TABLE OF CONTENTS MEASURING UNITS SYMBOLS AND ...s Handbook 27th/27_Meas_12.pdf2584 Temperature Conversion Table ... Cubic millimeter mm3 or cumm Inch in Cubic yard yd3 or cu yd Inch

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2539

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

2540 Greek Alphabet2540 Scientific and Engineering2542 Mathematical Signs and2543 Letter Symbols for Mechanics

MEASURING UNITS

2544 Metric Systems Of Measurement2544 SI Unit System2546 Prefixes for SI Units2546 Binary Multiples2546 SI Base Units2548 Standard of Length2548 U.S. Customary Unit System2548 Fundamental Constants

U.S. SYSTEM AND METRIC SYSTEM CONVERSIONS

2549 Units of Length2549 Linear Conversion Factors2550 Angular Conversion Factors2550 Feet and Inches to Inches2550 Inch to Feet and Yards2551 Inch Fractions to Decimal Feet2552 Feet to Inches2552 Inch ↔ Millimeter2553 Feet to Millimeter2554 Fractional Inch to Millimeters2556 Decimal Inch to Millimeters2558 Millimeters to Inches 2560 Microinches to Micrometers2561 Micrometers to Microinches2562 Feet ↔ Meters2562 Miles ↔ Kilometers2563 Units of Area2563 Conversion Factors2564 Square Inch ↔ Square Centimeter2564 Square Feet ↔ Square Meter2565 Square Yard ↔ Square Meter2565 Acre ↔ Hectare2566 Units of Volume2566 Conversion Factors2567 Cubic Inch ↔ Cubic Centimeter2568 Cubic Feet ↔ Cubic Meters2568 Cubic Feet ↔ Liters2569 U.K. Gallons ↔ Liters2569 U.S. Gallons ↔ Liters2570 U.S. Fluid Ounce ↔ Milliliters

U.S. SYSTEM AND METRIC

(Continued)SYSTEM CONVERSIONS

2570 Units of Volumetric Flow Rate2570 Pitot Tube2571 Units of Mass and Weight2571 Conversion Factors2571 Pound ↔ Kilogram2572 Ounce ↔ Gram2572 Density Conversion Factors2573 Pound/Cu Inch ↔ Gram/Cu Cm2573 Pound/Cu Inch ↔ Kg/Cu Meter2574 Units of Pressure and Stress2574 Conversion Factors2574 Pound/Sq Inch ↔ Kg/Sq Cm2575 Pound/Sq Foot ↔ Km/Sq Meter2575 Pound/Sq Inch ↔ Kilopscal2576 Conversion Factors Table2576 Units of Force2576 Conversion Factors2577 Pound ↔ Newton2577 Units of Moment and Torque2577 Conversion Factors2577 Pound-Inch ↔ Newton-Meter2578 Poundal2578 Units of Energy, Power, and Heat2578 Conversion Factor Tables2579 Btu ↔ Foot-pound2579 Btu ↔ Kilojoule2580 Horsepower ↔ Kilowatt2580 Foot-pound ↔ Joule2581 Power Conversion Factors2581 Energy and Work Conversion2582 Thermal Conductance Conversion2582 Conduction2582 Fuel Oil, Coal and Gas

Equivalents2583 Units of Temperature2583 Thermometer Scales2583 Conversion Formulas2583 Absolute Temperature and

Absolute Zero2583 Thermal Energy Units2584 Temperature Conversion Table2586 Units of Velocity and Acceleration2586 Velocity Conversion Factors2586 Acceleration Conversion Factors2586 Units of Viscosity2587 Units of Inertia and Momentum2587 Miscellaneous Measuring Units2587 Ohm’s Law

MEASURING UNITS

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

2540 MEASURING UNITS

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Greek Letters and Standard Abbreviations

The Greek letters are frequently used in mathematical expressions and formulas. TheGreek alphabet is given below.

A α Alpha H η Eta N ν Nu T τ TauB β Beta Θ ϑ θ Theta Ξ ξ Xi ϒ υ UpsilonΓ γ Gamma I ι Iota O o Omicron Φ φ Phi∆ δ Delta K κ Kappa Π π Pi X χ ChiE ε Epsilon Λ λ Lambda R ρ Rho Ψ ψ PsiZ ζ Zeta M µ Mu Σ σ ς Sigma Ω ω Omega

ANSI Abbreviations for Scientific and Engineering Terms ANSI Y1.1-1972, (R 1984)

Absolute abs Decibel dBAlternating current ac Degree deg or°Ampere amp Degree Centigrade °CAmpere-hour amp hr Degree Fahrenheit °FAngstrom unit A Degree Kelvin KAntilogarithm antilog Diameter diaArithmetical average aa Direct current dcAtmosphere atm Dozen dozAtomic weight at wt Dram drAvoirdupois avdp Efficiency effBarometer baro Electric elecBoard feet (feet board measure) fbm Electromotive force emfBoiler pressure bopress Elevation elBoiling point bp Engine engBrinell hardness number Bhn Engineer engrBritish thermal unit Btu or B Engineering engrgBushel bu Equation eqCalorie cal External extCandle cd Fluid flCenter to center c to c Foot ftCentimeter cm Foot-candle fcCentimeter-gram-second (system) cgs Foot-Lambert fL or flChemical chem Foot per minute fpmChemically pure cp Foot per second fpsCircular circ Foot-pound ft lbCircular mil cmil Foot-pound-second (system) fpsCoefficient coef Free on board fobCologarithm colog Freezing point fpConcentrate conc Frequency freqConductivity cndct Fusion point fnptConstant const Gallon galCord cd Gallon per minute gpmCosecant csc Gallon per second gpsCosine cos Grain grCost, insurance, and freight cif Gram gCotangent ctn Greatest common divisor gcdCounter electromotive force cemf High pressure hpCubic cu Horsepower hpCubic centimeter cm3 or cc Horsepower-hour hp hrCubic foot ft3 or cu ft Hour h or hrCubic feet per second ft3 or cfs Hyperbolic cosine coshCubic inch in3 or cu in Hyperbolic sine sinhCubic meter m3 or cu m Hyperbolic tangent tanhCubic millimeter mm3 or cumm Inch inCubic yard yd3 or cu yd Inch per second in/s or ipsCurrent density cd Inch-pound in lbCylinder cyl



STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS 2541

Only the most commonly used terms have been included. These forms are recommended for thosewhose familiarity with the terms used makes possible a maximum of abbreviations. For others, lesscontracted combinations made up from this list may be used. For example, the list gives the abbrevi-ation of the term “feet per second” as “fps.” To some, however, ft per sec will be more easily under-stood.

Abbreviations should be used sparingly and only where their meaning will be clear. Ifthere is any doubt, then spell out the term or unit of measurement.

The following points are good practice when preparing engineering documentation.Terms denoting units of measurement should be abbreviated in text only when preceded bythe amounts indicated in numerals: “several inches,” “one inch,” “12 in.” A sentenceshould not begin with a numeral followed by an abbreviation. The use of conventionalsigns for abbreviations in text should be avoided: use “lb,” not “#” or “in,” not ″.

Symbols for the chemical elements are listed in the table on page 398.

Indicated horsepower-hour iph Pound-force foot lbf · ft or lb ftIntermediate pressure ip Pound-force inch lbf · in or lb inInternal intl pound-force per square foot lbf/ft2 or psfKilovolt-ampere/hour KVA-h or kVah pound-force per square inch lbf/in2 or psiKilowatt-hour meter kwhm pound per horsepower lb/hp or phpLatitude lat Power factor pfLeast common multiple lcm Quart qtLiquid liq Reactive volt-ampere meter rvaLogarithm (common) log Revolution per minute r/min or rpmLogarithm (natural) ln Revolution per second r/s or rpsLow pressure lp Root mean square rmsLumen per watt lm/W or lpw Round rndMagnetomotive force mmf Secant secMathematics (ical) math Second s or secMaximum max Sine sinMean effective pressure mep Specific gravity sp grMelting point mp Specific heat sp htMeter m Square sqMeter-kilogram-second mks Square centimeter cm2 or sq cmMicrofarad µF Square foot ft2 or sq ftMile mi Square inch in2 or sq inMile per hour mi/h or mph Square kilometer km2 or sq kmMilliampere m/A Square root of mean square rmsMinimum min Standard stdMolecular weight mol wt Tangent tanMolecule mo Temperature tempNational Electrical Code NEC Tensile strength tsOunce oz Versed sine versOunce-inch oz in Volt VPennyweight dwt Watt WPint pt Watthour WhPotential pot Week wkPotential difference pd Weight wtPound lb Yard yd

Alternative abbreviations conforming to the practice of the International Electrotechnical Commission.

