isolated. On the basis of our sequence comparison results, the group e could be further divided into three clusters, labelled in this work, for clarity, le1, 1e2 and 1e3, (see figure). Although, these results confirm partly previous Italian outcomes [1, 3], demonstrating that regional differences in prevailing types do not exist or are not significant. In this work we describe for the first time two strains belonging to group 1 k, never described in Italy before and we confirm that the groups BVDV-1 a and g have been present in Italy from 2000, according to other studies [3]. In our study a group is divergent from all others and could represent a further new group, or it could belong to the group BVDV-11, previously reported by Jackova et al. [5]. Since we could not find sequences of BVDV-11 in the database, further phylogenetic analysis containing these isolates was not possible. The low number of BVDV-2 isolates is coherent with the European tendency and the sporadic Italian occurrence.

Capucci° L, Lavazza° A Rabbit haemorrhagic disease Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals : (mammals, birds and bees) / Office International des Epizooties (OIE). - Paris : OIE, c2008. - p 947-961. - 41 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4015]

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a highly contagious and acute fatal disease of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), caused by a calicivirus. A similar disease, caused by a different calicivirus and termed European brown hare syndrome (EBHS), has been described in the hare (Lepus europaeus). The aetiological agent is a different calicivirus, antigenically related to the RHD virus (RHDV). RHD is characterised by high morbidity and high mortality (40-90%), and spreads very rapidly by direct and indirect transmission. Infection can occur by nasal, conjunctival or oral routes. Transmission of RHD is facilitated by the high stability of the virus in the environment. The incubation period varies from 1 to 3 days, and death usually occurs 12-36 hours alter the onset of fever The clinical manifestations have been described mainly in the acute infection (nervous and

respiratory signs, apathy and anorexia). Clear and specific lesions, both gross and microscopic, are present. There is primary liver necrosis and a massive disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in all organs and tissues. The most severe lesions are in the liver, trachea and lungs. Petechiae are evident in almost all organs and are accompanied by poor blood coagulation. Identification of the agent: The liver contains the highest viral titre and is the most suitable organ for viral identification. As no satisfactory growth conditions or sensitive cell substrates have been established, in-vitro isolation cannot be employed. The haemagglutination test using human Group O red blood cells was the first test applied for routine laboratory diagnosis of RHD. However, other tests (negative-staining electron microscopy, sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], immunohistological staining, polymerase chain reaction and Western blot) have shown a higher level of specificity and sensitivity. Serological tests: Characterisation and titration of specific antibodies arising from natural Infection or from immunisation are performed using the haemagglutination inhibition test or an indirect or competitive ELISA. The following reagents are prepared: antigen from infected rabbit liver, anti-RHDV serum from convalescent or hyperimmunised rabbits, and negative serum from rabbits fully sensitive to RHDV Infection. Monoclonal antibodies have been produced in several laboratories. Some laboratories have produced a recombinant antigen, VP60 structural protein expressed in baculovirus, which can also be used as a diagnostic reagent. Requirements for vaccines and diagnostic biologicals: Indirect control of the disease is achieved by vaccination using a killed vaccine prepared from clarified liver suspensions of experimentally infected rabbits and subsequently inactivated and adjuvanted. Vaccinated animals quickly produce solid protective immunity against RHDV Infection (within 5-10 days) and experimental data indicate that protection lasts for a long period (over 1 year).

Cardeti G, Lavazza° A, Cittadini M, Ponticello L, Forma to G, Tittarelli° C, Amaddeo D Virosi delle api e mortalità degli alveari X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 136-137. - 9 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3941]


Specific viruses affecting honeybees are widespread and normally give latency i.e. they can be detected in seemingly healthy bees. In the fast decade we investigated the presence and spread of bee viruses in Italian hives. Samples of honeybees at different stages were examined by electron microscopy methods, including IEM for ABPV and ELISA test for DWV. DWV and ABPV were often detected in high titres in association with severe signs: depopulation, adult bees with paralysis and/or deformed wings, mortality.

Cardeti G, Ponticello L, Cittadini M, Lavazza° A, Amadd eo D, Formato G Considerazioni pratiche sulle virosi delle api Apitalia. - Vol. 2 ( 2008). - p 18-20 [Nr. Estr. 3914]

Le virosi delle api sono patologie che prevedono metodiche di indagine diagnostica specialistica. La recrudescenza di Varroa destructor, che spesso tende a "scatenare" nelle famiglie gravi forme di virosi, le rende patologie da considerare sempre con la massima attenzione. Ultériori approfondimenti sono necessari per capire più a fondo sia gli aspetti patogenetici (cioè come si trasmettono e come arrecano danno alle api), che le modalità di intervento sugli alveari colpiti, una volta diagnosticata la loro presenza.

Castellan A, Alborali° L, Zanoni° MG Vaccinazione intensiva nei confronti dei Circovirus suino tipo 2 (PCV2) nel controllo di un focolaio di malattia da PCV2 (PCVD) in un allevamen to a ciclo aperto = Intensive vaccination strategy against porcine Circovirus type2 (PCV2) in the control of a PCV2 disease (PCVD) outbreak in a farrow-to-weaning farm



In un allevamento italiano a ciclo aperto di 1500 scrofe, dopo l'insorge di grave mortalità e deperimento nel settore svezzamento, è stato applicato un pera diagnostico che ha permesso di identificare la presenza di un focolaio di PCVD (m, tie da Circovirus suino tipo 2) complicato. Lo studio riporta ed esamina gli effetti d programma di controllo del focolaio stesso dopo 6 mesi di applicazione di un pi vaccinale intensivo con CIRCOVAC" (vaccino inattivato contro PCV2). In seguito applicazione di tale programma si è osservata una notevole riduzione della morta del numero degli "scarti" e del consumo di antibiotici; lo stato generale di salute performance zootecniche sono tornate nella norma ed inoltre non sono stati più evidenziati casi di PDNS. A diagnostic protocol was applied in an Italian farrow-to-weaning farr 1500 sows after the appearance of severe mortality and wasting in the weaners. A complicated outbreak of PCVD (Circovirus type 2 diseases) was identified. The effects an intensive vaccination with CIRCOVAC° (inactivated vaccine against PCV2) were studied. The vaccination was able to reduce dramatically mortality, the number of poors doers and the use of antibiotics; PDNS completely disappeared and growth performances returned back to optimal level.

Cerioli° M, Brivio R, Grilli G, Tittarelli° C, Marasci ulo V, Lavazza° A Search for key health and welfare indicators for me at rabbit production and definition of a score method of evaluation http://world-rabbit-science.com/WRSA-Proceedings/Congress-2008-Verona/Papers/P0-LavazzaCapucci.pdf - ultimo accesso 20-02-2009. - Vol. 2008). - p 915-919. - 6 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3800a]


The aim of this study is to define parameters related to health and welfare of animals even in industrial farms with intensive husbandry. Therefore, we tried to increase the knowledge on rabbit welfare by the use of correct tools for monitoring the different aspects of rabbit industrial farming, in order to improve the efficieney of farms and the productive performances of animals. Our study is based firstly on the charaeterization of health, management, environmental and physiological parameters and, secondly, on the definition of protocols to assess welfare of rabbits. All the entered values are then utilized for a score system to establish health and welfare conditions in industrial farms.

Cerioli° M, Brivio R, Grilli G, Tittarelli° C, Marasci ulo V, Lavazza° A Search for key health and welfare indicators for me at rabbit production and definition of a score method of evaluation Proceedings of the 9th World rabbit congress : Verona (Italy) June 10-13, 2008 / editors, Gerolamo Xiccato, Angela Trocino and Steven D. Lukefahr. - 1 ed. - Brescia : Fondazione Iniziative Zooprofilattiche e Zootecniche, 2008. - (Atti delle Giornate di Studio Fondazione Iniziative Zooprofilattiche e Zootecniche ; 72) p 273 [Nr. Estr. 3800]


The aim of this study is to define parameters related to health and welfare of animals even in industrial farms with intensive husbandry. Therefore, we tried to increase the knowledge on rabbit welfare by the use of correct tools for monitoring the different aspects of rabbit industrial farming, in order to improve the efficieney of farms and the productive performances of animals. Our study is based firstly on the charaeterization of health, management, environmental and physiological parameters and, secondly, on the definition of protocols to assess welfare of rabbits. All the entered values are then utilized for a score system to establish health and welfare conditions in industrial farms.

Cinotti° S, Sacchi° C Prevalenza dell'anemia infettiva equina nel territo rio di competenza dell'Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell 'Emilia Romagna - "B. Ubertini" Convegno di Ippiatria in onore del Prof. Franco Monti : 9-10 Maggio 2008 Centro Internazionale del Cavallo - La Venaria Reale Parco Regionale La Mandria - Druento (TO) / a cura di Antonio Pugliese e Carlo Girardi. - [Torino : Armando Siciliano Editore, 2008]. - p 124-131. - 6 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3931]

Convegno di Ippiatria in onore del Prof. Franco Monti : Druento (TO) : 9-10 Maggio 2008)

Circella E, Martella V, Lavazza° A, Lorusso E, Camarda A Enterite da coronavirus in quaglie d'allevamento :c aratterizzazione genomica di uno stipite del virus Obiet Docum Vet. - Vol. 29 no 3 ( 2008). - p 5-8. - 19 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3754]

In questa nota viene descritta una sindrome enterica osservata in un allevamento di quaglie della Puglia, gestite semi-intensivamente a scopo venatorio e di ripopolamento del territorio. In microscopia elettronica ed in RT PCR veniva riscontrata la presenza di coronavirus nel contenuto intestinale dei soggetti colpiti. Il virus non è risultato coltivabile su uova embrionate dì pollo. Le analisi di sequenza condotte sulla frazione lb del gene della polimerasi hanno messo in luce un'identità nucleotidica del 93% con i coronavirus aviari (gruppo 3). Le analisi della frazione S1 del gene della proteina S del virus della quaglia (QCoV) hanno evidenziato un'identità aminoacidica pari a 16%-18% con il virus della bronchite infettiva e del 79%-81% con il coronavirus del tacchino (TCoV). Al momento, non è ancora chiaro se QCoV sia una variante del TCoV o rappresenti un nuovo coronavirus aviare. In this report, an enteric sindrome observed in a quail farm semi-intensively reared for hunting and restocking is described. The affected birds displayed depression, dehydration, reduced growth and severe diarrhoea. A coronavirus was detected by electron microscopy and RT-PCR in the intestinal content of the dead quail. The virus was not cultivable using chicken embryos. By sequence analyses of a fragment 1b of the polymerase gene, a 93% nucleotide identity of the quail coronavirus (QCoV) to the avian coronavirus (group 3) was observed. The sequence analyses of the S1 fragment of the S gene showed a 16%-18% amino acid identity of the QCoV wíth the infectious bronchitis virus and 79%-81% identity with turkey coronavirus (TCoV). Actually, we are not sure whether the QCoV is a TCoV variant or a new avian coronavirus.

Corradi A, Jottini S, Lavazza° A, Cantoni AM Skin papillomatosis in piglets 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 547. - 4 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3824]

International Pig Veterinary Society Congress (IPVS) (20th : Durban, (South Africa) : 22-26 June

2008) Corradi A, Losi° CG, Renzi° S, Sesso L, Galdi A, Motta A, Cinotti° S Isolamento, amplificazione e caratterizzazione di c ondrociti della specie equina = Isolation, amplification and characterization of equine chondrocytes

Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet. - Vol. 62 ( 2008). - cdrom p 179-180. - 5 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3860]

Convegno Nazionale della Societa' Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie (SISVET) (62 : S. Benedetto del Tronto (AN) : 2008)

Le lesioni e le patologie cartilaginee nella specie equina rappresentano un evento frequente che può determinare una ridotta e limitata attività fisica nel cavallo da competizione (1), difficilmente riparabile a causa del lento turnover cellulare che caratterizza il tessuto cartilagineo (2). Al fine di ovviare a tale limitazione, le ricerche sono recentemente state indirizzate verso il trapianto di Cellule Staminali Mesenchimali (CSM) in alternativa all'utilizzo di condrociti autologhi. Inoltre, per facilitare la riparazione del difetto cartilagineo si ritiene vantaggioso l'utilizzo di un biomateriale che permetta la fissazione e l'adesione delle cellule trapiantate nella sede della lesione (3). Nel corso del presente lavoro sono stati pertanto isolati, amplificati e caratterizzati condrociti della specie equina, da utilizzare come controllo positivo per le CSM, al fine di un potenziale impiego terapeutico. Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) represents an approach in tissue reconstitution, thanks to their ability to differentiate in various cells of the mesodermal line, including cartilage. An alternative system consists in cell therapy using autologous chondrocytes. These cells could be used in tissue engineering and represent a reference cell system for MSCs based treatment. In the present study, equine chondrocytes were cultivated in vitro; furthermore inclusion in alginate beads, solubilisation and characterization were performed. In future, MSCs plasticity and growth of this type of cells on different bioscaffolds will be evaluated, together with the analysis in immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence.

Dacci ML, Fantinati P, Alborali° GL, Zannoni A, Penazzi P, Bernardini C, Forni M, Ostanello F Valutazione in vivo e in vitro della fertilita' del verro in contesto aziendale X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 93-94. - 7 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3947]


In pig industries, the decline in boar fertility, non bound to apparent causes, is a common and economically relevant problem. This study was designed to evaluate if temporary fertility decline could be due to contact with pathogens at level not sufficient to evocate clinical signs of disease but adequate to stimulate the seroconversion. Nine boars have been monitored during 5 months and sperm and blood samples have been repeatedly collected for seminai and serological evaluations. At this level we researched ADV, PRRSV, PCV2, SIV (H1N1, H2N1, H3N2) antibodies. In order to evaluate boar fertility we utilized in vitro as well as in vivo parameters (Farrowing Rate and Litter Size outcome of 230 Artificial Insemination). The low percentage «5%) of damaged acrosome in an ejaculate significantly correlates with high LS. On the contrary no correlations have been found among seroconversions for PRRSV (2 boars) and for ADV (2 boars) and in vivo fertility as well as positivity for SIV (H1 N2 strain) (4 boars).

Decaro N, Desario C, Elia G, Martella V, Mari V, Lavazza° A, Nardi M, Buonavoglia C

Evidence for immunisation failure in vaccinated adu lt dogs infected with canine parvovirus type 2c New microbiol. - Vol. 31 ( 2008). - p 125-130. - 38 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3645]

An outbreak of canine panvovirus type 2c (CPV-2c) infection in vaccinated adult dogs is reported. The disease occurred in a breeding kennel in Italy and affected 11 dogs aged between 6 months and 2.5 years, that had been repeatedly administered vaccines containing a type 2 (old type) CPV strain. CPV infection was demonstrated in all diseased dogs by an immunochromatographic test. A CPV strain was isolated from the intestinal content of a 20-monthold pregnant Bernese mountain bitch that underwent a fatal outcome. The strain was characterised as CPV-2c by means of real-time PCR assays using minor groove binder probes. The present report provides further concerns about the real efficacy of type 2-based vaccines against the antigenic variants of CPV and stresses the need for developing new vaccines prepared with the variants currently circulating in the dog population.

Decaro N, Desario C, Miccolupo A, Campolo M, Parisi A, Martella V, Amorisco F, Lucente MS, Lavazza° A, Buonavoglia C Genetic analysis of feline panleukopenia viruses fr om cats with gastroenteritis J Gen Virol. - Vol. 89 no 9 ( 2008). - p 2290-2298. - 35 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3864]

Thirty-nine parvovirus strains contained in faecal samples collected in Italy (n=34) and UK (n=5) from cats with feline panleukopenia were characterized at the molecular level. All viruses were proven to be true feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) strains by a minor groove binder probe assay, which is able to discriminate between FPLV and the closely related canine parvovirus type 2. By using sequence analysis of the VP2 gene, it was found that the FPLV strains detected in Italy and UK were highly related to each other, with a nucleotide identity of 99.1-100 and 99.4-99.8% among Italian and British strains, respectively, whereas the similarities between all the sequences analysed were 98.6-100%. Eighty-eight variabie positions were detected in the VP2 gene of the fieid and reference FPLV strains, most of which were singletons. Synonymous substitutions (n=57) predominated over non-synonymous substitutions (n=31), and the ratio between synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions (dN/d S) was 0.10, thus confirming that evoiution of FPLV is driven by random genetic drift rather than by positive selection pressure. Some amino acid mutations in the VP2 protein affected sites that are thought to be responsible for antigenic and biological properties of the virus, but no clear patterns of segregation and genetic markers, were identified, confirming that FPLV is in evolutionary stasis.

Decaro N, Mari M, Desario C, Campolo M, Elia G, Martella V, Greco G, Cirone F, Colaianni ML, Cordioli° P, Buonavoglia C Severe outbreak of bovine coronavirus infection in dairy cattle during the warmer season Vet Microbiol. - Vol. 126 ( 2008). - p 30-39. - 31 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3638]

A severe outbreak of enteric and respiratory disease associated with bovine coronavirus (BCoV) infection is described. The outbreak occurred in a dairy herd of southern Italy in the first decade of September 2006, when summer temperatures were still recorded, affecting calves, heifers and adult cows, with a marked decrease in milk production. By virus isolation and RT-PCR targeting the S gene, BCoV was identified as the etiological agent of the outbreak, whereas bacteriological, parasitological and toxicological investigations failed to detect other causes of disease. BCoV strains with 99-100% nucleotide identity in the S gene were isolated from nasal, ocular and rectal swabs, thus proving the absence of separate clusters of virus on the basis of tissue tropism. Sequence analysis of the haemagglutination-esterase and spike proteins of the strain detected in one rectal

sample (3391 06) showed a high genetic relatedness with recent BCoV isolates (98-99% amino acid identity), with several unique amino acid substitutions in the S protein. The BCoV outbreak described in this paper presents interesting aspects: (i) the occurrence of a severe form of disease in the warmer season; (ii) the simultaneous presente of respiratory and enteric disease; (iii) the involvement of young as well as adult cattle.

Dekker A, Sammin D, Greiner M, Bergmann I, Paton D, Grazioli° S, De_Clercq K, Brocchi° E Use of continuous results to compare ELISAs for the detection of antibodies to non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus Vaccine. - Vol. 26 ( 2008). - p 2723-2732. - 10 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3786]

Six tests for detection of antibodies against the non-structural proteíns. of foot and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were compared at an international workshop in Brescia, Italy in 2004 on the basis of dichotomous test results. However, as results from att of these assays were also available on a continuous scale, validation was extended by calculatìng and subsequent[y analysing the receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves and likelihood ratios (LR) for each test method. For the purposes of these analyses, test results for a total of 1337 sera were selected from the Brescia workshop dataset, 237 sera that had been obtained from cattle exposed to FMDV and 1100 sera obtained from cattle that were not exposed to the virus; sera from "exposed" cattle were considered to be "true positives" and sera from "non exposed" cattle were considered to be "true negatives". Analysis of ROC curves showed that at specificities of both 99 and 99.5%, the IZS-Brescia and the Ceditest ELISA had significantly better detection rates in exposed cattle than the other ELISAs. The ROC analysis confirms the previous finding that the IZS-Brescia and the Ceditest ELISAs have both better detection rates in exposed cattle combined with a high specificity. The analysis of likelihood ratios provides information that may be very useful in the interpretation of test results, and a working example is presented to show how these likelihood ratios might be used in an objective approach to deciding the true infection status of surveyed populations.

Delogu M, Ostanello F, Moreno_Martin° A, Lelli° D, F rasnelli° M, Marzadori° F, Raffini° E, De_Marco MA Infezione da PCV2 nel cinghiale: dinamica anticorpa le in una popolazione monitorata in un'area protetta (2002-2006) Epidemiologia : strumenti per conoscere, agire e decidere in sanità pubblica veterinaria : IV Workshop nazionale di epidemiologia veterinaria : Università degli studi "Sapienza" : Roma, 11-12 Dicembre 2008 : riassunti / a cura di Gaia Scavia, Susan Babsa e Marcello Sala. - Roma : Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2008. - (ISTISAN congressi ; 08/C12) p 91 [Nr. Estr. 3901]


Il Circovirus suino tipo 2 (Porcine Circovirus type 2, PCV2) riveste un ruolo primario nel determinismo della Sindrome multisistemica del deperimento post-svezzamento del suino (Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome, PMWS), patologia a diffusione mondiale e responsabile di gravi ripercussioni zoo-economiche. L'infezione da PCV2 è stata descritta in Europa anche nel cinghiale (Sus scrofa), talvolta associata alla PMWS. Dal 2002 al 2006, al fine di verificare la presenza dell'infezione da PCV2 e di studiarne la dinamica all'interno di una popolazione selvatica di cinghiale sottoposta a gestione demografica densità dipendente, è stata effettuata un'indagine siero-epidemiologica. Gli anticorpi anti PCV2 sono stati ricercati, mediante l'impiego di un test ELISA competitivo, in 1499 sieri di cinghiale raccolti nell'ambito di catture o abbattimenti selettivi effettuati nel Parco Regionale dei Gessi Bolognesi e Calanchi della Abbadessa, provincia di Bologna (4.844 ettari). In tale area la popolazione del suide selvatico viene mantenuta annualmente su valori noti di densità e struttura. Il numero medio di cinghiali stimati/anno dal 2002 al 2006 e le corrispondenti

intensità percentuali di campionamento sono state: 700 e 21,9%, 600 e 66,2%, 450 e 82,7%, 500 e 64%, 550 e 47,5%. In funzione dell'età, i soggetti campionati sono stati suddivisi in classe 1 (0-6 mesi: n. 742), classe 2 (7-12 mesi: n. 376), classe 3 (13-24 mesi: n. 263), classe 4 (>24 mesi: n. 118). Nei 5 anni di studio è stata riscontrata una prevalenza complessiva pari al 39,8% (596/1.499). La prevalenza totale nelle femmine (42,8%) è risultata significativamente superiore (p=0,02) a quella dei maschi (36,9%). Le prevalenza più elevate sono state registrate nella classe 1 e nella classe 4 (48,2% e 49,2% rispettivamente). Nelle rimanenti classi di età la prevalenza era pari al 22,6% e 36,1%. Analizzando i valori di prevalenza per sesso e classe di età, solo nella classe 3 i maschi presentavano valori significativamente inferiori (p=0,005) rispetto alle femmine. Tale osservazione è probabilmente spiegabile con la parziale segregazione che i maschi presentano in questa classe di età. Per quanto riguarda i titoli anticorpali, è stata osservata una differenza statisticamente significativa in funzione dell'anno di campionamento (p=0,000), con titoli progressivamente crescenti fino al 2004. Gli animali adulti (classi 3 e 4) presentano titoli anticorpali superiori a quelli degli animali giovani (p=0,028). Le femmine evidenziano valori anticorpali superiori a quelli dei maschi (p=0,003): questo probabilmente è dovuto ad un effetto booster indotto dall'infezione dei giovani al calo dell'immunità materna mentre sono ancora in branco con femmine adulte.

Di_Bartolo I, Martelli F, Toma S, Inglese N, Caprioli A, Ruggeri FM, Lelli° D, Bonci° M, Ostanello F Molecular characterisation and phylogenesis of swin e hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains identified in Italy 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 2. - 5 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3826]


Dottori° M Le infestazioni da elmenti nel suino = Helminthiasis in swine


Giornata di studio "Endoparassitosi nella filiera produttiva del suino" : Marmirolo (MN) : 12 ottobre 2007)

L'autore passa in rassegna i principali elminti del suino, con particolare riferimento a quelli significativamente presenti negli allevamenti intensivi italiani. Di essi viene sinteticamente riferito il ciclo biologico, l'interazione con l'ambiente alleva-mento e l'impatto sanitario e zootecnico sugli animali.. The most important helminthiasis of swine are reviewed, with focus of those who are more prevalent in Italian herds. The biological cycle, the epidemiology and the sanitary and economie impact on swine herds are considered.

Dottori° M, Bonilauri° P, Bellini R, Cordioli° P, Tamba° M, Sambri V, Calzolari M, Angelini P, Macini P, Venturi L, Angelini R, Lavazza° A , Martini E, Finarelli AC, Venturelli C, Vecchi° G Primo focolaio europeo autoctono di malattia tropic ale trasmessa da vettori in Romagna Prax Vet. - Vol. 29 no 1 ( 2008). - p 2-10. - 59 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3654]

La globalizzazione e le modificazioni climatiche in atto preannunziano da tempo lo sconfinamento di patologie considerate prettamente esotiche. Il virus Chikungunya da anni fa capolino in Europa con numerosi casi umani importati, costitutiti da viaggiatori ed emigranti, quello dell'estate del 2007

descritto dagli autori è il primo caso europeo di focolaio autoctono di una patologia tropicale trasmessa da vettori (zanzare) Gli autori descrivono l'episodio, nonché i suoi aspetti epidemiologici, eziologici e diagnostici, in un ambito interdisciplinare che vede il contributo di medici, veterinari e biologi. Changes in geographical distribution and transmission patterns of infectious diseases once considered as “exotic” are probably a consequence of globalization and climate changes. Imported cases of Chikungunya have been reported in the latest years in Europe, and they originated from travels and immigration from endemic countries. In this report regarding a Chikungunya oubreak in Italy in summer 2007, for the first time in Europe, a non-imported outbreak of a tropical arthropod-borne (mosquitoes) disease is described. Epidemiological, ethiological, and diagnostic implications of the outbreak are reported. The interdisciplinary approach and the importance of collaboration among medical doctors, veterinarians and biologists are emphasized.

Dottori° M, Bonilauri° P, Merialdi° G, Nigrelli° A, Martelli R Monitoring chronic pleuritis due to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae at slaughterhouse by a newly implemented scoring system 20th Internationl Pig Veterinary Society Congress IPVS 2008 : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : poster proceedings / [s.l : s.n, 2008]. - p 230. - 2 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3987]


Engel B, Buist W, Orsel K, Dekker A, De_Clercq K, Grazioli° S, Van_Roermund Herman A Bayesian evaluation of six diagnostic tests for f oot-and-mouth disease for vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle Prev Vet Med. - Vol. 86 ( 2008). - p 124-138. - 21 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3834]

The sensitivity and specificity of six ELISA tests for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) to discriminate between sero-converted (for non-structural FMD virus proteins) and non-sero-converted cattle were evaluated for vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle. Since none of the tests could be considered as a proper reference test and for about half of the tested sera the true status (sero-converted or not for non-structural proteins, i.e. presence of antibodies) of the animals was unknown, a Bayesian analysis employing a latent class model was used that did not rely on the use of a reference test or gold standard. Prior information about prevalence for subsets of the data and specificity of the tests was incorporated into the analysis. The specificity of the six tests for vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle ranged from 96 to 99%. For vaccinated cattle, one test stood out with an estimated sensitivity of 94% (95% CI from 89.8 to 98.1 %). Second best for vaccinated cattle were two tests with estimated sensitivities of 85% (95% CI from 78.9 to 89.7%) and 92% (95% CI from 86.2 to 95.6%). For non-vaccinated cattle, the sensitivities of these three tests were around 97%. The remaining three tests showed lower estimated sensitivity for vaccinated cattle, ranging from 57 to 79%.

Fallacara° F, Bonialuri° P, Sambri V, Rossini G, Cavr ini F, Cordioli° P, Lavazza° A, Bellini R, Calzolari° M, Angelini R, Venturi L, Ang elini° P, Venturelli C, Pacciarini° ML, Merialdi° G, Dottori° M Complete nucleotide sequence of Italian Chikungunya virus Second Annual meeting Epizone : "Need for speed" : 4,5 and 6 - June, 2008 Brescia, Italy : programme and abstracts / [s.l. : s. n., 2008]. - p 108. - 3 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4005]


introduction and Objectives in this work, we describe the complete sequence of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) detected in Aedes albopictus (1) collected during the Italian outbreak observed in summer 2007 (ITA07-RA1, GenBank EU244823) and the E1 sequences of CHIKV isolates from human sera. 2.Material and Methods Complete nucleotide sequence was performed employing primers previously described (2). Phylogenetic analysis was performed with MEGA 4 (3) using the neighbor-joining algorithm and the Kimura 2-parameter distance model. 3.Results The CHIKV genomic RNA was 11788 nt long. The comparison with other CHIKV strains showed that ITA07-RA1 clustered with Indian isolates (IND-06, 99.5% nt identity) and Reunion Islancis isolates (RU, 98.8% nt identity), into the ECSA genotype. Analysis of partial E1 (1044 bp, from 10264 to 11307 according to 527 strain) from mosquitoes and human sera shows 100% nt identity. In E1 region, the Italian strain shows two relevant changes (A226V and D284E), also present in >90% of later RU isolates. It was hypothesized that these mutations confer evolutionary success to the virus in its adaptation to the urban vector A. albopictus (2). Moreover, ITA07-RA1 presents the two unique substitutions noted in all of the IND06 isolates, but not in the RU isolates, both in Nspl region (T128K and T376M). 4.Discussion and Conclusions. The Italian CHIKV sequenced from mosquitoes and human isolates shows 100% identity. This finding may confirm the role of A. albopictus as vector of the virus in the Italian outbreak (1). Moreover, in the Italian CHIK strain the two relevant substitutions (A226V and D284E) noted in all of the IND06 isolates - but not in the RU isolates - are present. This finding may indicate that the Italian virus comes from India where the CHIKV and the disease are still endemic. This episode indicates that Italy is at risk of introducing arboviruses causing human diseases, such as Dengue, West Nile and Rift valley fever.

