TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 32 · The Global Market for Nanocellulose 2018-2027 © Future Markets, Inc. All rights reserved. • 1.5 Global Nanocellulose market size

The Global Market for Nanocellulose 2018-2027

© Future Markets, Inc. All rights reserved.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................... 32

• 1.1 The current market......................................................................................................................... 33

o 1.1.1 Transition into products........................................................................................................ 34

o 1.1.2 Markets and applications..................................................................................................... 34

o 1.1.3 Cost still an issue.................................................................................................................. 39

o 1.1.4 Main opportunities in nanocellulose................................................................................... 39

• 1.2 Production worldwide..................................................................................................................... 42

o 1.2.1 Production plants and production status........................................................................... 43

o 1.2.2 Growth of the market in Japan............................................................................................ 45

• 1.3 Market drivers................................................................................................................................. 46

o 1.3.1 Demand for sustainable materials...................................................................................... 46

o 1.3.2 Enhanced products for paper and board industries........................................................ 46

o 1.3.3 Unique properties lead to new products............................................................................ 47

o 1.3.4 Recent improvements in production and product integration........................................ 47

• 1.4 Market and technical challenges.................................................................................................. 48

o 1.4.1 Characterization.................................................................................................................... 48

o 1.4.2 Production.............................................................................................................................. 48

o 1.4.3 Functionalization.................................................................................................................... 49

o 1.4.4 Moisture absorption and aggregation................................................................................ 49

o 1.4.5 Scalability................................................................................................................................ 50

o 1.4.6 Lack of current products....................................................................................................... 50

o 1.4.7 Cost-competitiveness with traditional technology............................................................ 50



• 1.5 Global Nanocellulose market size............................................................................................... 51

o 1.5.1 The market for nanocellulose in 2017................................................................................ 51

o 1.5.2 Nanocellulose global revenues and demand in tons, 2015–2027................................ 55

o 1.5.3 Nanocellulose market by region......................................................................................... 56

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................... 58 • 2.1 MARKET OPPORTUNITY

ANALYSIS........................................................................................ 60 o 2.1.1 Stage of

commercialization.................................................................................................. 60

o 2.1.2 Economic impact by 2027.................................................................................................... 60

o 2.1.3 Current market size for equivalent applications............................................................... 60

o 2.1.4 Ease of commercialization................................................................................................... 60

o 2.1.5 Competitive landscape......................................................................................................... 61

o 2.1.6 Cost......................................................................................................................................... 61

o 2.1.7 Competition from other materials....................................................................................... 61

o 2.1.8 Regulatory/Government policy push.................................................................................. 61

o 2.1.9 Market pull.............................................................................................................................. 61

• 2.2 MARKET CHALLENGES RATING SYSTEM............................................................................ 62

3 NANOCELLULOSE........................................................................... 65 • 3.1 What is

nanocellulose?.................................................................................................................. 65

• 3.2 Types of nanocellulose.................................................................................................................. 67

o 3.2.1 NanoFibrillar Cellulose (NFC)............................................................................................. 69

▪ 3.2.1.1 Applications................................................................................................................... 69

▪ 3.2.1.2 Production methods of NFC producers.................................................................... 71

o 3.2.2 NanoCrystalline Cellulose (NCC)....................................................................................... 72



▪ 3.2.2.1 Applications................................................................................................................... 74

o 3.2.3 Bacterial Cellulose (BCC).................................................................................................... 75

▪ 3.2.3.1 Applications................................................................................................................... 75

• 3.3 Synthesis of cellulose materials................................................................................................... 77

o 3.3.1 Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)........................................................................................ 77

o 3.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)........................................................................................... 77

o 3.3.3 Nanofibrillated cellulose (MFC)........................................................................................... 78

o 3.3.4 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)............................................................................................. 79

o 3.3.5 Bacterial cellulose particles (CNC)..................................................................................... 79

• 3.4 Properties of nanocellulose........................................................................................................... 80