Ampere A Kilovolt-ampere kVA Microfarad µF Milliampere mAAmpere-hour Ah Kilowatt kW Microwatt µW Volt VCoulomb C Milliampere mA Volt-ampere VAFarad F Kilowatthour kWh Millifarad mF Volt-coulomb VCHenry H Megawatt MW Millihenry mH Watt WJoule J Megohm Mω Millivolt mV Watthour WhKilovolt kV Microampere µA Ohm ω Volt VA

ANSI Abbreviations for Scientific and Engineering Terms (Continued) ANSI Y1.1-1972, (R 1984)



2542 MATHEMATICAL SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Mathematical Signs and Commonly Used Abbreviations+ Plus (sign of addition) π Pi (3.1416)

+ Positive Σ Sigma (sign of summation)

− Minus (sign of subtraction) ω Omega (angles measured in radians)

− Negative g Acceleration due to gravity (32.16 ft/s2 or 9.81 m/s2)

± () Plus or minus (minus or plus) i (or j) Imaginary quantity

× Multiplied by (multiplication sign) sin Sine

· Multiplied by (multiplication sign) cos Cosine

÷ Divided by (division sign) tan Tangent

/ Divided by (division sign) cot Cotangent

: Is to (in proportion) sec Secant

= Equals csc Cosecant

≠ Is not equal to vers Versed sine

≡ Is identical to covers Coversed sine

≅ or ≈ Approximately equalssin−1 a

arcsin a or asin a

Arc the sine of which is a

> Greater than (sin a)−1 Reciprocal of sin a (1 ÷ sin a)

< Less than sinn x nth power of sin x

≥ Greater than or equal to sinh x Hyperbolic sine of x

≤ Less than or equal to cosh x Hyperbolic cosine of x

→ Approaches as a limit ∆ Delta (increment of)

Varies directly as δ Delta (variation of)

∴ Therefore d Differential (in calculus)

:: Equals (in proportion) ∂ Partial differentiation (in calculus)

Square root ∫ Integral (in calculus)

Cube root Integral between the limits a and b

4th root ! 5! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 (Factorial)

nth root ∠ Angle

a2 a squared (2nd power of a) Right angle

a3 a cubed (3rd power of a) ⊥ Perpendicular to

a4 4th power of a Triangle

an nth power of a Circle

a−n 1 ÷ an Parallelogram

Reciprocal value of n ° Degree (circular arc or temperature)

log Logarithm ′ Minutes or feet

loge Natural or Napierian logarithm ″ Seconds or inches

ln Natural or Napierian logarithm a ′ a prime

e Base of natural logarithms (2.71828) a″ a double prime

lim Limit value (of an expression) a1 a sub one

∞ Infinity a2 a sub two

α Alpha

commonly used to denote angles

an a sub n

β Beta ( ) Parentheses

γ Gamma [ ] Brackets

θ Theta Braces

φ Phi Absolute value of K, size of K irrespective of signµ Mu (coefficient of friction)

1–( )

3 ba∫

4

n

1n---

K



MATHEMATICAL SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS 2543

Letter Symbols for Mechanics and Time-Related Phenomena ANSI/ASME Y10.3M-1984

Acceleration, angular α (alpha) Height hAcceleration, due to gravity g Inertia, moment of I or JAcceleration, linear a Inertia, polar (area) moment ofa J

Amplitudea

a Not specified in Standard

A Inertia, product (area) moment ofa

Ixy

Angle

α (alpha)β (beta)γ (gamma)θ (theta)φ (phi)ψ (psi)

Length L or lLoad per unit distancea q or wLoad, totala P or WMass mMoment of force, including

bending moment M

Neutral axis, distance to extreme fiber froma c

Angle, solid Ω (omega) Period T

Angular frequency ω (omega) Poisson's ratio µ (mu) or ν (nu)

Angular momentum L Power P

Angular velocity ω (omega) Pressure, normal force per unit area p

Arc length s Radius rArea A Revolutions per unit of time n

Axes, through any pointaX-X, Y-Y, or Z-Z

Second moment of area (second axial moment of area)

Ia

Bulk modulus K Second polar moment of area IP or JBreadth (width) b Section modulus ZCoefficient of expansion, lineara α (alpha) Shear force in beam sectiona V

Coefficient of friction µ (mu) Spring constant (load per unit deflection)a k

Concentrated load (same as force) F Statical moment of any area

about a given axisa Q

Deflection of beam, maxa δ (delta) Strain, normal ε (epsilon)Density ρ (rho) Strain, shear γ (gamma)

Depth d, δ (delta), or t Stress, concentration factora K

Diameter D or d Stress, normal σ (sigma)Displacementa u, v, w Stress, shear τ (tau)Distance, lineara s Temperature, absoluteb

b Specified in ANSI Y10.4-1982 (R1988)

T, or θ (theta)Eccentricity of application of

loada e Temperatureb t, or θ (theta)

Efficiencya η (eta) Thickness d, δ (delta), or tElasticity, modulus of E Time tElasticity, modulus of, in shear G Torque TElongation, totala δ (delta) Velocity, linear vEnergy, kinetic Ek, K, T Volume V

Energy, potential EP, V, or Φ (phi)

Wavelength λ (lambda)

Factor of safetya N, or n Weight WForce or load, concentrated F Weight per unit volume γ (gamma)Frequency f Work WGyration, radius ofa k



2544 METRIC SYSTEMS

MEASURING UNITS

Metric Systems Of Measurement

A metric system of measurement was first established in France in the years followingthe French Revolution, and various systems of metric units have been developed since thattime. All metric unit systems are based, at least in part, on the International Metric Stan-dards, which are the meter and kilogram, or decimal multiples or submultiples of thesestandards.

In 1795, a metric system called the centimeter-gram-second (cgs) system was proposed,and was adopted in France in 1799. In 1873, the British Association for the Advancementof Science recommended the use of the cgs system, and since then it has been widely usedin all branches of science throughout the world. From the base units in the cgs system arederived the following:

Unit of velocity = 1 centimeter per secondAcceleration due to gravity (at Paris) = 981 centimeters per second per second

Unit of force = 1 dyne = 1⁄981 gram

Unit of work = 1 erg = 1 dyne-centimeterUnit of power = 1 watt = 10,000,000 ergs per second

Another metric system called the MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system of units wasproposed by Professor G. Giorgi in 1902. In 1935, the International Electro-technicalCommission (IEC) accepted his recommendation that this system of units of mechanicsshould be linked with the electromagnetic units by the adoption of a fourth base unit. In1950, the IEC adopted the ampere, the unit of electric current, as the fourth unit, and theMKSA system thus came into being.

A gravitational system of metric units, known as the technical system, is based on themeter, the kilogram as a force, and the second. It has been widely used in engineering.Because the standard of force is defined as the weight of the mass of the standard kilogram,the fundamental unit of force varies due to the difference in gravitational pull at differentlocations around the earth. By international agreement, a standard value for accelerationdue to gravity was chosen (9.81 meters per second squared) that for all practical measure-ments is approximately the same as the local value at the point of measurement.

The International System of Units (SI).—The Conference Generale des Poids etMesures (CGPM), which is the body responsible for all international matters concerningthe metric system, adopted in 1954, a rationalized and coherent system of units, based onthe four MKSA units (see above), and including the kelvin as the unit of temperature andthe candela as the unit of luminous intensity. In 1960, the CGPM formally named this sys-tem the Système International d'Unites, for which the abbreviation is SI in all languages. In1971, the 14th CGPM adopted a seventh base unit, the mole, which is the unit of quantity(“amount of substance”).

In the period since the first metric system was established in France toward the end of the18th century, most of the countries of the world have adopted a metric system. At thepresent time, most of the industrially advanced metric-using countries are changing fromtheir traditional metric system to SI. Those countries that are currently changing or consid-ering change from the English system of measurement to metric have the advantage thatthey can convert directly to the modernized system. The United Kingdom, which can besaid to have led the now worldwide move to change from the English system, went straightto SI.

The use of SI units instead of the traditional metric units has little effect on everyday lifeor trade. The units of linear measurement, mass, volume, and time remain the same, viz.meter, kilogram, liter, and second.



SI METRIC UNITS 2545

The SI, like the traditional metric system, is based on decimal arithmetic. For each phys-ical quantity, units of different sizes are formed by multiplying or dividing a single basevalue by powers of 10. Thus, changes can be made very simply by adding zeros or shiftingdecimal points. For example, the meter is the basic unit of length; the kilometer is a multi-ple (1000 meters); and the millimeter is a sub-multiple (one-thousandth of a meter).

In the older metric systems, the simplicity of a series of units linked by powers of ten is anadvantage for plain quantities such as length, but this simplicity is lost as soon as morecomplex units are encountered. For example, in different branches of science and engi-neering, energy may appear as the erg, the calorie, the kilogram-meter, the liter-atmo-sphere, or the horsepower-hour. In contrast, the SI provides only one basic unit for eachphysical quantity, and universality is thus achieved.

As mentioned before, there are seven base units, which are for the basic quantities oflength, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance,and luminous intensity, expressed as the meter (m), the kilogram (kg), the second (s), theampere (A), the kelvin (K), the mole (mol), and the candela (cd). The units are defined inthe accompanying Table 1.

The SI is a coherent system. A system is said to be coherent if the product or quotient ofany two unit quantities in the system is the unit of the resultant quantity. For example, in acoherent system in which the foot is the unit of length, the square foot is the unit of area,whereas the acre is not.