Ferrari° M, Candotti° P, Lombardi° G, Amadori° M, D otti S, Guana S, Petrini S A comparison of the humoral and cell-mediated respo nse of pigs experimentally infected with either influenza or PRRS viruses Vet Res Commun. - Vol. 31 suppl 1 ( 2008). - p 199-201. - 5 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3840]

Ferretti° E, Castrezzati° G, Gasparini° M Matrix effect in the determination of organochlorin e pesticide resisues in fat 7th Euro Pesticide Residues Workshop : Berlin June 1-5, 2008 / [s.l. : s.n., 2008]. - 4043]

Euro Pesticide Residues Workshop (7 : Berlin : June 1-5, 2008)

The determination of Organochiorine Pesticides in fatty food as me^ butter, fat etc.,by gas chromatography - with electron capture detector (GC-ECD), involve a very complex sample treatment. In quantitative analysis one of the main problems is the suppression or enhancement of the analyte response caused by sample matrix components. This can seriously affect the recovery and therefore accuracy. This parameters depend by sample treatment and quantification procedure. To evaluate how much they influence the final recovery, it is necessary to investigate them separately analyzing spiked blank fat where the analytes are added before and alter the treatment of the sample. Calibration curve were performed using both solvent based and matrix matched standards of the same concentration. We evaluated the matrix effect all over the studied calibration range.

Ferro P, Tonon F, Bonilauri° P Valutazione dell'effetto di due diversi programmi t erapeutici di medicazione nel mangime sull'attrition come conseguenza della malattia resp iratoria in svezzamento = Evaluation of two different in feed medication therapeutic programs on attrition as a consequence of swine respiratory disease in nursery



Dopo diagnosi da parte del veterinario aziendale di malattia respiratoria nel settore svezzamento dell'allevamento oggetto dello studio, due gruppi di 110 suini / cad. (Gruppo PulmotilTM e Gruppo Controllo) sono stati trattati con due diversi programmi terapeutici di medicazione del mangime per i primi 21 giorni successivi allo svezzamento. E' stato poi valutato, dallo svezzamento fino alla macellazione, l'impatto dei due diversi trattamenti sull'Attrition (scarti, morti e sottopeso). Sono stati registrati i dati relativi a scarti e morti, tutti i suini sono stati pesati individualmente a 3 e a 10 settimane di vita, a 20 settimane sono stati pesati singolarmente il 25-30% dei suini di entrambi i gruppi e infine sono stati registrati i pesi della carcassa di ciascun suino in sede di macellazione. I suini del gruppo PulmotilTI1,1 hanno fatto registrare pesi medi migliori a 10 e a 20 settimane d'età, così come i pesi medi delle carcasse dei soggetti del Gruppo PulmotilTM erano più elevati rispetto al gruppo controllo. Gli autori concludono rilevando come, in questo studio, l'utilizzo di PulmotilTM abbia migliorato lo stato sanitario, con migliori performance dallo svezzamento alla macellazione e produzione di una maggiore percentuale di Suini di Pieno ValoreTM. After diagnosis of respiratory disease in the nursery sector of the farro where the study was performed, two groups of 110 pigs per group (PulmotilTM Group and Control Group) were treated with two different in feed medication therapeutic programs for the first 21 days after the weaning. The impact of the two different treatments on Attrition (culls, deaths and lightweights) was evaluated from weaning to the market place. The data about culls and deaths were recorded, all the pigs were individually weighted at 3 and 10 weeks of age, around 25-30 % of each group was weighted at 20 weeks of age, then the individua) carcass weight was collected. PulmotilTM Group showed mean weights higher than Control Group at 10 and 20 weeks of age, and also the mean carcass weights was higher in the PulmotilTM Group than in the Control Group. In conclusion the authors point out as the use of PulmotilTM, in this study, increased ammal health, with better performances from weaning to the market piace and produced more Full Value PigsTM.

Fontana° MC Dossier mastiti : Diagnosi di laboratorio le proced ure corrette Inf Zootec. - Vol. 55 no 21 ( 2008). - p 66-69 [Nr. Estr. 3916]

Franco A, Merialdi° G, Lurescia M, Feltrin F, Buccella C, Riccardi F, Bassoli O, Cito G, Cuoghi G, De_Bassa E, Floriani E, Perrone V, Razzini P, Liuzzo G, Battisti A Survey per Staphylococcus aureus meticillino-resist ente (MRSA) al macello in suini da allevamenti italiani : dati preliminari Epidemiologia : strumenti per conoscere, agire e decidere in sanità pubblica veterinaria : IV Workshop nazionale di epidemiologia veterinaria : Università degli studi "Sapienza" : Roma, 11-12 Dicembre 2008 : riassunti / a cura di Gaia Scavia, Susan Babsa e Marcello Sala. - Roma : Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2008. - (ISTISAN congressi ; 08/C12) p 102-103f [Nr. Estr. 3900]


Nel corso del 2008, è stato condotto uno studio trasversale in suini con lo scopo di stimare la prevalenza di Staphylococcus aureus meticillino-resistente negli allevamenti da carne, attraverso il campionamento di animali avviati al macello, e caratterizzarne gli isolati presenti. Lo studio si proponeva di integrare con informazioni alla fine della filiera produttiva le informazioni da raccogliersi nel corso del 2008 negli allevamenti di suini riproduttori e produttori, secondo quanto previsto dalla Dec. Comm. 55/2008/EC. Materiali e metodi. Arruolati nello studio trasversale 118 allevamenti di suini da ingrasso sul territorio italiano, provenienti prevalentemente da allevamenti del Nord e del Centro Italia (primary sample size). Il campionamento individuale degli animali per ogni allevamento (secondary sample size) è stato effettuato all'arrivo dei lotti degli animali al macello, con numerosità tale da fornire adeguata sensibilità diagnostica alla survey, e con lo scopo di determinare lo status di positività o negatività dell'allevamento di provenienza, con un livello di confidenza adeguato alle

necessità dello studio. Le prove colturali e quelle di caratterizzazione molecolare degli isolati hanno seguito protocolli di consenso europei ed internazionali. Risultati. Sono risultati positivi per MRSA 45 lotti di animali provenienti da altrettanti allevamenti, sui 118 arruolati allo studio (38%, CI 29-47%, 95% CL). La preliminare caratterizzazione molecolare degli isolati, non ancora definitiva, suggerisce eterogeneità, pur all'interno del complesso clonale associato al suino. Conclusioni. Staphylococcus aureus meticillino-resistente sembra aver trovato una nicchia ecologica negli allevamenti di suini italiani, analogamente a quanto già osservato dal 2007 in alcuni Stati Membri della Comunità Europea e nel Nord-America. Lo studio di popolazione dei cloni circolanti negli allevamenti da ingrasso e la loro caratterizzazione molecolare, alla fine del segmento delle produzioni primarie della filiera suinicola, sarà prezioso nel settore delle zoonosi per studi comparativi di epidemiologia a carattere nazionale, comunitario ed internazionale. Sarà inoltre prezioso anche per studi comparativi con quanto attualmente circolante nel settore dei suini riproduttori e produttori, ovvero la popolazione di studio identificata dal baseline study comunitario.

Frezza D, Giambra V, Chegdani F, Fontana C, Maccabiani° G, Losio° N, Faggionato° E, Chiappini B, Vaccari G, Von_Holst C, Lanni L, Saccares S, Ajmone-Marsan P Standard and Light-Cycler PCR methods for animal DN A species detection in animal feedstuffs Innov Food Sci Emerg Tech. - Vol. 9 ( 2008). - p 18-23. - 30 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3655]

In this work four species-specific primers and probes were designed and evaluated for the detection and quantification of bovine, ovine, swine and chicken mitochondrial DNA in feeds. PCR primers were optimized using conventional and Rea] Time PCR, to detect short species-specific sequences amplifiable from heat treated matcrial. Both methods confirmted the high specificity of the primers designed. Real time quantitative PCR assay allowed the detection of as fcw as 0.01 ng and 0.05 ng of ovine and bovine gcnomic DNA, respectively. Tbc detection limit for swine and chicken genomie DNA was 0.5 ng. Sensitivity levels observed in DNA extrated from meat samples proeessed according to E legislation were different compared to those in gnomic DNAs previously described. They resulted in swine 5 ig of MBM DNA, in chicken 25 ng, in ovine and bovine 50 ng. Wc confirmed the efficiency and specificity of primers in RT-PCR to detect 0.5% of bovine, ovine, swine and chicken MBM in contaminated feedstuffs.

Gaffuri° A, Monaci° C, Testa E, Bosio G, Pisoni L, Moro ni G, Paterlini° F Wildlife health monitoring in Bergamo Province, Nor thern Italy: a coordinated program between the official veterinary service, the public administration and the hunters 8th conference of the European Wildlife Disease Association (EWDA) : focusing on diseases of European wildlife and recent changes in disease distribution : 2-5 October, 2008 Rovinj, Croatia / [s.l. : s.n., 2008]. - p 95-96 [Nr. Estr. 3866]

Conference of the European Wildlife Disease Association (EWDA) (8th : Rovinj, Croatia : 2-5 October, 2008)

Wildlife welfare is a common concern of different stakeholders: the official veterinary service, for the increasing number of infectious diseases shared between wildlife, domestic animals and humans, the public administrators, for management reasons, and the hunters, for a direct interest in hunter-harvesting. Since 1997 a health monitoring on wildlife in Bergamo Province has been performed, with the informal cooperation of the hunters associations. In 2005 an agreement between the official veterinary service, the public administrators and the hunter associations formalised the collaboration between these parties, with the common aim to a better understanding of health and disease in freeranging wildlife. Through this accord the biological samples, such as blood, faeces and viscera, are collected by the hunters during the hunting seasons and delivered to the laboratory for analysis.

Moreover dead animals, recovered in the field by gamekeepers or by hunters, are submitted for necropsy to investigate the death's cause. This network allows to check wildlife morbidity and mortality and to recognize atypical events in the most important wild species of the Province: roe deer, red deer, chamois and wild boar. The presence of some infectious diseases has been investigated through the yearly monitoring program, in particular Brucellosis, Trichinellosis, Classical Swine Fever, Swine Vesicular Disease, Tuberculosis, Johne's disease, Lyme disease, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis, Salmonellosis. Right now we have historic data that can be useful to define the sanitary picture in the wildlife of our Province. Interesting data are recovered by the analysis of both hunted and dead animals; for instance we assessed the presence of M. microti in tuberculosis-like lesions in the wild boar population, we studied the circulation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus inside the chamois population and we have been checking through the years for the potential presence of relevant zoonosis, such as Brucellosis and Trichinellosis.

Gaffuri° A, Monaci° C, Vicari° N, Paterlini° F, Magni no° S Detection of Chlamydophila pecorum in the lung of a n Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) in Northern Italy 8th conference of the European Wildlife Disease Association (EWDA) : focusing on diseases of European wildlife and recent changes in disease distribution : 2-5 October, 2008 Rovinj, Croatia / [s.l. : s.n., 2008]. - p 60 [Nr. Estr. 3867]


Chlamydial infections have been widely detected worldwide both in farmed and in free-living animals, including wild ruminants. Several species belonging to the family Chlamydiaceae cause major reproductive disease (metritis, infertility and abortion), conjunctivitis, arthritis, encephalomvelitis and pneumonia. In our study area, a mountain region in the province of Bergamo, Northern Italy, two causes of Chlamydophila abortus infection were detected in the last few years respectively in a mummified roe deer foetus and in individuals of an ibex population affected by conjunctivitis. Moreover, Chlamydophila pecorum has been isolated several years ago in a chamois affected with pneumonia in another area of the Alps. We report here the detection of Chlamydophila pecorum in a 7 month-old female chamois, submitted to the laboratory by a gamekeeper. The animal came from an area where a remarkable mortality in kids was occurring. At necropsy, the chamois presented a nasal discharge with conglutination of the hair of the nasal region. A fibrinous pericarditis and pleuritis was observed; the lungs were enlarged, oedematous and showed areas of red consolidation in the cranial lobes and at the peripheral sites of the middle and caudal lobes. Wide areas of parasitic nodular lesions were observed in the caudal lobes. Laboratory investigations for bacteria, including mycoplasmas, were performed by inoculating samples of lungs onto Blood agar and PPLO agar plates. Only Moraxella sp., but no mycoplasma, were isolated. Specific PCR-RFLP targeting chlamydiae was carried out and allowed to detect Chlamydophila pecorum. The virological investigation focused on the research of a respiratory syncytial virus, which has been recognized as an agent of pulmonary distress in the area of investigation, but the lung tested negative. No information other than a marked decrease in the number of kids in the chamois population was reported by the gamekeeper nor by local hunters. Although the role of Chlamydophila pecorum and Moraxella in determining the death of the kids is unknown, it is suggested that the necropsied chamois had died of acute respiratory distress, caused by Chlamydophila pecorum with the superinfection by Moraxella sp..

Gavaudan S, Barocci S, Briscolini S, Mancini P, Morandi F, Paniccià M, Ferrari° M, Villa° R, Petrini S Characterization of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCT2 ) in wild boars in central Italy 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 :

proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 63. - 4 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3813] International Pig Veterinary Society Congress (IPVS) (20th : Durban, (South Africa) : 22-26 June 2008)

Gelmetti° D, Giudice C, Invernizzi° A, Bertoletti° I Disgenesia oculare bilaterale in un cerbiatto (Cerv us elaphus) = Bilateral ocular disgenesis in young deer (Cervus elaphus)

Atti 5 congresso nazionale Associazione italiana di patologia veterinaria (AIPVet) : 15-16 Maggio 2008 Mondello (PA) / [s.l. : Associazione italiana di patologia veterinaria, 2008]. - p 55 [Nr. Estr. 3998]

Congresso nazionale AIPVet (5. : Mondello (PA) : 15-16 Maggio 2008)

Una guardia venatoria, ha rinvenuto a 1400 mt slm nel comune di Campodolcino (SO) la carcassa di un cerbiatto maschio di 3gg con microftalmo bilaterale (1,5 cm di diametro), opacamento corneale diffuso, blefaroschisi al canto nasale, prolasso congiuntivale in assenza di scolo congiuntivale. La carcassa era normoconformata, l'autopsia non rilevava alterazioni di rilievo e gli esami batteriologici (polmone, fegato, rene e milza) e parassitologici risultavano negativi. Entrambi i globi oculari erano fissati in formalina ed inclusi in paraffina. All'esame istologico entrambi gli occhi mostravano nella camera anteriore, infiltrante lo stroma irideo, una cisti dermoide costituita da epitelio squamoso, lobuli di ghiandole sebacee e follicoli piliferi. Una massa di cellule fusate, stellate sparsi microtubuli immersi in una matrice mixoide occupavano parte della camera vitreale. Si rilevava inoltre distacco retinico completo, fibrosi e vascolarizzazione corneale. L'immunofenotipizzazione (pan-citocheratine, Vimentina, Gfap, NSE, MAP2, neurofilamenti, astina muscolare liscia, S100) rilevava componenti neuronali e mesenchimali. La coesistenza di elementi embrionali di differente origine depone per una disgenesia con caratteristiche sovrapponibili alla così detta microftalmia complessa della medicina umana.. A young male deer, about 3 day-old was found dead in Campodolcino (Sondrio-Italy). The animai was affected by bilateral microphthalmus (1.5 cm in diameter), diffuse corneal opacity, eyelid coloboma at the nasal cantus, conjunctival prolapse without conjunctival secretion. No other external gross alteration was detected and necropsy revealed no internal organs lesions. Bacteriological tests (perfonned ori lung, live, kidneys and spleen) and parasitological examination were all negative. Ocular globes were formalin fixed paraffin embedded. Histologically both eyes have similar alterations. A large dermoid cyst, composed by squamous epithelium, sebaceous glands and hair follicles, expanded anterior chamber and partially infiltrated and distorted iris stroma. A mass composed of spindle to stellate cells and small scattered tubules, embedded in a mixoid extracellular matrix, expanded vitreal chamber. Complete retinal detachment and corneal fibrosis and vascularization were also visible. Immunoassaying of vitreal mass (pan-cytokeratins, Vimentin, Gfap, NSE, MAP2, neurofilaments, alfa smooth muscle actin, S100) revealed both neural and mesenchymal elements. The presence of structures of different embryonal histogenesis was consistent with complex microphthalmia described in human medicine.

Giovanni Tosi° Le specie avicoli minori 30 giorni. - Vol. 1 no 8 ( 2008). - p 101-102 [Nr. Estr. 3871]

Grazioli° S, Brocchi° E Mapping of linear antigenic sites of the non struct ural protein 3D of foot-and-mouth disease relevant for the recognition of an infection status The global control of IMD tools, ideas and ideals : Report. European Commission for the Control of Foot-and Mouth Disease Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee : 14-17 October 2008 Erice, Italy / [s.l. : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2008]. - p 91 [Nr. Estr. 3959]


Introduction: The identification of FMDV-infected animals, regardless their vaccination status, is based on the detection of antibodies to non structural proteins (NSP) of the virus, which are produced only after active viral replication. In addition to the polypeptides 3ABC (with its derivative products), 3D is a highly immunogenic NSP and ELISA assays using these antigens as recombinant proteins showed adequate fitness for purpose. An improved knowledge of the antigenic structure of NSPs and of the immune response of infected animals against NSPs could generate new perspectives for the differential diagnosis between infection and vaccination. This study describes the linear antigenic map of 3D, detected by pepscanning analyses of convalescent sera and monoclonal antibodies. Materials and methods: Peptide scanning analyses were performed using 20-mer synthetic peptides (48 peptides) overlapping in 10 amino acids (aa), matching the sequence of 3D. Twenty-nine sera from FMD-convalescent animals (cattle and pigs) and 49 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against 3D were tested with each peptide in an indirect ELISA. Results: The immune response against 3D is restricted towards the N-terminal third of the protein. Regions recognised by convalescent sera mostly overlap regions target of anti-3D MAbs. Two regions, one spanning from a position 8 to 38 and another shorter one, around position 58, are recognised by the majority of FMD-convalescent animals and are also target sites for a few MAbs. The sequence flanking residue 168 is a further immunogenic region for FMDsusceptible species but is not recognised by any MAb, whilst is the region spanning from residue 128 to 143 reactive with the majority of MAbs. Conclusions: Immunodominant regions have been identified in the 3D sequence, recognized by both FMD post-infection sera and anti-3D MAbs, corresponding to discrete intermitted sequences, all comprised within the N-terminal third of the polypeptide. MAbs specific for these epitopes represent suited tools to develop competitive assaysfor the measurement of antibody to 3D, while synthetic peptides matching the immunodominant regions might substitute the whole protein in diagnostic assays.

Grazioli° S, Brocchi° E, Tranquillo° V, Parida° S, Pat on° D Development of solid phase competitive ELISAs based on monoclonal antibodies for the serology of FMDV serotypes SAT1 and SAT2 The global control of IMD tools, ideas and ideals : report European Commission for the Control of Foot-and Mouth Disease Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee : 14-17 October 2008 Erice, Italy / [s.l. : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2008]. - p 48 [Nr. Estr. 3956]


Introduction: In the spectrum of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) diagnostic tools there is a gap in the availability of standardised and validated immunoassays for the serology of SAT serotypes. Because of the endemic presence of SAT strains in Africa and the risks due to market globalization, filling this gap should be a priority. Panels of characterised monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the serotypes SAT 1 and SAT 2 are available in our laboratory and there is much evidence to indicate that diagnostic ELISAs may benefit from the use of MAbs in terms of standardisation and specificity. Within the programme to complete and improve the sets of reagents and diagnostics for FMD, we have developed Solid Phase Competitive ELISAs (SPCE) for the assessment of antibodies to FMDV types SAT 1 and SAT 2. In these assays, specific antibodies in serum are detected due to their ability to compete with a peroxidase-labelled neutralising MAb. Materials and methods: SPCEs were designed with selected MAbs as catching and labelled-competitor antibody. The latter are neutralising MAbs specific for FMDV SAT 1 (4C5) and SAT 2 (2H6) respectively and directed against linear sites of VP1. More than 1000 known negative and few positive experimental sera were used for calibration of the assays; then diagnostic performances were evaluated using cattle sera from different field cases and by comparison with other immunoassays. Results: Specificity of 100% was found for the SAT 1 antibody-detection ELISA; form the SAT 2 test specificity improved from 97.5 to 99.6% according to inclusion or exclusion of a doubtful range. A Bayesian analysis on results

obtained with field samples is in progress; preliminary comparative estimates showed for both assays good correlation with virus neutralisation tests and polyclonal-SPCEs. Satisfactory type-specificity was also demonstrated by examining sera positive against other FMDV serotypes. Conclusions: The MAb-based SPCE developed for the detection of antibodies to FMDV types SAT 1 and 2 proved to be a highly specific and sensitive assays. With respect to SPCEs carried out using rabbit and guinea-pig antisera, the MAb-based ELISA is simpler, faster and, above all, more standardised, thanks to the employment of unique invariable MAbs.

Grilli G, Ferrazzi V, Cislaghi G, Sironi G, Lavazza° A, G allazzi D Parvovirus-like hepatitis in grey partridge (Perdix perdix): preliminary observations Proceeding of the fifty-seventh Western Poultry Disease Conference : April 9-12, 2008 Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico / [s.l. : s.n., 2008]. - p 207-209. - 9 ref bib [Nr. Estr. 4009]

Western Poultry Disease Conference (57th : Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico : April 9-12, 2008)

During the summer 2006 a pathologic syndrome was observed in a rearing facilities of 3,000 partridges (Perdix perdix) in Northern Italy. The disease was characterized by depression, anorexia, mild enteritis, and sudden death in 50-day-old partridges. The mortality rate was very low (5%). Post-mortem examination showed blood suffusions and catarrhal duodenitis. The liver was marbled. Spleen and bursa of Fabricius frequently appeared atrophied. Other organs appeared norma]. Appropriate tissue samples were taken for bacteriologic, histopathologic, and virologic examinations. Ali bacteriological cultures were negative for specific pathogens. The negative staining electron microscopy examination of liver and spleen homogenates evidenced the presence of both scattered and grouped small regular roundish particles about 20 nm in diameter. Morphology and regular size of the particles suggested their identification as virions similar to parvovirus .

Kiriakis CS, Brown IH, Foni° E, Kuntz_Simon G, Moldon ado J, Van_Reeth K Virological surveillance for swine influenza in Eur ope 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 30. - 3 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3812]


Laroucau K, Thierry S, Vorimore F, Blanco K, Kaleta E, Hoop R, Magnino° S, Vanrompay D, Sachse K, Myers GS, Bavoil PM, Vergnaud G, Pourcel C High resolution typing of Chlamydophila psittaci by multilocus VNTR analysis (MLVA) Infect Genet Evol. - Vol. 8 ( 2008). - p 171-181. - 23 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3982]

A multilocus VNTR analysis (MLVA) system for detection of tandem repeats across the whole genome of Chlamydophila psittaci has been developed. Twenty selected genetic loti were initially tested on 9 avian reference strains including representatives of all major serotypes (A to b). Thereafter, 8 loci were retained for a more complete study performed on over 150 C. psittaci isolates from different bird species and geographical origins. Comparative analysis of the MLVA results and those obtained from currently available methods including serotyping and/or ompA sequencing indicate that the MLVA system provides an additional level of discrimination, with 20 distinct patters identified to date. The newly developed MLVA system therefore provides a highly sensitive, high resolution test for the differentiation of C. psittaci isolates from different origins that is suitable for molecular epidemiologicall studies.

Lavazza° A, Capucci° L Viral infection of rabbits Proceedings of the 9th World rabbit congress : Verona (Italy) June 10-13, 2008 / Editors Gerolamo Xiccato, Angela Trocino and Steven D. Lukefahr. - 1. ed. - Brescia : Fondazione Iniziative Zooprofilattiche e Zootecniche, 2008. - (Atti delle Giornate di Studio Fondazione Iniziative Zooprofilattiche e Zootecniche ; 72) p 247-267. - 87 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3801]

World rabbit congress (9 : Verona (Italy) : June 10-13, 2008)

The three most important viruses of rabbits include: Myxoma virus (MV), the poxvirus that causes Myxomatosis, the calicivirus (genus Lagovirus) of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHDV), and Lapine Rotavirus (LRV), which is an enteric agent. There are some other viral agents in rabbits (parvovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, calicivirus (genus Vesivirus), enterovirus-like, reovirus, herpesvirus and coronavirus) but both their occurrence and their pathological value are negligible. Myxomatosis was firstly introduced in Europe more than 50 years ago and still represents a current and real problem. Recent studies have been focused to determine the role and function of the over 100 genes of MV encoding structural and essential proteins; in particular the immunomodulatory MV (im-MV) proteins (virokines and viroreceptors, immune modulators and anti-apoptotic factor), involved in contrasting the host immune system response towards the MV infection. One of the main tools to control myxomatosis in endemic areas is use of the live attenuated vaccines that are able to induce traceable humoral immunity for a variable time even if the protection of rabbits from the infection is not fully guarantee. Therefore, thanks allo to the knowledge on the im-MV proteins, a new family of biotechnology deleted vaccines will soon be produced and made available in a few years. These should be more safe and able to induce a wider immunity and permit to apply the DIVA strategy i.e. to use serology to ascertain if the anti-MV antibodies detected in a rabbits originate by an infection or a vaccination. RHDV is a non-cultivable calicivirus that infects rabbits and causes an acute fatal hepatitis, firstly described in China in 1984. The first consistent antigenic variant called RHDVa, was identified in Italy and Germany in 1997. Nowadays it is present in most parts of Italy and its field prevalence has reached value over 50%. In Europe it has been reported between 1997 and 2004 in Germany, France, Malta and Hungary. Outside Europe, it was reported in Reunion Islands, USA and South America and, taking account of the RHDV genetic sequences deposited at the NCBI databank, its presence in China is also evident from 1985. More recently some other RHDV isolates presenting peculiar characteristics were identified. Based on their reactivity with MAbs these strains could be considered as further and separate steps of variation of the RHDVa, possibly classified as sub-variants. The detection of seropositivity for RHDV in the sera of healthy farmed and laboratory rabbits taken between 1975 and 1985, which is approximately ten years before the occurrence of the disease in Europe, has suggested the hypothesis of the existence of one or more "non-pathogenic" viral strains antigenically related to pathogenic RHDV. Rabbit Calicivirus (RCV), the first of these non-pathogenic RHDV-like viruses identified in healthy rabbits, was detected in Italy in 1996. It is avirulent, replicates in the intestine at a low titre and presents a 92% genomic identity with RHDV. The diffusion of RCV in different areas of Italy has been evaluated in five consecutive serological surveys during the period 1999-2008, throughout the determination at slaughtering of anti-RHD antibodies in non-vaccinated meat rabbits from RHDV-free commercial rabbitries. The results clearly show that antibodies reactive with RHDV are present in several rabbit populations: almost 30% of controlled farms and over 80% of animals. The definitive proofs that an active infection had occurred came from the detection of IgA and IgM as well as the identification of viral strains by using PCR on faeces. In addition, the existence of other non-pathogenic caliciviruses in wild rabbits was suggested by the serological surveys of rabbit populations in European countries (UK and France), Australia and New Zealand. Either the identification of RNA particles related to RHDV in rabbit sera collected since 1955 in Britain and the very recent isolation and identification of one of these viruses in Australia finally confirmed such hypothesis. Enteric diseases have an important role in the rabbit industry since they produce severe economic losses due to mortality, growth depression and worsening of conversion index. Among the different pathogens that could be found in rabbits suffering from enteropathy, viruses seem to have an important but not definitive role. Viruses and among others Lapine Rotavirus (LRV) particularly, should not be able to induce primary

episodes of high gravity but, acting as mild pathogens, they have the capacity of became endemic. The role and importance of viruses as primary aetiological agent of rabbit enteritis are here discussed, by both reviewing the available literature and presenting the results of studies of prevalence of the viruses identified in rabbits with enteritis. That is to recognise the main features and pathogenic abilities of different viral agents and to try to attribute them an etiological role in enteric syndromes, relating their presence with pathologic lesions.

Lavazza° A, Capucci° L Viral infection of rabbits http://world-rabbit-science.com/WRSA-Proceedings/Congress-2008-Verona/Papers/P0-LavazzaCapucci.pdf - ultimo accesso 20-02-2009. - Vol. 2008). - p 879-893. - 87 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3801a]


The three most important viruses of rabbits include: Myxoma virus (MV), the poxvirus that causes Myxomatosis, the calicivirus (genus Lagovirus) of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHDV), and Lapine Rotavirus (LRV), which is an enteric agent. There are some other viral agents in rabbits (parvovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, calicivirus (genus Vesivirus), enterovirus-like, reovirus, herpesvirus and coronavirus) but both their occurrence and their pathological value are negligible. Myxomatosis was firstly introduced in Europe more than 50 years ago and still represents a current and real problem. Recent studies have been focused to determine the role and function of the over 100 genes of MV encoding structural and essential proteins; in particular the immunomodulatory MV (im-MV) proteins (virokines and viroreceptors, immune modulators and anti-apoptotic factor), involved in contrasting the host immune system response towards the MV infection. One of the main tools to control myxomatosis in endemic areas is use of the live attenuated vaccines that are able to induce traceable humoral immunity for a variable time even if the protection of rabbits from the infection is not fully guarantee. Therefore, thanks allo to the knowledge on the im-MV proteins, a new family of biotechnology deleted vaccines will soon be produced and made available in a few years. These should be more safe and able to induce a wider immunity and permit to apply the DIVA strategy i.e. to use serology to ascertain if the anti-MV antibodies detected in a rabbits originate by an infection or a vaccination. RHDV is a non-cultivable calicivirus that infects rabbits and causes an acute fatal hepatitis, firstly described in China in 1984. The first consistent antigenic variant called RHDVa, was identified in Italy and Germany in 1997. Nowadays it is present in most parts of Italy and its field prevalence has reached value over 50%. In Europe it has been reported between 1997 and 2004 in Germany, France, Malta and Hungary. Outside Europe, it was reported in Reunion Islands, USA and South America and, taking account of the RHDV genetic sequences deposited at the NCBI databank, its presence in China is also evident from 1985. More recently some other RHDV isolates presenting peculiar characteristics were identified. Based on their reactivity with MAbs these strains could be considered as further and separate steps of variation of the RHDVa, possibly classified as sub-variants. The detection of seropositivity for RHDV in the sera of healthy farmed and laboratory rabbits taken between 1975 and 1985, which is approximately ten years before the occurrence of the disease in Europe, has suggested the hypothesis of the existence of one or more "non-pathogenic" viral strains antigenically related to pathogenic RHDV. Rabbit Calicivirus (RCV), the first of these non-pathogenic RHDV-like viruses identified in healthy rabbits, was detected in Italy in 1996. It is avirulent, replicates in the intestine at a low titre and presents a 92% genomic identity with RHDV. The diffusion of RCV in different areas of Italy has been evaluated in five consecutive serological surveys during the period 1999-2008, throughout the determination at slaughtering of anti-RHD antibodies in non-vaccinated meat rabbits from RHDV-free commercial rabbitries. The results clearly show that antibodies reactive with RHDV are present in several rabbit populations: almost 30% of controlled farms and over 80% of animals. The definitive proofs that an active infection had occurred came from the detection of IgA and IgM as well as the identification of viral strains by using PCR on faeces. In addition, the existence of other non-pathogenic caliciviruses in wild rabbits was suggested by the serological surveys of rabbit populations in European countries (UK and France), Australia and New Zealand. Either the identification of RNA particles related to RHDV in rabbit sera collected since 1955 in Britain and the very recent isolation and identification of

one of these viruses in Australia finally confirmed such hypothesis. Enteric diseases have an important role in the rabbit industry since they produce severe economic losses due to mortality, growth depression and worsening of conversion index. Among the different pathogens that could be found in rabbits suffering from enteropathy, viruses seem to have an important but not definitive role. Viruses and among others Lapine Rotavirus (LRV) particularly, should not be able to induce primary episodes of high gravity but, acting as mild pathogens, they have the capacity of became endemic. The role and importance of viruses as primary aetiological agent of rabbit enteritis are here discussed, by both reviewing the available literature and presenting the results of studies of prevalence of the viruses identified in rabbits with enteritis. That is to recognise the main features and pathogenic abilities of different viral agents and to try to attribute them an etiological role in enteric syndromes, relating their presence with pathologic lesions.