• 3.5 Advantages of nanocellulose........................................................................................................ 81

• 3.6 Manufacture of nanocellulose...................................................................................................... 82

• 3.7 Production methods....................................................................................................................... 83

o 3.7.1 Nanofibrillated cellulose production methods................................................................... 85

o 3.7.2 Nanocrystalline celluose production methods.................................................................. 85

4 NANOCELLULOSE MARKET STRUCTURE................................... 87 • 4.1 Routes to

commercialization......................................................................................................... 87

• 4.2 Market structure from materials production to end product..................................................... 87

• 4.3 Volume of industry demand for nanocellulose by nanocellulose producer sales................ 90

• 4.4 Current end users for nanocellulose, by market and company.............................................. 92

5 SWOT ANALYSIS FOR NANOCELLULOSE................................... 94 6 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS................................................. 97

• 6.1 Standards......................................................................................................................................... 97

o 6.1.1 International Standards Organization (ISO)...................................................................... 97

o 6.1.2 American National Standards............................................................................................. 97



o 6.1.3 CSA Group............................................................................................................................. 97

• 6.2 Toxicity............................................................................................................................................. 98

• 6.3 Regulation..................................................................................................................................... 100

7 REGIONAL INITIATIVES AND GOVERNMENT FUNDING............ 102 8 NANOCELLULOSE APPLICATIONS............................................. 103

• 8.1 High volume, medium volume and low volume nanocellulose applications....................... 103

9 NANOCELLULOSE TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL (TRL).. 105 10 NANOCELLULOSE END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS 107

• 10.1 Production of nanocellulose................................................................................................... 107

o 10.1.1 Microfibrillated cellulose................................................................................................ 107

o 10.1.2 Cellulose nanofiber production.................................................................................... 107

o 10.1.3 Cellulose nanocrystal production................................................................................. 108

o 10.1.4 Production volumes, by region..................................................................................... 109

o 10.1.5 Applications..................................................................................................................... 110

o 10.1.6 Prices................................................................................................................................ 113

• 10.2 Nanocellulose patents & publications.................................................................................. 116

11 COMPOSITES................................................................................. 122 • 11.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND

TRENDS..................................................................................... 122 o 11.1.1 Growing use of polymer

composites........................................................................... 122 o 11.1.2 Increased need for advanced, protective

materials.................................................. 123 o 11.1.3 Improved multi-functional performance over traditional

composites-green AND strong 123 o 11.1.4 Multi-

functionality............................................................................................................ 124

o 11.1.5 Growth in the wind energy market............................................................................... 124

o 11.1.6 Environmental impact of carbon fibers....................................................................... 124

o 11.1.7 Shortcomings of natural fiber composites and glass fiber reinforced composites 125

• 11.2 APPLICATIONS....................................................................................................................... 126

o 11.2.1 Applications by cellulose type...................................................................................... 127



o 11.2.2 Applications timeline...................................................................................................... 128

• 11.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 129

o 11.3.1 BIOPACKAGING............................................................................................................ 133

▪ 11.3.1.1 Market drivers and trends........................................................................................ 133

▪ 11.3.1.2 Anti-microbial packaging biofilm market is growing............................................. 138

▪ 11.3.1.3 Applications................................................................................................................ 139

▪ 11.3.1.4 Global market size and opportunity........................................................................ 142

▪ 11.3.1.5 Market challenges..................................................................................................... 146

▪ 11.3.1.6 Product developer profiles....................................................................................... 148

o 11.3.2 AEROSPACE AND AVIATION.................................................................................... 149


▪ 11.3.2.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 150



o 11.3.3 AUTOMOTIVE................................................................................................................ 157


▪ 11.3.3.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 161




o 11.3.4 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING................................................................................... 169


▪ 11.3.4.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 171






12 PAPER & BOARD........................................................................... 180 • 12.1 Market drivers and

trends...................................................................................................... 180 o 12.1.1 Environmental..................................................................................