Other physical quantities are derived from the base units. For example, the unit of veloc-ity is the meter per second (m/s), which is a combination of the base units of length andtime. The unit of acceleration is the meter per second squared (m/s2). By applying New-ton's second law of motion—force is proportional to mass multiplied by acceleration—theunit of force is obtained that is the kilogram-meter per second squared (kg-m/s2). This unitis known as the newton, or N. Work, or force times distance is the kilogram-meter squaredper second squared (kg-m2/s2), which is the joule (1 joule = 1 newton-meter), and energy isalso expressed in these terms. The abbreviation for joule is J. Power or work per unit timeis the kilogram-meter squared per second cubed (kg-m2/s3), which is the watt (1 watt = 1joule per second = 1 newton-meter per second). The abbreviation for watt is W. The termhorsepower is not used in the SI and is replaced by the watt, which together with multiplesand submultiples—kilowatt and milliwatt, for example—is the same unit as that used inelectrical work.

The use of the newton as the unit of force is of particular interest to engineers. In practicalwork using the English or traditional metric systems of measurements, it is a commonpractice to apply weight units as force units. Thus, the unit of force in those systems is thatforce that when applied to unit mass produces an acceleration g rather than unit accelera-tion. The value of gravitational acceleration g varies around the earth, and thus the weightof a given mass also varies. In an effort to account for this minor error, the kilogram-forceand pound-force were introduced, which are defined as the forces due to “standard grav-ity” acting on bodies of one kilogram or one pound mass, respectively. The standard grav-itational acceleration is taken as 9.80665 meters per second squared or 32.174 feet persecond squared. The newton is defined as “that force, which when applied to a body havinga mass of one kilogram, gives it an acceleration of one meter per second squared.” It isindependent of g. As a result, the factor g disappears from a wide range of formulas indynamics. However, in some formulas in statics, where the weight of a body is importantrather than its mass, g does appear where it was formerly absent (the weight of a mass of Wkilograms is equal to a force of Wg newtons, where g = approximately 9.81 meters per sec-ond squared). Details concerning the use of SI units in mechanics calculations are given onpage 142 and throughout the Mechanics section in this Handbook. The use of SI units instrength of materials calculations is covered in the section on that subject.



2546 SI METRIC UNITS

Decimal multiples and sub-multiples of the SI units are formed by means of the prefixesgiven in the following table, which represent the numerical factors shown.

Factors and Prefixes for Forming Decimal Multiples of SI Units

For more information on SI practice, the reader is referred to the following publications:Metric Practice Guide, published by the American Society for Testing and Materials,

1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.ISO International Standard 1000. This publication covers the rules for use of SI units,

their multiples and sub-multiples. It can be obtained from the American National Stan-dards Institute 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036.

The International System of Units, Special Publication 330 of the National Bureau ofStandards—available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print-ing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

Binary Multiples.—The International Electrotechnical Commission has assigned the fol-lowing prefixes to represent exponential binary multiples. This avoids confusion withstandard SI decimal prefixes when representing powers of 2, as in bits and bytes.

Example 1:2 Ki = 2 × 210 = 2 × 1,024 = 2,048. This does not equal 2 K = 2 × 103 = 2,000.

Example 2:1 mebibyte = 1 × 220 = 1,048,576 bytes. Again this does not equal 1 megabyte= 1 × 106 = 1,000,000 bytes, a value that is often confused with 1,048,576 bytes.

Factor by which theunit is multiplied Prefix Symbol

Factor by which theunit is multiplied Prefix Symbol

1012 tera T 10−2 centi c109 giga G 10−3 milli m106 mega M 10−6 micro µ

103 kilo k 10−9 nano n102 hecto h 10−12 pico p10 deka da 10−15 femto f10−1 deci d 10−18 atto a

Symbol Name Binary Power Symbol Name Binary Power Symbol Name Binary Power

Ki kibi 210 Gi gibi 230 Pi pebi 250

Mi mebi 220 Ti tebi 240 Ei exbi 260

Table 1. International System (SI) UnitsPhysicalQuantity

Name ofUnit

UnitSymbol Definition

Basic SI Units

Length meter m Distance traveled by light in vacuo during 1/299,792,458 of a second.

Mass kilogram kgMass of the international prototype which is in the custody of the

Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) at Sèvres, near Paris.

Time second sThe duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to

the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.

ElectricCurrent ampere A

The constant current which, if maintained in two parallel rectilinear conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed at a distance of one meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 × 10−7 N/m length.

ThermodynamicTemperature

degreekelvin K The fraction 1 ⁄273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple

point of water.Amount ofSubstance mole mol The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elemen-

tary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12.

LuminousIntensity candela cd

Luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction, of a surface of 1 ⁄600,000 square meter of a black body at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of 101,325 newtons per square meter.



SI METRIC UNITS 2547

Table 2. International System (SI) Units with Complex Names

SI Units Having Special Names

Force newtonN =

kg·m/s2That force which, when applied to a body having a mass of one kilo-

gram, gives it an acceleration of one meter per second squared.

Work,Energy,Quantityof Heat

joule J = N·m The work done when the point of application of a force of one newton is displaced through a distance of one meter in the direction of the force.

ElectricCharge coulomb C = A·s The quantity of electricity transported in one second by a current of one

ampere.

ElectricPotential volt V = W/A

The difference of potential between two points of a conducting wire carrying a constant current of one ampere, when the power dissipated between these points is equal to one watt.

ElectricCapacitance farad F = C/V

The capacitance of a capacitor between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of one volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to one coulomb.

ElectricResistance ohm Ω = V/A

The resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant dif-ference of potential of one volt, applied between these two points, pro-duces in this conductor a current of one ampere, this conductor not being the source of any electromotive force.

MagneticFlux weber Wb = V·s

The flux which, linking a circuit of one turn produces in it an electro-motive force of one volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in one second.

Inductance henry H = V·s/AThe inductance of a closed circuit in which an electromotive force of

one volt is produced when the electric current in the circuit varies uni-formly at the rate of one ampere per second.

LuminousFlux lumen 1m = cd·sr The flux emitted within a unit solid angle of one steradian by a point

source having a uniform intensity of one candela.

Illumination lux lx = lm/m2 An illumination of one lumen per square meter.

Physical Quantity SI Unit Unit Symbol

SI Units Having Complex Names

Area square meter m2

Volume cubic meter m3

Frequency hertza

a Hz = cycle/second

HzDensity (Mass Density) kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3

Velocity meter per second m/sAngular Velocity radian per second rad/sAcceleration meter per second squared m/s2

Angular Acceleration radian per second squared rad/s2

Pressure pascalb

b Pa = newton/meter2

PaSurface Tension newton per meter N/mDynamic Viscosity newton second per meter squared N s/m2

Kinematic Viscosity meter squared per second m2/s

Diffusion CoefficientThermal Conductivity watt per meter degree Kelvin W/(m °K)Electric Field Strength volt per meter V/mMagnetic Flux Density teslac

c T = weber/meter2

TMagnetic Field Strength ampere per meter A/mLuminance candela per square meter cd/m2

Table 1. (Continued) International System (SI) UnitsPhysicalQuantity

Name ofUnit

UnitSymbol Definition



2548 U.S. CUSTOMARY UNIT SYSTEM

Standard of Length.—In 1866 the United States, by act of Congress, passed a law mak-ing legal the meter, the only measure of length that has been legalized by the United StatesGovernment. The United States yard is defined by the relation: 1 yard = 3600⁄3937 meter. Thelegal equivalent of the meter for commercial purposes was fixed as 39.37 inches, by law, inJuly, 1866, and experience having shown that this value was exact within the error ofobservation, the United States Office of Standard Weights and Measures was, in 1893,authorized to derive the yard from the meter by the use of this relation. The United Statesprototype meters Nos. 27 and 21 were received from the International Bureau of Weightsand Measures in 1889. Meter No. 27, sealed in its metal case, is preserved in a fireproofvault at the Bureau of Standards.

Comparisons made prior to 1893 indicated that the relation of the yard to the meter, fixedby the Act of 1866, was by chance the exact relation between the international meter andthe British imperial yard, within the error of observation. A subsequent comparison madebetween the standards just mentioned indicates that the legal relation adopted by Congressis in error 0.0001 inch; but, in view of the fact that certain comparisons made by the EnglishStandards Office between the imperial yard and its authentic copies show variations asgreat if not greater than this, it cannot be said with certainty that there is a differencebetween the imperial yard of Great Britain and the United States yard derived from themeter. The bronze yard No. 11, which was an exact copy of the British imperial yard bothin form and material, had shown changes when compared with the imperial yard in 1876and 1888, which could not reasonably be said to be entirely due to changes in Bronze No.11. On the other hand, the new meters represented the most advanced ideas of standards,and it therefore seemed that greater stability as well as higher accuracy would be securedby accepting the international meter as a fundamental standard of length.

U.S. Customary Unit System

The USCS is originated from the foot-pound-second unit system or English unit system.The USCS system and English unit system are same for the measures of length and mass,but it varies for the measure of capacity. The U.S. gallon is defined as 231 cubic inches andbushel as 2,150.42 cubic inches where as the corresponding English units are 277.42 cubicinches and 2,219.36 cubic inches.

