Table of Contents Chapter Preview 8.1 The Rock Cycle 8.2 The Relative Age of Rocks 8.3 Radioactive...
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Table of Contents Chapter Preview 8.1 The Rock Cycle 8.2 The Relative Age of Rocks 8.3 Radioactive Dating 8.4 Movement of Earth’s Plates 8.5 The Geological
Table of Contents Chapter Preview 8.1 The Rock Cycle 8.2 The
Relative Age of Rocks 8.3 Radioactive Dating 8.4 Movement of Earths
Plates 8.5 The Geological Time Scale
Slide 2
Chapter 8 Preview Questions 1. The laying down of sediment is
a. weathering. b. erosion. c. creep. d. deposition.
Slide 3
Chapter 8 Preview Questions 1. The laying down of sediment is
a. weathering. b. erosion. c. creep. d. deposition.
Slide 4
Chapter 8 Preview Questions 2. The movement of Earths
landmasses is called a. mass movement. b. continental drift. c.
deposition. d. Pangaea.
Slide 5
Chapter 8 Preview Questions 2. The movement of Earths
landmasses is called a. mass movement. b. continental drift. c.
deposition. d. Pangaea.
Slide 6
Chapter 8 Preview Questions 3. Evidence of Earths history can
be found in a. fossils. b. climate change. c. land features. d. all
of these.
Slide 7
Chapter 8 Preview Questions 3. Evidence of Earths history can
be found in a. fossils. b. climate change. c. land features. d. all
of these.
Slide 8
Chapter 8 Preview Questions 4. Which of the following is NOT a
process in the rock cycle? a. melting b. weathering c. continental
drift d. volcanic activity
Slide 9
Chapter 8 Preview Questions 4. Which of the following is NOT a
process in the rock cycle? a. melting b. weathering c. continental
drift d. volcanic activity
Slide 10
While hiking, you find a rock containing a small fossil. The
fossil looks like the shell of a present-day clam. When this
fossilized organism was alive, what kind of environment existed in
the area where you are hiking? Explain your answer. How does
evidence from rocks help scientists understand Earths history?
Slide 11
Use Clues to Determine Meaning The relative age of a rock is
its age compared to the ages of other rocks. You have probably used
the idea of relative age when comparing your age with someone elses
age, such as the age of an older brother or younger sister. The
relative age of a rock does not give the exact number in years
since the rock was formed. A similar example What relative age
means? What the term does not mean
Slide 12
Apply It! 1. In your own words, explain what relative age
means. Relative age is someone or somethings age compared to the
age of someone or something else. 2. What familiar example is
relative age compared to? It is compared to the age of an older
brother or younger sister.
Slide 13
Section 8.1: The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle What is
uniformitarianism? What is the rock cycle?
Slide 14
THE THREE TYPES OF ROCKS ROCKS = A MIXTURE OF MINERALS AND
OTHER MATERIALS. IGNEOUS ROCKS FORM WITHIN THE EARTH AS MOLTEN
MAGMA. SEDIMENTARY ROCK = FORM FROM THE WEATHERING AWAY OF OTHER
ROCKS. METAMORPHIC ROCK = ROCKS THAT FORM FROM SEDIMENTARY ROCK
AFTER HEAT, PRESSURE OR CHEMICALS CHANGE THEM.
Slide 15
IGNEOUS ROCKS IGNEOUS ROCKS FORM WITHIN THE EARTH AS MOLTEN
MAGMA.
Slide 16
SEDIMENTARY ROCK SEDIMENTARY ROCK = FORM FROM THE WEATHERING
AWAY OF OTHER ROCKS.
Slide 17
METAMORPHIC ROCK METAMORPHIC ROCK = ROCKS THAT FORM FROM
SEDIMENTARY ROCK AFTER HEAT, PRESSURE OR CHEMICALS CHANGE
THEM.
Slide 18
A Cycle of Many Pathways Forces deep inside Earth and at the
surface produce a slow cycle that builds, destroys, and changes the
rocks in the crust.
Slide 19
Rocks and the Rock Cycle Rocks change continuously through the
rock cycle.
Slide 20
Rocks and the Rock Cycle Rocks change continuously through the
rock cycle.
Slide 21
Rocks and the Rock Cycle Rocks change continuously through the
rock cycle.
Slide 22
Rocks and the Rock Cycle Rocks change continuously through the
rock cycle.
Slide 23
Rocks and the Rock Cycle Rocks change continuously through the
rock cycle.
Slide 24
Rocks and the Rock Cycle Rocks change continuously through the
rock cycle.
Slide 25
Section 8.2: The Relative Age of Rocks What is the law of
superposition? How do geologists determine the relative age of
rocks? How are index fossils useful to geologists?
Slide 26
The Position of Rock Layers GEOLOGISTS USE THE LAW OF
SUPERPOSITION TO HELP DETERMINE THE AGE OF ROCKS. THE LAW STATES
THAT ROCKS ON TOP OF OTHER ROCKS ARE YOUNGER. AND THAT THE OLDEST
ROCKS ARE FOUND ON THE BOTTOM.