............................... 180 o 12.1.2 Need to develop innovative new products in the paper and board

industry......... 180 • 12.2 Applications.......................................................................................................

....................... 180 o 12.2.1 Paper

packaging............................................................................................................. 182

o 12.2.2 Paper coatings................................................................................................................ 182

o 12.2.3 Anti-microbials................................................................................................................ 182


o 12.3.1 Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in paper and board................. 184

• 12.4 Market challenges................................................................................................................... 186

• 12.5 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 187

13 TEXTILES........................................................................................ 189 • 13.1 Market drivers for

nanocellulose........................................................................................... 189 o 13.1.1 Growth in the wearable electronics

market................................................................ 189 o 13.1.2 Growth in the market for anti-microbial

textiles......................................................... 190 o 13.1.3 Need to improve the properties of cloth or fabric

materials..................................... 190 o 13.1.4 Environmental and

regulatory...................................................................................... 191 o 13.1.5 Need for biodegradable sanitary

products................................................................. 192 • 13.2 Applications.......................................................................................................

....................... 192 o 13.2.1 Turning pulp into

textiles............................................................................................... 193 o 13.2.2 Hygiene textile

products................................................................................................ 194




o 13.3.1 Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in textiles.................................. 195



14 MEDICAL & HEALTHCARE........................................................... 199 • 14.1 Market drivers and

trends...................................................................................................... 200 o 14.1.1 Improved drug delivery for cancer

therapy................................................................ 200 o 14.1.2 Shortcomings of

chemotherapies................................................................................ 200 o 14.1.3 Biocompatibility of medical

implants........................................................................... 201 o 14.1.4 Anti-biotic

resistance...................................................................................................... 201

o 14.1.5 Growth in advanced woundcare market..................................................................... 201

• 14.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 201

o 14.2.1 Drug delivery................................................................................................................... 202

o 14.2.2 Medical implants............................................................................................................. 203

o 14.2.3 Tissue engineering......................................................................................................... 203

o 14.2.4 Wound dressings............................................................................................................ 204

o 14.2.5 Laterial flow immunosay labels.................................................................................... 204



15 COATINGS, FILMS & PAINTS........................................................ 211 • 15.1 Market drivers and

trends...................................................................................................... 211 o 15.1.1 Sustainable coating systems and

materials............................................................... 211 o 15.1.2 Chemical to bio-

based................................................................................................... 212



o 15.1.3 Increased demand for abrasion and scratch resistant coatings............................. 212

o 15.1.4 Increased demand for UV-resistant coatings............................................................ 213

o 15.1.5 Growth in superhydrophobic coatings market........................................................... 213

• 15.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 214

o 15.2.1 Abrasion and scratch resistance.................................................................................. 215

o 15.2.2 Wood coatings................................................................................................................ 215

o 15.2.3 Anti-counterfeiting films................................................................................................. 216

o 15.2.4 Gas barriers..................................................................................................................... 216

• 15.3 Global market size................................................................................................................... 216


o 15.4.1 High viscosity.................................................................................................................. 222

o 15.4.2 Moisture sorption............................................................................................................ 222

o 15.4.3 Durability.......................................................................................................................... 222

o 15.4.4 Dispersion........................................................................................................................ 224

o 15.4.5 Transparency.................................................................................................................. 224

o 15.4.6 Production, scalability and cost.................................................................................... 224


16 AEROGELS..................................................................................... 227 • 16.1 Market drivers and

trends...................................................................................................... 227 o 16.1.1 Energy

efficiency............................................................................................................ 227

o 16.1.2 Demand for environmentally-friendly, lightweight materials.................................... 227


• 16.3 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 229



o 16.3.1 Thermal insulation.......................................................................................................... 229

o 16.3.2 Medical............................................................................................................................. 229

o 16.3.3 Shape memory............................................................................................................... 230


17 OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION....................................................... 231 • 17.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND

TRENDS..................................................................................... 231 o 17.1.1 Need to reduce operating costs and improve operation

efficiency........................ 231 o 17.1.2 Increased demands of drilling

environments............................................................. 232 o 17.1.3 Increased exploration in extreme

environments....................................................... 233 o 17.1.4 Environmental and

regulatory...................................................................................... 233 • 17.2 Applications.......................................................................................................