Fundamental Constants

Name Symbol USCS units SI units

Avogadro’s number NA 6.022 × 1023 mol−1

Boltzman constant k 5.65 × 10−24 ft·lbf/°R 1.38065 × 10−23 J/°KFaraday Constant F 96487 C/mol

Gravitational constant g 32.174 lbm-ft/lbf-sec2 9.80667 m/sec2

Gravitational constant G 5.65 × 10−24 ft·lbf/°R 6.672 × 10−11 N.m2/kg2

Specific gas constant R 53.3 ft·lbf/lbm·°R 287 J/kg°K

Universal gas constant R 1545 ft·lbf/lbmol·°R 8314 J/kmol.°K

Volume (molal ideal gas) V 359 ft3/lbmol 22.41 m3/kmol

Pressure, atmospheric P 14.696 lbf/in2 101330 Pa (n/m2)Temperature, standard T 32°F 0°C

Density

Air at 32°F (0°C) 0.0805 lbm/ft3 1.29 kg/m3

Air at 70°F (20°C), 1 atm 0.0749 lbm/ft3 1.20 kg/m3

Sea water 64 lbm/ft3 1025 kg/m3

Fresh water 62.4 lbm/ft3 1000 kg/m3

Mercury 849 lbm/ft3 13600 kg/m3

Earth 345 lbm/ft3 5520 kg/m3



US AND METRIC SYSTEM CONVERSION TABLES 2549

U.S. SYSTEM AND METRIC SYSTEM CONVERSIONS

Units of Length

Table 1. Linear Measure Conversion Factors

Metric US Customary

1 kilometer (km) =1000 meters100,000 centimeters1,000,000 millimeters0.539956 nautical mile0.621371 mile1093.61 yards3280.83 feet39,370.08 inches

1 meter (m) =10 decimeters100 centimeters1000 millimeters1.09361 yards3.28084 feet39.37008 inches

1 decimeter (dm) = 10 centimeters1 centimeter (cm) =

0.01 meter10 millimeters0.0328 foot0.3937 inch

1 millimeter (mm) =0.001 meter0.1 centimeter1000 micron0.03937 inch

1 micrometer or micron (µm) =0.000001 meter = one millionth meter0.0001 centimeter0.001 millimeter0.00003937 inch39.37 micro-inches

1 mile (mi) =0.868976 nautical mile1760 yards5280 feet63,360 inches1.609344 kilometers1609.344 meters160,934.4 centimeters1,609,344 millimeters

1 yard (yd) =3 feet36 inches0.9144 meter91.44 centimeter914.4 millimeter

1 foot (international) (ft) =12 inches = 1⁄3 yard0.3048 meter30.48 centimeter304.8 millimeters

1 survey foot =1.000002 international feet12⁄39.37 = 0.3048006096012 meter

1 inch (in) =1000 mils1,000,000 micro-inch2.54 centimeters25.4 millimeters25,400 microns

1 mil =0.001 inch1000 micro-inches0.0254 millimeters

1 micro-inch (µin) =0.000001 inch = one millionth inch0.0254 micrometer (micron)

Note: Figures in Bold indicate exact conversion values

Surveyors Measure Nautical Measure

1 mile = 8 furlongs = 80 chains1 furlong = 10 chains = 220 yards1 chain =

4 rods = 22 yards = 66 feet = 100 links1 rod =

5.5 yards = 16.5 feet = 25 links5.0292 meter

1 link = 7.92 inches1 span = 9 inches1 hand = 4 inches

1 league = 3 nautical miles1 nautical mile =

1.1508 statute miles6076.11549 feet1.8516 kilometers

1 fathom = 2 yards = 6 feet1 knot = nautical unit of speed =

1 nautical mile per hour1.1508 statute miles per hour1.8516 kilometers per hour



2550 LINEAR MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Table 3. Feet and Inches to Inches Conversion

Example: A tape measure reads 17 feet 8 inches. How many inches is this? Solution: Read downthe first column of Table 3 to find 10 ft 0 inch = 120 inches. Next, find the intersection of the 7 ft rowand the 8 inch column to get 92 inches. Add both results to get 120 inches + 92 inches = 212 inches.

Table 4. Inches to Feet and Yards Conversion

One degree at the equator =60 nautical miles69.047 statute miles111.098 kilometers

One minute at the equator =1 nautical mile1.1508 statute miles1.8516 kilometers

360 degrees at the equator =circumference at equator21,600 nautical miles 24,856.8 statute miles39,995.4 kilometers

Table 2. Circular and Angular Measure Conversion Factors

circumference of circle =360 degrees = 2π radian = 6.283185 radian

1 quadrant = 90 degrees = π/2 radian = 1.570796 radian

1 radian = 57.2957795 degrees

1 degree (°) = 60 minutes = 3600 seconds = π/180 radian = 0.017453 radian

1 minute ( ′) = 60 seconds = 0.016667 degrees = 0.000291 radian

π = 3.141592654

Inches → 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Feet ↓ Inches

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 232 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 353 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 474 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 595 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 716 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 837 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 958 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 1079 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119

10 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 13120 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 25130 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 37140 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 49150 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 61160 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 73170 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 85180 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 97190 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091

100 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211

inch feet yard inch feet yard inch feet yard inch feet yard inch feet yard100 8.3333 2.7778 10 0.8333 0.2778 1 0.0833 0.0278 0.1 0.0083 0.0028 0.01 0.0008 0.0003200 16.6667 5.5556 20 1.6667 0.5556 2 0.1667 0.0556 0.2 0.0167 0.0056 0.02 0.0017 0.0006300 25 8.3333 30 2.5 0.8333 3 0.25 0.0833 0.3 0.025 0.0083 0.03 0.0025 0.0008400 33.3333 11.1111 40 3.3333 1.1111 4 0.3333 0.1111 0.4 0.0333 0.0111 0.04 0.0033 0.0011500 41.6667 13.8889 50 4.1667 1.3889 5 0.4167 0.1389 0.5 0.0417 0.0139 0.05 0.0042 0.0014600 50 16.6667 60 5 1.6667 6 0.5 0.1667 0.6 0.05 0.0167 0.06 0.005 0.0017700 58.3333 19.4444 70 5.8333 1.9444 7 0.5833 0.1944 0.7 0.0583 0.0194 0.07 0.0058 0.0019800 66.6667 22.2222 80 6.6667 2.2222 8 0.6667 0.2222 0.8 0.0667 0.0222 0.08 0.0067 0.0022900 75 25.0000 90 7.5 2.5000 9 0.75 0.2500 0.9 0.075 0.0250 0.09 0.0075 0.0025

1000 83.3333 27.7778 100 8.3333 2.7778 10 0.8333 0.2778 1 0.0833 0.0278 0.1 0.0083 0.0028

Table 1. (Continued) Linear Measure Conversion Factors



LINEAR MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS 2551

Table 5. Fractional Inches to Decimal Feet for 0 to 1 Foot→

Inches↓

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Feet

0 0.0000 0.0833 0.1667 0.2500 0.3333 0.4167 0.5000 0.5833 0.6667 0.7500 0.8333 0.9167 1/64 0.0013 0.0846 0.1680 0.2513 0.3346 0.4180 0.5013 0.5846 0.6680 0.7513 0.8346 0.9180 1/32 0.0026 0.0859 0.1693 0.2526 0.3359 0.4193 0.5026 0.5859 0.6693 0.7526 0.8359 0.9193 3/64 0.0039 0.0872 0.1706 0.2539 0.3372 0.4206 0.5039 0.5872 0.6706 0.7539 0.8372 0.9206 1/16 0.0052 0.0885 0.1719 0.2552 0.3385 0.4219 0.5052 0.5885 0.6719 0.7552 0.8385 0.9219 5/64 0.0065 0.0898 0.1732 0.2565 0.3398 0.4232 0.5065 0.5898 0.6732 0.7565 0.8398 0.9232 3/32 0.0078 0.0911 0.1745 0.2578 0.3411 0.4245 0.5078 0.5911 0.6745 0.7578 0.8411 0.9245 7/64 0.0091 0.0924 0.1758 0.2591 0.3424 0.4258 0.5091 0.5924 0.6758 0.7591 0.8424 0.9258 1/8 0.0104 0.0938 0.1771 0.2604 0.3438 0.4271 0.5104 0.5938 0.6771 0.7604 0.8438 0.9271 9/64 0.0117 0.0951 0.1784 0.2617 0.3451 0.4284 0.5117 0.5951 0.6784 0.7617 0.8451 0.9284 5/32 0.0130 0.0964 0.1797 0.2630 0.3464 0.4297 0.5130 0.5964 0.6797 0.7630 0.8464 0.9297 11/64 0.0143 0.0977 0.1810 0.2643 0.3477 0.4310 0.5143 0.5977 0.6810 0.7643 0.8477 0.9310 3/16 0.0156 0.0990 0.1823 0.2656 0.3490 0.4323 0.5156 0.5990 0.6823 0.7656 0.8490 0.9323 13/64 0.0169 0.1003 0.1836 0.2669 0.3503 0.4336 0.5169 0.6003 0.6836 0.7669 0.8503 0.9336 7/32 0.0182 0.1016 0.1849 0.2682 0.3516 0.4349 0.5182 0.6016 0.6849 0.7682 0.8516 0.9349 15/64 0.0195 0.1029 0.1862 0.2695 0.3529 0.4362 0.5195 0.6029 0.6862 0.7695 0.8529 0.9362 1/4 0.0208 0.1042 0.1875 0.2708 0.3542 0.4375 0.5208 0.6042 0.6875 0.7708 0.8542 0.9375