Lavazza° A, Cardeti G Virosi delle api e mortalità degli alveari Spopolamento e morte di alveari : aspetti sanitari : 18 - 19 Giugno 2008 Roma / [s.l. : Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, 2008]. - p 57-69. - 13 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4008]

Spopolamento e morte di alveari : aspetti sanitari : Roma : 18 - 19 Giugno 2008)

Da quando Varroa destructor ha fatto la sua comparsa negli alveari italiani, si è avuto un incremento delle patologie tradizionali, in quanto la gravità degli attacchi da varroa non è dovuta solo ai danni diretti che arreca alla covata e agli adulti, ma anche a quelli indiretti. Un alveare infestato dall'acaro, infatti, presenta un quadro patologico molto ampio, indicato come "sindrome di parassi-tosi da acari" dovuto all'esplosione di malattie secondarie. Precedenti indagini hanno evidenziato come il parassita aumenti la suscettibilità dell'ape verso patogeni secondari ed in particolare i virus quali il virus della paralisi acuta (ABPV) ed il virus delle ali deformi (DWV), anche se i meccanismi attraverso i quali tale attività predisponente si attua non sono ancora del tutto noti. Osservazioni di campo indicano che in colonie fortemente infestate dall'acaro la causa principale di mortalità delle api e di collasso finale delle colonie era da ascrivere a infezioni virali da ABPV e DWV. Le caratteristiche biochimiche, antigeniche e genomiche dei vari virus sono solo in parte conosciute e frequenti sono le segnalazioni di nuovi ceppi virali o di varianti antigeniche. La limitata disponibilità di reagenti e metodi diagnostici hanno reso per lungo tempo difficilmente applicabile le più tradizionali tecniche virologiche e solo il recente diffondersi di tecniche antigeniche basate sull'uso di anticorpi monoclonali (DWV-ELISA) e di metodi molecolari (PCR) ha per-messo un sensibile e progressivo arricchimento delle informazioni disponibili. Ciononostante, la diffusione e prevalenza di virus in apiari, in presenza e/o assenza di quadri clinici conclamati e di spopolamento, e l'eventuale correlazione tra grado di infestazione dell'acaro ed incidenza di quadri patologici è stata in questi anni ampiamente studiata sul territorio nazionale. Campioni di api a di-verso stadio di sviluppo e individui di Varroa destructor sono stati esaminati con metodi di microscopia elettronica in colorazione negativa. Sono così stati evidenziati un certo numero di virus (Chronic Paralysis Virus, Black Queen-Celi Virus, Cloudy Wing Partide, ABPV, DWV) e diversi livelli di infezione, inclusa la latenza, in associazione o meno ad un ampio corredo di sintomi, mortalità di api adulte e gravi livelli di infestazione. In particolare, DWV e ABPV erano spesso presenti ad elevati titoli in associazione con gravi sintomi di malattia: spopolamento, paralisi e deformità delle ali nelle api adulte e mortalità. Vengono in conclusione riferiti i dati più recenti dell'attività diagnostica svolta presso i due Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, finalizzata in particolare a de-finire l'incidenza di virosi in corso di quadri di spopolamento e sono anticipati i risultati delle indagini virologiche eseguite su campioni prelevati in corso di gravi e repentini episodi di mortalità in soggetti adulti verificatisi durante a periodo primaverile in concomitanza con le semine di mais. In honeybee colonies highly parasitized by Varroa destructor tbc final depopulation and their decease could be caused by secondary pathogens. In particularly it could be tbc result of the massive replication of specific viruses affecting honey bees among which the most common are Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV) and Deformed Wing Virus (DWV). These viruses are widespread and they normally give latency i.e. they can be detected in seemingly healthy bees. The varroa mite

can act as a vector of the virus, transmitting it from infected to healthy adult bees and to larvae and it seems to be able to induce tbc activation of viruses that in this way can pass from the status of latency to that of active replication. However the mechanisms that led to this phenomenon are stìll to be fully clarified. The biochemical, antigenic and genomic characteristics of tbc various viruses potentially associated with vrroa infestation (es. ABPV and DWV) are still partially unknown. The shortage of information probably originates by tbc limited availability of diagnostic reagents and instruments that till a recent part made applicable the most common virological and molecular techniques (es. PCR, ELISA etc.). In the last decade we investigated tbc presence and spread, of bee viruses in Italian hives. Samples of honeybees at different stages of development and Varroa destructor mites were examined by negative staining electron microscopy methods, including IEM for ABPV, and by a MAbs based ELISA test for DWV which was ad hoc developed and validated. A number of viruses were visualised and variable levels of infection, including latency, combined or not with disease symptoms, mortality of adult bees and severe mite infestation. ACID test permitted tbc identification of the following viruses: ABPV, D" chronic paralysis virus (CPW), black queen-cell virus (BQCV), cloudy wing particle (CWP). In particular, DWV and ABPV were often detected in high titres in association with severe signs: depopulation, adult bees with paralysis and/or deformed wings, mortality. The more recent data of identification of viruses during outbreak of mortality and/or situations referable to colony collapse disorders (CCD-like) are bere reported and they indicate a substantial unvarying situation with respect to the previous years, being tbc viruses both present at a latent stage in low amount but also potentially implicated with other pathogens in causing colony depopulation. In addition, tbc preliminary results of tbc investigations aimed to de-fine the causes ofwidespread mortality occurred in North Italy ori spring 2008 right around the time corn seeding took piace, show the presence of residuals of neonicotinoid pesticides used for seed treatment and the contemporary absence of viruses and other pathogens.

Lavazza° A, Cerioli° M, Grilli G I conigli e le lepri 30 giorni. - Vol. 1 no 8 ( 2008). - p 103-118 [Nr. Estr. 3877]

Lavazza° A, Cerioli° M, Martella V, Tittarelli° C, Gri lli G, Brivio R, Buonavoglia C Rotavirus in diarrheic rabbits: prevalence and char acterization of strains in italian farms Proceedings of the 9th World rabbit congress : Verona (Italy) June 10-13, 2008 / Editors Gerolamo Xiccato, Angela Trocino and Steven D. Lukefahr. - 1. ed. - Brescia : Fondazione Iniziative Zooprofilattiche e Zootecniche, 2008. - (Atti delle Giornate di Studio Fondazione Iniziative Zooprofilattiche e Zootecniche ; 72) p 228 [Nr. Estr. 3799]


The multifactorial rabbit enteropathy has a great importance in rabbit meat production for its economical impact. Stating the pathogenic role and importance as primary agent of rotavirus, the purposes was to estimate the prevalence of lapine rotavirus (LRV), identified by negative staining electron microscopy (nsEM), on samples from rabbits showing either a "generic" enteropathy or lesions_referable to mucoid enteropathy caecal impaction and then to relate their presence with the symptoms and lesions observed. During the 2002-2007, 243 samples taken mainly from rabbits showing catarrhal, haemorrhagic or necrotic entero-tiflitis, mucoid enteropathy and caecal impaction were examined. By nsEM, the presence of viral particles was observed in 45.3% of them; rotavirus was identified in 16.0%, coronavirus-like virus in 24.7%, parvovirus in 9.0% and enterovirus-like virus in 51% of the positive samples. In addition, adenovirus, calicivirus and reovirus were sporadically found and, in 29 cases, 2 or 3 different viruses were contemporarily observed in association in the same sample. Using the criteria for the classification of rotavirus strains based on the VP4 (P type) and VP7 (G type) genotyping, almost all the strains were characterized as P[22] G3 confirming the presence of the newly-recognized rotavirus P[22] VP4 allele in Italian rabbits. The availability of the results of microbiological and parasitological analysis allowed to correlate nsEM observations with the contemporary presence of others pathogenic agents such as rotavirus, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Staphyloccoccus aureus in suckling rabbits; EPEC, Cl. spiroforme and flagellate protozoa in the others. The pathogenic role and importance of rotavirus

as primary aetiological agent rabbit enteritis are discussed.

Lavazza° A, Cerioli° M, Martella V, Tittarelli° C, Gri lli G, Brivio R, Buonavoglia C Rotavirus in diarrheic rabbits: prevalence and char acterization of strains in italian farms http://world-rabbit-science.com/WRSA-Proceedings/Congress-2008-Verona/Papers/P-Lavazza.pdf - ultimo accesso 23-02-2009. - Vol. 2008). - p 993-997. - 17 ref bib [Nr. Estr. 3799a]


The multifactorial rabbit enteropathy has a great importance in rabbit meat production for its economical impact. Stating the pathogenic role and importance as primary agent of rotavirus, the purposes was to estimate the prevalence of lapine rotavirus (LRV), identified by negative staining electron microscopy (nsEM), on samples from rabbits showing either a "generic" enteropathy or lesions_referable to mucoid enteropathycaecal impaction and then to relate their presence with the symptoms and lesions observed. During the 2002-2007, 243 samples taken mainly from rabbits showing catarrhal, haemorrhagic or necrotic entero-tiflitis, mucoid enteropathy and caecal impaction were examined. By nsEM, the presence of viral particles was observed in 45.3% of them; rotavirus was identified in 16.0%, coronavirus-like virus in 24.7%, parvovirus in 9.0% and enteffivirus-like virus in 51% of the positive samples. In addition, adenovirus, calicivirus and reovirus were sporadically found and, in 29 cases, 2 or 3 different viruses were contemporarily observed in association in the same sample. Using the criteria for the classification of rotavirus strains based on the VP4 (P type) and VP7 (G type) genotyping, almost all the strains were characterized as P[22] G3 confirming the presence of the newly-recognized rotavirus P[22] VP4 allele in Italian rabbits. The availability of the results of microbiological and parasitological analysis allowed to correlate nsEM observations with the contemporary presence of others pathogenic agents such as rotavirus, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Staphyloccoccus aureus in suckling rabbits; EPEC, Cl. spiroforme and flagellate protozoa in the others. The pathogenic role and importance of rotavirus as primary aetiological agent rabbit enteritis are discussed.

Lavazza° A, Tittarelli° C, Cerioli° M, Luppi ° A, Albo rali° G, Cordioli° P Electronmicroscopic detection of viral agents in di arrhoeic pigs during the period 2002-2007 in Northern Italy 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 180. - 3 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3817]


Lelli° D, Moreno° A, Lavazza° A, Sozzi° E, Luppi° A, Can elli° E, Tamba° M, Capucci° L, Brocchi° E, Cordioli° P Chikungunya: produzione di anticorpi monoclonali e loro utilizzo nella diagnosi sierologica X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 7-8. - 6 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3953]


Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an Arbovirus member of the genus Alphavirus and belongs to the Semliki Forest (SF) antigenic complex. In this study CHIKV strain isolated in Ravenna (Italy) was used to generate a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Two neutralising anti-CHIKV MAbs, 1A7 and

1H7, were selected and used to develop a competitive ELISA test for the detection of antibodies in human and animal sera. All 20 human sera (10 positive and 10 negative) were correctly identified. All 493 animal sera from different animal species resulted negative.

Lelli° D, Moreno° A.Sozzi° E, Luppi° A, Canelli° E, B rocchi° E, Cordioli° P Tipizzazione di virus influenzali suini con anticor pi monoclonali = Swine influenza viruses typing with monoclonal antybodies



Anticorpi monoclonali (Mabs) specifici per H1, H3, N1, N2 (rispettiva-mente 2C2, 5f10, 5B2 e 5B11) sono stati selezionati ed utilizzati perla messa a punto di una ELISA sandwich, successivamente impiegata per la tipizzazione di 37 virus influenzali suini dei quali 14 H1N1, 16 H3N2 e 7 H1N2. Il Mab 2C2 arati-Hl ha tipizzato correttamente 13 su 14 ceppi H1N1 e 1 su 7 H1N2, il Mab 5F10 anti-H3 ha tipizzato 11 su 16 ceppi H3N2, il Mab 5B2 anti-N1 ha identificato 13 su 14 ceppi H1N1ed il Mab 5B 11 anti-N2 ha tipizzato 16 su 16 ceppi H3N2 e 4 su 7 ceppi HIN2. I Mabs utilizzati hanno identificato con una buona sensibilità 1'emoagglutinina H1 dei ceppi H 1 N 1 e la neuraminidasi N1 e N2 dei ceppi H1N1e H3N2, ma non sono stati in grado di identificare i ceppi H1N2 per i quali si provvederà alla produzione di Mabs specifici. E' interessante notare come l'unico ceppo H1N1 (5433/01), non identificato dal Mab 2C2 anti-H1 abbia dimostrato, sulla base del sequenziamento del gene HA effettuato in un precedente studio, di possedere una correlazione genetica maggiore con i virus H1N2, rispetto ai virus H1N1 isolati negli stessi anni. Sempre nello stesso contesto, l'unico ceppo H1N2 tipizzato dal Mab 2C2 presenta, sulla base del sequenziamento del gene HA, un'elevata omologia genetica con i ceppi H1N1. Monoclonal antibodies specific for H1, H3, N1, N2 have been produced, characterized and used to develop sandwich-ELISA. This ELISA test was used to type 37 swine influenza viruses belonged to 14 H1N1, 16 H3N2 and 7 H1N2 subtypes. All the HINI strains, except one, exhibited strong reactivity in the H1-ELISA and NI-ELISA (Mabs 2C2 and 5B2 respectively) but, in contrast, only a H1N2 strain resulted positive in the H 1-ELISA. The H1-ELISA, N1-ELISA and N2-ELISA developed, showed high specificity and sensitivity, enabled the identification of H1N1 and H3N2 swine influenza virus strains. In contrast, these tests showed a very low sensitivity in the identification of H1N2 strains. The H1N1 strain (5433/01) that reacted negative in the H1-ELISA, showed a strong genetic relationship regarding the HA gene of H1N2 viruses. In contrast, the only H1N2 strain typed by the Hl-ELISA, showed a HA gene sequence closed related with the H1N1 HA genes, as described in a previously work.

Lelli° D, Moreno_Martin° A, Gamba° D, Canelli° E, Sozzi° E, Cordioli° P, Brocchi° E MAbs based platform for neuraminidase avian influe nza viruses typing Second Annual meeting Epizone : "Need for speed" : 4,5 and 6 - June, 2008 Brescia, Italy : programme and abstracts / [s.l. : s. n., 2008]. - p 96. - 2 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3976]


Avian Influenza (AI) is a disease of poultry diffused worldwide that negatively impacts poultry health and international trade of live animals and their products. Typing of both haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins is crucial to study evolution and epidemiology of Al viruses. The aim of this study is typing of AIVs using a Mabs based platform able to identify all the N subtypes. Materials and methods AIVs.106 samples of allantoic fluids infected with AIVs of 14 H (from 1 to 14) and 9 N subtypes were used. Several) AIVs representative for N1, N2, N3, N4, N7, N9 subtypes were titrated (EID50). Mabs. Mabs specific for 1-9 N were produced an screened as reported (1). Anti-N MAbs

were further analysed in Ni assays versus AIVs of the nine N subtypes (2). ELISA. Sandwich ELISA for N typing were developed using the same or a combination of two different Mabs, specific for the required N subtype, as catcher and tracer. In order to valuate their analytical sensitivity, several ten fold dilution of the titrated strains were analyzed. Results Several hybridomas were obtained. Combinations of catching and conjugated MAbs specific for each N were identified on the basis of a wider spectrum of reactivity within homologous N subtypes evidenced by indirect and competitive ELISA. Ali the MAbs showed subtype-specific M activity. Analytical specificity. Ali 106 AIVs were tested simultaneously, and reacted specifically, exhibiting a strong signal only in the ELISA test for the corresponding N subtype. Analytical sensitivity. Serial dilutions of titrateci AIVs were tested. Considering the EID50, the detection limit for the N-typing ELISAs is calculated to be 105/5,5EID50/01ml. Discussion The rigorous specificity of the selected MAbs for all N subtypes combined with the capability to recognise all the viruses examined make the developed N-typing ELISAs appropriate for the rapid identification of AIVs isolated in allantoic fluids; however, analytical sensitivities are not proper for a direct diagnosis on biological samples. Great advantages compared with Ni assays derive from the simple and rapid ELISA procedure and from the use of MAbs, that ensure assays standardisation and reproducibility.

Licata E, Nocera L, Merialdi° G, Tamba° M Gestione del rischio trichinella e riconoscimento u fficiale di azienda esente Atti Convegno SIPAS. - Vol. 34 ( 2008). - p 47-57 [Nr. Estr. 3784]

Giornata di studio "Endoparassitosi nella filiera produttiva del suino" : Marmirolo (MN) : 12 ottobre 2007)

Lombardi° G, Casalone C, D' Angelo A, Gelmetti° D, T orcoli° G, Barbieri° I, Corona C, Fasoli E, Farinazzo A, Fiorini M, Gelati M, Lulini B, Tagliavini F, Ferrari S, Caramelli M, Monaco S, Capucci° L, Zanusso G Intraspecies transmission of BASE induces clinical dullness and amyotrophic changes PLoS Pathog. - Vol. 4 no 5 ( 2008). - p 1-10. - 28 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4045]

The disease phenotype of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and the molecular/ biological properties of its prion strain, including the host range and the characteristics of BSE-related disorders, have been extensively studied since its discovery in 1986. In recent years, systematic testing of the brains of cattie coming to slaughter resulted in the identification of at least two atypical forms of BSE. These emerging disorders are characterized by novel] conformers of the bovine pathological prion rotein (PrPTSE) named high-type (BSE-H) and low-type (BSE-L). We recently reported two Italian atypical cases with a PrPTS type identical to BSE-L, pathologically characterized by PrP amyloid plaques and known as bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy (BASE). Several lines of evidence suggest that BASE is highly virulent and easily transmissible to a wide host range. Experimental transmission to transgenic mice overexpressing bovine PrP (fgbov XV) suggested that BASE is caused by a prion strain distinct from the BSE isolate. In the present study, we experimentally infected Friesian and Alpine brown cattie with Italian BSE and BASE isolates via the intracerebral route. BASE-infected cattle developed amyotrophic changes accompanied by mental dullness. The molecular and neuropathological profiles, including PrP deposition pattern, closely matched those observed in the original cases. This study provides clear evidence of BASE as a distinct prion isolate and discloses a novel disease phenotype in cattle.

Lombardi° G, Pavoni° E, Faita° R, Losio° MN, D'Abrosca ° E, Luppi° A, Gelmetti° D, Cordioli° P, Boni° P Infezione sperimentale in suini SPF con feci di cam po contenenti il virus dell'epatite E (HEV)

Osservatorio. - Vol. 11 no 3 ( 2008). - p 8-10 [Nr. Estr. 3793] Lombardi° G, Pavoni° E, Faita° R, Losio° MN, D'Abrosca ° F, Luppi° A, Gelmetti° D, Cordioli° P, Boni° P Infezione sperimentale in suini SPF con feci di cam po contenenti il virus dell'epatite E (HEV) = SPF pig experimentat infection with swine positive hepatitis e virus (HEV) faeces



Il virus dell'epatite E (HEV) è considerato un agente a potenziale carattere zoonosico che ha assunto notevole importanza per la salute pubblica soprattutto nei paesi in via di sviluppo, ma anche, seppure con carattere di sporadicità, nei paesi industrializzati. Il suino è stato identificato come il principale reservoir di HEV e numerosi studi di sieroprevalenza testimoniano un'elevata diffusione del virus all'interno della popolazione suina mondiale. Nella prima parte del presente lavoro, 183 campioni di feci prelevati in 17 allevamenti suini ubicati in provincia di Brescia, sono stati sottoposti tramite RT-nested PCR all'indagine virologica per HEV. In totale 28 campioni sono risultati positivi per HEV ed il sequenziamento e la successiva analisi filogenetica ha dimostrato l'appartenenza al genotipo 3 di tutti i ceppi sequenziati. Nella seconda parte di questo studio, impiegando un campione di feci scelto tra i 28 campioni positivi sopraccitati, é stata eseguita un'infezione sperimentale in suini SPF del Centro Allevamento Sperimentazione Animale dell'IZSLER. Il disegno sperimentale ha previsto l'impiego di 10 suini SPF sierologicamente e virologicamente negativi per HEV, di cui quattro infettati sperimentalmente per os con le feci sopraccitate, altri quattro posti a contatto con quelli infettati sperimentalmente e gli ultimi due mantenuti separati ed impiegati come controlli negativi. Ogni giorno sono state prelevate le feci e settimanalmente il sangue da ciascun anima-le, per la ricerca dell'RNA virale tramite RT-nested PCR. Sugli stessi prelievi di sangue è stata eseguita la determinazione degli anticorpi nei confronti di HEV. Hepatitis E virus has recently been recognized as having zoonotie potential and could be transmitted from pig to human. Pigs are identified as a potential animal reservoir and HEV is highly prevalent in the swine population around the world. In this study the presence of HEV was investigateti in 17 pig farms of Northern Italy (Lobardy), by RT-nested PCR on fresh stool samples. For the study 183 stool samples were collected and 28 samples resulted positive to HEV. RT-nested PCR and genotyping demonstrated that all viruses were closely related to different strains previously described and grouped iato the genotype 3. In the second part of this study, Rt-nested PCR positive feces were used to prepare the HEV inoculum for the oral experimental infections of four HEV-seronegative, three months SPF pigs. Other four, uninoculated pigs were housed in the saure pen containing the four inoculateti pigs previously described. Two pigs, who vere not inoculateti, served as negative control. The experimental design consisted of four oral inoculateti pigs, four uninoculated pigs used as direct-contact controls and two uninoculated pigs used as negative control and housed separately. Daily fecal swab and weekly blood sample, from each pig, avere tested for HEV RNA and anti-HEV antibodies respectively.

Lombardi° G, Pavoni° E, Faita° R, Losio° MN, Luppi° A , Gelmetti° D, Cordioli° P, Boni° P Experimental infection of SPF pigs with hepatitis e virus (HEV) 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 12. - 2 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3809]


Losio° MN, Lombardi° G, Luppi° A, Pavoni° E, Faita° R , Lavazza° A, Cordioli° P,

Boni° P Detection and molecular identification of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in swine faces 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Society Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - V. 2. - cdrom p 11. - 2 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3808]


Luigi Bertocchi° Il bovino da latte e da carne 30 giorni. - Vol. 1 no 8 ( 2008). - p 46-48 [Nr. Estr. 3872]

Luppi° A, Bonilauri° P, Di_Lecce R, Paoletti F, Bosett i M, Cordioli° P Clinical and pathological investigation in an outbr eak of PMWS and diagnostic methods comparison 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 49. - 3 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3820]


Luppi° A, Losio° MN, Lombardi° G, Faita° R, Pavoni° E , Cordioli° P, Boni° P Epatite E negli animali e nell'uomo Osservatorio. - Vol. 11 no 3 ( 2008). - p 4-7 [Nr. Estr. 3792]

Macini P, Squintani G, Finarelli AC, Angelini P, Martini E, Tamba° M, Dottori° M, Bellini R, Santi A, Loli_Piccolomini L, Po C Detection of West Nile virus infection in horses EuroSurveillance http://www.eurosurveillance.org/viewarticle.aspx?articleID=18990 (ultimo accesso 07/05/2009). - Vol. 13 no 39 ( 2008). - p 1-2. - 1 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4021]

Magistrali C, Catanossi M, Marenzoni ML, Sensi M, Crotti S, Valente C, Merialdi° G, Maresca C Agreement between different diagnostic tests for Br achyspira pilosicoli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae infections in swine 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 248. - 4 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3821]


Magistrali C, Facinelli B, Princivalli MS, Barocci S, Merialdi° S, Ciuti F, Magi G, Palmieri C Analisis of genetic diversity and virulence-associa ted gene profiling of Streptococcus isolates from symptomatic and asyntomatic pigs in I taly 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Society Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - V. 2. - cdrom p 338. - 2 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4019]


Makoschey B, Beer M, Zientara S, Haubruger E, Rinaldi L, Dercksen D, Millemann Y, Rijn PV, De_Clerq K, Oura C, Saegerman C, Domingo M, Sanchez_Vizcaino JM, Mehlhorn H, Tamba° M, Thiry E Bluetongue control : a new challenge for Europe Berl Muench Tieraerztl Wochenschr. - Vol. 121 no 7/8 ( 2008). - p 306-313 [Nr. Estr. 4007]

Marone P, Fabbi° M, Daffara S, Della Valle C, De_Vi tis D, Mariani B, Brunetti e, Andreoli° G, Vicari° N La malattia da graffio di gatto: una zoonosi rara? XXXVII Congresso Nazionale Associazione Microbiolologi Clinici Italiani (AMCLI) : 5-8 Ottobre 2008 Stresa / [s.l. : Associazione Microbiolologi Clinici Italiani, 2008]. - 3999]

Congresso Nazionale Associazione Microbiolologi Clinici Italiani (AMCLI) (27 : Stresa : 5-8 Ottobre 2008)

Martella V, Bànyai K, Lorusso E, Bellacicco AL, Decaro N, Mari V, Saif L, Costantini V, De_Grazia S, Pezzotti G, Lavazza° A, Buonavoglia C Genetic heterogeneity of porcine enteric caliciviru ses identified from diarrhoeic piglets Virus Gen. - Vol. 36 ( 2008). - p 365-373. - 43 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4012]

Enteric caliciviruses (noroviruses and sapoviruses) are responsible for the majority of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans of all age groups. Analysis of the polymerase and capsid genes has provided evidence for a huge genetic diversity, but the understanding of their ecology is limited. In this study, we investigated the presence of porcine enteric caliciviruses in the faeces of piglets with diarrhoea. A total of 209 samples from 118 herds were analysed and calicivirus RNA was detected by RT-PCR in 68 sample (32.59) and in 46 herds (38.9%), alone or in mixed infection with group A and C rotaviruses. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the calicivirus-positive samples characterized the majority as genogroup III (GGIII) sapoviruses. Unclassified caliciviruses, distantly related to the representatives of the other sapovirus genogroups, were identified in five herds, while one outbreak was associated with a porcine sapovirus related genetically to human GGII and GGIV sapovirus strains. By converse, norovirus strains were not detected. Altogether, these data suggest the epidemiological relevance of porcine enteric caliciviruses and suggest a role in the etiology of piglets diarrhoea.

Martella V, Lorusso E, Banyai K, Decaro N, Corrente M, Elia G, Cavalli A, Radogna A, Costantini V, Saif LJ, Lavazza° A, Di_Trani L, Buonavo lglia C Identification of a porcine calicivirus related gen etically to human sapoviruses J Clin Microbiol. - Vol. 46 no 6 ( 2008). - p 1907-1913. - 40 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4010]

Whether animals may act as reservoirs for human caliciviruses is unclear. By sequence analysis of a short fragment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region, porcine sapovirus (SaV) strains that genetically resemble human SaVs have been detected in piglets, but more-informative sequences (capsid gene) were not available for a precise characterization. In this study, theY terminus (the Y end of open reading frame 1 [ORF1I, including tbc polymerase complex and the complete capsid; ORF2; and tbc Y untranslated region) of one such human SaV-like strain, 43/06-18p3/2006/It, was determined, revealing that these viruses are more related genetically to human

(47.4 to 54.9% amino acid identity) than to animal (35.2 to 44.7% amino acid identity) SaVs in tbc capsid gene. In addition, tbc recombination-prone RdRp-capsid junction region was highly conserved with those of human SaVs of genogroup GI. The presence of porcine viruses similar to human SaVs is a significant finding because of the potential for zoonotic infections or generation of porcine/human recombinants.