....................... 234 o 17.2.1 Oil and fracking drilling

fluids........................................................................................ 235 o 17.2.2 Extraction..........................................................................................

............................... 236 • 17.3 Global market size and

opportunity...................................................................................... 236 o 17.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in oil and

gas................................................ 238 • 17.4 Market

challenges................................................................................................................... 240


18 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION.................................................. 242 • 18.1 Market drivers and

trends...................................................................................................... 242 o 18.1.1 Need for improved membrane

technology................................................................. 242 o 18.1.2 Water shortage and population

growth....................................................................... 243 o 18.1.3 Need for improved and low cost membrane

technology......................................... 244 o 18.1.4 Need for improved groundwater treatment

technologies......................................... 245 o 18.1.5 Cost and

efficiency......................................................................................................... 245



o 18.1.6 Growth in the air filter market....................................................................................... 245

o 18.1.7 Need for environmentally, safe filters.......................................................................... 246

o 18.1.8 Recyclability of polymer membranes.......................................................................... 246

• 18.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 246

o 18.2.1 Water filtration................................................................................................................. 248

o 18.2.2 Air filtration....................................................................................................................... 248

o 18.2.3 Virus filtration.................................................................................................................. 249


o 18.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in filtration..................................................... 251



19 RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS............................................................... 256 • 19.1 Applications.......................................................................................................

....................... 256 o 19.1.1 Food.................................................................................................

................................ 257 o 19.1.2 Pharmaceuticals...............................................................................

.............................. 257 o 19.1.3 Cosmetics.........................................................................................

............................... 257 • 19.2 Product developer

profiles..................................................................................................... 258 20 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS.................................... 259

• 20.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................... 259

o 20.1.1 Environmental................................................................................................................. 259

o 20.1.2 Flexible, wearable and paper electronics markets growing.................................... 260

o 20.1.3 Need for improved barrier function.............................................................................. 261

• 20.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 262

o 20.2.1 Wearable electronics..................................................................................................... 263



▪ 20.2.1.1 Nanopaper.................................................................................................................. 267

▪ 20.2.1.2 Paper memory............................................................................................................ 269

o 20.2.2 Conductive inks.............................................................................................................. 270


o 20.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in printed and flexible electronics............. 273


o 20.4.1. Manufacturing............................................................................................................ 275

o 20.4.2 Integration................................................................................................................... 276

o 20.4.3 Competing materials................................................................................................. 276


21 3D PRINTING.................................................................................. 278 • 21.1 Market

drivers.......................................................................................................................... 278

o 21.1.1 Improved materials at lower cost................................................................................. 278

o 21.1.2 Limitations of current thermoplastics.......................................................................... 278

o 21.1.3 Need for sustainable, biofriendly materials................................................................ 278

• 21.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 279

o 21.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals 3D printing ink........................................................................ 279


o 21.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing................................................ 280



22 OTHER MARKETS.......................................................................... 283 • 22.1.1 Rubber and tire

additives.............................................................................................. 283 • 22.1.2 Colourants....................................................................................................