17/64 0.0221 0.1055 0.1888 0.2721 0.3555 0.4388 0.5221 0.6055 0.6888 0.7721 0.8555 0.9388 9/32 0.0234 0.1068 0.1901 0.2734 0.3568 0.4401 0.5234 0.6068 0.6901 0.7734 0.8568 0.9401 19/64 0.0247 0.1081 0.1914 0.2747 0.3581 0.4414 0.5247 0.6081 0.6914 0.7747 0.8581 0.9414 5/16 0.0260 0.1094 0.1927 0.2760 0.3594 0.4427 0.5260 0.6094 0.6927 0.7760 0.8594 0.9427 21/64 0.0273 0.1107 0.1940 0.2773 0.3607 0.4440 0.5273 0.6107 0.6940 0.7773 0.8607 0.9440 11/32 0.0286 0.1120 0.1953 0.2786 0.3620 0.4453 0.5286 0.6120 0.6953 0.7786 0.8620 0.9453 23/64 0.0299 0.1133 0.1966 0.2799 0.3633 0.4466 0.5299 0.6133 0.6966 0.7799 0.8633 0.9466 3/8 0.0313 0.1146 0.1979 0.2813 0.3646 0.4479 0.5313 0.6146 0.6979 0.7813 0.8646 0.9479

25/64 0.0326 0.1159 0.1992 0.2826 0.3659 0.4492 0.5326 0.6159 0.6992 0.7826 0.8659 0.9492 13/32 0.0339 0.1172 0.2005 0.2839 0.3672 0.4505 0.5339 0.6172 0.7005 0.7839 0.8672 0.9505 27/64 0.0352 0.1185 0.2018 0.2852 0.3685 0.4518 0.5352 0.6185 0.7018 0.7852 0.8685 0.9518 7/16 0.0365 0.1198 0.2031 0.2865 0.3698 0.4531 0.5365 0.6198 0.7031 0.7865 0.8698 0.9531 29/64 0.0378 0.1211 0.2044 0.2878 0.3711 0.4544 0.5378 0.6211 0.7044 0.7878 0.8711 0.9544 15/32 0.0391 0.1224 0.2057 0.2891 0.3724 0.4557 0.5391 0.6224 0.7057 0.7891 0.8724 0.9557 31/64 0.0404 0.1237 0.2070 0.2904 0.3737 0.4570 0.5404 0.6237 0.7070 0.7904 0.8737 0.9570 1/2 0.0417 0.1250 0.2083 0.2917 0.3750 0.4583 0.5417 0.6250 0.7083 0.7917 0.8750 0.9583

33/64 0.0430 0.1263 0.2096 0.2930 0.3763 0.4596 0.5430 0.6263 0.7096 0.7930 0.8763 0.9596 17/32 0.0443 0.1276 0.2109 0.2943 0.3776 0.4609 0.5443 0.6276 0.7109 0.7943 0.8776 0.9609 35/64 0.0456 0.1289 0.2122 0.2956 0.3789 0.4622 0.5456 0.6289 0.7122 0.7956 0.8789 0.9622 9/16 0.0469 0.1302 0.2135 0.2969 0.3802 0.4635 0.5469 0.6302 0.7135 0.7969 0.8802 0.9635 37/64 0.0482 0.1315 0.2148 0.2982 0.3815 0.4648 0.5482 0.6315 0.7148 0.7982 0.8815 0.9648 19/32 0.0495 0.1328 0.2161 0.2995 0.3828 0.4661 0.5495 0.6328 0.7161 0.7995 0.8828 0.9661 39/64 0.0508 0.1341 0.2174 0.3008 0.3841 0.4674 0.5508 0.6341 0.7174 0.8008 0.8841 0.9674 5/8 0.0521 0.1354 0.2188 0.3021 0.3854 0.4688 0.5521 0.6354 0.7188 0.8021 0.8854 0.9688

41/64 0.0534 0.1367 0.2201 0.3034 0.3867 0.4701 0.5534 0.6367 0.7201 0.8034 0.8867 0.9701 21/32 0.0547 0.1380 0.2214 0.3047 0.3880 0.4714 0.5547 0.6380 0.7214 0.8047 0.8880 0.9714 43/64 0.0560 0.1393 0.2227 0.3060 0.3893 0.4727 0.5560 0.6393 0.7227 0.8060 0.8893 0.9727 11/16 0.0573 0.1406 0.2240 0.3073 0.3906 0.4740 0.5573 0.6406 0.7240 0.8073 0.8906 0.9740 45/64 0.0586 0.1419 0.2253 0.3086 0.3919 0.4753 0.5586 0.6419 0.7253 0.8086 0.8919 0.9753 23/32 0.0599 0.1432 0.2266 0.3099 0.3932 0.4766 0.5599 0.6432 0.7266 0.8099 0.8932 0.9766 47/64 0.0612 0.1445 0.2279 0.3112 0.3945 0.4779 0.5612 0.6445 0.7279 0.8112 0.8945 0.9779 3/4 0.0625 0.1458 0.2292 0.3125 0.3958 0.4792 0.5625 0.6458 0.7292 0.8125 0.8958 0.9792

49/64 0.0638 0.1471 0.2305 0.3138 0.3971 0.4805 0.5638 0.6471 0.7305 0.8138 0.8971 0.9805 25/32 0.0651 0.1484 0.2318 0.3151 0.3984 0.4818 0.5651 0.6484 0.7318 0.8151 0.8984 0.9818 51/64 0.0664 0.1497 0.2331 0.3164 0.3997 0.4831 0.5664 0.6497 0.7331 0.8164 0.8997 0.9831 13/16 0.0677 0.1510 0.2344 0.3177 0.4010 0.4844 0.5677 0.6510 0.7344 0.8177 0.9010 0.9844 53/64 0.0690 0.1523 0.2357 0.3190 0.4023 0.4857 0.5690 0.6523 0.7357 0.8190 0.9023 0.9857 27/32 0.0703 0.1536 0.2370 0.3203 0.4036 0.4870 0.5703 0.6536 0.7370 0.8203 0.9036 0.9870 55/64 0.0716 0.1549 0.2383 0.3216 0.4049 0.4883 0.5716 0.6549 0.7383 0.8216 0.9049 0.9883 7/8 0.0729 0.1563 0.2396 0.3229 0.4063 0.4896 0.5729 0.6563 0.7396 0.8229 0.9063 0.9896

57/64 0.0742 0.1576 0.2409 0.3242 0.4076 0.4909 0.5742 0.6576 0.7409 0.8242 0.9076 0.9909 29/32 0.0755 0.1589 0.2422 0.3255 0.4089 0.4922 0.5755 0.6589 0.7422 0.8255 0.9089 0.9922 59/64 0.0768 0.1602 0.2435 0.3268 0.4102 0.4935 0.5768 0.6602 0.7435 0.8268 0.9102 0.9935 15/16 0.0781 0.1615 0.2448 0.3281 0.4115 0.4948 0.5781 0.6615 0.7448 0.8281 0.9115 0.9948 61/64 0.0794 0.1628 0.2461 0.3294 0.4128 0.4961 0.5794 0.6628 0.7461 0.8294 0.9128 0.9961 31/32 0.0807 0.1641 0.2474 0.3307 0.4141 0.4974 0.5807 0.6641 0.7474 0.8307 0.9141 0.9974 63/64 0.0820 0.1654 0.2487 0.3320 0.4154 0.4987 0.5820 0.6654 0.7487 0.8320 0.9154 0.9987

1 0.0833 0.1667 0.2500 0.3333 0.4167 0.5000 0.5833 0.6667 0.7500 0.8333 0.9167 1.0000

Example: Convert 783⁄4 inches to feet. Solution: From Table 4, find 70 inches = 5.8333 feet and add to that 83⁄4 inches = 0.7292 feet found in Table 8a at the intersection of the 3⁄4 inch row and the 8 inch column. Thus, 783⁄4 inches = 5.8333 + 0.7292 = 6.5625 feet.