Martelli F, Toma S, Di_Bartolo I, Inglese N, Caprioli A, Ruggeri FM, Lelli° D, Bonci° M, Ostanello F Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains ide ntified in Italian pigs affected by different pathological conditions 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 5. - 7 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3827]


Martelli F, Toma S, Di_Bartolo I, Inglese N, Caprioli A, Ruggeri FM, Lelli° D, Bonci° M, Ostanello F Epidemiologia e caratterizzazione molecolare di cep pi di virus dell'epatite E (HEV) identificati in suini italiani con differenti quadri patologici = Epidemiology and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains identified in italian pigs affected by different pathological conditions



Nell'uomo, l'epatite E è una malattia infettiva ad eziologia virale che evolve clinicamente in forme di epatite acuta. L'agente eziologico (Hepatitis E virus, HEV) è un RNA virus di piccole dimensioni attualmente classificato nel genere Hepevirus, famiglia Hepeviridae. Recentemente, numerose evidenze supportano l'ipotesi che l'e-patite E sia una zoonosi emergente e che il suino possa essere il principale serbatoio animale dell'infezione. Ceppi di HEV di origine suina sono stati per la prima volta identificati nel 1997 negli USA e attualmente l'infezione da HEV è considerata endemica negli allevamenti suinicoli di numerosi paesi, Italia compresa. Nel suino, l'infezione da HEV sembra evolvere in maniera asintomatica, anche se alcuni studi hanno messo in evidenza la possibile correlazione tra questa ed alterazioni a carico del fegato. Inoltre, non sono stati ancora chiariti i possibili effetti di eventuali interazioni tra il virus e altre infezioni concomitanti quali quelle sostenute da PCV2 o PRRSV. Nel presente lavoro è stata valutata, mediante una tecnica di nested-RT-PCR, la prevalenza di HEV in 137 suini di 2-4 mesi di età provenienti da 45 allevamenti del Nord Italia e deceduti o soppressi a causa della presenza di forme patologiche. La prevalenza riscontrata è stata del 29,9%. La valutazione della correlazione tra l'infezione e la presenza di eventuali fattori di rischio non ha messo in evidenza nessuna associazione statisticamente significativa per quanto riguarda tipologia di allevamento, presenza di forme patologiche concomitanti o coinfezione con PRRSV o PCV2. La positività per HEV è risultata invece significativamente più elevata in animali di 80-120 giorni di vita rispetto a quelli di età <80 giorni (20%). Per quanto riguarda l'analisi filogenetica, i ceppi identificati, sono risultati tutti appartenere al genotipo 3 e sono risultati simili ad altri ceppi di origine umana e suina identificati in Europa. In humans hepatitis E (HE) is an infectious viral disease with clinical and morphological features of acute hepatitis. The aetiological agent is the hepatitis E virus (HEV). Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that HE is an emerging zoonotic disease, and that pigs are the main animal reservoir of the infection Swine HEV was first identified in 1997 in USA and is now considered to be widespread in pig herds all over the world. In general HEV in pigs seems to be sub-clinical, although some studies have put in evidence a possible correlation of the infection with liver damages. Moreover its possible interaction with other pig pathogens such as porcine PCV2 and PRRSV has

still to be fully clarified. In this study we assessed, using a nested-RT-PCR, the HEV prevalence in 137 pigs of 2-4 months of age from 45 different Italian herds and affected by different pathological conditions, finding that HEV infection is largely widespread in Italian pigs (29.9% prevalence). We also performed an evaluation of possible risk factors related to the infection, finding no statistically significant correlations between HEV positivity and herd typology or presence of concomitant pathological conditions and coinfections with PRRSV or PCV2. However, the HEV positivity was significantly higher in animals between 80-120 days of age than in pigs <80 days of age (20%). We also performed the molecular characterization of the identified strains, finding that all of them belonged to genotype 3 and were similar to other European swine and humans strains.

Martelli P, Lavazza° A, Nigrelli° AD, Merialdi° G, Alb orali° LG, Pensaert MB Epidemic of diarrhoea caused by porcine epidemic di arrhoea virus in Italy Vet Rec. - Vol. 162 ( 2008). - p 307-310. - 17 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3653]

There was an epidemic of diarrhoea affecting pigs of all ages in Italy between May 2005 and June 2006. In 63 herds the cause was confirmed as porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus by electron microscopy, ímmunoelectron microscopy, PCR and serology. Watery diarrhoea without mucus and blood was usually associated with a reduction of feed consumption. In farrowing-to-weaning herds, diarrhoea affected the sows and suckling piglets, and the mortality in newborn piglets was up to 34 per cent. In growers and fatteners the morbidity ranged from 20 to 80 per cent, but there was either no mortality or it was very low. Depending on the size of the herd and the type of operation, the clinical disease lasted for weeks or months.

Martelli P, Merialdi° G, Bonilauri° P, Bertacchini F , Greatti S, Van_Groenland GJ Elimination of PRRSV, Micoplasma hyopneumoniae, Act inobacillus pleuropneumoniae by segregated medicated early weaning 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 365. - 1 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3822]


Martín-Acebes MA, González-Magaldi M, Rosas MF, Borrego B, Brocchi° E, Armas-Portela R, Sobrino F Subcellular distribution of swine vesicular disease virus proteins and alterations induced in infected cells: a comparative study with foot-and-m outh disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus Virology. - Vol. 374 ( 2008). - p 432-433. - 79 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3960]

The intracellular distribution of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) proteins and the induced reorganization of endomembranes in IBRS-2 cells were analyzed. Fluorescence to new SVDV capsids appeared first upon infection, concentrated in perinuclear circular structures and colocalized to dsRNA. As in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-infected cells, a vesicular pattern was predominantly found in later stages of SVDV capsid morphogenesis that colocalized with those of non-structural proteins 2C, 2BC and 3A. These results suggest that assembly of capsid proteins is associated to the replication complex. Confocal microscopy showed a decreased fluorescence to ER markers (calreticulin and protein disulfide isomerase), and disorganization of cis-Golgi gp74 and trans-Golgi caveolin-1 markers in SVDV- and FMDV-, but not in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected cells. Electron microscopy of SVDV-infected cells at an early stage of infection revealed fragmented ER cisternae with expanded lumen and accumulation of large Golgi vesicles, suggesting alterations of vesicle traffic through Golgi compartments. At this early stage, FMDV induced different patterns of ER fragmentation and Golgi alterations. At later stages of SVDV cytopathology, cells

showed a completely vacuolated cytoplasm containing vesicles of different sizes. Cell treatment with brefeldin A, which disrupts the Golgi complex, reduced SVDV (approximately 5 log) and VSV (approximately 4 log) titers, but did not affect FMDV growth. Thus, three viruses, which share target tissues and clinical signs in natural hosts, induce different intracellular effects in cultured cells.

Martinelli° N, Luppi° A, Lelli° D, Sozzi° E, Canelli° E, Fontana R, Moreno_Martin° A, Lavazza° A, Lombardi° G. Prevalenza di anticorpi anti-HEV in allevamenti sui ni del Nord Italia X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 238-239. - 9 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3939]

Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) (10 : Alghero : 22-24 Ottobre 2008)

A survey to detect antibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV) was undertaken on 39 Italian pig farms (17 farrow to feeder, 10 farrow to finish and 12 fattening herds). For the study 1422 pig sera samples were tested using a commerciai indirect ELISA, originally developed for testing human sera and properly adapted for the analysis of pig sera. 38 of the farms (97,43%) and 714 on 1422 sera samples (50,21%) resulted positive for anti-HEV IgG antibodies. The study confirm that HEV is spread in pigs in Italy and is probably endemic in many farms.

Martinez E, Maldonado J, Barigazzi° G, Riera P Ambiguous serotype identification of biotype 2 Acti nobacillus pleuropneumonie 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 232. - 3 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3819]


Massi° P, Tosi° G, Fiorentini° L Prova sperimentale di infezione con un ceppo "very virulent" di virus della Bursite Infettiva del Pollo (vvIBDV) in pollastre commericiali vaccin ate con schemi vaccinali diversi Zootec Int. - Vol. 11 ( 2008). - p 54-59. - 6 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3895]

La prova è stata condotta in isolatori su sei gruppi di pollastre commerciali al fine di dimostrare l'immunità vaccinale indotta da tipi e schemi vaccinali diversi nei confronti di un'infezione sperimentale sostenuta da un ceppo "very virulent"del virus della Bursite Infettiva del Pollo (vvIBDV). In particolare, lo scopo è stato quello di mettere a confronto l'immunità indotta da un vaccino vettore (allestito con il ceppo HVT del virus della Malattia di Marek sul quale è stato inserito il gene che codifica per la proteina VP2 di IBDV) con l'immunità indotta da vaccini convenzionali nei confronti di IBDV.

Mazzone P, Cagiola M, Biagetti M, Crotti S, Ortenzi R, Faccenda L, Ferrante G, Bugatti M, Savini G, Boni M, Farinelli M, Boniotti° B, Pacciarini° M Le indagini biomolecolari applicate allo studio dei focolai di tubercolosi bovina

X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 64-65. - 8 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3951]


The application of the control measures included in the national tuberculosis eradication programmes, allowed us to reduce the prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis (TB) in several) Italian regions. However further efforts are necessary in order to achieve the eradication of the disease in ail the national territory. An important component of the eradication campaigns is a thorough epidemiological analysis of every tuberculosis outbreak, to determine areas with high risk of infection. In order to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease at local and regional levels, the National Reference Center for TB has applied a number of molecular typing techniques (Spoligotyping, ETRs and VNTR/MIRU marker) to M. bovis strains isolated in Italy. In this study we describe 8 outbreaks of TB, spread in Umbria, related to 3 different M. bovis strains. We combined the information derived from the epidemiological investigation with the data of the molecular typing, reaching a good understanding of TB transmission in our region.

Mazzoni C, Bonilauri° P, Borri E, Tonon F, Ponzio M Miglioramento dell'efficienza totale della sala par to in un'azienda gestita a bande bisettimanali : esperienze di campo = Farrowing room efficiency improvement in a herd with two-week batch farrowing system : a field experience



Nel presente lavoro riportiamo l'esperienza di un'azienda che ha riscontrato un considerevole miglioramento dell'efficienza totale in sala parto (efficienza totale = efficienza della scrofa + efficienza tecnica) attuando la sincronizzazione con un'annessa sistematica attività di assistenza dei parti. Tra i principali vantaggi derivanti da queste pratiche annoveriamo la possibilità di concentrare il maggior numero dei parti nelle ore diurne, garantendo così la presenza del personale per l'assistenza che come diretta conseguenza determina una riduzione delle perdite alla nascita (della natimortalità in particolare), inoltre è possibile disporre di un maggior numero di scrofe tra cui scegliere per gli interventi di pareggiamento. A ciò si aggiunga l'applicazione di una tecnica di adozione sistematica, quale quella dello "svezzamento a balzi", che consente la gestione ed il recupero dei.suinetti soprannumerari, contenendone le perdite durante la lattazione, oltre a permettere la creazione di nidiate più uniformi. L'azienda in oggetto è gestita secondo un sistema di svezzamento a bande bisettimanali: da qui il vantaggio di un lavoro più organizzato che consente di concentrare l'attenzione del personale sulle attività della sala parto nella settimana prevista. Viene inoltre descritta la strategia impiegata per la realizzazione dello svezzamento a balzi in un sistema a bande che, come tali, presenta di base una scarsa flessibilità. This paper reports a field experience on a farm that achieved a considerable farrowing room efficiency improvement using a methodical work of farrowing synchronization and assistance. Assembling the majority of the farrowing during the working time making sure the labour assistance and a consequent losses reduction (still-born especially), and the bigger number of sows available for cross-fostering application, are the main advantages. Besides, making it possible to manage the high prolificacy, the methodical "bump weaning" application allows to reduce suckling period mortality and to create more homogeneous litters. Two-week batch farrowing system has been adopted on this herd: a better work organisation let the labour to concentrate on the farrowing room activities during the scheduled farrowing week. Ibis work also describes bow to apply the "bump-weaning" within a batch farrowing system, within is poorly flexible.

Mazzoni C, Bonilauri° P, Borri E, Tonon F, Ponzio M Field experience on farrowing room efficiency impro vement in herd with two-week forrowing system 20th Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress IPVS 2008 : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : poster proceedings / [s.l : s.n, 2008]. - p 604. - 4 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4000]


Merialdi° G Patologie da Escherichia coli nel suini in post-sve zzamento Obiet Docum Vet. - Vol. 29 no 2 ( 2008). - p 17-22. - 33 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4020]

Le patologie da Escherichia coli (ETEC ed EDEC) sono una delle cause di malattia del suino nelle prime fasi post-svezzamento. Due le forme cliniche: la diarrea post-svezzamento, mediata dai ceppi ETEC ed a carattere enterico e la malattia degli edemi, con manifestazioni sistemiche e nervose.

Merialdi° G, Barigazzi° G, Bonilauri° P, Tittarelli° C, Bonci° M, D'incau° M, Dottori° M Longitudinal study of salmonella infection in itali an farrow-to-finish swine herds Zoonoses Public Health. - Vol. 55 ( 2008). - p 222-226. - 16 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4033]

A longitudinal study of Salmonella enterica infection was carried out in five Italian farrow-to-finish swine herds previously known to be infected by Salmonella. Five litters were randomly selected from each herd and in each litter six piglets were randomly selected and individually identified. Thus, the study included 30 pigs from each farm. At weaning, individual blood samples were collected for serological examination from all selected piglets and on the lame day from all sows in the farrowing unit. Piglets were bled again at approximately 60, 90, 150, 210 and 270 days of life whereas the last blood sample was collected at slaughtering. In one of the herds, in which the duration of productive cycle was about 12 months, the last blood samples were collected at 350 days of life. With the same time scheduling, five pen pooled faecal samples were collected from each herd for bacteriological examination. At slaughtering, mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from each ear-tagged pig. Seroprevalente(cot off S/P ratio 0.25) in sows varied from 93.8% to 100%. In Tourherds, sero-prevalente in piglets showed a similar profile with complete declineof maternal antibodies at day 60 and elear sero-conversion between day 90 andday 150. In one herd, sero-conversion was observed earlier and 56% of piglets were positive at day 90. The peak of sero-prevalente was observed between day 210 and day 270. Sero-prevalente at slaughtering varied from 66% to 100%. Salmonella was isolated from faecal samples in four of five herds. No Salmo nella was isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes at slaughter in two of the herds. Culture prevalente from mesenteric lymph nodes in the other three herds ranged from 3.3% to 30%. This longitudinal study provides original information about epidemiological dynamics of Salmonella enterica infection in Italian swine herds in consideration of the unique extended fattening period typical of the Italian production.

Merialdi° G, Bonilauri° P, Dottori° M, Nigrelli° A, Martelli P Monitoraggio della patologia respiratoria attravers o la valutazione delle lesioni polmonari, pleuriche e della sierologia = Monitoring respitory disease at slaughterhouse using lung and

pleural lesions score and serology Atti Convegno SIPAS. - Vol. 34 ( 2008). - p 319-325 - 13 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3765]


Il monitoraggio delle lesioni polmonari al macello é uno strumento efficace per stimare la prevalenza e la gravità della malattia respiratoria. Sono stati descritti diversi metodi per la valutazione della Polmonite Enzootica (PE) e delle lesioni attribuibili ad Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) al macello. La valutazione delle lesioni polmonari e pleuriche in combinazione con i dati derivati dalla sierologia possono fornire una precisa immagine dell'impatto della malattia respiratoria a livello d'allevamento. I risultati dell'indagine effettuata al macello su 46 aziende hanno per-messo di evidenziare lesioni riferibili a polmonite enzootica ed a pleurite cronica rispettivamente nel 46.3% e nel 49% dei polmoni esaminati. Tra i patogeni respiratori indagati mediante sierologia PRRSV, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae hanno presentato una prevalenza del 100% tra gli allevamenti. Monitoring of lung lesions at slaughterhouse is an efficient tool to estimate the prevalence and severity of respiratory disease. Different methods have been described for the evaluation of Enzootic Pneumonia (EP) or lesions due to Actinobacillus pleuropneumotziae (App) at slaughterhouse. Lung and pleural lesions scoring in combination with serological data can provide a picture of the impact of respiratory disease at herd level. The results at slaughterhouse on 46 batches from different herds showed lesions referred to EP and to Chronic Pleuritis (CP) respective in 46.3 and 49.0% of the examined lungs. Among the respiratory pathogens, PRRSV and App revealed a 100% seroprevalence.

Merialdi° G, Bonilauri° P, Dottori° M, Nigrelli° A, Martelli P Monitoring respiratory disease at slaughterhouse us ing lung and pleural lesions score and serology 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 380. - 1 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3823]


Monaci M, Gaffuri° A, Bencetti F, Rognoni M, Monaci° C , Paterlini° F Il controllo delle infezioni mammarie in allevament i caprini della Provincia di Bergamo = Intramammary infections control in dairy goat herds in Bergamo Province

Large Anim Rev. - Vol. 14 Supp al n 4 ( 2008). - p 207. - 3 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3863]

Monini M, Cappuccini F, Battista P, Falcone E, Lavazza° A , Ruggeri FM Molecular characterization of bovine rotavirus stra ins circulating in northern Italy, 2003-2005 Vet Microbiol. - Vol. 129 ( 2008). - p 384-389. - 28 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3651]

A total of 232 stools collected from calves with rotavirus infection in herds located in northern Italy from 2003 to 2005 was investigated. Determination of the rotavirus G and P types was carried out using nested RT-PCR. G6 was the most prevalent genotype, accounting for 78.5% of samples, G10 accounted for 9.9% of samples and viruses of G8 type were found in 4.7% of samples. In 3% of samples, viruses were not classified due to concomitant infection with more G type strains, whereas viruses in 3.9% of samples could not be characterized with any of the G-specific primers used in this study. Most common P types were P[11] and P[5], accounting for 65.1% and 25%, respectively. In 2.6% of cases, samples reacted with multiple P-specific primers; no P[1] serotype was identified. The G6P[11] combination was predominant throughout the study period, i.e. 52.5% in 2003, 50% in 2004 and 40% in 2005. The incidence of G6P[5] increased from 13.1 % in 2003 to 27% in 2004 and 25.5% in 2005. The G10P[11] combination decreased markedly from 18% in 2003 to 2.6% in 2004,

rising again to 7.3% in 2005. G8P[11] viruses were similarly present in 2003 (5%) and 2004 (4.3%), declining slightly in 2005 (1.8%).

Montesissa C, Zanoni° M, Salogni° C, Guadagnini G, Gra dassi° M, Tagliabue° S, Alborali° L Five years of in vitro susceptibility testing on Sa lmonella spp. and E. coli spp strains isolated from pigs in Italy (2002-2006) Fourth International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Veterinary Medicine (AAVM) : Prague, Czech Republic, August, 24-28, 2008 : program and abstracts / [s.l. : s.n., 2008]. - p 99 [Nr. Estr. 3842]

International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Veterinary Medicine (AAVM) (4 : Prague, Czech Republic : August, 24-28, 2008)

The results on the in vitro susceptibility of 684 and 719 strains of various serotypes of Salmonella spp, and E. coli spp, respectively, are reported in the present study. All the isolates were collected at farms from pigs showing enteric symptoms during a five years period (2002- 2006) of routine diagnostic activity. The antimicrobial susceptibility, of amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and trimethoprim/sulfametazine combinations and that of aminosidine, kanamicin, apramicin gentamicin, amoxicillin, ceftiofur, cefaloridine, cefquinome, flumequine, enrofloxacin, danofloxacin, marbofloxacin, florfenicol, tiamulin, tetracyclines, doxicycline, and sulfadiazine, was assayed by the Kirby-Bauer test. In vitro susceptibility of the E. coli strains, although variable, was satisfactory. Among drugs frequently employed in pig therapy, the recent combination amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and the old drug colistine were more effective in vitro than sulphamethazine-trimethoprim or tiamulin (more than 80% were resistant strains. Along the five year study Salmonella spp, isolates showed lower resistance and variability against the antimicrobial drugs tested, than E coli spp. The highest percentage of resistant strains was shown against sulfadiazine (94% -100%) and tetracycline (87% -96%), by far greater than that against the sulphametazine-trimethoprim combination (35% -66%). The efficacy of old but stili used flumequine did not change during the five years study (40%-60%). As expected, the highest efficacy was shown by the antimicrobials recently authorized for pig therapy and by those marketed as injectable preparations.

Morandi F, Ostanello F, Fusaro L, Bacci B, Nigrelli° A, Alborali° L, Dottori° M, Vezzoli° F, Barigazzi° G, Fiorentini° L, Sala V, Leott i G, Joisel F, Sarli G Immunohistochemical investigation on proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia (PNP) in Italy: preliminary results 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 181. - 9 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3818]


Morandi F, Ostanello F, Fusaro L, Bacci B, Nigrelli° A, Alborali° L, Dottori° M, Vezzoli° F, Barigazzi° G, Fiorentini° L, Sala V, Le otti G, Sarli G Indagine immunoistochimica sulla eziologia della po lmonite proliferativa e necrotizzante (PNP) del suino in Italia : risultati preliminari = Immunohistochemical investigation on swine proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia (PNP) in Italy : preliminar results



La polmonite necrotizzante proliferativa (PNP) è una delle "malattie da circovirus" (CVD) che colpisce il suino in svezzamento e post-svezzamento. Si tratta di polmonite interstiziale a cui sono associati ipertrofia ed iperplasia degli pneumociti di II tipo e presenza di materiale necrotico che occupa gli alveoli. L'eziologia vede il PRRSV ed il PCV2, da soli o in associazione, come gli agenti eziologici più probabili. Su 24 polmoni con PNP, selezionati da un campione ottenuto nell'ambito di uno studio per l'applicazione di un protocollo per la diagnosi della PMWS, sono state applicate metodiche imrnunoistochimiche per mettere in evidenza PRRSV e PCV2 nel contesto delle lesioni nel tentativo di evidenziare il ruolo eziologico che questi due virus possono avere nel determinismo della PNP in Italia. I risultati sono stati i seguenti: in 7 polmoni è stata evidenziata una co-infezione PCV2 - PRRSV, 9 polmoni sono risultati positivi al solo PRRSV, 4 sono risultati positivi al solo PCV2, mentre in 4 polmoni non è stata messa in evidenza la presenza di nessuno dei due virus. Tali risultati farebbero attribuire al PRRSV un ruolo più importante nel determinismo della PNP rispetto al PCV2 negli allevamenti italiani, ma la coinfezione è risultata associata ai quadri istolesivi più gravi. Proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia (PNP) is a particular form of interstitial pneumonia in weaning and post-weaning pigs characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of type II pneurnocytes and presence of coagulative necrosis and granular debris within alveolar spaces. American and European studies suggest PRRSV and PCV2 as the probable causes of tbc disease. An immunohistochemical study was carried out on 24 PNP lungs to evaluate the role of PRRSV and PCV2 in PNP lesions in Italy. Results vere as follows: co-infection (PCV2 and PRRSV) in 7 PNP lungs, PRRSV only in 9, PCV2 only in 4, and neither of the two antigens was found in the remaining 4. These findings support the major role of PRRSV as cause of PNP in Italy, even if co-infection is characterized by more severe histological aspects.

Moreno° A, Fallacara° F, Tosi° G, Massi° P Bronquitis infecciosa aviar, una enfermedad que cam bia : evolucion e importancia de las cepas variantes XLV Symposium cientifico de avicultura : 16 y 17 Abril del 2008 Barcelona : ponencias y comunicaciones / [s.l. : Asociacion espanola de ciencia avicola, 2008]. - p 95-102. - 26 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4050]

Symposium cientifico de avicultura (45 : Barcelona : 16 y 17 Abril del 2008)

Moreno_Martin A, Barbieri° I, Chiapponi° C, Foni° E , Sozzi° E, Canelli E, Luppi° A, Cordioli° P Genetic characterization of H1N1 and H1N2 swine inf luenza viruses isolated in Italy in 1998-2007 Second Annual meeting Epizone : "Need for speed" : 4,5 and 6 - June, 2008 Brescia, Italy : programme and abstracts / [s.l. : s. n., 2008]. - p 99. - 3 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4049]


Several changes occurred in the epidemiology of swine influenza viruses (SIV) in Europe in the last years. Classical 1-11N1 were replaced in 1979 by "avian like" H1N1SIVs. The H1N2 subtype was first described in Great Britain in 1994 and since then spread to continental Europe. In this paper the genetic relationships between 29 Italian 1-11N1 and, 12 H1N2 SIVs isolated from 1998 to 2007 were investigated. Material and Methods Partial HA and NA amplification and sequencing were performed as reported(1). Phylogenetic analysis was conducted by MEGA4(3). Results HA sequences of Italian 1-11N1 SIVs belonged to two groups: 1) strains isolated in the '90s closely related to sw/Fin/2899/82, 2) recent isolates similar to avian-like sw/IV/1455/99 (2). N1 sequences of ali recent strains, except three, were closely related to Fin/2899/82 and some earlier Italian strains. The remaining 3 isolates were like IV/1455/99 viruses. HA sequences of H1N2 SIVs were clearly distinguishabie from H1N1 SIVs. Italian strains isolated in 1998-2003 appeared similar to contemporary H1N2 SIVs from Northern Europe and formed a cluster separated from that of the recent Italian strains. Interestingly, one reassortant strain It/5433/01 1-11N1 was identified (97%

identity to H1N2 Italian SIVs). N2 sequences of the earlier isolates were closely related to current strains isolated in France and Belgium and were in a different cluster from recent Italian strains (human-iike sw/Fin/127/99 SIVs). The NA gene of strain It/11271/03 H1N2 exhibited a high similarity to the Italian H3N2 SIVs. Discussion These resuits pointed out homogeneity among the recent 1-11N1 SIVs as well as distinguishing these from the earlier strains. It should be noted that while HA gene of recent H1N1 SIVs was different from that of the early circulating strains, the NA gene seeméd to be more related to them. Also for Italian H1N2 the presence of a homogeneous group, composed of the recent viruses, differing from earlier strains could be described. Finally the occurrence of reassortment events was evidenced by the detection of two reassortant strains. These findings suggest the requirement for improved surveillance activities in the future.

Moreno_Martin° A, Barbieri° I, Sozzi° E, Luppi° A, Ca nelli° E, Foni° E, Alborali° L, Cordioli° P Genetic characterization of swine influenza H3N2 su btype in Itlay 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 25. - 4 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3810]


Moreno_Martin° A, Barbieri° I, Sozzi° E, Luppi° A, Le lli° D, Lombardi° G, Zanoni° MG, Cordioli° P Novel swine influenza virus subtype H3N1 in Italy 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 26. - 6 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3811]


Muraro M, Solari_Basano F, Nazzari R, Franzini° G Efficacia della Tulatromicina nella prevenzione del le forme respiratorie del bovino (BRD) da ingrasso in Italia = Efficacy of Tulathromycin in trae prevention of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) ira stocker cattle in Italy

Large Anim Rev. - Vol. 14 ( 2008). - p 267-272. - 11 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4006]

Uno studio clinico randomizzato di campo è stato condotto per la valutazione dell'efficacia della Tulatromicina nella prevenzione delle forme respiratorie del bovino da carne (BRD), nelle normali condizioni d'allevamento italiane. Per l'inserimento nello studio sono stati importati dalla Francia 214 bovini di sesso maschile e di peso compreso tra 357 e 546 kg. All'arrivo tutti gli animali sono stati sottoposti a vaccinazione, trattamento antiparassitario e gestiti in base alle normali pratiche d'allevamento. L'epidemia di BRD è stata confermata, nei primi giorni successivi all'arrivo in azienda, dai rilievi clinici e da quelli microbiologici (presenza di R multocida, H. somni e M. bovis) su 18 soggetti con sintomatologia respiratoria, quindi tutti gli ani-mali sono stati trattati con Tulatromicina (G1 = 96) o con Tilmicosina (G2 = 97) nelle formulazioni commerciali ed in base alle indicazioni riportate sul foglietto illustrativo. Nelle due settimane successive al trattamento, la Tulatromicina ha dimostrato un'elevata efficacia nella prevenzione della BRD (97,8%) significativamente superiore a quella osservata con Tilmicosina (89,1%, p = 0,0326). Il confronto tra i valori di incremento ponderale giornaliero tra i due gruppi, ha messo in evidenza un miglioramento delle performance produttive degli animali trattati con Tulatromicina (peso medio = 537 kg, IPG = 1,69 kg/giorno) rispetto a quelli trattati con Tílmicosina (peso medio = 530 kg, IPG di 1,57 kg/giorno). Il dato, privo di significatività statistica, potrebbe meritare un approfondimento su un campione di dimensioni maggiori.

A randomised clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Tulathromycin in the prevention of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), in typical Italian breeding conditions. Por the enrolment in the study 214 male cattle, weighing 357 to 546 kg, were imported from France. At arrival, all the animals were vaccinated, dewormed and managed as per normal farm practices. In the first days following the arrival of the animals to the farm, the BRD outbreak was confirmed by clinical and microbiological assessments presence of R multocida, H. somni e M. bovis) on 18 animals with respiratory signs, then, all the animals were treated with Tulathromycin (G1 = 96) or Tilmicosin (G2 = 97) in commercial formulations and following the label instructions. In the two weeks following the treatment, Tulathromycin showed an high efficacy in BRD prevention (97,8%), significantly higher than Tilmicosin (89,1%, p = 0,0326). The comparison of daily weight gain of the two groups showed an overall improvement of production performance of the animals treated with Tulathromycin (average body weight = 537 kg, IPG = 1,69 kg/day) when compared to those treated with, Tilmicosin (average body weight = 530 kg, IPG = 1,57 kg/day). The lack of statistical significance of this data suggest further investigation by increasing the sample size.

Nicholas R, Raedelli E, Luini° M, Loria G, Ayling R, S canziani E Prevalence and control of Mycoplasma bovis in Europ e XXV Jubilee World Buiatrics Congress : July 6-11, 2008 Budapest (Hungary) : Oral and poster abstracts / [s.n. : s. n., 2008]. - 206 [Nr. Estr. 3832]

Jubilee World Buiatrics Congress (XXV : Budapest (Hungary) : July 6-11, 2008)

Mycoplasma bovis is a major cause of disease in both growing and adult cattle. Pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis and otitis have all been associated with mycoplasma infection, none of which respond well to chemotherapy. In the UK serological screening of pneumonic herds indicates that M. bovis is associated with approximately a quarter of ali outbreaks in calves; this mycoplasma is also the most commonly isolated pathogen from pneumonic lungs. Since its first introduction into Ireland in the mid 1990s, M. bovis has also become a frequent isolate from pneumonic lungs. In a recent study of cattle rearing regions in Northern Italy, M. bovis was the most common bacterial pathogen involved in bovine pneumonia; all veal calves and three quarters of all beef cattle were seropositive to M. bovis. A commercial vaccine still appears a long way from availability in Europe but autogenous vaccines, which are being used increasingly, may help to bridge this gap in the short term.