................... 283 23 NANOCELLULOSE COMPANY PROFILES................................... 284



• 23.1 Producers and types of nanocellulose produced (NCF, NCC, BCC).............................. 284

• 23.2 Target markets for producers................................................................................................ 285

• 23.3 NANOFIBRILLAR CELLULOSE (NFC) PRODUCERS..................................................... 287

• 23.6 OTHER PRODUCERS AND APPLICATION DEVELOPERS.......................................... 378

24 MAIN NANOCELLULOSE RESEARCH CENTRES........................ 403 TABLES

• Table 1: Market summary for nanocellulose-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, market estimates, global consumption, main current applications, future applications............................................................................................................................................. 33

• Table 2: Markets and applications for nanocellulose............................................................................. 35

• Table 3: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose, by application....................................... 39

• Table 4: Nanocellulose production plants worldwide and production status...................................... 43

• Table 5: Current and planned production capacities, by major suppliers, pilot/pre-commercial and commercial volumes.............................................................................................................................. 44

• Table 6: Nanocellulose products in Japan............................................................................................... 52

• Table 7: Nanocellulose properties............................................................................................................. 69

• Table 8: Applications of nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC)............................................................................. 69

• Table 9: Production methods of NFC producers..................................................................................... 71

• Table 10: Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).................................................................... 74

• Table 11: Applications of bacterial cellulose (BC)................................................................................... 76

• Table 12: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications............................................................................................................................................. 77

• Table 13: Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications................................................................................................................................................................... 77

• Table 14: Nanofibrillated cellulose (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications................................................................................................................................................................... 78



• Table 15: Cellulose nanocrystals (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications................................................................................................................................................................... 79

• Table 16: Cellulose nanocrystals (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications................................................................................................................................................................... 79

• Table 17: Properties and applications of nanocellulose......................................................................... 80

• Table 18: Properties of cellulose nanofibrils relative to metallic and polymeric materials............... 82

• Table 19: Nanocellulose nanocrystal sources and scale....................................................................... 83

• Table 20: Nanofibrillated cellulose production methods........................................................................ 85

• Table 21: Cellulose nanocrystals (NCC) production methods.............................................................. 85

• Table 22: Nanocellulose market structure................................................................................................ 87

• Table 23: Current and potential end users for nanocellulose, by market and company.................. 92

• Table 24: SWOT analysis of nanocellulose............................................................................................. 94

• Table 25: Safety of Micro/Nanofibrillated cellulose................................................................................. 98

• Table 26: Potential high volume impact of nanocellulose and likelihood of market impact........... 103

• Table 27: Production capacities of CNF producers per annum in tons, current and planned....... 107

• Table 28: Production capacities of CNC producers per annum in tons, current and planned...... 109

• Table 29: Markets and applications for nanocellulose......................................................................... 110

• Table 30: Product/price/application matrix of nanocellulose producers............................................ 114

• Table 31: Published patent publications for nanocellulose, 1997-2013............................................ 116

• Table 32: Nanocellulose patents as of May 2015................................................................................. 117

• Table 33: Research publications on nanocellulose materials and composites, 1996-2013.......... 117

• Table 34: Nanocellulose patents by organisation................................................................................. 118

• Table 35: Nanocellulose patents by organisation, 2014...................................................................... 119

• Table 36: Main patent assignees for NCC, as of May 2015............................................................... 119

• Table 37: Main patent assignees for NFC, as of May 2015................................................................ 120

• Table 38: Main patent assignees for BCC, as of May 2015................................................................ 120



• Table 39: Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials............................. 126

• Table 40: Equivalent cost of nanocellulose and competitive materials in polymer composites.... 127

• Table 41: Applications of nanocellulose in polymer composites by cellulose type......................... 127

• Table 42: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the polymer composites market......................... 128

• Table 43: Market assessment for nanocellulose in composites......................................................... 129

• Table 44: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in composites.................................... 129

• Table 45: Limitations of nanocellulose in the development of nanocomposites.............................. 130

• Table 46: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in composites............................................................................................................................... 131

• Table 47: Demand for nanocellulose in the composites market, 2015-2027 (tons)........................ 132

• Table 48: Examples of antimicrobial immobilization into cellulose nanofibers................................ 138

• Table 49: Oxygen permeability of nanocellulose films compared to those made form commercially available petroleum based materials and other polymers............................................................ 141

• Table 50: Market assessment for nanocellulose in biopackaging..................................................... 142