2552 LINEAR MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Table 6. Feet to Inches Conversionfeet inch feet inch feet inch feet inch feet inch feet inch feet inch

100 1200 10 120 1 12 0.1 1.2 0.01 0.12 0.001 0.012 0.0001 0.0012200 2400 20 240 2 24 0.2 2.4 0.02 0.24 0.002 0.024 0.0002 0.0024300 3600 30 360 3 36 0.3 3.6 0.03 0.36 0.003 0.036 0.0003 0.0036400 4800 40 480 4 48 0.4 4.8 0.04 0.48 0.004 0.048 0.0004 0.0048500 6000 50 600 5 60 0.5 6 0.05 0.6 0.005 0.06 0.0005 0.006600 7200 60 720 6 72 0.6 7.2 0.06 0.72 0.006 0.072 0.0006 0.0072700 8400 70 840 7 84 0.7 8.4 0.07 0.84 0.007 0.084 0.0007 0.0084800 9600 80 960 8 96 0.8 9.6 0.08 0.96 0.008 0.096 0.0008 0.0096900 10800 90 1080 9 108 0.9 10.8 0.09 1.08 0.009 0.108 0.0009 0.0108

1000 12000 100 1200 10 120 1 12 0.1 1.2 0.01 0.12 0.001 0.012

Table 7. Fractional Inch to Decimal Inch and MillimeterFractional Inch Decimal Inch Millimeters Fractional Inch Decimal Inch Millimeters

1/64 0.015625 0.396875 0.511811024 13 1/32 0.03125 0.79375 33/64 0.515625 13.096875

0.039370079 1 17/32 0.53125 13.49375 3/64 0.046875 1.190625 35/64 0.546875 13.890625 1/16 0.0625 1.5875 0.551181102 14 5/64 0.078125 1.984375 9/16 0.5625 14.2875

0.078740157 2 37/64 0.578125 14.684375 3/32 0.09375 2.38125 0.590551181 15 7/64 0.109375 2.778125 19/32 0.59375 15.08125

0.118110236 3 39/64 0.609375 15.478125 1/8 0.125 3.175 5/8 0.625 15.875

9/64 0.140625 3.571875 0.62992126 16 5/32 0.15625 3.96875 41/64 0.640625 16.271875

0.157480315 4 21/32 0.65625 16.66875 11/64 0.171875 4.365625 0.669291339 17 3/16 0.1875 4.7625 43/64 0.671875 17.065625

0.196850394 5 11/16 0.6875 17.4625 13/64 0.203125 5.159375 45/64 0.703125 17.859375 7/32 0.21875 5.55625 0.708661417 18 15/64 0.234375 5.953125 23/32 0.71875 18.25625

0.236220472 6 47/64 0.734375 18.653125 1/4 0.25 6.35 0.748031496 19

17/64 0.265625 6.746875 3/4 0.75 19.050.275590551 7 49/64 0.765625 19.446875

9/32 0.28125 7.14375 25/32 0.78125 19.84375 19/64 0.296875 7.540625 0.787401575 20 5/16 0.3125 7.9375 51/64 0.796875 20.240625

0.31496063 8 13/16 0.8125 20.6375 21/64 0.328125 8.334375 0.826771654 21 11/32 0.34375 8.73125 53/64 0.828125 21.034375

0.354330709 9 27/32 0.84375 21.43125 23/64 0.359375 9.128125 55/64 0.859375 21.828125 3/8 0.375 9.525 0.866141732 22

25/64 0.390625 9.921875 7/8 0.875 22.2250.393700787 10 57/64 0.890625 22.621875

13/32 0.40625 10.31875 0.905511811 23 27/64 0.421875 10.715625 29/32 0.90625 23.01875

0.433070866 11 59/64 0.921875 23.415625 7/16 0.4375 11.1125 15/16 0.9375 23.8125 29/64 0.453125 11.509375 0.94488189 24 15/32 0.46875 11.90625 61/64 0.953125 24.209375

0.472440945 12 31/32 0.96875 24.60625 31/64 0.484375 12.303125 0.984251969 25 1/2 0.5 12.7 63/64 0.984375 25.003125



MILLIMETER TO INCH CONVERSION 2553

Table 8a. Inch to Millimeters Conversion

All values in this table are exact. For inches to centimeters, shift decimal point in mm column oneplace to left and read centimeters, thus, for example, 40 in. = 1016 mm = 101.6 cm.

Table 8b. Millimeters to Inch Conversion

Based on 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, exactly. For centimeters to inches, shift decimal point of cen-timeter value one place to right and enter mm column, thus, for example, 70 cm = 700 mm =27.55906 inches.

Table 9. Feet to Millimeters Conversion

inch mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch mm

10 254.00000 1 25.40000 0.1 2.54000 .01 0.25400 0.001 0.02540 0.0001 0.0025420 508.00000 2 50.80000 0.2 5.08000 .02 0.50800 0.002 0.05080 0.0002 0.0050830 762.00000 3 76.20000 0.3 7.62000 .03 0.76200 0.003 0.07620 0.0003 0.0076240 1,016.00000 4 101.60000 0.4 10.16000 .04 1.01600 0.004 0.10160 0.0004 0.0101650 1,270.00000 5 127.00000 0.5 12.70000 .05 1.27000 0.005 0.12700 0.0005 0.0127060 1,524.00000 6 152.40000 0.6 15.24000 .06 1.52400 0.006 0.15240 0.0006 0.0152470 1,778.00000 7 177.80000 0.7 17.78000 .07 1.77800 0.007 0.17780 0.0007 0.0177880 2,032.00000 8 203.20000 0.8 20.32000 .08 2.03200 0.008 0.20320 0.0008 0.0203290 2,286.00000 9 228.60000 0.9 22.86000 .09 2.2860 0.009 0.22860 0.0009 0.02286

100 2,540.00000 10 254.00000 1.0 25.40000 .10 2.54000 0.010 0.25400 0.0010 0.02540

mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch

100 3.93701 10 0.39370 1 0.03937 0.1 0.00394 0.01 .000039 0.001 0.00004200 7.87402 20 0.78740 2 0.07874 0.2 0.00787 0.02 .00079 0.002 0.00008300 11.81102 30 1.18110 3 0.11811 0.3 0.01181 0.03 .00118 0.003 0.00012400 15.74803 40 1.57480 4 0.15748 0.4 0.01575 0.04 .00157 0.004 0.00016500 19.68504 50 1.96850 5 0.19685 0.5 0.01969 0.05 .00197 0.005 0.00020600 23.62205 60 2.36220 6 0.23622 0.6 0.02362 0.06 .00236 0.006 0.00024700 27.55906 70 2.75591 7 0.27559 0.7 0.02756 0.07 .00276 0.007 0.00028800 31.49606 80 3.14961 8 0.31496 0.8 0.03150 0.08 .00315 0.008 0.00031900 35.43307 90 3.54331 9 0.35433 0.9 0.03543 0.09 .00354 0.009 0.00035

1,000 39.37008 100 3.93701 10 0.39370 1.0 0.03937 0.10 .00394 0.010 0.00039

feet mm feet mm feet mm feet mm feet mm

100 30,480 10 3,048 1 304.8 0.1 30.48 0.01 3.048200 60,960 20 6,096 2 609.6 0.2 60.96 0.02 6.096300 91,440 30 9,144 3 914.4 0.3 91.44 0.03 9.144400 121,920 40 12,192 4 1,219.2 0.4 121.92 0.04 12.192500 152,400 50 15,240 5 1,524.0 0.5 152.40 0.05 15.240600 182,880 60 18,288 6 1,828.8 0.6 182.88 0.06 18.288700 213,360 70 21,336 7 2,133.6 0.7 213.36 0.07 21.336800 243,840 80 24,384 8 2,438.4 0.8 243.84 0.08 24.384900 274,320 90 27,432 9 2,743.2 0.9 274.32 0.09 27.432

1,000 304,800 100 30,480 10 3,048.0 1.0 304.80 0.10 30.480

Based on 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, exactly. All values in this table are exact.

Example 1: Convert 293 feet, 547⁄64 inches to mm. Example 2: Convert 71.86 feet to mm.

200 ft = 60,960.0 mm 70.0 feet = 21,336.0 mm90 ft = 27,432.0 mm 1.0 feet = 304.8 mm

3 ft = 914.4 mm 0.80 feet = 243.84 mm5 inch = 127.0 mm 0.06 feet = 18.288 mm

47⁄64 inch = 18.653 mm 71.86 feet = 21,902.928 mm

293 ft 547⁄64 inch = 89,452.053 mm



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N2554Table 10. Mixed Fractional Inches to Millimeters Conversion for 0 to 41 Inches in 1⁄64-Inch Increments

→Inches↓

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40

Millimeters

0 0 25.4 50.8 76.2 101.6 127.0 152.4 177.8 203.2 228.6 254.0 508.0 762.0 1016.0 1/64 0.396875 25.796875 51.196875 76.596875 101.996875 127.396875 152.796875 178.196875 203.596875 228.996875 254.396875 508.396875 762.396875 1016.396875 1/32 0.79375 26.19375 51.59375 76.99375 102.39375 127.79375 153.19375 178.59375 203.99375 229.39375 254.79375 508.79375 762.79375 1016.79375 3/64 1.190625 26.590625 51.990625 77.390625 102.790625 128.190625 153.590625 178.990625 204.390625 229.790625 255.190625 509.190625 763.190625 1017.190625 1/16 1.5875 26.9875 52.3875 77.7875 103.1875 128.5875 153.9875 179.3875 204.7875 230.1875 255.5875 509.5875 763.5875 1017.5875 5/64 1.984375 27.384375 52.784375 78.184375 103.584375 128.984375 154.384375 179.784375 205.184375 230.584375 255.984375 509.984375 763.984375 1017.984375 3/32 2.38125 27.78125 53.18125 78.58125 103.98125 129.38125 154.78125 180.18125 205.58125 230.98125 256.38125 510.38125 764.38125 1018.38125 7/64 2.778125 28.178125 53.578125 78.978125 104.378125 129.778125 155.178125 180.578125 205.978125 231.378125 256.778125 510.778125 764.778125 1018.778125 1/8 3.175 28.575 53.975 79.375 104.775 130.175 155.575 180.975 206.375 231.775 257.175 511.175 765.175 1019.175 9/64 3.571875 28.971875 54.371875 79.771875 105.171875 130.571875 155.971875 181.371875 206.771875 232.171875 257.571875 511.571875 765.571875 1019.571875 5/32 3.96875 29.36875 54.76875 80.16875 105.56875 130.96875 156.36875 181.76875 207.16875 232.56875 257.96875 511.96875 765.96875 1019.96875 11/64 4.365625 29.765625 55.165625 80.565625 105.965625 131.365625 156.765625 182.165625 207.565625 232.965625 258.365625 512.365625 766.365625 1020.365625 3/16 4.7625 30.1625 55.5625 80.9625 106.3625 131.7625 157.1625 182.5625 207.9625 233.3625 258.7625 512.7625 766.7625 1020.7625 13/64 5.159375 30.559375 55.959375 81.359375 106.759375 132.159375 157.559375 182.959375 208.359375 233.759375 259.159375 513.159375 767.159375 1021.159375 7/32 5.55625 30.95625 56.35625 81.75625 107.15625 132.55625 157.95625 183.35625 208.75625 234.15625 259.55625 513.55625 767.55625 1021.55625 15/64 5.953125 31.353125 56.753125 82.153125 107.553125 132.953125 158.353125 183.753125 209.153125 234.553125 259.953125 513.953125 767.953125 1021.953125 1/4 6.35 31.75 57.15 82.55 107.95 133.35 158.75 184.15 209.55 234.95 260.35 514.35 768.35 1022.35