Nigrelli° A, Rosignoli° C, Faccini° S Gross pathology and pathogens in weaned piglets in italian swine farms (years 2004-2005) 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 560. - 9 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3825]


Nigrelli° AD, Alborali° L, Boldini° M, Fabbi° M, Ve zzoli° E Prevalenza dell'infezione da Salmonella enterica in allevamenti del nord Italia : modello di distribuzione in fasce a differente prevalenza = Salmonella enterica infection spreading in Northern Italy herds : subdivision model into the groups with different prevalence



Gli autori hanno evidenziato, mediante due test elisa diversi, un'elevata prevalenza dell'infezione da

Salmonella enterica in 109 allevamenti suini del Nord Italia, con caratteristiche diverse (dimensioni, pavimentazione, tipologia produttiva), sia nei riproduttori che nei suini da macello. Hanno evidenziato, inoltre, la possibilità di suddividere gli allevamenti in fasce a differente prevalenza, al fine di poter modulare gli interventi correttivi e di misurare gli eventuali miglioramenti nel tempo. Si propone, anche, un modello per verificare la presenza di sierotipi di Salmonella rilevanti per la salute pubblica. Non sono state riscontrate correlazioni significative fra livello di sieropositività e tipologia di produzione (ciclo chiuso, multisito, solo ingrasso), pavimentazione (grigliato o pavimento misto) e dimensione dell'azienda. Gli studi sierologici longitudinali hanno confermato la importante sieroprevalenza nei riproduttori e nei suini all'ingrasso. The authors found, by two different Elisa-tests, an high spreading of Salmonella enterica infection in 109 pig hends of Northern Italy, with different characteristics (size, floor, type of production) either into the sows or into the fattening pigs. The Authors found, too, the possibility of subdividing herds into groups with different infection level, for measuring progressive reduction of Salmonella enterica spreceding the Authors didn't found an positive correlations between positive sera percentage and size, and floor or production type of herds tested. Longitudinal serologic studies confirmed the high seroprevalence in sows and fattening pigs.

Nigrelli° AD, Alborali° L, Fabbi° M, Vezzoli° F Prevalenza dell'infezione da Salmonella enterica in allevamenti del Nord Italia : modello di distribuzione in fasce a differente prevalenza X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 254-255. - 7 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3938]


The Authors found an high prevalence of Salmonella enterica infection in 80 pig herds of Northern Italy, with different characteristics (size, floor, multisite or continuos flow), by two different elisa-test: the prevalence of Salmonella enterica were tested in 28 herds into the fattening pigs, in 41 herds into the sows and in 11 site 2. The possibility of subdividing herds into groups with different infection level is confirmed: it could be useful for measuring progressive reduction of Salmonella enterica infection.

Nodari SR, Candotti° P, Nassuato C, Ferro P Valutazione dell'efficacia di un programma di medic azione con tilosina e sulfametazina (Tylan®Sulfa G100 premix) nel mangime delle scrofe durante i periodi di parto e lattazione = Field trial to evaluate the efficacy of a feed medication program for sows with tylosin and sulphametazin (Tylan®Sulfa G100 premix) during pre-farrow and lactation periods



La prova sperimentale è stata condotta in un allevamento a bande a ciclo aperto di 130 scrofe con problemi di rinite nei suini mandati all'ingrasso. Nello studio sono state incluse 6 bande consecutive che sono state assegnate alternativamente al gruppo di controllo (n=100) o a quello di trattamento (n=101). Il trattamento consiste-va nella somministrazione di mangime medicato con Tylan Sulfa G100 Premix0 (100 gr/q) da 7 giorni prima del parto e per tutta la durata della lattazione. Il trattamento in profilassi delle scrofe con Tylan Sulfa G100 Premix® è stato in grado di determinare effetti positivi nella nidiata sia in termini di numero di suinetti svezzati (10,43 vs 9,87) che di peso allo svezzamento (7,89 vs 7,29). Il trattamento ha dimostrato effetti positivi anche sulle scrofe, diminuendo il costo dei trattamenti sanitari extra, ma soprattutto determinando un aumento dei suinetti nati vivi al parto successivo, che è risultato pari a 9,8 suinetti nel gruppo trattato rispetto a

8,8 nel gruppo controllo. The study was performed in a farrow to weaning farm with 130 sows managed by a batch farrowing system in Northern Italy, with signs of rhinitis in a few fat pigs. The study included 6 consecutive groups of sows alternately assigned to either the control group (n=100) or the treatment group (n=101). During the 7 days preceding farrowing and throughout the lactation period (27 days), the sows of the treatment group (n=101) were given feed medication with 100 g/100 kg Tylan® Sulfa G100 Premix. The prophylactic treatment of the sows with Tylan 12 Sulfa GI00 Premix resulted positive effects on the litter, in terms of both the number of weaned piglets (10,43 vs 9,87) and weight at weaning (7,89 kg vs 7,29 kg). Treatment produced also positive effects on the sows, showing it possible to cut the costs of additional health treatment and, above all, showing an increase in the number of piglets born alive at the next delivery , that is 9,8 in the treatment group and 8,8 in the control group.

Paoletti F, Luppi° A, Bosetti M, Di_Lecce R, Bonilauri ° P, Cordioli° P Indagini clinico-patologiche in un focolaio di PMWS (Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome) e metodi diagnostici a confronto = Clinical and pathological investigation in an outbreak of PMWS (Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome) and diagnostic methods comparison



Nel presente lavoro sono stati esaminati attraverso l'impiego della citologia, dell'istologia e della real time PCR i linfonodi inguinali superficiali di 20 suini presentanti sintomatologia clinica compatibile con PMWS (Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome). Dalla comparazione delle diverse indagini è stato possibile formulare un "grading" dei quadri cito-istologici e distinguere i casi osservati in 3 gruppi. Tutti i casi diagnosticati come PMWS presentano un n° elevato di copie di acido nucleico virale, che raggiunge i valori maggiori per i casi inquadrati nel gruppo III (casi finali). Il "grading" delle lesioni linfonodali confrontato con l'analisi quantitativa del virus a livello di questi organi, assume particolare interesse per il diverso significato diagnostico attribuibile a casi sospetti di PMWS, in funzione del loro inquadramento nel grado I, II o III. In conclusione l'indagine citologica può essere impiegata con successo come esame collaterale nella diagnosi di PMWS, potendo fornire anche informazioni sul grado della lesione linfonodale. Samples from 20 swine lymph nodes (ln. inguinales superficiales) with PMWS clinical signs were submitted for cytological, histological and real time PCR examination in order to establish a cytological grading. In this comparative study the cases were collected in three groups with mild, moderate and severe lymphoid microscopio lesions (group I, II, III respectively). High viral load was observed in all PMWS cases but the higher amount of virus was found in samples collected in the group III (final case). Cytological examination appeared in our experience as an important cornplementary diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of PMWS and usefully to determine the grade of lesions.

Paterlini° F, Monaci° C, Gaffuri° A, Tagliabue° S, C onsonni N, Sorice A, Vitali A Escherichia coli O157 in un allevamento di capre ne lla Provincia di Bergamo = Escherichia coli O157 in a goats' farm of Bergamo Province

Large Anim Rev. - Vol. 14 supp al n 4 ( 2008). - p 211. - 6 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3862]

Pavoni° E, Losio° N, Colombrita D, Foresti I, Caruso A, Suffredini E, Croci L Detection of Norovirus in stool samples of hospital ized patients with gastroenteritis Symposium “Current developments in food and environmental virology" : 9-11 October 2008, Pisa (Italy) / [s.l. : s.n., 2008]. - p 62 [Nr. Estr. 3996]

Symposium “Current developments in food and environmental virology" : Pisa (Italy) : 9-11 October 2008)

Norovirus (NoV) is one of the main causes of children and adults acute gastroenterttis worldwide. NoVs, belonging to the Caliciviridae family, are divided in five genogroups (GI io GV), based on sequence homologies in their RNAs. GI and Gli, that are the most commonly described in human infections, are further subdivided into more than 25 different genotypes. The ORF2 major capsid protein sequence can diverge by as much as 60% between genogroups and 20-30% between genotypes within a genogroup. Thís classification is in constant evolution with the discovery of new variant strains. Italy, unlike other countries, has no specific surveillance system for virai gastroenteritis then few epidemiological data are availabie regarding NoV gastroenteritis. Thz objective of this study was to evaiuate the involvement of NoVs in patients with gastroenteritis from different settiements (a Civil Hospital in Brescia and a Retirement Home in Ferrara). One hundred thirty three stool samples, negative for routine bacteriological tests, were analysed for norovirus presence first by ELISA (Oxoid) and then by molecular detection (conventional two round PCR and Real Time PCR). Circulating strains were characterized by sequencing of PCR ampiicons and identification through BLAST search and comparison through the European Foodborne Viruses Database. A total of sixty-three stool samples (47%) resulted positives for the presence of norovirus. The sequencing showed the presence of G11.4, Gll.b, G11.7 and GIA, among these GI1.4 being largely more frequent than the others..

Pennelli° D, Salogni° C, Tagliabue° S, Alborali° GL Antibioticoresistenza in ceppi di Lactococcus garvi eae isolati da salmonidi nel periodo 1994-2005 : risultati preliminari = Antibiotic resistance in Lactococcus garvieae strains isolated from salmonid fishes during the period 1994-2005 : preliminary results

Ittiopatologia. - Vol. 5 ( 2008). - p 65-72. - 14 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4028]

La Lattococcosi ittica in Italia è considerata la principale responsabile di importanti cali della produzione annua di trote. Gli antibiotici rappresentano uno dei metodi di controllo della malattia, anche se è necessario considerare che l'uso indiscriminato può portare ad un incremento dell'antibioticoresistenza. Inoltre, alcune delle sostanze impiegate che abbiano dimostrato efficacia in vitro, possono risultare inefficaci in condizioni di campo. Allo scopo di fornire un primo contributo allo studio dell'antibioticoresistenza in vitro di Lactococcus (L.) garvieae sono stati esaminati un totale di 73 ceppi isolati da trota iridea (Oncorhynchus mykiss) nel periodo 1994-2005, provenienti da insediamenti produttivi dell'Italia settentrionale. Si è proceduto all'applicazione del metodo della diffusione in agar (metodo Kirby-Bauer); ciascun ceppo è stato testato con un pannello allargato di 27 antimicrobici. Dall'esame dei risultati ottenuti si evince una assoluta resistenza nel periodo di studio per flumequine (100%), a seguire un grado di antibioticoresistenza decrescente per altre molecole testate (97,3% per colistina e 96% per sulfadiazina). Degno di nota è il riscontro di piena sensibilità in tutti i ceppi testati per amoxicillina, amoxicillina + acido clavulanico e gentamicina. In Italy Lactococcosis is considered the main liable for yearly shrinkage of trout production. Antibiotics are used to control the disease, even if it is necessary to consider that a wrong employment moy cause a development of antibiotic resistance Our aim is to provide a first share to in vitro Lactococcus garvieae antimicrobial resistance study; we examined 73 strains isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during the period 1994-2005, reared in farms placed in the north Italy. It has been applied the Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion method; each strain was tested for 27 different antimicrobial drugs. All the strains were flumequine (100%) resistant; high rates of drug resistance were detected for colistin, tiamulin (97,3916) and sulfadiazine (96%). Full susceptibility (100%) was observed for amoxicillin, clavulanic acid + amoxicillin and gentamicin.

Petracci M, Amadori° M, Archetti° IL, Bianchi M, Monte lla L, Cavani C Messa a punto di alimenti per pollastre sottoposte a trasporti di lunga durata

Zootec Int. - Vol. 10 no 10 ( 2008). - p 41-50 [Nr. Estr. 3879] Petrini S, Gavaudan S, Barocci S, Briscolini S, Sebastiani C, Mancini R, Paniccia P, Villa° R, Ferrari° M Isolamento e caratterizzazione molecolare di divers i stipiti di circovirus suino tipo 2 (PCV2) isolati nel cinghiale nel centro Italia = Isolation and characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in wild boars in central Italy



Il circovirus suino tipo 2 (PCV2) è stato identificato nel suino domestico da diversi anni. Molti studi indicano che PCV2 infetta i suini domestici e poche informazioni sono rivolte alla stessa infezione nei suindi selvatici cacciati. Nel presente lavoro sono riportate le ricerche condotte (Esami anatomo-istopatologici, virologici, biomolecolari e di sequenziamento genomico) su cinghiali cacciati nella Regione Marche nell'anno 2006. Dopo aver evidenziato le classiche lesione anatomo-istopatologi che da PCV2 ed aver isolato diversi stipiti di circovirus suino tipo2, il sequenziamento genomico ha evidenziato il 95-97% di omologia della regione ORF2 con stipiti di referenza presenti in banca dati (GenBank). Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was first identified in domestic swine. Most studies have indicated that PCV2 infects only swine but there is little information on porcids other than improved breeds of domestic swine. We show that PCV2 was identified in wild boars by gross and/or histological examinations, isolation, PCR and Real-Time PCR. The ORF2 of the isolated PCV2 had 95-97% homology with ORF2 of reference PCV2 isolates. These diagnostic data suggest that PCV2 can infect and cause disease in Sus scrofa subspecies other than swine.

Petrini S, Villa° R, Guercio A, Paniccià M, Ramadori G , Pezzotti G Studio sulla eventuale latenza del virus erpetico d el bovino tipo 1 (BHV-1) conferito sperimentalmente in vitelli previamente trattati co n due vaccini DNA verso BHV-1 ° = Study of the possible latency of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) experimentally conferred in calves previously treated with two BHV-1 DNA vaccines

Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet. - Vol. 62 ( 2008). - cdrom p 143-144. - 5 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3859]

Convegno Nazionale della Societa' Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie (SISVET) (62 : S. Benedetto del Tronto (AN) : 2008)

In this study two DNA vaccines expressing a truncated secreted form of the glycoprotein D (tgD) of BHV-1 and a CpG sequence, were inoculated in calves. Three months after challenge infection with 1311V-1 virulent strain, all calves were subjected to dexamethasone (DMZ) treatment, for the study of latency. No clinical signs of disease were observed in any of the inoculated calves during the observation period. The virulent virus was reactivated from all calves 7 and 9 days post treatment with DMZ. The neutralizing antibody against BHV-1, and ELISA antibody against tgD of BHV-1 increased 24 days post treatment with DMZ. On the basis of the results obtained, the DNA vaccines used in this experiment, failed to protected the calves against the latency established with BHV-1 virulent strain. L'agente eziologico della rinotracheite infettiva del bovino (IBR), Bovid herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) appartiene al genere Varicellovirus della sottofamiglia Alphaherpesvirinae. È patogeno per il bovino e oltre alla malattia respiratoria (IBR) è responsabile di vulvoginiti, balanopostiti, congiuntiviti e disturbi dell'apparato di riproduzione. In seguito all'infezione primaria acquisita per via respiratoria, il DNA virale rimane latente nei gangli sensitivi per tutta la vita. Allo scopo di limitare l'insorgenza e la severità delle manifestazioni cliniche dell'infezione da BHV-1, sono stati messi a punto vaccini di nuova generazione basati sull'utilizzo del DNA plasmidico (1-2). Lo studio, iniziato nel 1999, ha previsto una "prima fase" riguardante prove per la valutazione dell'innocuità e dell'efficacia dei

prodotti sopramenzionati (3-4), e una "seconda fase" che aveva l'obiettivo di verificare la eventuale protezione degli animali vaccinati con i prodotti A, B nei confronti della latenza indotta da BHV-1 virulento conferito sperimentalmente. Sono state queste le premesse che hanno suggerito gli Autori della presente ricerca a condurre una serie di prove riguardanti la "seconda fase" del progetto.

Pezzoni° G, Brocchi° E Produzione della proteina NS3 di BVDV (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus) in baculovirus con caratteristiche conformazionali ed antigeniche anal oghe alla proteina nativa X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 264-265. - 2 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3937]


One of the major immunological proteins of Pestiviruses is the nonstructural protein 3 (NS3), a multifunctional enzyme with at least two domains associated with enzymatic activities: a serine protease activity and a NTPase-elicase activity. This study describes the expression of the entire sequence of NS3 (NS3tot) and its NTPase-elicase domain (NS3E) in a baculovirus system. Both recombinant proteins are recognised by monoclonal antibodies specific for three different conformational epitopes, as well as by BVDV-positive sera. These reactivities provide evidence that the recombinant proteins obtained reproduce folding and antigenicity of the native virai proteins and provide the conditions for the development of a functional antibodydetection ELISA.

Pezzoni° G, Brocchi° E Utilizzo dell'antigene ricombinante NS3, espresso t ramite baculovirus, nei test sierologici per anticorpi anti-pestivirus X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 80-81. - 2 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3948]


Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) belongs to Pestivirus group with viruses responsible for Border Disease and Classical Swine Fever; the three viruses are antigenically related. Currently, serologicai assays for Pestiviruses are based on evaluation of antibody against the non structural protein 3 (NS3). This study reports on the use of a baculovirus expressed NS3 in substitution of Pestivirus as source of antigen in two ELISA formats (trapping and competitive) for detection of antibodies in bovine and swine sera. The discrimination power between positive and negative sera provided by assays using the recombinant antigen led to a sensitivity and specificity of 100% in relation to analogous ELISAs based on virus.

Pisoni G, Locatelli C, Alborali° L, Rosignoli° C, Allo di S, Riccaboni P, Grieco V, Moroni P Outbreak of Nocardia neocaledoniensis mastitis in a n italian dairy herd J Dairy Sci. - Vol. 91 ( 2008). - p 136-139. - 16 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3994]

Nocardia spp. are an uncommon cause of mastitis, and outbreaks have typically been reported in dairy farms with poor hygienic and management conditions. The outbreak described herein involved

a dairy farm with 43 lactating cows that, after a long period with low bulk milk somatic cell counts «180,000 cells/mL), experienced an increasing incidente of clinical mastitis with bulk milk somatic celi counts greater than 300,000 cells/mL. Fifteen mastitic quarters milk samples from 9 dairy cows were found to be infected by a member of the genus Nocardia, as identified on the basis of selected phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics. The isolates were confirmed as Nocardia neocaledoniensis by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Average quarter milk somatic cell count for infected udders was 863,057 cells/mL, signíficantly greater than the average value in noninfected quarters (189,710 cells/mL).

Pongolini° S, Bergamini° F, Carra° E, D'Incau° M, Lambertini A, Fontana R, Bassi° S Utilizzo di marcatori genetici per l'indagine epide miologica in focolai tossinfettivi da Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enterit idis Epidemiologia : strumenti per conoscere, agire e decidere in sanità pubblica veterinaria : IV Workshop nazionale di epidemiologia veterinaria : Università degli studi "Sapienza" : Roma, 11-12 Dicembre 2008 : riassunti / a cura di Gaia Scavia, Susan Babsa e Marcello Sala. - Roma : Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2008. - (ISTISAN congressi ; 08/C12) p 136-137 [Nr. Estr. 3904]


Introduzione. Oggetto di questo studio è stata l'analisi epidemiologico molecolare di due focolai tossinfettivi da Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis verificatisi in provincia di Modena nel 2007. I focolai hanno interessato una struttura protetta per anziani e una famiglia. Nel primo caso ci sono stati 7 isolamenti da pazienti e 1 isolamento da una preparazione a base di tacchino. Nel secondo episodio il germe è stato isolato da 2 pazienti, 2 dolci di preparazione domestica, dalle uova del centro di imballaggio da cui provenivano quelle utilizzate per i dolci e dalle feci delle ovaiole dell'allevamento di provenienza delle uova in questione. Per accertare le relazioni epidemiologiche esistenti tra gli stipiti isolati dai pazienti e quelli isolati dalla filiera alimentare, si è fatto ricorso alla valutazione del polimorfismo di marcatori genetici capaci di indicare il grado di correlazione esistente tra i ceppi stessi. Metodi. Sono stati utilizzati due metodi di analisi genetica: Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) e multilocus VNTR assay (MLVA). La PFGE evidenzia polimorfismi di restrizione nel genoma batterico, per questo studio sono stati utilizzate le endonucleasi XbaI, SpeI e AvrII. La MLVA rileva polimorfismi di loci genetici costituiti da sequenze ripetute con numeri di ripetizioni progressivamente diversi tra ceppi via via meno correlati, detti loci VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats). In questo studio sono stati analizzati 8 loci VNTR. Tutti i ceppi isolati sono stati sottoposti a confronto genetico. Sono stati genotipizzati 11 ceppi isolati dal primo focolaio, di questi 7 provenivano da pazienti e 4 dall'unico alimento contaminato identificato (sono state testate 4 diverse colonie prelevate dalla stessa piastra di isolamento del patogeno) e 6 ceppi isolati dal focolaio famigliare. Risultati. La PFGE ha evidenziato lo stesso genotipo per tutti i ceppi analizzati, sia "entro" che "tra" i 2 focolai, con un'unica eccezione: una sola differenza di grado minimo (1 banda) tra 2 dei quattro ceppi isolati dall'alimento della struttura protetta e tutti gli altri. La MLVA ha rilevato due diversi genotipi, con completa identità genetica "entro" i focolai e differente genotipo, sia pure per un solo marcatore su 8, "tra" i due focolai. Conclusioni. Il confronto genetico tra ceppi ha confermato l'identità degli stessi nell'ambito di ciascun episodio tossinfettivo, supportando le evidenze epidemiologiche. Inoltre la MLVA, diversamente dalla PFGE che ha dato risultati meno interpretabili, ha consentito di distinguere con precisione i due diversi genotipi responsabili dei due distinti focolai.

Porrini C, Sabatini AG, Mutinelli F, Astuti M, Lavazza° A, Piro R, Tesoriero D, Medrzycki P, Sgolastra F, Bortolotti L Le segnalazioni degli spopolamenti e delle mortalit à degli alveari in Italia : resoconto 2008 Osservatorio. - Vol. 11 no 6 ( 2008). - p 13-15 [Nr. Estr. 3894]

Pozzi SP, Yadin H, Lavi J, Pacciarini° M, Alborali° L Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection of pigs in Israel : clinical presentation, diagnosis and virus identification Israel J Vet Med. - Vol. 63 no 4 ( 2008). - p 122-124. - 14 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3898]

During the years 2006-2007, an increase of respiratory and enteric problems in piglets after weaning was reported from pig herds in westem Galilee. These problems were accompanied by increased mortality and a lower growth rate of the affected piglets. A reduced growth rate was also noted in older pigs at these farms. Sick piglets were bled on three affected farms, and on necropsy, lungs, inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from carcasses, and submitted to laboratory examination. Evidence for the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), was based on positive ELISA serology; virus isolation; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on the lymphoid tissues. To our knowledge this is the first case on PCV2 identification in Israel pigs.

Pozzi W, Vezzoli° F, Blanchaert A, Falco F Virus della sindrome riproduttiva e respiratoria su ina e virus della malattia d'Aujeszky : vaccinazione intradermica con antigeni separati od abbinati = Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and Aujeszky disease virus : intradermal vaccination with combined or single antigens



Nella moderna industria suinicola gli schemi vaccinali stanno diventando progressivamente più intensivi, allo scopo di ottimizzare le performance produttive di riproduttori e soggetti da ingrasso, ma anche più onerosi in termini di manodopera associata alle vaccinazioni. Permangono le preoccupazioni relative ai rischi associati con le somministrazioni parenterali, quali trasmissione di patogeni, reazioni tissutali, rotture di aghi e reazioni comportamentali. Queste ultime diventano importanti nei riproduttori a causa dell'elevato numero di vaccinazioni ricevute. La vaccinazione intradermica e l'utilizzo di combinazioni antigeniche può essere d'aiuto nella riduzione del carico di lavoro, nella trasmissione di patogeni e nel benessere animale. In questa prova sono state verificate innocuità ed efficacia di due antigeni vaccinali, PRRSV ed ADV, quando somministrati per via intradermica in abbinamento o singoli. In the modem swine industry, vaccination schemes are becoming progressively more intensive, in order to optimize productive performance in both breeders and fattening animals, but also time-consuming. Concems remain in respect of the risks associated with parenteral administration such as diseases transmission, tissues reaction, broken needles and behavioural responses, the last of these being of most importance in breeding sows and gilts which usually require several doses during the year. Intradermal, needle-less vaccination and combinations of antigens may help in reducing workloads, disease risks and concerns about animal welfare. In this trial, safety and immunological efficacy of two antigens, PRRSV and ADV, were analyzed when given at the same time, either separately, or in combination, via the intradermal route.

Quaglio F, Galupi R, Marcer F, Morolli C, Bonoli C, Fioretto B, Tampieri MP, Bassi° S, Lavazza° A, Gianaroli M, Malagoli F Episodi di mortalità in gamberi d'acqua dolce (Aust ropotamobius pallipes complex) in tre corsi d'acqua della provincia di Modena = Mortality episodes of white-clawed crafish (Austropotamobius pallipes complex) in three streams of Modena province (Northern Italy)


Vengono descritti 3 gravi episodi di mortalità in Austropotamobius pallipes complex verificatisi in corsi d'acqua dell'Appennino Modenese: nel torrente Rossenna (09/04), Lerna (02/05) e Rio Selve (06/05). Campioni di gamberi appena morti o moribondi, sono stati raccolti e sottoposti ad esame micologico, parassitologico, virologico, batteriologico ed istopatologico. Nei torrenti sono stati valutati l'indice biotico esteso ed i parametri chimico-fisici dell'acqua. Sono stati riscontrati organismi saprofiti ectosimbionti ed ectocommensali. Nessun virus è stato riscontrato. All'esame micologico Fusaruim sp. è stato isolato dai campioni di tutti e tre i torrenti e, in coltura pura, da quelli del Rio Selve. Nei soggetti provenienti dal Rossenna, erano presenti Mucor sp., Penicillium sp. e Dematiaceae; Trichoderma sp., Alternaria sp., Gliocladium sp., Mucor sp., Geotrichum sp. dal Lema. All'esame batteriologico Hafnia alvei si isolava nei campioni provenienti sia da Rio Selve che dal Lerna ed in quest'ultimo anche Aeromonas hydrophila. All'esame istologico di tutti i campioni si riscontravano ife fungine infiltranti l'esoscheletro che penetravano la cuticola invadendo l'epidermide ed il muscolo sottostante. Tutti i torrenti mostravano segni di inquinamento. Una prolungata esposizione dei gamberi a sostanze tossiche potrebbe avere determinato una riduzione dei meccanismi di difesa dei crostacei rendendoli vulnerabili all'azione di agenti patogeni opportunisti, con conseguente massiva mortalità. A massive and apparently total mortality of while-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes complex) occurred in Rossenna (09104), Lerna (02105) and Selve (06105) streams in Modena province, Northern Italy. In all three streams the deceased crayfish were in different states of preservation and only recently dead or moribund crayfish were collected and submitted lo mycological, parasitological, bacteriological, virological, and histopathological analyses. Extended Biotic Index was evaluated for each water course and chemical physical and bacteriological water analyses were carried out. Saprophytes, ectosynrbionts and ectocommensal organisms were frequently observed in crayfish. No virus was found. Fusarium sp. was the most frequently isolated mycete and it occurred in pure culture from the specimen coming from Selve creek. Furthermore Mucor sp. and Penicillium sp. were detected on the crayfish from the river Rossenna, while Trichoderma sp., Altemaria sp., Gliocladium sp. and Mucor sp. from Lerna specimen. The bacteriological investigation recorded Hafnia alvei front both Lerna stream and Selve creek samples, while Aeromonas hydrophila only from Lerna. During the histological investigation, all crayfish showed severe fungal hyphae infiltrations from the exoskeleton through the superrcial skeletal lo the muscle hypodermis. All water courses shoved environmental pollution. A prolonged exposure lo toxic substances in the water could have exhausted the defence mechanisms so that the crayfish were more susceptible lo the action of opportunistic pathogenic agents and subsequently succumbed..

Radaelli E, Luini° M, Loria GR, Nicholas RAJ, Scanziani E Bacteriological, serological, pathological and immu nohistochemical studies of Mycoplasma bovis respiratory infection in veal calves and adul t cattle at slaughter Res Vet Sci. - Vol. 85 no2 ( 2008). - p 282-290. - 38 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3833]

Mycoplasma bovis is an important cause of calf pneumonia worldwide. In this study, we examined 140 cattle at slaughter comprising 70 veal calves and 70 beef cattle; 115 animals with pneumonic lesions and 25 without. Lung samples were submitted for bacteriological, histological, and M. bovis-immunohistochemical analyses. Serology for M. bovis was positive in 76% of beef cattle and 100% of veal calves. M. bovis was isolated only from veal calves in 16 out of 64 pneumonic cases. M. bovis was detected by immunohistochemistry in seven bacteriologically positive cases. M. bovis antigen was associated with bronchogenic necrosuppurative or fibrinonecrotizing lesions. Bacteriologically positive and immunohistochemical negative cases were associated with catarrhal bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Results suggest that M. bovis infection may develop into a severe necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia or fibrinonecrotizing pneumonia when associated with a high number of intralesional organisms or, conversely, into a mild catarrhal bronchointerstitial pneumonia when associated with a low number of organisms.