• Table 51: Application markets, competing materials, NFC advantages and current market size in packaging............................................................................................................................................. 143

• Table 52: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in biopackaging................................. 145

• Table 53:Demand for nanocellulose in the biopackaging market, 2015-2027 (tons)..................... 146

• Table 54: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the biopackaging market........................ 147

• Table 55: Companies developing nanocellulose products in bio packaging, applications targeted and stage of commercialization........................................................................................................ 148

• Table 56: Applications in aerospace composites, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof.... 151

• Table 57: Nanomaterials in the aerospace market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................................................................... 153

• Table 58: Market size for nanocellulose in aerospace and aviation.................................................. 154

• Table 59: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerospace and aviaton market, 2015-2017 (tons)... 156



• Table 60: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the aerospace market................................................................................................................................................................. 157

• Table 61: Applications of natural fiber composites in vehicles by manufacturers........................... 160

• Table 62: Application markets, competing materials, Nanocellulose advantages and current market size in the automotive sector............................................................................................................. 163

• Table 63: Market assessment for nanocellulose in the automotive sector....................................... 164

• Table 64: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in the automotive industry............... 165

• Table 65: Market size for nanocellulose in the automotive industry.................................................. 165

• Table 66: Demand for nanocellulose in the automotive market, 2015-2017 (tons)........................ 166

• Table 67: Applications and commercilization challenges in the automotive market....................... 167

• Table 68: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the automotive market............................. 167

• Table 69: Companies developing Nanocellulose products in the automotive industry, applications targeted and stage of commercialization......................................................................................... 168

• Table 70: Comparison of nanocellulose with steel and other materials............................................ 171

• Table 71: Market size for nanocellulose in construction and civil engineering................................ 172

• Table 72: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the construction, building protection and exterior coatings market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact.. 173

• Table 73: Demand for nanocellulose in the construction and building market, 2015-2017 (tons). 174

• Table 74: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the construction, building protection and architectural exterior coatings market..................................................... 175

• Table 75: Nanocellulose in polymer composites-Companies and products..................................... 175

• Table 76: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the paper and board markets............................. 180

• Table 77: Global packaging market, billions US$................................................................................. 183

• Table 78: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in paper and board........................... 184

• Table 79: Demand for nanocellulose in the paper and board market, 2015-2017 (tons).............. 186

• Table 80: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the paper and board market................... 186

• Table 81: Companies developing nanocellulose products in paper and board, applications targeted and stage of



commercialization........................................................................................................ 187

• Table 82: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials....................................................................................................................................... 192

• Table 83: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in textiles............................................ 195

• Table 84: Potential volume estimates (tons) and penetration of nanocellulose into textiles......... 196

• Table 85: Market assessment for nanocellulose in textiles................................................................. 196

• Table 86: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the textiles and apparel market............. 197

• Table 87: Companies developing nanocellulose products in textiles, applications targeted and stage of commercialization........................................................................................................................... 198

• Table 88: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the medical and healthcare markets................. 201

• Table 89: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in the drug formulation and delivery market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact.................. 205

• Table 90: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in medical implants and devices market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................... 206

• Table 91: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in the wound care market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact....................................................... 207

• Table 92: Demand for nanocellulose in the medical and healthcare market, 2015-2017 (tons).. 208

• Table 93: Nanocellulose product developers in medical and healthcare applications................... 209

• Table 94: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the coatings and paints markets........................ 215

• Table 95: Market assessment for nanocellulose in coatings and films............................................. 218

• Table 96: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in coatings and films................................................................................................................... 219

• Table 97: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in coatings and films........................ 220

• Table 98: Demand for nanocellulose in the paint and coatings market, 2015-2017 (tons)........... 221

• Table 99: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the coatings and films market................ 224

• Table 100: Companies developing nanocellulose products in paper coatings and non-packaging coating products, applications targeted and stage of commercialization................................... 225

• Table 101: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerogels market, 2015-2017 (tons).......................... 228