Slide 27
Determining Relative Age To determine relative age, geologists
also study extrusions and intrusions of igneous rock, faults, and
gaps in the geologic record.
Slide 28
Determining Relative Age An unconformity occurs where erosion
wears away layers of sedimentary rock. Other rock layers then form
on top.
Slide 29
Determining Relative Age An unconformity occurs where erosion
wears away layers of sedimentary rock. Other rock layers then form
on top.
Slide 30
Determining Relative Age An unconformity occurs where erosion
wears away layers of sedimentary rock. Other rock layers then form
on top.
Slide 31
Determining Relative Age An unconformity occurs where erosion
wears away layers of sedimentary rock. Other rock layers then form
on top.
Slide 32
Using Fossils to Date Rocks Index fossils are useful because
they tell the relative ages of the rock layers in which they
occur.
Slide 33
FOSSILS MOST FOSSILS ARE FOUND IN SEDIMENTARY ROCK. FOSSILS
PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF HOW LIFE HAS CHANGED OVER TIME. SCIENTISTS WHO
STUDY FOSSILS ARE CALLED PALEONTOLOGISTS. THERE ARE VARIOUS KINDS
OF FOSSILS DEPENDING ON HOW THEY FORMED.
Slide 34
Section 8.3: Radioactive Dating What happens during radioactive
decay? What can be learned from radioactive dating? What is the
probably age of Earth?
Slide 35
Radioactive Decay WHEN THE ATOMS IN ONE ELEMENT ARE UNSTABLE
THEY LOSE PROTONS TO BECOME ANOTHER ELEMENT. GEOLOGISTS USE
RADIOACTIVE DECAY TO DETERMINE ABSOLUTE AGES OF ROCKS. THE RATE OF
RADIOACTIVE DECAY IS AN ELEMENTS HALF-LIFE.
Slide 36
Radioactive Decay. POTASSIUM-ARGON DATING = POTASSIUM-40 TURNS
INTO ARGON-40 IN RADIOACTIVE DECAY. THIS DATING METHOD IS USED ON
THE MOST ANCIENT ROCKS. CARBON 14 TURNS INTO NITROGEN-14 AND IS
VERY USEFUL FOR DATING PLANTS AND ANIMALS BECAUSE ALL PLANTS AND
ANIMALS HAVE CARBON 14 IN THEM.
Slide 37
Radioactive Decay The half-life of a radioactive element is the
amount of time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms to
decay.
Slide 38
Determining Absolute Ages Geologists use radioactive dating to
determine the absolute ages of rocks.
Slide 39
Percentages What percentage of a radioactive element will be
left after three half-lives? First multiply 1/2 three times to
determine what fraction of the element will remain. You can convert
this fraction to a percentage by setting up a proportion: To find
the value of d, begin by cross-multiplying, as for any proportion:
1 x 100 = 8 x d d = d = 12.5%
Slide 40
Percentages Practice Problem What percent of a radioactive
element will remain after five half-lives? 3.125%
Slide 41
Section 8.4: Movement of Earths Plates How does the theory of
plate tectonics explain the movement of Earths landmasses? How has
the movement of Earths plates affected organisms?
Slide 42
Continental Drift The theory of plate tectonics states that
Earths landmasses have changed position over time because they are
part of plates that are slowly moving.
Slide 43
Section 8.5: The Geological Time Scale Why is the geological
time scale used to show Earths history? What were early Precambrian
organisms like? What were the major events of the Paleozoic,
Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras?
Slide 44
The Precambrian Earth The Precambrian Era The earth forms from
dust and gas 4.6 billion years ago First Bacteria First animals to
use suns energy The Paleozoic Era (ancient life) Life explodes on
the scene Shelled animals form Jawless fish evolve Plants begin to
grow on land At the end, animals begin to invade land Mass
extinction (Pangaea)
Slide 45
The Mesozoic Era (middle ages) Animals that survived the
Paleozoic Era Mammals began to appear Dinosaurs began to dominate
(Jurassic) The first bird Archaeopteryx Flowers evolved
(Cretaceous) Another mass extinction wiped out the dinosaurs THE
Cenozoic Era The age of mammals Marine mammals Man evolves
(quaternary)
Slide 46
The Geologic Time Scale Because the time span of Earths past is
so great, geologists use the geologic time scale to show Earths
history.
Slide 47
Mass Extinctions The graph shows how the number of families of
animals in Earths oceans has changed.
Slide 48
Mass Extinctions The x-axis shows time in millions of years
before the present; the y-axis shows the number of families of
ocean animals. Reading Graphs: What variable is shown on the
x-axis? On the y-axis of the graph?
Slide 49
Mass Extinctions Slightly more than 50 million years ago
Interpreting Data: How long ago did the most recent mass extinction
occur?
Slide 50
Mass Extinctions The one that occurred about 230 million years
ago Interpreting Data: Which mass extinction produced the greatest
drop in the number of families of ocean animals?
Slide 51
Mass Extinctions The number of families of ocean animals
immediately dropped but then increased. Relating Cause and Effect:
In general, how did the number of families change between mass
extinctions?