Revez J, Rossi M, Renzi° M, Zanoni RG Occurrence of Campylobacter SPP. in italian rabbit farms Proceedings of the 9th World rabbit congress : Verona (Italy) June 10-13, 2008 / Editors Gerolamo Xiccato, Angela Trocino and Steven D. Lukefahr. - 1. ed. - Brescia : Fondazione Iniziative Zooprofilattiche e Zootecniche, 2008. - (Atti delle Giornate di Studio Fondazione Iniziative Zooprofilattiche e Zootecniche ; 72) p 299 [Nr. Estr. 3926]


In order to investigate the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in rabbits reared in intensive and rural farms, the caecal contents of 39 animals from 13 different farms (3 rabbits per farm) were collected from April to November 2007. The whole intestinal tract from each rabbit was obtained just after evisceration at the slaughterhouse or during necroscopy, and processed within 4 hours. Approximately 5 g of caecal contents were squeezed into 5 ml of sterile saline and shaken in order to obtain a homogenous suspension. Samples were inoculated by streaking 10 µl of each suspension directly onto four different selective fresh media: Blaser-Wang's Agar (Oxoid), Skirrow's Agar (Oxoid), Nutrient Agar N°2 (Oxoid) 5% sheep bl ood plus CAT Selective Supplement (CAT, Oxoid) and modified Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate Agar (mCCDA, Oxoid). In addition, samples were inoculated on a non selective medium such as Nutrient Agar N°2 (Oxoid) 5% sheep blood using a modified filter technique of Steele & McDermott. Ali plates were incubated in a jar at 37°C±1 under a microaerobic atmosphere with hydroge n and examined daily for growth up to 12 days. From each sample, 3 colonies showing the same morphotype referable to Gram negative, curved or spiral rod bacteria, were cloned. Ali the selected colonies were subjected to genus-specific PCR for Campylobacter. Positive isolates were submitted to the PCRs specific for C. jejuni, C. coli, C. upsaliensis, C. helveticus and C. lari. The isolates which resulted negative to the species-specific PCRs were subjected to rpoB sequence phylogenetic analysis.A total of 36 out of 39 animals (92.3%) and ali the 13 farms resulted positive for Campylobacter. Ali isolates were positive for Campylobacter genus PCR but negative for ali the species-specific PCRs tested. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial nucleotide rpoB sequences of 13 isolates (one strain per farm) randomly selected and the reference strains showed that ali the rabbit isolates clustered together in a tight clade. This cluster was clearly separated from ali the other Campylobacter species with high bootstrap values (100), indicating that these isolates may belong to a new species. This survey allowed reporting the occurrence of a probably new Campylobacter species in the caecal contents of farmed rabbits in Italy. Further studies are necessary to describe it and evaluate its possible pathogenic effect on rabbit as well as the eventual zoonotic role.

Revez J, Rossi M, Renzi° M, Zanoni RG Occurrence of Campylobacter SPP. in italian rabbit farms http://world-rabbit-science.com/WRSA-Proceedings/Congress-2008-Verona/Papers/P-Revez.pdf (ultimo accesso 20 febbraio 2009). - Vol. 2008). - p 1051-1054. - 10 ref bib [Nr. Estr. 3926a]


In order to investigate the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in rabbits reared in intensive and rural farms, the caecal contents of 39 animals from 13 different farms (3 rabbits per farm) were collected from April to November 2007. The whole intestinal tract from each rabbit was obtained just after evisceration at the slaughterhouse or during necroscopy, and processed within 4 hours. Approximately 5 g of caecal contents were squeezed into 5 ml of sterile saline and shaken in order to obtain a homogenous suspension. Samples were inoculated by streaking 10 µl of each suspension directly onto four different selective fresh media: Blaser-Wang's Agar (Oxoid), Skirrow's Agar (Oxoid), Nutrient Agar N°2 (Oxoid) 5% sheep bl ood plus CAT Selective Supplement (CAT, Oxoid) and modified Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate Agar (mCCDA, Oxoid). In addition, samples were inoculated on a non selective medium such as Nutrient Agar N°2 (Oxoid) 5% sheep blood using a modified filter technique of Steele & McDermott. Ali plates were incubated in a jar at 37°C±1 under a microaerobic atmosphere with hydroge n and examined daily for growth up to 12

days. From each sample, 3 colonies showing the same morphotype referable to Gram negative, curved or spiral rod bacteria, were cloned. Ali the selected colonies were subjected to genus-specific PCR for Campylobacter. Positive isolates were submitted to the PCRs specific for C. jejuni, C. coli, C. upsaliensis, C. helveticus and C. lari. The isolates which resulted negative to the species-specific PCRs were subjected to rpoB sequence phylogenetic analysis.A total of 36 out of 39 animals (92.3%) and ali the 13 farms resulted positive for Campylobacter. Ali isolates were positive for Campylobacter genus PCR but negative for ali the species-specific PCRs tested. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial nucleotide rpoB sequences of 13 isolates (one strain per farm) randomly selected and the reference strains showed that ali the rabbit isolates clustered together in a tight clade. This cluster was clearly separated from ali the other Campylobacter species with high bootstrap values (100), indicating that these isolates may belong to a new species. This survey allowed reporting the occurrence of a probably new Campylobacter species in the caecal contents of farmed rabbits in Italy. Further studies are necessary to describe it and evaluate its possible pathogenic effect on rabbit as well as the eventual zoonotic role.

Rodriguez-Sanchez B, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM, Uttenthal A, Rasmussen TB, Hakhverdyan M, King DP, Ferris NP, Ebert K, Reid SM, Kiss I, Brocchi° E, Cordioli° P, Hjerner B, McMenamy M, McKillen J, Ahmed JS, Belak S Improved diagnosis for nine viral diseases consider ed as notifiable by the World Organization for Animal Health Transboundary Emerg Dis. - Vol. 55 ( 2008). - p 215-225. - 38 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3962]

Nine viral diseases included in the World Organization for Animal Health list of notifiable diseases (former list A) were chosen for their contagiousness and high capacity of spreading to improve their diagnosis using new and emerging technologies. All the selected diseases -- foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, vesicular stomatitis, classical swine fever, African swine fever, bluetongue, African horse sickness, Newcastle disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza -- are considered as transboundary diseases, which detection causes the prohibition of livestock exportation, and, thus, it leads to high economical losses. The applied diagnostic techniques can fall into two categories: (i) nucleic-acid detection, including padlock probes, real-time PCR with TaqMan, minor groove binding probes and fluorescence energy transfer reaction probes, isothermal amplification like the Cleavase/Invader assay or the loop-mediated amplification technology and the development of rapid kits for 'mobile' PCR and (ii) antigen-antibody detection systems like simplified and more sensitive ELISA tests. Besides, internal controls have been improved for nucleic acid-detecting methods by using an RNA plant virus--Cowpea Mosaic Virus--to ensure the stability of the RNA used as a positive control in diagnostic real-time RT-PCR assays. The development of these diagnosis techniques has required the joint efforts of a European consortium in which nine diagnostic laboratories and an SME who have collaborated since 2004 within the European Union-funded Lab-on-site project. The results obtained are shown in this paper.

Rosignoli° C La malattia respiratoria nel bovino da carne da ris tallo : strategie per la riduzione del rischio = Respiratory disease in newly received feeder cattle : risk reduction strategies

I° Congresso europeo SIVAR : Nuovi orizzonti per la veterinaria europea : salute, benessere animali e produzioni di qualità : New perspectives for european veterinary profession : animal health, welfare and quality productions : VeronaFiere 8-9 Febbraio 2008 / [s.l : s.n, 2008]. - p 52-56 [Nr. Estr. 3988]

Congresso europeo SIVAR (1 : VeronaFiere : 8-9 Febbraio 2008)

Rosignoli C

Le clostridiosi del bovino : diagnosi e controllo = Clostridial diseases in cattle : diagnosis and control


Clostridiosis are diseases caused by toxigenic, Gram positive, anaerobic bacteria of genus Clostridiiim. In cattle the most important clostridial diseases are those that cause "sudden death" or "unexpected death" such as enterotoxaemias and tissue infections sustained by histotoxic clostridia. In recent years also severe outbreàks of botulism have often been observed both in dairy farms and fattening units, with significant economic losses due to the number of animals affected and to the public health restrictive actions undertaken. Outbreaks of tetanus instead are* sporadic and isolated, while intestinal infections in calves sustained by Clostridium difficile are currently under study and investigation. To manage these diseases the practitioner needs to follow the appropriate diagnostic routes and to put into place effective control programmes. The aim of the present paper is to consider these aspects by giving a brief introduction to the etiopathogenesis of the different diseases. By using a commercial ELISA test (Institut Pourquier), a survey on 5,081 bulk milk samples belonging to 3,600 dairy herds of the Emilia Romagna region (74.2% of the total herds) has been performed. The herds were submitted to a variable number of tests. On the basis of a single sample per herd, the apparent prevalence of infected herds is 3.2% (95% c.l: 2.7-3.9%), while the estimated real prevalence is 10.7% (95% c.l.: 9.7% - 11.8%). In some provinces, using repeated tests (3 samples/herd), the prevalence resulted significantly higher than the prevalence estimated on the basis of a single test. To obtain an accurate prevalence estimate, the use of a scheme based on repeated sampling is preferable, giving more conservative results.

Rota Nodari° S Il decreto legislativo 146/2001 30 giorni. - Vol. 1 no 8 ( 2008). - p 22-24 [Nr. Estr. 3874]

Rota_Nodari S, Lavazza° A, Candotti° P, Evaluation of rabbit welfare at stunning and slaugh tering in a commercial abattoir http://world-rabbit-science.com/WRSA-Proceedings/Congress-2008-Verona/Papers/W-Rota.pdf - ultimo accesso 23/02/2009. - Vol. 2008). - p 1239-1243. - 9 rif bib [Nr. Estr. 3797a]


A total of 1020 crossbreed rabbits were individually examined to evaluate their welfare at electric stunning and slaughtering in a commercial abattoir. Stunning (position of electrodes and repetition of current applications) and sticking (position, length and depth of the cut) procedures were checked. Rabbits were behaviourally monitored from current application to death. The stunning system was incorrectly applied one hundred and ten timer (10.8%). Three rabbits failed to be stunned and were still conscious at sticking. Eighteen rabbits recovered before the onset of death, as evidenced by the corneal reflex, and in a few cases vocalization (n=3) and head righting (n=1) were observed. Corneal reflex seemed to be the best indicator of recovery at the abattoir.

Sacchi° C Patologie infettive e ippiatria : riflessioni sull' arterite virale equina Vet Prat Equina. - Vol. 10 no 3 ( 2008). - p 3 [Nr. Estr. 3986]

Salogni° C, Aquaro G, Galli P, Gelmetti° D, Alboral I° LG

Infestazione da Gyrodactylus turnbulli Harris, 1986 (Monogenea) in Poecilia reticulata d'allevamento = Infection of Gyrodactylus turnbulli Harris, 1986 (Monogenea) on cultured guppies, Poecilia reticulata in Italy


I monogenei girodattilidi a localizzazione cutanea rivestono un ruolo patogeno importante specie specifico e legato all'azione traumatizzante dell'apparato di adesione fornito di uncini (haptor); a ciò si unisce l'elevata capacità riproduttiva e diffusiva. Nel presente lavoro viene descritto un caso d'infestazione da Gyrodactylus turnbulli e Urocleidoides reticulatus in un piccolo allevamento italiano di guppy (Poecilia reticulata) avvenuto nell'estate del 2006 e responsabile di elevata mortalità. Quest'ultima ha interessato soprattutto i giovanili a partire dall'età di 2-3 giorni fino ad un mese e in minor misura gli esemplari adulti. I soggetti esaminati hanno mostrato uno stato di nutrizione scadente, nuoto con movimenti a scatto o dondolanti e frequenti fregamenti contro superfici rigide. Le pinne, in modo particolare la caudale, apparivano raccolte fino a diventare filiformi. Sulla cute erano apprezzabili lesioni caratterizzate da aree biancastre, opache che apparivano distribuite abbastanza uniformemente su tutto il corpo degli esemplari adulti. In quest'ultimi le lesioni apparivano meno gravi rispetto agli immaturi. L'andamento delle manifestazioni cliniche è stato sub-acuto nei giovanili. Negli adulti l'andamento clinico è stato cronico con mortalità a stillicidio. I campioni pervenuti in laboratorio sono stati sottoposti ad esami routinari parassitologici microscopici, colturali, micologici, virologici ed istologici. In tutti gli esemplari esaminati è stata possibile rilevare un'infestazione massiva da G. turnbulli a livello cutaneo e da U. reticulatus, sebbene in forma molto più limitata, a livello branchiale. Istologicamente sono stati apprezzati corpi parassitari sulla superficie cutanea in associazione, in alcuni esemplari, ad una miosite linfoleucocitaria. Gli esami batteriologici, micologici e virologici eseguiti in parallelo hanno dato esito negativo. Cutaneous monogenean gyrodactylid parasites are main pathogenic species speciftc factor. Pathogen effects are due to lesions caused by adhesive complex armed with anchors and hooks (haptor). Moreover gyrodactylid parasites present a high reproductive and diffusive capacity. This work describes a Gyrodactylus turnbulli and Urocleidoides reticulatus infection in Italian breeding guppies, that occurred in the summer 2006 and that caused high mortality. Juvenile ftshes (from 2-3 days to one month) showed the higher mortality than adult ftshes. Analyzed specimen showed feeding problems, swimming with erratic or swinging movements and frequent rubbings against rigid surfaces. Thins, especia/1y the cauda/ one, became thinner to ftliform. Evident lesions, white opaque spots, were homogeneously scattered on the skin of adult ftshes. In juvenile ftshes, skin lesions were localized mainly on dorsal region and cauda/ peduncle. Lesions in adult ftshes seem to be less severe than juvenile specimen. Pathogenicity was sub-acute in juvenile ftshes (mortality 80-100% in 1-2 weeks from the fast symptoms). Effect of infection in adults is chronic mortality. Parasitological, microscopica!, cultural, mycological, virological and histological routinary analysis were carried out on samples. All the examined samples showed a massive skin infection by G. tumbulli, moreover gills presented a low intenity infection by U. reticulatus. Histological analysis revealed that, in some specimen, skin parasites were associated with a limpholeucocytic myositis. Bacteriological, mycological and virological analysis resulted negative.

Salogni° C, Cervellione F, Zanoni° M, Gelmetti° D, A lborali° GL Descrizione di un focolaio di micobatteriosi da Myc obacterium marinum in trota iridea (Oncorhynchus mykiss) caratterizzato da elevata mor talita' Atti del XV convegno nazionale della società italiana di patologia ittica : 22-24 Ottobre 2008, Erice (TP) / [s.l. : Società italiana di patologia ittica, 2008]. - p 29 [Nr. Estr. 4030]

Convegno nazionale della Società italiana di patologia ittica (15. : Erice (TP) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008)

La Micobatteriosi ittica è stata rilevata in un ampio numero di specie acquatiche in tutto il mondo sia in pesci d allevamento che selvatici, d acqua dolce o salata. Nell episodio riportato è descritto un focolaio di micobatteriosi ittica da Mycobacterium marinum in trota iridea (Oncorhynchus mykiss) all'ingrasso allevati intensivamente in un impianto di acquacoltura alimentato con acqua di fiume. La patologia, comparsa nell'estate del 2007, era caratterizzata da un quadro clinico aspecifico con anoressia, letargia, esoftalmo e melanosi cutanea.

L'acqua presentava una temperatura variabile tra i 18 e 22°C. I pesci in questione erano stati vaccinati 21 giorni antecedenti all'insorgenza dell'evento morboso con vaccino adjuvato stabulogeno verso Lactococcus garvieae per via intraperitoneale. La mortalità era caratterizzata da un'entità dell'1-2% giornaliero e si è protratta per tutta l'estate fino alla perdita del 95% dell'intero stock ittico interessato (10 tonnellate circa). Gli esemplari pervenuti al laboratorio sono stati sottoposti a esame anatomopatologico che ha evidenziato epatomegalia, lieve spleno-nefromegalia nonché la presenza di lesioni nodulari grigiastre, di dimensioni variabili da pochi millimetri ad un centimetro, alcune con margini netti altre sfumati, localizzate prevalentemente in sede epatica, splenica e renale. La diagnosi differenziale si è posta tra le patologie in grado di determinare lesioni granulomatose e/o nodulari come la Nefrite Batterica, micosi sistemiche, Malattia Proliferativa Renale ed alle patologie di origine non infettiva quali nefrocalcinosi e neoplasie. I campioni sono stati poi sottoposti a esami routinari parassitologici microscopici a fresco edopo colorazione, colturali da visceri su Agar sangue e TSA e KDM2, micologici microscopici e colturali (Sabouraud solido e brodo) e virologici su monostrato cellulare (BF-2 e RTG-2). Sugli organi con lesioni si è eseguito l esame istologico. La ricerca dei micobatteri, da pool di organi (fegato, rene e milza), ha previsto le seguenti fasi: omogeneizzazione, decontaminazione (idrossido di sodio al 4%), esame colturale su terreni specifici solidi a base di rosso d uovo (Löwestein-Jensen e Stonebrink) preparati a becco di clarino ed incubati in aerobiosi a 22 e 37°C per 42 giorni, ed infine identificazione (Biochimica, PCR e sequenziamento RNAr 16s). L esame istologico ha consentito di individuare il carattere granulomatoso delle lesioni riscontrate e la presenza di batteri alcol-acido resistenti. L'esame colturale per i micobatteri ha dato esito positivo con isolamento e tipizzazione di Mycobacterium marinum. I restanti esami hanno dato esito negativo. Fattori stressanti quali la vaccinazione effettuata e le elevate temperature registrate nell impianto possono aver ragionevolmente favorito l'andamento particolarmente “virulento” e la diffusione dell'infezione nell'episodio morboso descritto. La distruzione di tutti i pesci sopravvissuti, unitamente a un vuoto sanitario protratto e a un’accurata operazione di disinfezione ha evitato la ricomparsa della malattia.

Salogni° C, Mioso° PM, Astuti M, Domenechini M, Albora li° Gl Piano di monitoraggio opistorchiasi nei pesci delle acque lombarde: risultati preliminari Atti del XV convegno nazionale della società italiana di patologia ittica : 22-24 Ottobre 2008, Erice (TP) / [s.l. : Società italiana di patologia ittica, 2008]. - p 42 [Nr. Estr. 4031]


L'infestazione del distoma Opisthorchis felineus nell'uomo è stata segnalata in numerosi Paesi (Russia, Polonia, Germania, Grecia, Albania, Spagna, Francia, Svizzera e Turchia) tra cui l'Italia e rappresenta insieme a quella di O. viverrini (Sud-est asiatico), Clonorchis sinensis (Sud-est asiatico, Russia) e Metorchis conjunctus (Nord America), un problema di sanità pubblica legato al consumo di carni di pesce crudo o poco cotto. L'infestazione nell'uomo è caratterizzata dalla localizzazione epatica del parassita responsabile di colangite catarrale che può evolvere in colangiocarcinoma e fibrosi epatica. Il cambiamento delle tradizioni alimentari nel nostro Paese, ed in particolare l'utilizzo di alimenti crudi o poco cotti, ha portato ad un aumento del consumo di pesci come i ciprinidi che rappresentano i principali ospiti intermedi di Opistorchis sp.Le recenti segnalazioni sul territorio nazionale dell'opistorchiasi nell'uomo (32 segnalazioni tra il 2003 e 2007) conseguenti al consumo di carpacci e marinature di pesci quali la tinca e la carpa provenienti dai Laghi di Trasimeno e Bolsena, ha indotto alcune Regioni, tra cui la Lombardia, ad attuare un piano di monitoraggio nei confronti di tale parassitosi. Nel presente lavoro sono riportati i risultati preliminari delle analisi di laboratorio effettuate presso la Sezione Diagnostica dell'Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna di Brescia. Il campionamento è stato eseguito nei mesi di maggio e giugno del 2008 ed ha riguardato 318 campioni appartenenti alle seguenti specie ittiche: pesce persico (77), scardola (70), carassio (36), tinca (26), cavedano (20), persico sole (19), savetta (13), vairone (12), carpa (9), rutilo (6), bottatrice (6), pesce gatto (5), agone (5), pigo (5), lucioperca (4), alborella (4), trota lacustre (1). Le provincie coinvolte sono state quelle di Brescia, Como, Lecco, Sondrio e Varese. Sono monitorati i seguenti laghi: Garda, Iseo, Idro, Como, Maggiore, Pusiano, Varese, Garlate e Lugano.L'indagine è stata

eseguita sui singoli pesci tramite esame del filetto per transilluminazione e a pool (per provenienza e specie ittica) tramite digestione cloro peptica. L'identificazione delle metacercarie, come appartenenti a parassiti della famiglia Opistorchididae, è stata eseguita su base morfologica.E' stata riscontrata positività, con vario grado d'infestazione e specie coinvolta, in tutte leacque monitorate con l'eccezione del Lago di Garlate. Le specie ittiche riscontrate positive sono tutte appartenenti alla famiglia dei ciprinidi (tinca, scardola, carpa, cavedano, vairone e carassio) con l'eccezione del pesce gatto (Ictalurus melas) proveniente dal Lago di Varese. Tutte le metacercarie evidenziate erano vitali.Ulteriori approfondimenti diagnostici dovranno riguardare l'estensione delle indagini alle principali acque fluviali lombarde.

Salogni° C, Zanoni° M, Tagliabue° S, Pacciarini° Ml, Giovannini° S, Alborali° Gl Isolamento di Mycobacterium marinum da lesioni gran ulomatose in carpe (Cyprinus carpio) da ripopolamento Atti del XV convegno nazionale della società italiana di patologia ittica : 22-24 Ottobre 2008, Erice (TP) / [s.l. : Società italiana di patologia ittica, 2008]. - p 30 [Nr. Estr. 4032]


La Micobatteriosi ittica è stata rilevata in un ampio numero di specie acquatiche in tutto il mondo sia in pesci d allevamento che selvatici, d acqua dolce o salata. Sul territorio italiano tale patologia è stata riscontrata oltre che su specie acquatiche ornamentali anche su quelle allevate a scopo alimentare fra cui la trota iridea, la trota fario, la spigola ed il persico spigola.Nel caso riportato è descritto il riscontro di lesioni granulomatose causate daMycobacterium marinum in carpe (Cyprinus carpio) destinate ad immissione in acque pubbliche.Gli esemplari pervenuti al laboratorio, trovati morti nelle vasche di trasporto durante le operazioni di semina, sono stati sottoposti a esame anatomopatologico che ha evidenziato la presenza di lesioni ulcerose cutanee e nodulari grigiastre, di dimensioni variabili da pochi millimetri mezzo centimetro, localizzate prevalentemente in sede epatica, splenica e renale.La diagnosi differenziale si è posta tra le patologie in grado di determinare lesioni granulomatose e/o nodulari come le micosi sistemiche, le infestazioni parassitarie (Acanthamoeba sp., Hoferellus sp., Sphaerospora sp., ecc.) e le patologie non infettiva quali nefrocalcinosi e neoplasie.I campioni sono stati sottoposti ad esami routinari parassitologici, colturali da visceri suAgar sangue e TSA micologici microscopici e colturali (Sabouraud solido e brodo) e virologici su monostrato cellulare (BF-2 ed EPC). Sugli organi con lesioni è stato eseguito l'esame istologico.La ricerca dei micobatteri, da pool di organi (fegato, rene e milza), ha previsto le seguentifasi: omogeneizzazione, decontaminazione (idrossido di sodio al 4%), esame colturale su terreni specifici solidi a base di rosso d uovo (Löwestein-Jensen e Stonebrink) preparati a becco di clarino ed incubati in aerobiosi a 22 e 37°C per 42 giorni, ed infine identificazione (Biochimica, PCR e sequenziamento RNAr 16s).Di tutti gli esami eseguiti solo quello colturale per i micobatteri ha dato esito positivo con isolamento e tipizzazione di Mycobacterium marinum. L esame istologico ha consentito di individuare il carattere granulomatoso delle lesioni riscontrate nonché la presenza di batteri alcol-acido resistenti.L'episodio descritto rappresenta un'ulteriore segnalazione sul territorio nazionale dellapresenza di Mycobacterium marinum in specie ittiche allevate e potenzialmente destinate a produrre alimenti quali la carpa. La diffusione di agenti patogeni come i micobatteri in acque pubbliche attraverso ripopolamenti deve essere attentamente valutata e monitorata al fine di evitare rischi per la salute pubblica e per l'ittiofauna selvatica.

Sandri G, Pesente P, Bittesnik S, Ferrari° M, Torriani S, Giovanardi D Eradicazione della PRRS in un grosso allevamento di scrofe mediante l'utilizzazione di "Herd Closure" e "Wean & Removal" : Real Time RT-PCR come metodo per rilevare bassi positivi nel sangue?

Atti Convegno SIPAS. - Vol. 34 ( 2008). - p 467-475. - 8 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3757] Meeting Annuale della Societa Italiana di Patologia ed Allevamento dei Suini (SIPAS) (34. : Salsomaggiore Terme (PR) : 13-14 marzo 2008)

Per aumentare le chance di successo di un programma di eradicazione della PRRS, in un grosso allevamento di scrofe del nord Italia, è stata utilizzata la strategia dell'"Wean & Re oval" assieme all'" Herd Closure". Durante il periodo di campiona-mento è stato osservato che molte delle scrofe risultavano positive ad una Real Time RT-PCR, mentre erano negative alla sierologia (IDEXX). Due di queste sono state mantenute in isolamento e campionate a diversi intervalli di tempo. Una delle due è stata fatta partorire ed è stata monitorata assieme alla propria covata e a quattro maialini PRRS negativi, che sono stati messi a contatto a metà lattazione. Mentre alcuni dei campioni raccolti erano ancora positivi alla PCR ma non c' è stata sieroconversione. Per testare ulteriormente se questi campioni biologici fossero in grado di infettare altri animali, è stato programmato un test biologico in cui due maialini svezzati sono stati infettati intramuscolo con l'omogeneato di campioni mentre altri due sono stati utilizzati come animali a contatto non infetti. Né i maialini infettati intramuscolo né quelli a contatto hanno sviluppato l'infezione o sieroconvertito. Una parte degli stessi campioni è stata spedita ad un altro laboratorio, il quale ha confermato la presenza di acido nucleico di PRRSV tramite Real time PCR, ma non è riuscito a isolare il virus. Si forniscono considerazioni sull'utilizzo e sul risultati dati da questa tecnica di Real time RT/PCR.

Sandri G, Pesente P, Bittesnik S, Giovanardi D, Ferrari° M Real time RT-PCR : a very sensitive diagnostic tool to detect low positives in a PRRS eradication programme 20th IPVS Internationl Pig Veterinary Science Congress : Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008 : proceedings / [s.l : s.n, c2008]. - cdrom p 141. - 4 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3816]


Sarli G, Ostanello F, Morandi F, Fusa L, Bacci B, Nigrelli° A, Alborali° L, Dottori° M, Vezzoli° F, Barigazzi° G, Fiorentini° L, Sala V, Leot ti G Diagnosi di PMWS in Italia : risultati di 18 mesi d attività = Diagnosis of PWRS in Italy : results of 18 months of activity



L'attività diagnostica per PMWS, pianificata dal nostro gruppo di lavoro e presentata al meeting dello scorso anno, ha raggiunto 18 mesi di attività su un complessivo di 64 allevamenti sottoposti ad indagine per un totale di 229 suini esaminati. In 48 allevamenti è stata conclusiva la diagnosi di PMWS in base al protocollo impiegato; tra queste in 21 aziende, tutti i soggetti esaminati presentavano un percorso dia-gnostico conclusivo per PMWS mentre nelle restanti 27 non tutti i soggetti, tra quelli del gruppo esaminato, avevano evidenza di PMWS. Il protocollo applicato ha previsto l'abbinamento della dimostrazione di lesioni istologiche peculiari (linfoidi e polmonari), complessivamente non riscontrate in altre malattie del suino, con una metodica specifica per l'evidenziazione di PCV2. Il test può essere considerato ad elevata potenzialità diagnostica se impiegato sul gruppo, mentre sul singolo essa è minore. In 18 months of activity our team has tested 64 farms (altogether 229 pigs) for PMWS. PMWS was diagnosed on 48 farms, in 21 of which the total number of the examined subjects had lesions of PMWS, whereas in the remaining 27 only some animals showed PMWS. The protocol applied is based on the combination of the typical histological lesion in lymphoid and long tissues with the immunohistochemical assessment of PCV2. The test revealed stronger when applied to a group of

animals than on a single pig. Sarli G, Ostanello F, Morandi F, Fusaro L, Bacci B, Nigrelli° A, Alborali° L, Dottori° M, Vezzoli° F, Barigazzi° G, Fiorentini° L, Sala V, Leo tti G Diagnosi di PMWS in Italia = Diagnosis of PMWS in Italy

Large Anim Rev. - Vol. 14 no 3 ( 2008). - p 119-126. - 21 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3828]

Dall'inizio di ottobre 2006 al 31 gennaio 2008, nell'ambito di un lavoro organizzato da Merial Italia, è stato applicato un per-corso diagnostico per la post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) del suino. Il campionamento è stato effettuato su gruppi di 3-5 soggetti (229 suini in totale) provenienti da 64 allevamenti del Nord e Centro Italia. Sono stati preleva-ti da ogni suino 5 organi bersaglio rappresentati da linfonodo inguinale superficiale e tracheobronchiale, ileo, tonsilla e polmone. I campioni sono stati sottoposti ad esame istologico ed immunoistochimico (IHC) per porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2). La diagnosi è stata conclusiva per PMWS o in presenza di corpi inclusi o con reazione IHC positiva contestualmente alle lesioni istologiche indicative di PMWS rappresentate da deplezione del tessuto linfoide e/o da flogosi granulomatosa e polmonite interstiziale. Le lesioni istologiche non attribuibili a PMWS sono state così valutate: infezione da PCV2 nel caso in cui cellule positive al virus siano state reperite in assenza di lesioni indicative di PMWS; campioni negativi nel caso in cui l'esame IHC non abbia evidenziato presenza di antigene virale e di lesioni indicative di PMWS. In base al protocollo descritto, la PMWS è stata diagnosticata in 48 allevamenti. Fra questi in 21 aziende la diagnosi di PMWS era dimostrabile in tutti i soggetti del gruppo, mentre nelle rimanenti 27 solo una parte dei soggetti presentava lesioni istologiche e presenza di PCV2 tali da potere confermare la diagnosi. Tali risultati dimostrano che il protocollo applicato può essere considerato ad elevata potenzialità diagnostica se impiegato sul gruppo, mentre sul singolo la potenzialità è minore. From the beginning of October 2006 to January 31' 2008, in the context of a work sponsored by Merial Italia, a diagnostic pathway has been developed for the study of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) of pigs. Superficial inguinal and bronchial lymph nodes, ileum, tonsil and lung from 3 to 5 subjects (229 pigs belonging to 64 farms from North and Centre Italy) were collected. The samples were valued by histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) assays for porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2). The diagnosis confirmed PMWS in those cases with inclusion bodies or where the presence of a positive IHC stain was contextual to the lesions indicative of PMWS in the lymphoid tissue (depletion and/or granulomas) and/or lung (interstitial pneumonia). In the other cases the samples were considered PCV2 infected when PCV2-positive cells were present without PMWS lesions; negative in the absence of PCV2 infection and PMWS lesions. PMWS was diagnosed on 48 farms; 21 where the total number of examined subjects had a conclusive diagnosis of PMWS, whereas the diagnosis could be considered conclusive for PMWS only for some animals on the remaining 27. The protocol proved more reliable when appled to a group of animals than to a single pig.