• Table 102: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the aerogels market........................................... 229

• Table 103: Nanocellulose product developers in aerogels................................................................. 230

• Table 104: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the oil market....................................................... 234

• Table 105: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in oil and gas................................................................................................................................ 237

• Table 106: Market assessment for nanocellulose in oil and gas....................................................... 238

• Table 107: Nanocellulose in the oil and gas market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................................................................... 238

• Table 108: Demand for nanocellulose in the oil and gas exploration market, 2015-2017 (tons). 239

• Table 109: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the oil and gas exploration market...... 240

• Table 110: Nanocellulose product developers in oil and gas exploration......................................... 240

• Table 111: Types of filtration.................................................................................................................... 242

• Table 112: CNF membranes.................................................................................................................... 244

• Table 113: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the filtration market............................................. 246

• Table 114: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in filtration..................................................................................................................................... 251

• Table 115: Market assessment for nanocellulose in filtration............................................................. 251

• Table 116: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in the filtration industry.................. 252

• Table 117: Demand for nanocellulose in the filtration market, 2015-2017 (tons)............................ 253

• Table 118: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the filtration market................................ 254

• Table 119: Companies developing NFC products in filtration, applications targeted and stage of commercialization................................................................................................................................ 255

• Table 120: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the rheology modifiers market.......................... 256

• Table 121: Commercial activity in nanocellulose rheology modifiers................................................ 258

• Table 122: Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper)......................... 261



• Table 123: Nanocellulose applications timeline in flexible electronics.............................................. 262

• Table 124: Properties of flexible electronics cellulose nanofiber films.............................................. 267

• Table 125: Global market for wearables, 2014-2021, units and US$............................................... 270

• Table 126: Application markets, competing materials, Nanocellulose advantages and current market size in electronics................................................................................................................... 273

• Table 127: Market assessment for nanocellulose in the flexible and printed electronics sector.. 274

• Table 128: Market opportunity assessment for Nanocellulose in flexible electronics..................... 274

• Table 129: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the printed and flexible electronics market................................................................................................................................................................. 276

• Table 130: Companies developing Nanocellulose products in paper electronics, applications targeted and stage of commercialization......................................................................................... 277

• Table 131: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in 3D printing................................................................................................................................ 279

• Table 132: Market assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing........................................................ 280

• Table 133: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing................................... 281

• Table 134: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the 3D printing market.................................................................................................................................................... 281

• Table 135: Companies developing nanocellulose 3D printing products,.......................................... 282

• Table 136: Nanocellulose producers and types of nanocellulose produced.................................... 284

• Table 137: Target market, by nanocellulose producer........................................................................ 285

FIGURES

• Figure 1: CNF wet powder.......................................................................................................................... 43

• Figure 2: Cellulose nanofiber transparent sheet..................................................................................... 47

• Figure 3: CNF transparent sheet............................................................................................................... 50

• Figure 4: Running shoes incorporating cellulose nanofibers................................................................ 51



• Figure 5: Ballpoint pen incorporating cellulose nanofibers.................................................................... 52

• Figure 6: Onkyo speakers, incorporating CNF........................................................................................ 53

• Figure 7: Daio Paper toilet wipes............................................................................................................... 54

• Figure 8: Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)............................................ 54

• Figure 9: Nanocellulose market, by type, 2015–2027 (Tons)............................................................... 56

• Figure 10: Nanocellulose market by region, 2017.................................................................................. 57

• Figure 11: Nanocellulose market by region, 2027.................................................................................. 57

• Figure 12: Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit............................................................. 65

• Figure 13: Scale of cellulose materials..................................................................................................... 66

• Figure 14: Types of nanocellulose............................................................................................................. 68

• Figure 15: Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses..................................................... 68

• Figure 16: TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.................................................................................... 74

• Figure 17: Main steps involved in the preparation of NCC.................................................................... 84

• Figure 18: Schematic of typical commercialization route for nanocellulose producer...................... 87