17/64 6.746875 32.146875 57.546875 82.946875 108.346875 133.746875 159.146875 184.546875 209.946875 235.346875 260.746875 514.746875 768.746875 1022.746875 9/32 7.14375 32.54375 57.94375 83.34375 108.74375 134.14375 159.54375 184.94375 210.34375 235.74375 261.14375 515.14375 769.14375 1023.14375 19/64 7.540625 32.940625 58.340625 83.740625 109.140625 134.540625 159.940625 185.340625 210.740625 236.140625 261.540625 515.540625 769.540625 1023.540625 5/16 7.9375 33.3375 58.7375 84.1375 109.5375 134.9375 160.3375 185.7375 211.1375 236.5375 261.9375 515.9375 769.9375 1023.9375 21/64 8.334375 33.734375 59.134375 84.534375 109.934375 135.334375 160.734375 186.134375 211.534375 236.934375 262.334375 516.334375 770.334375 1024.334375 11/32 8.73125 34.13125 59.53125 84.93125 110.33125 135.73125 161.13125 186.53125 211.93125 237.33125 262.73125 516.73125 770.73125 1024.73125 23/64 9.128125 34.528125 59.928125 85.328125 110.728125 136.128125 161.528125 186.928125 212.328125 237.728125 263.128125 517.128125 771.128125 1025.128125 3/8 9.525 34.925 60.325 85.725 111.125 136.525 161.925 187.325 212.725 238.125 263.525 517.525 771.525 1025.525

25/64 9.921875 35.321875 60.721875 86.121875 111.521875 136.921875 162.321875 187.721875 213.121875 238.521875 263.921875 517.921875 771.921875 1025.921875 13/32 10.31875 35.71875 61.11875 86.51875 111.91875 137.31875 162.71875 188.11875 213.51875 238.91875 264.31875 518.31875 772.31875 1026.31875 27/64 10.715625 36.115625 61.515625 86.915625 112.315625 137.715625 163.115625 188.515625 213.915625 239.315625 264.715625 518.715625 772.715625 1026.715625 7/16 11.1125 36.5125 61.9125 87.3125 112.7125 138.1125 163.5125 188.9125 214.3125 239.7125 265.1125 519.1125 773.1125 1027.1125 29/64 11.509375 36.909375 62.309375 87.709375 113.109375 138.509375 163.909375 189.309375 214.709375 240.109375 265.509375 519.509375 773.509375 1027.509375 15/32 11.90625 37.30625 62.70625 88.10625 113.50625 138.90625 164.30625 189.70625 215.10625 240.50625 265.90625 519.90625 773.90625 1027.90625 31/64 12.303125 37.703125 63.103125 88.503125 113.903125 139.303125 164.703125 190.103125 215.503125 240.903125 266.303125 520.303125 774.303125 1028.303125 1/2 12.7 38.1 63.5 88.9 114.3 139.7 165.1 190.5 215.9 241.3 266.7 520.7 774.7 1028.7



FRA

CT

ION

AL

INC

H T

O M

ILL

IME

TE

R C

ON

VE

RSIO

N2555

Based on 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, exactly. All values in this table are exact. Example: Convert 2123⁄64 inches to millimeters. Solution: From the first page of thistable, find 20 inches = 508.0 millimeters and add to that 123⁄64 inches = 34.528125 millimeters found at the intersection of the 1- inch column and the row containing23⁄64 inch . Thus, 2123⁄64 inches = 508.0 + 34.528125 = 542.528125 mm, exactly.

33/64 13.096875 38.496875 63.896875 89.296875 114.696875 140.096875 165.496875 190.896875 216.296875 241.696875 267.096875 521.096875 775.096875 1029.096875 17/32 13.49375 38.89375 64.29375 89.69375 115.09375 140.49375 165.89375 191.29375 216.69375 242.09375 267.49375 521.49375 775.49375 1029.49375 35/64 13.890625 39.290625 64.690625 90.090625 115.490625 140.890625 166.290625 191.690625 217.090625 242.490625 267.890625 521.890625 775.890625 1029.890625 9/16 14.2875 39.6875 65.0875 90.4875 115.8875 141.2875 166.6875 192.0875 217.4875 242.8875 268.2875 522.2875 776.2875 1030.2875 37/64 14.684375 40.084375 65.484375 90.884375 116.284375 141.684375 167.084375 192.484375 217.884375 243.284375 268.684375 522.684375 776.684375 1030.684375 19/32 15.08125 40.48125 65.88125 91.28125 116.68125 142.08125 167.48125 192.88125 218.28125 243.68125 269.08125 523.08125 777.08125 1031.08125 39/64 15.478125 40.878125 66.278125 91.678125 117.078125 142.478125 167.878125 193.278125 218.678125 244.078125 269.478125 523.478125 777.478125 1031.478125 5/8 15.875 41.275 66.675 92.075 117.475 142.875 168.275 193.675 219.075 244.475 269.875 523.875 777.875 1031.875

41/64 16.271875 41.671875 67.071875 92.471875 117.871875 143.271875 168.671875 194.071875 219.471875 244.871875 270.271875 524.271875 778.271875 1032.271875 21/32 16.66875 42.06875 67.46875 92.86875 118.26875 143.66875 169.06875 194.46875 219.86875 245.26875 270.66875 524.66875 778.66875 1032.66875 43/64 17.065625 42.465625 67.865625 93.265625 118.665625 144.065625 169.465625 194.865625 220.265625 245.665625 271.065625 525.065625 779.065625 1033.065625 11/16 17.4625 42.8625 68.2625 93.6625 119.0625 144.4625 169.8625 195.2625 220.6625 246.0625 271.4625 525.4625 779.4625 1033.4625 45/64 17.859375 43.259375 68.659375 94.059375 119.459375 144.859375 170.259375 195.659375 221.059375 246.459375 271.859375 525.859375 779.859375 1033.859375 23/32 18.25625 43.65625 69.05625 94.45625 119.85625 145.25625 170.65625 196.05625 221.45625 246.85625 272.25625 526.25625 780.25625 1034.25625 47/64 18.653125 44.053125 69.453125 94.853125 120.253125 145.653125 171.053125 196.453125 221.853125 247.253125 272.653125 526.653125 780.653125 1034.653125 3/4 19.05 44.45 69.85 95.25 120.65 146.05 171.45 196.85 222.25 247.65 273.05 527.05 781.05 1035.05

49/64 19.446875 44.846875 70.246875 95.646875 121.046875 146.446875 171.846875 197.246875 222.646875 248.046875 273.446875 527.446875 781.446875 1035.446875 25/32 19.84375 45.24375 70.64375 96.04375 121.44375 146.84375 172.24375 197.64375 223.04375 248.44375 273.84375 527.84375 781.84375 1035.84375 51/64 20.240625 45.640625 71.040625 96.440625 121.840625 147.240625 172.640625 198.040625 223.440625 248.840625 274.240625 528.240625 782.240625 1036.240625 13/16 20.6375 46.0375 71.4375 96.8375 122.2375 147.6375 173.0375 198.4375 223.8375 249.2375 274.6375 528.6375 782.6375 1036.6375 53/64 21.034375 46.434375 71.834375 97.234375 122.634375 148.034375 173.434375 198.834375 224.234375 249.634375 275.034375 529.034375 783.034375 1037.034375 27/32 21.43125 46.83125 72.23125 97.63125 123.03125 148.43125 173.83125 199.23125 224.63125 250.03125 275.43125 529.43125 783.43125 1037.43125 55/64 21.828125 47.228125 72.628125 98.028125 123.428125 148.828125 174.228125 199.628125 225.028125 250.428125 275.828125 529.828125 783.828125 1037.828125 7/8 22.225 47.625 73.025 98.425 123.825 149.225 174.625 200.025 225.425 250.825 276.225 530.225 784.225 1038.225