Scaccabarozzi L, Turchetti B, Buzzini P, Pisoni G, Bertocchi° L, Arrigoni° N, Boettcher P, Bronzo V, Moroni P Short communication : isolation of Prototheca speci es strains from environmental sources in dairy herds J Dairy Sci. - Vol. 91 n 9 ( 2008). - p 3474 - 3477. - 19 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3844]

Composite milk samples from 548 cows, and samples from feces, feed, bedding, water, liners (before and after milking), and the postdipping product were aseptically collected from2 ltalian dairy herds from February to November of 2006. Prototheca. zopfii was isolated from 11.9% of milk samples, 15% of feces. and 33.3% of bedding samples. No viable cells of P. zopfii were observed in water before washing procedures, whereas 25 to 28.6% of samples from water used for washing both refrigeration tanks and milking equipment were contaminated with this yeast-like microalga. Analogously, the presence of P. zopfii was detected only on swabs collected from the liners after milking. Interestingly, in 1 of the 2 herds, water from the drinking trough was contaminated by viable

cells of both P. zopfii and the related environmental species Prototheca stagn.ora. No viable cells were observed in cow feed. On the basis of the results presented herein, P. zopfir: seemed to be widespread throughout the environments of dairy herds where outbreaks of bovine mastitis had occurred.

Scicluna MT, Zini M, Caprioli A, Cordioli° P, Vulcano G, Della_Verità F, Gregnanini S, Palmerini T, Simula M, Stilli D, Autorino GL Equine infectious anemia : should the agar immunodi ffusion test still be used for screening and as unique confirmatory test ? X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 78-79. - 7 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3949]


Following the introduction in 2007, of an extraordinary surveillance programme, imposing the serological control of the Italian equine population for infectious anemia (EIA), our laboratory adopted as screening test, a previously validated in-house p26 CElisa. Samples with positive or doubtful results, were subsequently confirmed by the agar ímmunodiffusion (AGID), the prescribed confirmatory test. The Western blot (WB) assay, recommended by World Organisation Animai Health (WOAH) as compiementary test, was applied for the first time in the EIA contro) programme, for routine samples with equivocai results occurring in our laboratory (positive/doubtful CElisa-negative AGID). Over a 17-month period. 253 sera resulted reactive out of the 32 448 horses bled in the province of Rome. Among the former, 83 were confirmed positive in AGID. For those available, i.e. 91 sampies, further analysis in WB was carried out. Ten of the CElisa pos/AGIDneg horses were confirmed positive, because reactive with both core protein p26 band and al least one of the 2 surface glycolproteins bands, gp45 and gp90, considered this as specific response pattern to an EIA infection. These preliminary results demonstrate the greater sensitivity of the in-house CElisa compared to AGID, important characteristic in a screening test. For such equivocai results, the in series use of Elisa and AGID and/or WB, improves the overail specificity of EIA diagnosis, essential in the eradication of this low prevalent infection.

Sozzi° E, Barbieri° I, Lavazza° A, Moreno° A, Lelli° D, Luppi° A, Canelli° E, Bugnetti° M, Cordioli° P Caratterizzazione genetica di Porcine enterovirus e Teschovirus isolati in Italia nel 2006-2007 X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 66-67. - 7 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3950]


Porcine enterovirus (PEV) and Teschovirus (PTV), belonging to the family Picornaviridae, are ubiquitous and mainly cause asymptomatic infections in pigs. In the present study a total of 40 Italian porcine entero-teschovirus isolates were characterized by the analysis of the sequences of the capsid VP1 encoding gene. The assay turned out to be a useful diagnostic tool for the molecular diagnosis of porcine teschovirus/enterovirus strains and for the study of molecular epidemiology and evolution of these viruses confirming the possibility of correlating virus genotype to serotype.

Sozzi° E, Luppi° A, Lelli° D, Moreno° A, Canelli° E, Cordioli° P, Brocchi° E, Bugnetti° M. Identificazione molecolare di Porcine teschovirus e enterovirus tramite RT-PRC = Molecular identification of Porcine teschovirus and enterovirus by RT-PRC



Porcine enterovirus (PEV) e teschovirus (PTV), classificati nella famiglia delle Picornaviridae, sono agenti ubiquitari responsabili per la maggior parte di infezioni asintomatiche, ma in alcuni casi si osservano polioencefalomieliti, turbe riproduttive nella scrofa, patologie enteriche e polmoniti. In questo lavoro sono stati identifica-ti, tramite RT-PCR, 24 ceppi di entero-teschovirus isolati in Italia nel periodo compre-so tra il 2006 e il 2007. La metodica si è rilevata un utile strumento diagnostico per l'identificazione molecolare di ceppi di teschovirus/enterovirus e per approntare studi di tipo molecolare sull'epidemiologia e sull'evoluzione di questi virus. Porcine enterovirus (PEV) and teschovirus (PTV), belonging to the family Picornaviridae, are ubiquitous and although the majority of infections are asymptomatic, they were related to polioencephalomyelitis, female reproductive disorders, enteric disease and pneumonia. In the present study a total of 24 Italian porcine entero-teschovirus isolates vere analysed by polymerase chain reaction. The assay tumed out to be a useful diagnostic tool for molecular identification of porcine teschovirus/enterovirus strains and for the study of molecular epidemiology and evolution of these viruses.

Sozzi° E, Luppi° A, Lelli° D, Moreno° A, Canelli° E, Cordioli° P, Lavazza° A, Brocchi° E Sviluppo e applicazione di un test ELISA per la det erminazione del coronavirus della diarrea epidemica suina (PED) = Development and application of a ped coronavirus antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay



La diarrea epidemica suina (PED) è una patologia enterica contagiosa dei suini, sostenuta da un coronavirus. Questo lavoro descrive lo sviluppo di una metodica ELISA per la ricerca del virus PED in campioni di feci. Durante il 2006 e 2007 sono stati esaminati per la ricerca dell'antigene virale 506 campioni provenienti da alleva-menti suini ubicati in Pianura Padana ed i risultati confrontati in RT-PCR e con una concordanza del 98%. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is a contagious enteric disease of pigs caused by a coronavirus. This paper describes a monoclonal antibodies based enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) development for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) in fecal samples. This work demonstrates the value of the ELISA technique for detecting PEDV on field samples, in a comparative study with RT-PCR. Fecal samples were collected from pig farms located in Pianura Padana during 2006-2007.

Spaggiari° B, Bonilauri° P, Bertocchi° L, Fantini V, Gelmetti° D, Dottori° M Il monitoraggio delle patologie respiratorie del bo vino al macello : un metodo standardizzato per lo scoring pleuropolmonare Summa anim reddito. - Vol. 3 no 9 ( 2008). - p 8-13. - 17 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3920]

La patologia respiratoria del bovino è causa di perdite dirette e indirette, rispettivamente legate alla

morte ad alla diminuzione degli incrementi ponderali giornalieri degli soggetti colpiti. Gli autori presentano un metodo standardizzato di scoring delle lesioni pleuropolmonari del bovino da carne da effettuarsi in catena di macellazione.

Spaggiari° B, Cuccurese A, Merialdi° G, Aldrovandi A, Massirio I, Leonelli° R, Dottori° M Indagine sulla diffusione di agenti patogeni nella popolazione di capriolo (Capreolus capreolus) nella provincia di Reggio Emilia in conc omitanza alla presenza di casi di diarrea Epidemiologia : strumenti per conoscere, agire e decidere in sanità pubblica veterinaria : IV Workshop nazionale di epidemiologia veterinaria : Università degli studi "Sapienza" : Roma, 11-12 Dicembre 2008 : riassunti / a cura di Gaia Scavia, Susan Babsa e Marcello Sala. - Roma : Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2008. - (ISTISAN congressi ; 08/C12) p 148-149 [Nr. Estr. 3903]


Introduzione. Il monitoraggio sanitario della fauna selvatica permette di conoscere le condizioni degli animali a vita libera e gli eventuali rischi per la salute pubblica e la zootecnia. I dati del censimento del 2007 riportavano la presenza di 19.671 caprioli nella Provincia di Reggio Emilia, con una densità media di 22,63 capi/100ha, fino ad un massimo di 62,5 capi/100ha in determinate aree. Durante l'estate del 2007 i Servizi Veterinari dell'AUSL di Reggio Emilia ricevettero segnalazioni di una presunta mortalità anomala di caprioli sul territorio, pur in mancanza di dati oggettivi. In seguito a ciò si è effettuata un'indagine per individuare le eventuali patologie presenti, da attuarsi nell'ambito di eco-selezione sui maschi nel periodo settembre-ottobre 2007 e successivamente in gennaio-marzo 2008 con il prelievo selettivo delle femmine e dei giovani inferiori all'anno. Metodi. I controlli sono stati effettuati mediante esami anatomopatologici, batteriologici, parassitologici, sierologici, virologici e di biologia molecolare. La prima tranche si è svolta su 172 caprioli maschi ed ha riguardato: brucellosi, paratubercolosi, yersiniosi, malattia di Lyme, elmintiasi gastrointestinali, micosi cutanee e rogna sarcoptica. In itinere si sono introdotte ulteriori analisi finalizzate alla comprensione dei fenomeni diarroici: ricerca di Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, E. coli enteropatogeni e verocitotossici, Clostridium perfringens, virus enterici. Durante l'eco-selezione su femmine e giovani sono state effettuate campionature su 58 soggetti abbattuti e su tutti i caprioli rinvenuti morti o agonizzanti. Risultati. Il 15% dei caprioli esaminati presentava diarrea. Il 47% degli animali è risultato infestato in vario grado da strongili gastroenterici. Il 6,6% era positivo all'infezione da Yersinia enterocolitica ed il 12% all'infezione da Yersinia bercovieri. Dal 2,7% degli animali è stata isolata Salmonella e successivamente tipizzata, così come il 2% dei ceppi di E. coli isolati è risultato appartenere al patotipo EPEC (gene EAE+). La ricerca di Mycobacterium paratuberculosis mediante esami sierologici ha evidenziato una prevalenza dello 0,4%. Infine, il 10% dei caprioli testati era sieropositivo a Borrelia burgdorferi/Malattia di Lyme. Le altre analisi effettuate hanno dato esito negativo su tutti gli animali esaminati. Conclusioni. Dalle indagini eseguite emerge che lo stato sanitario del capriolo dell'Appennino Reggiano è buono, infatti non si evidenziano prevalenze significative di patogeni trasmissibili all'uomo o agli animali domestici. In base ai referti analitici si può formulare l'ipotesi che l'azione degli agenti patogeni tipici della specie associata a condizioni di stress ambientale (elevata densità di animali, sfavorevoli condizioni ambientali, siccità) sia la causa degli episodi di diarrea osservati nell'estate 2007.

Spaggiari B, Gherpelli M, Magnino° S, Fallacara° F, Bonilauri° P, Dottori° M, Merialdi° G Episodio di patologia riproduttiva nel suino associ ato ad infezione da Chlamydophila abortus = Case report of reproductive disorder associated with Chlamydophila abortus in swine


Meeting Annuale della Societa Italiana di Patologia ed Allevamento dei Suini (SIPAS) (34. :

Salsomaggiore Terme (PR) : 13-14 marzo 2008)

Gli Autori riportano un caso di patologia riproduttiva in un allevamento suino a ciclo aperto con ridotta percentuale di fertilità associata a scoli vaginali. Le scrofe venivano fecondate con seme di verri aziendali, alcuni dei quali presentavano quadri di orchite. Dopo la riforma delle scrofe con infertilità cronica ed il prelievo dell'apparato genitale femminile in sede di macellazione, sono state effettuate indagini anatomo-patologiche, batteriologiche e biomolecolari sugli uteri. Le stesse indagini sono state applicate ai campioni di seme prelevati da 6 verri aziendali. Sui visceri delle scrofe gli esami di laboratorio hanno evidenziato la presenza di Chlamydophila abortus, associata ad altri agenti eziologici di natura batterica. Sui campioni di seme è stato possibile evidenziare Chlamydophila spp. L'ulteriore tipizzazione di questo ceppo non è stata possibile per la scarsità del materiale genetico disponibile. Gli animali sono stati sottoposti ad una terapia di massa con clortetracilina per os, che, contestualmente alla decisione di utilizzar seme proveniente da un fornitore esterno, ha consentito un ripristino della fertilità ai valori standard dell'allevamento.. The Authors report a case of reproductive disorder characterized by low fertility associated to vaginal discharges in a swine farrow-to-wean herd. Sows were mated with the semen of farm boars, some of which suffered from orchitis. After culling of sows with chronic reproductive failure and sampling of genital apparatus at slaughter, gross pathology bacteriology and biomolecular investigations were performed on reproductive organs. Semen samples from 6 farm boars were also tested. Chlamydophila abortus was evidenced from uteri in association with other bacterial agents. Chlamydophila spp. was isolated from boar semen. After an in feed medication with chlortetracycline fertility was restored to herd standard values.

Spaggiari B, Gherpelli Y, Bonilauri° P, Merialdi° G Messa a punto ed applicazioni preliminari di una me todica per la valutazione della sensibilità in vitro di batteri patogeni del suino nei confront i degli olii essenziali = Development and preliminary application of a method for in vitro susceptibility testing of bacterial pathogens of swine origin versus essential oils



Viene presentata la messa a punto di una metodica per la valutazione in vitro della sensibilità di vari ceppi di due importanti patogeni suini, Salmonella Typhimurium e Pasteurella multocida, nei confronti del carvacrolo, uno dei principali componenti dell'olio essenziale di origano (Origanum vulgare), di timo (Thymus vulgaris) e di altre specie botaniche. La valutazione dell'attività antimicrobica del carvacrolo è stata effettuata mediante la valutazione della minima concentrazione inibente la crescita batterica (MIC). Su tutti i ceppi testati di P. multocida la MIC del carvacrolo è risultata essere <0,0625%, mentre sui ceppi testati di Salmonella Typhimurium la MIC del carvacrolo è risultata essere variabile da 0,25% a 0,125%, confermando la spiccata attività antimicrobica in vitro di tale sostanza. A method is presented for testing in vitro susceptibility of different strains of 2 swine pathogens, Salmonella Typhimurium and Pasteurella inadtocidci, to carvacrol, a major component of oregano (Origanuni vulgare), thyme (Thyrnus vulgaris) and other plani essential oils. Carvacrol antimicrobial activity was evaluated by means of the minimum corncentration inhibiting bacterial growth (MIC). Ori all tested strains of P. nitiltocida carvacrol MIC was 50,0625%, while on tested strains of Salmonella Typhimurium carvacrol MIC varied from 0,25%, to 0,125%. These results confirm the marked in vitro antimicrobial activity of carvacrol..

Stacchiotti A, Lavazza° A, Ferroni M, Sberveglieri G, Bia nchi R, Rezzani R, Rodella LF Effects of aluminium sulphate in the mouse liver : smilarities to the aging process Exp Gerontol. - Vol. 43 ( 2008). - p 330-338. - 36 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3643]

Aluminium (Al) is a ubiquitous metal that is potentially toxic to the brain. Its effects on other fundamental organs are not completely understood. This morphological in vivo study sought to compare sublethal hepatotoxic changes and Al deposition in adult mice that orally ingested Al sulphate daily for 10 months, in age matched control mice that drank tap water and in senescent mice (24 months old). Livers were examined for collagen deposition using Sirius red and Masson, for iron accumulation using Perls' stain. Light, electron microscopy and morphometry were used to assess fibrosis and vascular changes. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and EDX microanalysis were used to detect in situ elemental Al. Iron deposition, transferrin receptor expression were significantly altered following Al exposure and in the aged liver but were unaffected in age matched control mice. In Al treated mice as in senescent mice, endothelial thickness was increased and porosity was decreased like perisinusoidal actin. Furthermore, Al stimulated the deposition of collagen and laminin, mainly in acinar zones 1 and 3. Pseudocapillarization and periportal laminin in senescent mice were similar to Al treated adult liver. In conclusion, prolonged Al sulphate intake accelerates features of senescence in the adult mice liver.

Suffredini C, Corrain C, Arcangeli G, Fasolato L, Manfrin G, Rossetti E, Biazzi E, Mioni R, Pavoni° MN, Losio° MN, Sanavio G, Croci L Occurrence of enteric viruses in shellfish and rela tion to climatic-environmental factors Lett Appl Microbiol. - Vol. 47 ( 2008). - p 467-474. - 50 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3997]

Aims: To investigate the presence of enteric viruses [hepatitis A (HAV) and norovirus (NoV)] in shellfish harvested from the deltaic area of the Po river in relation to environmental factors. Methods and Results: Fortnightly sampling of shellfish was carried out in two lagoon areas (category B production areas) and one sea area (category A). Environmental parameters in the lagoon and hydrometric level) of the tributary river were monitored throughout the sampling period. Samples (n = 120) were analysed for bacterial (E. coli and Salmonella) and viral (HAV and NoV) con termination; samples from category B areas were analysed before and after pure fiction treatment. All the samples were negative for HAV whereas 10 samples (8.3%), all harvested in the lagoon areas, were positive for NoV. Sequencing identified the strains as genotypes II.4 and II.b. None of the samples was found to be contaminated after depuration. Conclusions: The monitoring showed a low frequency of NoV presence; viral contamination, detected exclusively in shellfish collected from the deltaic area (category B), could be influenced by the flow of the tributary river. Significance and Impact of the Study: The data collected are useful for the design of targeted prevention strategies and for the modulation of control plansafter metereologicla events.

Taddei° R, Barbieri° I, Pacciarini° ML, Fallacara° F, Belletti° GL, Arrigoni° N Mycobacterium porcinum strains isolated from bovine bulk milk : implications for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis detecti on by PCR and culture Vet Microbiol. - Vol. 130 ( 2008). - p 338-347. - 25 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3838]

In this study, the isolation of 52 mycobactin-independent fast growing mycobacteria from 631 bulk milk samples (8.2%), is reported. These strains, isolated during a bulk milk survey for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), strongly affected Map detection both by PCR and by culture, as they gave a positive IS900 PCR signal and resulted to totally inhibit the growth of Map when spotted on HEYM slants already inoculated with 200 µl of 10-fold dilutions containing from 5 x 10 to 5 x 103 Map cells/ml. 16S rRNA gene sequencing, using the MicroSeq 500 16S rDNA Bacterial Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems), was performed on a subset of six strains, identifying Mycobacterium porcinum with 100% homology in ali six cases. The 52 strains were characterized by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the hsp65 gene, which confirmed the identification of M. porcinum for al] the isolates. Using specific primers designed on the Map-

IS900 sequence and on the M. porcinum sequence determined in this study, a 1385 bp sequence from the M. porcinum genome was characterized. This IS900-like sequence showed 82% homology with Map IS900. From our findings the following results emerged: (a) any culture showing one or more M. porcinum colonies represents a potential "false negative" result and should therefore be considered as contaminated; (b) IS900-like elements could be more widespread than was previously thought; (c) IS900 PCR positive results should be interpreted cautiously, as confirmed by the evidence that the primer pair used in this study resulted not to be specific.

Tamba° M, Arrigoni° N, Galletti° G, Gelmini° L, Mer ialdi° G, Renzi° M, Belletti° G Confronto tra diversi protocolli di campionamento p er la stima della prevalenza di paratubercolosi bovina mediante test ELISA sul latt e di massa Epidemiologia : strumenti per conoscere, agire e decidere in sanità pubblica veterinaria : IV Workshop nazionale di epidemiologia veterinaria : Università degli studi "Sapienza" : Roma, 11-12 Dicembre 2008 : riassunti / a cura di Gaia Scavia, Susan Babsa e Marcello Sala. - Roma : Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2008. - (ISTISAN congressi ; 08/C12) p 24-25 [Nr. Estr. 3909]


Introduzione. La paratubercolosi bovina è ampiamente diffusa su territorio europeo ed italiano. Scopo del lavoro è stato valutare i risultati di due diversi protocolli di campionamento del latte di massa per la stima della prevalenza nelle aziende da latte. Metodi. Il monitoraggio è stato eseguito in 6 province dell'Emilia-Romagna (PC, BO, FE, RA, FC e RN) utilizzando i campioni di latte di massa prelevati con cadenza quadrimestrale dai Servizi Veterinari AUSL nell'ambito del piano di sorveglianza della Brucellosi Bovina. I campioni prelevati sono stati esaminati mediante un test ELISA del commercio (Institut Pourquier), seguendo le indicazioni della Ditta produttrice. Sono quindi stati predisposti due set di dati: uno nel quale sono stati raccolti gli esiti di tutte le aziende bovine che nell'anno avevano subito tre controlli effettuati in tempi successivi; l'altro costituito selezionando casualmente un solo controllo per tutte le aziende esaminate. Per stimare la prevalenza di aziende infette è stata utilizzata la relazione: Pr=(Pa+Sp–1)/(Se+Sp–1) [Dove: Pr=Prevalenza reale; Pa=Prevalenza apparente; Se=Sensibilità del test; Sp=Specificità del test]. Con tale equazione sono stati costruiti un modello probabilistico e uno stocastico per i quali sono stati usati i seguenti parametri di sensibilità (Se) e specificità (Sp), ricavati dalla letteratura: Se(campionamento singolo)=30,1%; Se(tre campionamenti)=40,4%; Sp=100%. Le eventuali differenze tra i valori di prevalenza reale stimati sono state analizzate con il test del Chi-quadro e di Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Risultati. Ad una prevalenza apparente del 2,8% (22/782) con il campionamento singolo e del 5,7% (36/630) risultante dai tre controlli, è corrisposta rispettivamente una prevalenza reale stimata del 6,5% (CI 95%: 0,2-12,3) e del 12,5% (CI 95%: 6,120,9). I valori di prevalenza reale stimati con i 3 campionamenti sono risultati significativamente superiori a quelli stimati attraverso il prelievo singolo (dmax=0,638; p<0,001). Conclusioni. Utilizzando sulla medesima popolazione due modelli di stima di prevalenza reale, basati su un controllo e tre controlli ripetuti della latte di massa, sono stati ottenuti valori di prevalenza differenti, significativamente maggiori nel caso di controlli ripetuti. Le differenze rilevate potrebbero essere imputate soprattutto al fatto che la Se del test ELISA sul latte di massa è influenzata anche dalla prevalenza intraaziendale. Per questi motivi, quando si vuole utilizzare il latte di massa come materiale da utilizzare per i test di screening, appare preferibile attuare protocolli di campionamento basati su controlli ripetuti del latte di massa, in quanto in grado di fornire risultati più conservativi.

Tamba° M, Fontana MC, Leonelli° R, Santi° A, Marti ni E, Barigazzi° G, Bardasi° L, Dottori° M Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 e reazioni aspecifiche alla brucellosi bovina Epidemiologia : strumenti per conoscere, agire e decidere in sanità pubblica veterinaria : IV Workshop nazionale di epidemiologia veterinaria : Università degli studi "Sapienza" : Roma, 11-12

Dicembre 2008 : riassunti / a cura di Gaia Scavia, Susan Babsa e Marcello Sala. - Roma : Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2008. - (ISTISAN congressi ; 08/C12) p 153 -154 [Nr. Estr. 3906]


Introduzione. L'Emilia-Romagna è territorio ufficialmente indenne da Brucellosi Bovina dal 2003. Nell'ambito dei piani di sorveglianza vengono comunque rilevati ogni anno mediamente una decina di casi di positività alla Fissazione del Complemento (FdC). In questi casi le indagini diagnostiche supplementari, condotte secondo procedure standardizzate, permettono generalmente di escludere la presenza di Brucella sp. Poiché nel corso di queste indagini è risultato frequente l'isolamento dagli animali sieropositivi di Yersinia enterocolitica (YE) O:9, batterio riconosciuto come causa di reazioni sierologiche aspecifiche, è parso opportuno eseguire un'indagine nella popolazione bovina per stimarne la prevalenza. Metodi. Nel periodo maggio 2006-aprile 2008 tutti i bovini risultati positivi in FdC sono stati sistematicamente sottoposti anche ad un prelievo di feci per la ricerca di YE. Contemporaneamente è stata eseguita un'indagine campionaria in aziende bovine da latte selezionate casualmente tra quelle nelle quali non si erano registrate da almeno 3 anni sieropositività alla Brucellosi. In ciascuna di queste aziende sono stati esaminati 15 animali (5 manze, 5 vacche in lattazione e 5 vacche in asciutta). I campioni di feci, raccolti con la collaborazione dei Servizi Veterinari delle AUSL, sono stati esaminati mediante semina diretta su CIN agar e arricchimento a freddo. I ceppi isolati sono stati sottoposti a sierotipizzazione mediante agglutinazione con antisiero specifico. Risultati. Complessivamente sono stati esaminati 1.939 bovini di 107 diverse aziende; YE è stata isolata dal 4% degli animali (75/1.939) e dal 15% delle aziende (16/107). Suddividendo i dati tra le due sotto-popolazioni esaminate, però, YE è stata isolata nel 71% (10/14) delle aziende e nel 35% (53/151) dei capi con sieropositività aspecifica per brucellosi, mentre le prevalenze di YE registrate nelle aziende negative e nei capi sono risultate rispettivamente pari al 6% (5/91) e al 2% (19/1.290). Il 100% (21/21) e il 42% (5/12) dei ceppi di YE tipizzati isolati rispettivamente dai capi sieropositivi e dai capi di aziende negative sono risultati essere O:9. Un'azienda con positività aspecifica per brucellosi in Emilia-Romagna risulta avere una probabilità 43 volte superiore (OR=43,0; CI 95%: 9,9-187,0) di essere infetta da YE, in particolare dal sierotipo O:9, rispetto ad una azienda sieronegativa. Tale differenza è altamente significativa ( 2=37,9; p<0,001). Anche a livello di capi le differenze sono significative ( 2=315,0; p<0,001). Nelle aziende con sieropositività aspecifiche i capi hanno una probabilità di essere infetti da YE di 36 volte più alta (OR=36,2; CI 95%: 20,6-63,5) rispetto a quelli delle aziende negative. Conclusioni. Nella situazione epidemiologica attuale dell'Emilia-Romagna la presenza di YE O:9 appare strettamente correlata all'insorgenza di positività aspecifiche per brucellosi.

Tamba° M, Rugna° G, Baldelli R, Calzolari° M, Dell' Anna° S, Dottori° M, Galletti° G, Piva S, Poglayen G, Renzi° M, Martini E Sorveglianza della Leishmaniosi nei canili dell'Emi lia-Romagna Epidemiologia : strumenti per conoscere, agire e decidere in sanità pubblica veterinaria : IV Workshop nazionale di epidemiologia veterinaria : Università degli studi "Sapienza" : Roma, 11-12 Dicembre 2008 : riassunti / a cura di Gaia Scavia, Susan Babsa e Marcello Sala. - Roma : Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2008. - (ISTISAN congressi ; 08/C12) p 155-156 [Nr. Estr. 3905]


Introduzione. Nell'ultimo decennio in Italia si è assistito ad un aumento dell'incidenza di Leishmaniosi canina (Lcan) e all'ampliamento delle aree interessate dall'infezione, con conseguente incremento dei casi notificati di Leishmaniosi Viscerale Zoonotica nell'uomo. La Regione Emilia-Romagna, nella quale esistono storicamente aree endemiche di malattia, ha ritenuto opportuno attivare un programma di sorveglianza sulla leishmaniosi nell'ambito di un progetto di sorveglianza sulle malattie trasmesse da insetti vettori. Nel presente lavoro vengono descritte le attività di sorveglianza svolte nei canili. Metodi. Nel 2007 l'attività di sorveglianza per la Lcan è stata condotta in 22 canili distribuiti sul territorio regionale. Di queste strutture sono stati raccolti dati anagrafici e informazioni riguardanti le movimentazioni dei cani ospitati. Il monitoraggio sierologico ha coinvolto i cani presenti (totale cani censiti 3.340) ed i nuovi ingressi. I sieri prelevati sono stati esaminati

mediante prova di Immunofluorescenza Indiretta (IFI); sono stati considerati infetti i cani con titolo uguale o superiore a 1:160, dubbi (da ricontrollare dopo 6 mesi) i cani con titolo pari a 1:40 o 1:80. Oltre al controllo sierologico, nelle medesime strutture è stato svolto un programma di monitoraggio entomologico mediante l'impiego di trappole adesive non attrattive (sticky traps) posizionate in stazioni di campionamento, adeguatamente individuate e standardizzate per ogni canile. Il periodo di cattura si è protratto da inizio giugno ad inizio ottobre, effettuando un campionamento ogni 2 settimane. Risultati. Il piano di sorveglianza ha evidenziato la presenza di cani infetti da Lcan in 13 canili (59,1%). I cani risultati IFI positivi sono risultati pari al 1,5% (51/3.001) dei soggetti esaminati. Il canile in cui si è rilevata la prevalenza maggiore (7,1%) è situato nel Comune di Montescudo (RN). Le catture con sticky traps sono state effettuate in tutti i canili soggetti al piano e hanno dato esito positivo per presenza di flebotomi vettori in 7 canili su 22. Nelle catture positive sono state identificate le due specie competenti per la trasmissione di Lcan in Italia: Phlebotomus perfiliewi e Phlebotomus perniciosus. Sulla base della presenza/assenza del vettore e di cani infetti, i canili esaminati sono stati classificati in 4 classi di rischio, dalla più alta con presenza sia di cani infetti sia del vettore (7 canili) alla più bassa (assenza sia di cani infetti sia del vettore: 7 canili). Per ciascuna classe sono quindi stati definite specifiche attività di sorveglianza e misure di prevenzione finalizzate alla riduzione di rischio di diffusione di Lcan all'interno della struttura. Conclusioni. La prevalenza di Lcan, rilevata nei canili finora esaminati, risulta piuttosto bassa, ma l'infezione coinvolge strutture presenti in tutte le province della Regione. Per poter stimare la prevalenza di Lcan in Emilia-Romagna, occorrerà tuttavia correlare i dati raccolti con quelli derivanti dal monitoraggio su cani di proprietà.