• Figure 19: Volume of industry demand for nanocellulose by nanocellulose producer sales, 2016. 91

• Figure 20: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for nanocellulose..................................................... 106

• Figure 21: Production volumes of nanocellulose 2017, by region..................................................... 109

• Figure 22: Nanocellulose patents by field of application, 2013......................................................... 118

• Figure 23: Demand for nanocellulose in the composites market, 2015-2027 (tons)...................... 132

• Figure 24: Example process for producing NFC packaging film........................................................ 137

• Figure 25: Demand for nanocellulose in the biopackaging market, 2015-2017 (tons)................... 146

• Figure 26: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerospace and aviaton market, 2015-2017 (tons).. 156

• Figure 27: Nanomaterials-based automotive components.................................................................. 161

• Figure 28: NFC composite........................................................................................................................ 163



• Figure 29: Demand for nanocellulose in the automotive market, 2015-2017 (tons)....................... 166

• Figure 30: Demand for nanocellulose in the construction and building market, 2015-2017 (tons). 174

• Figure 31: Paper and board global demand.......................................................................................... 184

• Figure 32: Demand for nanocellulose in the paper and board market, 2015-2017 (tons)............. 186

• Figure 33: Cellulose nanocrystals on fabric create iridescent structural colour............................... 194

• Figure 34: CNF deoderant products....................................................................................................... 195

• Figure 35: Demand for nanocellulose in the medical and healthcare market, 2015-2017 (tons). 208

• Figure 36: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market...................................... 217

• Figure 37: Demand for nanocellulose in the paints and coatings market, 2015-2017 (tons)........ 221

• Figure 38: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerogels market, 2015-2017 (tons)........................... 228

• Figure 39: Nanocellulose sponge developed by EMPA for potential applications in oil recovery. 235

• Figure 40: Demand for nanocellulose in the oil and gas exploration market, 2015-2017 (tons).. 239

• Figure 41: Nanocellulose virus filter paper............................................................................................. 250

• Figure 42: Demand for nanocellulose in the filtration market, 2015-2017 (tons)............................ 253

• Figure 43: Electronic components using NFC as insulating materials.............................................. 263

• Figure 44: Cellulose nanofiber films....................................................................................................... 264

• Figure 45: Nanocellulose photoluminescent paper.............................................................................. 265

• Figure 46: LEDs shining on circuitry imprinted on a 5x5cm sheet of CNF....................................... 267

• Figure 47: Foldable nanopaper.............................................................................................. .................. 268

• Figure 48: Foldable nanopaper antenna................................................................................................ 269

• Figure 49: Paper memory (ReRAM)....................................................................................................... 270

• Figure 50: Global market revenues for smart wearable devices 2014-2021, in US$..................... 271

• Figure 51: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart wearable devices 2014-2021 in US$, conservative estimate............................................................................................................... 272

• Figure 52: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart wearable devices 2014-2021 in US$, optimistic



estimate..................................................................................................................... 272

• Figure 53: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet............................................................................................... 291

• Figure 54: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric..................................... 292

• Figure 55: Nonwoven fabric made from CNF........................................................................................ 293

• Figure 56: Rheocrysta spray.................................................................................................................... 314

• Figure 57: Hydrophobization facilities for raw pulp............................................................................... 326

• Figure 58: Mixing facilities for CNF-reinforced plastic.......................................................................... 326

• Figure 59: Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers............................................................................... 327

• Figure 60: CNF transparent film.............................................................................................................. 330

• Figure 61: CNF wet powder..................................................................................................................... 331

• Figure 62: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF.................................................................... 353

• Figure 63: Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film.................. 357

• Figure 64: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:.................................. 366

• Figure 65: NCCTM Process..................................................................................................................... 367

• Figure 66: Plantrose process................................................................................................................... 373

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 32 · The Global Market for Nanocellulose 2018-2027 © Future Markets, Inc. All rights reserved. • 1.5 Global Nanocellulose market size