Tamba° M, Rugna° G, Galletti° G, Luppi° A, Piccolomi ni LL Studio di incidenza in un'area coinvolta dalla circ olazione virale del ceppo vaccinale di sierotipo 2 della Bluetongue Argom. - Vol. 11 no 1 ( 2008). - p 59-60. - 2 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 4068]

Tamba° M, Venturi L, Angelini P, Baldelli R, Bellin i R, Borrini BM, Dottori° M, Poglayen G, Rugna° G, Venturelli C, Martini E Sviluppo di un piano di sorveglianza sulle malattie trasmesse da vettori nella regione Emilia-Romagna Epidemiologia : strumenti per conoscere, agire e decidere in sanità pubblica veterinaria : IV Workshop nazionale di epidemiologia veterinaria : Università degli studi "Sapienza" : Roma, 11-12 Dicembre 2008 : riassunti / a cura di Gaia Scavia, Susan Babsa e Marcello Sala. - Roma : Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2008. - (ISTISAN congressi ; 08/C12) p 151-152 [Nr. Estr. 3902]


Nel corso del 2008, è stato condotto uno studio trasversale in suini con lo scopo di stimare la prevalenza di Staphylococcus aureus meticillino-resistente negli allevamenti da carne, attraverso il campionamento di animali avviati al macello, e caratterizzarne gli isolati presenti. Lo studio si proponeva di integrare con informazioni alla fine della filiera produttiva le informazioni da raccogliersi nel corso del 2008 negli allevamenti di suini riproduttori e produttori, secondo quanto previsto dalla Dec. Comm. 55/2008/EC. Materiali e metodi. Arruolati nello studio trasversale 118 allevamenti di suini da ingrasso sul territorio italiano, provenienti prevalentemente da allevamenti del Nord e del Centro Italia (primary sample size). Il campionamento individuale degli animali per ogni allevamento (secondary sample size) è stato effettuato all'arrivo dei lotti degli animali al macello, con numerosità tale da fornire adeguata sensibilità diagnostica alla survey, e con lo scopo di determinare lo status di positività o negatività dell'allevamento di provenienza, con un livello di confidenza adeguato alle necessità dello studio. Le prove colturali e quelle di caratterizzazione molecolare degli isolati hanno seguito protocolli di consenso europei ed internazionali. Risultati. Sono risultati positivi per MRSA 45 lotti di animali provenienti da altrettanti allevamenti, sui 118 arruolati allo studio (38%, CI 29-47%, 95% CL). La preliminare caratterizzazione molecolare degli isolati, non ancora definitiva, suggerisce eterogeneità, pur all'interno del complesso clonale associato al suino. Conclusioni. Staphylococcus

aureus meticillino-resistente sembra aver trovato una nicchia ecologica negli allevamenti di suini italiani, analogamente a quanto già osservato dal 2007 in alcuni Stati Membri della Comunità Europea e nel Nord-America. Lo studio di popolazione dei cloni circolanti negli allevamenti da ingrasso e la loro caratterizzazione molecolare, alla fine del segmento delle produzioni primarie della filiera suinicola, sarà prezioso nel settore delle zoonosi per studi comparativi di epidemiologia a carattere nazionale, comunitario ed internazionale. Sarà inoltre prezioso anche per studi comparativi con quanto attualmente circolante nel settore dei suini riproduttori e produttori, ovvero la popolazione di studio identificata dal baseline study comunitario.

Terreni M, Merialdi° G, Bonilauri° P, Bonci° M, Titt arelli° C Studio sierologico longitudinale sulla infezione na turale da Lawsonia intracellularis in differenti sistemi di produzione suinicola = Longitudinal serological study on the natural infection from Lawsonia intracellularis, in different swine production system

Atti Convegno SIPAS. - Vol. 34 ( 2008). - p 301-310. -11 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3768]


L'Ileite è una malattia infettiva enterica del suino, economicamente impor-tante per il settore suinicolo. Differenti percorsi diagnostici sono disponibili per qualificare la presenza di L. intracellularis in azienda, la sierologia, la ricerca diretta del DNA del micorganismo (PCR) e l'isolamento. Obbiettivo di questo studio è stato la determinazione della presenza di Lawsonia intracellularis oltre che dell'età di infezione in differenti sistemi produttivi, multisede o a sito unico. Parallelamente, è stata analizzata la relazione tra somministrazione di antibiotici e infezione. La sieroprevalenza è progressivamente salita a partire dai 60 gg di vita (18%) fino ai 210 gg di vita (78%). L'età della prima infezione è stata più precoce negli allevamenti a sito unico rispetto al multisede. Gli antibiotici non hanno impedito l'infezione dei soggetti ed hanno determinato la presenza di sottopopolazioni di suini rimasti recettivi fino all'ingresso nell'ingrasso. Ileitis is a worldwide disease responsible of relevant economic losses. Different diagnostic test are available for evaluating the presence and the diffusion pattern of Lawsonia intracellularis in farm. Objective of the study was to determine the presence and the evolution of seroprevalence, trough and ELISA test, in dfferent production systems. At the same time, has been evaluated the relationship between the presence of antibiotics used for strategic medication and infection. The seroprevalence increase progressively, from 60 days of age (18%) to 210 (78%). The production system impact on the beginning of the infection, that was earlier in one site vs multisite. Antibiotics didn't prevent infection and produced subpopulation of infected pigs as well as negative, receptive pigs..

Tittarelli° C, Cerioli° M, Canelli E, Lavazza° A Diagnosi immunoelettronmicroscopica delle enteriti virali del cane nel Nord Italia durante il periodo 2002-2008 X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 300-301. - 10 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3934]


The Immuno-electronmicroscopy (IEM) is a sensitive and specific method to detect enteric viruses. The aim of this study is to report the data of identification by IEM of viral agents in diarrheic dogs during the period 2002-2008 in Northern Italy. The presence of virai particles was observed in 32.2% out of 873 total samples examined by IEM. Parvovirus was identified in 28.9% of them, morbillivirus in 1,8%, coronavirus in 0,9%, calicivirus in 0,6%, enterovirus and herpesvirus in 0,3%, rotavirus, reovirus e paramyxovirus-like in 0,1%. In 13 cases 2 different viruses were observed in association

in the same sample.

Tittarelli° C, Tranquillo° V, Luppi° A., Nassuato° C, Grilli GJ, Lavazza° A Indagine sierologica per Encephalitozoon cuniculi i n conigli da compagnia : osservazioni preliminari X Congresso Nazionale Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV) : 22-24 Ottobre 2008 : volume degli atti / [s.l. : Societa' Italiana Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria ( SIDiLV ), 2008]. - p 298-299. - 8 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3935]


During a 10 months-period, 325 sera have been collected from 304 pet rabbits and submitted through Carbon Immuno Assay (CIA) test, to an antibody research for Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Seropositivity was observed in 56.2 % out of 304 examined animals. Seroprevalence in the symptomatic rabbits was 28.8%. This preliminary study supplies originai information about epidemiology of this microsporidium, which is largely wide-spread in pet rabbits living in Italy.

Varisco° G, Bertocchi° L, Contessi N, Tranquillo° M, Bol zoni° G Bulk milk tank Staphylococcus aureus UCF count as p redictive datum for bovine herd's infection level XXV Jubilee World Buiatrics Congress : July 6-11, 2008 Budapest (Hungary) : Oral and poster abstracts / [s.n. : s. n., 2008]. - 587 [Nr. Estr. 3831]

Jubilee World Buiatrics Congress (XXV : Budapest (Hungary) : July 6-11, 2008)

Aim of this work is to verify the predictivity of bulk milk tank (BMT) analysis as simple tool for epidemiological surveillance system on herd's Staphylococcus aureus infection level. The comparison between BMT analysis results and single cow milk (SCM) analysis results was investigated to verify the relationship between BMT Staph. aureus UFC value and dairy herds infection rate. During 2005, 47.208 cow milk samples were analysed (7.166 positive, 38.530 negative and 1.512 to much polluted) of 31 dairy herds (approximately 4.000 cows were checked). Staph. aureus count in BMT (UFC) was found to decrease during time, due to dairy Staph. aureus infection rate red at cow level. Statistical analysis shows that within herds the prevalence is 1.28 grater (exp 0.25) every one UFC log unit (p<0.001). UFC variable did not show norma) distribution therefore it was been transformed in log. the mode) allow to calculate odds log for an infected herd. a) log (odds) = 2,829 + 0,25 * (ufc) To obtain prevalence value the following formula is to be used: b) Prevalence= Odds11+odds where odds value is obtained using natural value formula a) result Ex: BMT results is 3UFC (Staph. aureus) Log(odds)= -2.829+025*(3)= -2.079natural vale: exp.079)= 0.1250 prevalence= 0.12501(1+0.1250)= 0.107 (10.7%) In conclusion: results obteined confirm the significative statistical relationship between UFC, in log, and cows' infection rate; BMT analysis is a valid tool to evaluate dairy herds infection prevalence; this mode] is unable to describe all the prevalence variability. Although this high statistical relationship between UFC log and prevalence, the mode) predictivity performance is to improve and to use Staph. aureus UFC count in BMT in routine UFC as prediction of cow's infection level within herds further study have to be run.

Vinco° JL Il tacchino

30 giorni. - Vol. 1 no 8 ( 2008). - p 94-100 [Nr. Estr. 3876] Vitali A, Bertocchi° L, Lacetera N, Bernabucci U, Cuteri A, Guerini° M, Nardone A Seasonal variation of mortality rate in dairy cows of the Po Valley (Italy) : a retrospective study from 2001 to 2006 J Anim Sci. - Vol. v 86 e-suppl 2 ( 2008). - p 2 [Nr. Estr. 3886]

Joint Meeting American Dairy Science Association American Society of Animal Science : July 7 -11, 2008)

The present study is aimed to analyze seasonal variations of mortality rate in dairy cows. The analysis was carried out in years 2001-2006 and in the geographic area comprised between 44°- 46°.15' latitude north and 8 '.30'- 12°.30' longitu de east, known as the area of the Po Val ley including the regions Lombardia and Emilia Romagna, Italy. This area is characterized by a subcontinental-temperate climate and a high density of dairy herds (approximately 900,000 dairy cows in 45,000 square kilometres). Data were extracted from the Italian Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) database, which provided data of daily mortality of cows older than 24 months. Data on cow populations were provided by the ltalian National Institute of Statistics. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for each season and for each year was calculated by the ratio of observed and expected deaths (OD and ED, respectively). The ED for each of the 6 years considered in the study were calculated by the product between annual mortality rate and the population of the area, stratified by 4 age classes. Under the hypothesis of Poisson distribution, a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for the SMR and its value was considered statistically significant if the valve 1 was outside the confidence range. For all years and regions, the analysis of SMR showed that during summer season the OD was significantly higher than the ED. In summer season OD overcame ED by values ranging from +21% (year 2005. Lombardia) to +60% (year 2003. Lombardia), the corresponding 95% CI were 1.17-1.24 and 1.57-1.64 for the years 2005 and 2003, respectively. Results reported herein indicate the relevance to develop appropriate strategies, including management, feeding, genetic selection and insurance plans, to limit economic losses associated with heat stress in dairy cows.

Vitali A, Bertocchi° L, Lacetera N, Bernabucci U, Cuteri A, Guerini° M, Nardone A Seasonal variation of mortality rate in dairy cows of the Po Valley (Italy) : a retrospective study from 2001 to 2006 J Dairy Sci. - Vol. v 91 e-suppl 1 ( 2008). - p 2 [Nr. Estr. 3886a]

Joint Meeting American Dairy Science Association American Society of Animal Science : July 7 -11, 2008)

The present study is aimed to analyze seasonal variations of mortality rate in dairy cows. The analysis was carried out in years 2001-2006 and in the geographic area comprised between 44°- 46°.15' latitude north and 8 '.30'- 12°.30' longitu de east, known as the area of the Po Val ley including the regions Lombardia and Emilia Romagna, Italy. This area is characterized by a subcontinental-temperate climate and a high density of dairy herds (approximately 900,000 dairy cows in 45,000 square kilometres). Data were extracted from the Italian Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) database, which provided data of daily mortality of cows older than 24 months. Data on cow populations were provided by the ltalian National Institute of Statistics. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for each season and for each year was calculated by the ratio of observed and expected deaths (OD and ED, respectively). The ED for each of the 6 years considered in the study were calculated by the product between annual mortality rate and the population of the area, stratified by 4 age classes. Under the hypothesis of Poisson distribution, a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for the SMR and its value was considered statistically significant if the valve 1 was outside the confidence range. For all years and regions, the analysis of SMR showed that during summer season the OD was significantly higher than the ED. In summer season OD overcame ED by values ranging from +21% (year 2005. Lombardia) to +60% (year

2003. Lombardia), the corresponding 95% CI were 1.17-1.24 and 1.57-1.64 for the years 2005 and 2003, respectively. Results reported herein indicate the relevance to develop appropriate strategies, including management, feeding, genetic selection and insurance plans, to limit economic losses associated with heat stress in dairy cows.

Yousef M, Roche SM, Myers G, Bavoil PM, Laroucau K, Magnino° S, Laurent S, Rasschaert D, Rodolakis A Preliminary phylogenetic identification of virulent Chlamydophila pecorum strains Infect Genet Evol. - Vol. 8 ( 2008). - p 764-771. - 52 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3983]

Chlamydophila pecorum is an obligate intracellular bacterium associated with different pathological conditions in ruminante, swine and koala, which is also found in the intestine of asymptomatic animals. A multi-virulente locus sequence typing (MVLST) system was developed using 19 C. pecorum strains (8 pathogenic and 11 non-pathogenic intestinal strains) isolated from ruminante of different geographical origins. To evaluate the ability of MVLST to distinguish the pathogenic from the non-pathogenic strains of C. pecorum, the sequences of 12 genes were analysed: 6 potential virulente genes (ompA, incA, inca, incC, n1ip and copN), 5 housekeePmg genes (recA, hemD, aroC, e fp, gap), and the ORF663 gene encoding a hypothetical protein (HP) that includes a variant 15-nucleotides coding tandem repeat (CTR). MVLST provided high discriminatory power (100%) in allowing to distinguish 6 of S pathogenic strains in a single group, and overall more discriminatory than MLST targeting housekeeping genes. ompA was the most polymorphic gene and the phylogenetic tree based only on its sequence differentiated 4 groups with high bootstrap values. The number of CTRs (rich in serine, proline and lysine) in ORF663 detected in the pathogenic strains was generally lower than that found in the intestinal strains. MVLST appears to be a promising method for the differential identification of virulent C. pectoral strains, and the ompA, incA and ORF663 genes appear to be wod molecular markers for further epidemiological investigation of C. pecorum.

Zanardi° G, Alborali° L, Abrami S Gestione di un focolaio di tubercolosi da Mycobacte rium bovis in un allevamento intensivo di bovine da latte Epidemiologia : strumenti per conoscere, agire e decidere in sanità pubblica veterinaria : IV Workshop nazionale di epidemiologia veterinaria : Università degli studi "Sapienza" : Roma, 11-12 Dicembre 2008 : riassunti / a cura di Gaia Scavia, Susan Babsa e Marcello Sala. - Roma : Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2008. - (ISTISAN congressi ; 08/C12) p 162-163 [Nr. Estr. 3912]


L'allevamento di bovine da latte, sede di focolaio di tubercolosi e oggetto della descrizione, è a carattere intensivo e sito nella provincia di Brescia. L'azienda è composta da due strutture che collegano 5 capannoni di recente costruzione con pavimento in cemento, cuccette e paddock esterni per un totale di oltre 2.000 capi allevati, di cui 1.200 bovine in lattazione. La segnalazione nel settembre 2006 della presenza di tisi perlacea e noduli giallastri sclero-caseo-calcifici in sede polmonare ed epatica in una bovina regolarmente macellata comportava l'esecuzione della prova intradermica di stalla, la cui lettura evidenziava 4 capi positivi e 18 con reazioni dubbie su 2.031 controllati. Le bovine reattive erano di provenienza tedesca, in piena produzione lattea e localizzate in un box condiviso. L'ispezione post mortem eseguita sui 22 capi macellati evidenziava in tre capi su 4 positivi all'IDT la presenza di lesioni, da cui veniva isolato M. bovis. L'eradicazione della tubercolosi bovina in un'azienda di grandi dimensioni e con una elevata produzione di latte si propone come una sfida professionale per i servizi veterinari. L'inquadramento del problema e la programmazione su come decidere la strategia di risanamento hanno comportato

un lavoro di gruppo. In questo caso, il gruppo era composto dal responsabile del Servizio Veterinario di Area A dell'ASL, dal veterinario del distretto competente per territorio e per azienda, dal responsabile della sezione diagnostica e dal responsabile dell'Osservatorio Epidemiologico, entrambi dell'IZS di Brescia. La redazione del piano di risanamento aziendale si è basata sui seguenti assunti, derivati dai risultati dell'indagine epidemiologica e delle prove diagnostiche in vita e post mortem: – elevato numero di bovine da riproduzione introdotte nell'ultimo biennio, soprattutto dalla Germania;– bassa prevalenza intra-allevamento alla prima prova intra-dermica; – origine tedesca delle bovine ammalate; –localizzazione nel medesimo box delle bovine ammalate. La decisione di non utilizzare in parallelo il -interferon nelle successive prove di stalla si è fondata sulla convinzione che la prova intra-dermica singola, letta con criteri di massima severità, potesse garantire una sufficiente sensibilità del test e che la macellazione di tutti gli animali reattori all'IDT, con i conseguenti approfondimenti diagnostici post mortem e l'esame batteriologico, anche in caso di mancanza di lesioni visibili negli organi e linfonodi (NVL animals), completasse l'iter diagnostico in maniera esaustiva, fornendo elementi sufficienti per delineare l'andamento dell'infezione in allevamento.

Zanardi° G, Alborali° L, Bellini° S, Avisani° D La malattia vescicolare del suino in Lombardia : e pidemie a confronto dal 1998 al 2007 = Swine vesicular disease in Lombardy Region : comparison among the epidemics ocurred from 1998 to 2007



Nell'ultima decade in Lombardia si sono verificati quattro episodi di malattia vescicolare del suino (MVS). La prima epidemia, apparsa alla fine di ottobre 1998 ed eradicata alla fine di febbraio 1999, fu caratterizzata dall'insorgenza di 18 focolai localizzati in 4 province; Cremona (7), Mantova (6), Brescia (3) e Bergamo (2). (questa epidemia convinse la regione Lombardia a realizzare un Piano straordinario di controllo e d'eradicazione della MVS, ad integrazione di quello nazionale. La seconda incursione del virus della MVS avvenne nella prima metà del 2000 ed interessò tre stalle di sosta, di cui due in provincia di Mantova e una in provincia di Brescia. Tutti i focolai furono considerati primari. La terza epidemia accadde nel 2002 in provincia di Bergamo; da due focolai primari si rintracciarono altri 11 focolai secondari, di cui due nelle regioni confinanti di Veneto ed Emilia Romagna. Tutti i focolai secondari si dimostrarono a fondo cieco, non diffondendo la malattia ad altri allevamenti. L'ultima incursione di MVS è durata un anno, da novembre 2006 ad ottobre 2007, con la notifica di ben 53 focolai e l'abbattimento di 148.464 capi. La provincia maggior-mente colpita è stata quella di Brescia con 32 casi e 100.591 capi abbattuti. La portata dell'evento, sia come numero di focolai, ma soprattutto come persistenza nel tempo dell'enterovirus sul territorio, ha causato notevoli danni diretti e indiretti, con prolungate limitazioni delle movimentazioni animali in zone ad alta densità suinicola. D'altro canto, in tutti gli episodi occorsi, la MVS ha confermato i noti meccanismi di trasmissione intra e inter-allevamento. Oggetto dell'intervento è la comparazione dei parametri che hanno caratterizzato le diverse epidemie, emersi attraverso l'analisi dei dati epidemiologici raccolti, alla luce dei cambiamenti intercorsi nel comparto suinicolo; le considerazioni originate si pro-pongono come riferimento ai fini di evidenziare i punti critici nella prevenzione e nell'eventuale gestione della malattia e di proporre spunti di riflessione utili a tutti gli addetti al settore. In the last decade four epidemics of swine vesicular disease (SVD) occurred in Lombardy Region. The first one started at the end of October 1998 and finished at the end of February 1999. Eighteen outbreaks were notified in four provinces: 7 in Cremona, 6 in Mantova, 3 in Brescia and 2 in Bergamo. Following this epidemic Veterinary Service of Lombardy Region carried out all extraordinary plan aimed at eradicating the disease and achieve the free status from SVD. The second incursion of SVD virus occurred in the first half of 2000, involving three dealers, two in the province of Mantova, directly linked, and one in the province of Brescia. All the outbreaks were

considered primary. In the third epidemic in 2002, during the routine surveillance activities, SVD was identified simultaneously in a breeding farm and in a dealer's premises of the Bergamo province. The epidemiological investigations in these two primary outbreaks allowed for the identification of 11 secondary outbreaks, 9 in Lombardy (all in Bergamo province) and 2 in the bordering Veneto and Emilia Romagna regions. All the secondary outbreaks were a cul de sac for the infection; in fact they did not give rise to secondary outbreaks. During the latest epidemic, started at November 2006 and finished at October 2007, 53 outbreaks were notified and about 148.464 animals were stamped out. Brescia was the province more involved in the spreading of the disease, with 32 outbreaks and the culling of 100.591 herds. No novelty was available on the mode of the disease transmission intra and inter-herds during the latest SVD epidemic. The high number of outbreaks and the restriction of the animal movement, due to the persistence of the SVD virus in a densely populated area. caused huge economic losses. This speech is aimed at comparing the characteristics of the different epidemics occurred in Lombardy Region in the light of the change of swine husbandry. The epidemiological remarks show the critical points about the prevention and the management of SVD in densely populated areas.

Zanardi° G, Alborali° L, Viola T, Abrami S Gestione di un focolaio di Tubercolosi da Mycobacte rium bovis in un allevamento intensivo di bovino da latte Osservatorio. - Vol. 11 no 5 ( 2008). - p 11-14 [Nr. Estr. 3878]

Zanardi° G, Astuti M, Avisani° D, Alborali° L, Bellini ° S Analisi delle epidemie di malattia vescicolare del suino in Lombardia, con particolare riferimento al 2006-2007 Osservatorio. - Vol. 11 no 2 ( 2008). - p 3-15 [Nr. Estr. 3753]

Zanoni° M, D'incau° M, Spisani° M, Gaffuri° A, Tagli abue° S, Alborali° L Isolation and characterization of salmonella strain s from wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Northern Italy 8th conference of the European Wildlife Disease Association (EWDA) : focusing on diseases of European wildlife and recent changes in disease distribution : 2-5 October, 2008 Rovinj, Croatia / [s.l. : s.n., 2008]. - p 95-96 [Nr. Estr. 3865]


In order to investigate the role of wild boar as a reservoir of Salmonella spp. we controlled, during the 2006 and 2007 hunting season, 786 animals from a mountain area in Brescia Province, Northern Italy. Cecal content were sampled and cultured according To ISO 6579: 2002 Annex D and, at the same time, To an home made method using Rappaport Vassilidais Broth as enrichment and Hektoen Enteric Agar as differential selective medium. 217 samples (27,61%) resulted positive showing that the most prevalent serotypes, covering 76,03% of the positive isolates, were Salmonella Coeln (45 isolates) Salmonella Ball (34), Salmonella Typhimurium (29), Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae 50:r:1,5J71 (23), Salmonella Thompson (19) and Salmonella Veneziana (15). Among the other serotypes, 4 isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis were recovered. Phagetyping of Salmonella Typhimurium revealed the prevalence of phagetype DT104 (17 strains), DT193 (2), U302 (2), DT2 (1); among Salmonella Enteritidis, the only phagetype present was PT4 (3 strains). Strains of Salmonella Typhimurium were also tested for antimicrobial resistance using a panel of 16 antibiotics: 25 strains resulted multi - resistant (resistant to 4 or more antibiotics) and among them, all phagetype DT104 strains were resistant from 6 To 10 antibiotics with a basic profile of resistance for amoxicillin, chloramfenicol, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracycline. Strains of Salmonella Enteritidis did noi show multiresistance against tested antibiotics.

Zanoni° M, Guadagnini G, Gradassi M, Salogni° C, D'i ncau° M, Alborali° GL Study of antibiotic resistant in Salmonella typhimu rium strains isolated during 2005-2007 20th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress (IPVS) : Durban, South Africa 22-26 June 2008 : Poster Volume 2 / Durban, South Africa : Hein Jonker Media Managment, 2008. - p 503 - 5 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3897]

International Pig Veterinary Society Congress (IPVS) (20 : Durban, South Africa : 22-26 June 2008)

Zanoni° M, Guadagnini° G, Gradassi° M, Salogni° C, D' Incau° M, Alborali° L Indagine preliminare sull'antibiotico resistenza in ceppi di Salmonella typhimurium isolati da suino nel periodo 2005-2007 Atti Convegno SIPAS. - Vol. 34 ( 2008). - p 315-318 - 6 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3766]


Dall'indagini batteriologiche anatomopatologiche, eseguite nel periodo 2005-2007, su campioni di feci, visceri, linfonodi e carcasse di suino sono state isoalti 197 ceppi di Salmonella typhimurium. L'esame batteriologico per isolamento di salmo-nella è stato effettuato con la metodica "Annex D ISO 6579: 2002" e le salmonella sono state sottoposte ad identificazione biochimica e sierologia; si è valutata la sensibilità in vitro con il metodo Kirby Bauer. Dai risultati ottenuti si osserva che una buona percentuali di ceppi è resistente a 10 antimicrobici testati (Amoxicillina, Cloramfenicolo, Doxiciclina, Penicillina, Sulfadiazina, Tetraciclina, Tiamulina, Tilmicosina, Spectinomicina, Streptomicina). The purpose of this survey was to describe antibiotics resistance of 197 Salmonella typhimurium strains. Salmonella was isolates from faecal, linph-node samples and post-mortem material during years 2005-2007. Salmonella was isolated with "Annex D ISO 6579: 2002" and identified by biochemical and serological test. Susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer method against a panel of 30 antimicrobials. Significantly very high resistance was observed in 10 antimicrobials (Amoxicillin, Cloramphenicol, Doxycyclin, Penicillin, Sulfadiazine, terraccline, tiamuline, Tilmicosine, Spectinomicin, Streptomycin)). Frequently of no resistance-no susceptible level was higher (> 10% of Salnonella typhimurium strains) in 7 antimicrobials considered low resistance and used also against pig enteric pathogens.

Zecchini M, Harouna A, Cattaneo C, Belli P, Pecile A, Moroni P, Alborali° L, Idi_Adamou G, Crimella C Brucellosi, clamidiosi, febbre Q e mastiti negli al levamenti ovini e caprini in Niger = Seroprevalence od Brucellosis, Chlamydiosis, Q fever and mastitis in small ruminants in the urban and periurban area of Niamey (Niger)

Large Anim Rev. - Vol. 14 Supp al n 4 ( 2008). - p. - 6 bib ref [Nr. Estr. 3861]

Zumarraga MJ, Boniotti° MB, Loda D, Cataldi A, Pacciar ini° ML PCR-ELISA para la deteccion de Mycobacterium bovis XVII Reunion Cientifica Tecnica : Asociacion Argentina de veterinarios de laboratorios de diagnostico : 29, 30 y 31 de Octubre de 2008 Santa Fe : Poster / Asociacion Argentina de veterinarios de laboratorios de diagnostico. - [s.l. : s.n., 2008]. - b 32. - 3 bib ref ( 3932]

Reunion Cientifica Tecnica (17. : Santa Fe : 29, 30 y 31 de Octubre de 2008)

Zumarraga MJ, Boniotti° MB, Mangeli° A, Spisani° M, Z anoni° M, Cataldi° A, Pacciarini° ML Utilidad del kit adiapure para TB milk, para la cap tura de M bovis en leche XVII Reunion Cientifica Tecnica : Asociacion Argentina de veterinarios de laboratorios de diagnostico : 29, 30 y 31 de Octubre de 2008 Santa Fe : Poster / Asociacion Argentina de veterinarios de laboratorios de diagnostico. - [s.l. : s.n., 2008]. - b 31. - 3 bib ref ( 3933]

Reunion Cientifica Tecnica (17. : Santa Fe : 29, 30 y 31 de Octubre de 2008)

Documents

TAB. 20.2 - RICERCHE EFFETTUATE SANITA’ ANIMALE … · delle Alpi cCentrali Epidemiologia : strumenti per conoscere, ... dell'area di studio: altri mammiferi selvatici (roditori,