57/64 22.621875 48.021875 73.421875 98.821875 124.221875 149.621875 175.021875 200.421875 225.821875 251.221875 276.621875 530.621875 784.621875 1038.621875 29/32 23.01875 48.41875 73.81875 99.21875 124.61875 150.01875 175.41875 200.81875 226.21875 251.61875 277.01875 531.01875 785.01875 1039.01875 59/64 23.415625 48.815625 74.215625 99.615625 125.015625 150.415625 175.815625 201.215625 226.615625 252.015625 277.415625 531.415625 785.415625 1039.415625 15/16 23.8125 49.2125 74.6125 100.0125 125.4125 150.8125 176.2125 201.6125 227.0125 252.4125 277.8125 531.8125 785.8125 1039.8125 61/64 24.209375 49.609375 75.009375 100.409375 125.809375 151.209375 176.609375 202.009375 227.409375 252.809375 278.209375 532.209375 786.209375 1040.209375 31/32 24.60625 50.00625 75.40625 100.80625 126.20625 151.60625 177.00625 202.40625 227.80625 253.20625 278.60625 532.60625 786.60625 1040.60625 63/64 25.003125 50.403125 75.803125 101.203125 126.603125 152.003125 177.403125 202.803125 228.203125 253.603125 279.003125 533.003125 787.003125 1041.003125

1 25.4 50.8 76.2 101.6 127 152.4 177.8 203.2 228.6 254 279.4 533.4 787.4 1041.4

Table 10. (Continued) Mixed Fractional Inches to Millimeters Conversion for 0 to 41 Inches in 1⁄64-Inch Increments

→Inches↓

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40

Millimeters



2556 DECIMAL INCH TO MILLIMETER CONVERSION

Table 11. Decimals of an Inch to Millimeters Conversion →

Inches↓

0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009

Millimeters

0.000 … 0.0254 0.0508 0.0762 0.1016 0.1270 0.1524 0.1778 0.2032 0.22860.010 0.2540 0.2794 0.3048 0.3302 0.3556 0.3810 0.4064 0.4318 0.4572 0.4826

0.020 0.5080 0.5334 0.5588 0.5842 0.6096 0.6350 0.6604 0.6858 0.7112 0.7366

0.030 0.7620 0.7874 0.8128 0.8382 0.8636 0.8890 0.9144 0.9398 0.9652 0.9906

0.040 1.0160 1.0414 1.0668 1.0922 1.1176 1.1430 1.1684 1.1938 1.2192 1.2446

0.050 1.2700 1.2954 1.3208 1.3462 1.3716 1.3970 1.4224 1.4478 1.4732 1.4986

0.060 1.5240 1.5494 1.5748 1.6002 1.6256 1.6510 1.6764 1.7018 1.7272 1.7526

0.070 1.7780 1.8034 1.8288 1.8542 1.8796 1.9050 1.9304 1.9558 1.9812 2.0066

0.080 2.0320 2.0574 2.0828 2.1082 2.1336 2.1590 2.1844 2.2098 2.2352 2.2606

0.090 2.2860 2.3114 2.3368 2.3622 2.3876 2.4130 2.4384 2.4638 2.4892 2.5146

0.100 2.5400 2.5654 2.5908 2.6162 2.6416 2.6670 2.6924 2.7178 2.7432 2.7686

0.110 2.7940 2.8194 2.8448 2.8702 2.8956 2.9210 2.9464 2.9718 2.9972 3.0226

0.120 3.0480 3.0734 3.0988 3.1242 3.1496 3.1750 3.2004 3.2258 3.2512 3.2766

0.130 3.3020 3.3274 3.3528 3.3782 3.4036 3.4290 3.4544 3.4798 3.5052 3.5306

0.140 3.5560 3.5814 3.6068 3.6322 3.6576 3.6830 3.7084 3.7338 3.7592 3.7846

0.150 3.8100 3.8354 3.8608 3.8862 3.9116 3.9370 3.9624 3.9878 4.0132 4.0386

0.160 4.0640 4.0894 4.1148 4.1402 4.1656 4.1910 4.2164 4.2418 4.2672 4.2926

0.170 4.3180 4.3434 4.3688 4.3942 4.4196 4.4450 4.4704 4.4958 4.5212 4.5466

0.180 4.5720 4.5974 4.6228 4.6482 4.6736 4.6990 4.7244 4.7498 4.7752 4.8006

0.190 4.8260 4.8514 4.8768 4.9022 4.9276 4.9530 4.9784 5.0038 5.0292 5.0546

0.200 5.0800 5.1054 5.1308 5.1562 5.1816 5.2070 5.2324 5.2578 5.2832 5.3086

0.210 5.3340 5.3594 5.3848 5.4102 5.4356 5.4610 5.4864 5.5118 5.5372 5.5626

0.220 5.5880 5.6134 5.6388 5.6642 5.6896 5.7150 5.7404 5.7658 5.7912 5.8166

0.230 5.8420 5.8674 5.8928 5.9182 5.9436 5.9690 5.9944 6.0198 6.0452 6.0706

0.240 6.0960 6.1214 6.1468 6.1722 6.1976 6.2230 6.2484 6.2738 6.2992 6.3246

0.250 6.3500 6.3754 6.4008 6.4262 6.4516 6.4770 6.5024 6.5278 6.5532 6.5786

0.260 6.6040 6.6294 6.6548 6.6802 6.7056 6.7310 6.7564 6.7818 6.8072 6.8326

0.270 6.8580 6.8834 6.9088 6.9342 6.9596 6.9850 7.0104 7.0358 7.0612 7.0866

0.280 7.1120 7.1374 7.1628 7.1882 7.2136 7.2390 7.2644 7.2898 7.3152 7.3406

0.290 7.3660 7.3914 7.4168 7.4422 7.4676 7.4930 7.5184 7.5438 7.5692 7.5946

0.300 7.6200 7.6454 7.6708 7.6962 7.7216 7.7470 7.7724 7.7978 7.8232 7.8486

0.310 7.8740 7.8994 7.9248 7.9502 7.9756 8.0010 8.0264 8.0518 8.0772 8.1026

0.320 8.1280 8.1534 8.1788 8.2042 8.2296 8.2550 8.2804 8.3058 8.3312 8.3566

0.330 8.3820 8.4074 8.4328 8.4582 8.4836 8.5090 8.5344 8.5598 8.5852 8.6106

0.340 8.6360 8.6614 8.6868 8.7122 8.7376 8.7630 8.7884 8.8138 8.8392 8.8646

0.350 8.8900 8.9154 8.9408 8.9662 8.9916 9.0170 9.0424 9.0678 9.0932 9.1186

0.360 9.1440 9.1694 9.1948 9.2202 9.2456 9.2710 9.2964 9.3218 9.3472 9.3726

0.370 9.3980 9.4234 9.4488 9.4742 9.4996 9.5250 9.5504 9.5758 9.6012 9.6266

0.380 9.6520 9.6774 9.7028 9.7282 9.7536 9.7790 9.8044 9.8298 9.8552 9.8806

0.390 9.9060 9.9314 9.9568 9.9822 10.0076 10.0330 10.0584 10.0838 10.1092 10.1346

0.400 10.1600 10.1854 10.2108 10.2362 10.2616 10.2870 10.3124 10.3378 10.3632 10.3886

0.410 10.4140 10.4394 10.4648 10.4902 10.5156 10.5410 10.5664 10.5918 10.6172 10.6426

0.420 10.6680 10.6934 10.7188 10.7442 10.7696 10.7950 10.8204 10.8458 10.8712 10.8966

0.430 10.9220 10.9474 10.9728 10.9982 11.0236 11.0490 11.0744 11.0998 11.1252 11.1506

0.440 11.1760 11.2014 11.2268 11.2522 11.2776 11.3030 11.3284 11.3538 11.3792 11.4046

0.450 11.4300 11.4554 11.4808 11.5062 11.5316 11.5570 11.5824 11.6078 11.6332 11.6586

0.460 11.6840 11.7094 11.7348 11.7602 11.7856 11.8110 11.8364 11.8618 11.8872 11.9126

0.470 11.9380 11.9634 11.9888 12.0142 12.0396 12.0650 12.0904 12.1158 12.1412 12.1666

0.480 12.1920 12.2174 12.2428 12.2682 12.2936 12.3190 12.3444 12.3698 12.3952 12.4206

0.490 12.4460 12.4714 12.4968 12.5222 12.5476 12.5730 12.5984 12.6238 12.6492 12.6746

0.500 12.7000 12.7254 12.7508 12.7762 12.8016 12.8270 12.8524 12.8778 12.9032 12.9286



DECIMAL INCH TO MILLIMETER CONVERSION 2557

Based on 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, exactly. All values in this table are exact. Use Table 8a toobtain whole inch and other decimal equivalents to add to decimal equivalents above. Example:Convert 10.9983 in. to mm. Solution: 10.9983 in. = 254.0 + 25.3492 + 0.00762 = 279.35682 mm.

0.510 12.9540 12.9794 13.0048 13.0302 13.0556 13.0810 13.1064 13.1318 13.1572 13.18260.520 13.2080 13.2334 13.2588 13.2842 13.3096 13.3350 13.3604 13.3858 13.4112 13.4366

0.530 13.4620 13.4874 13.5128 13.5382 13.5636 13.5890 13.6144 13.6398 13.6652 13.6906

0.540 13.7160 13.7414 13.7668 13.7922 13.8176 13.8430 13.8684 13.8938 13.9192 13.9446

0.550 13.9700 13.9954 14.0208 14.0462 14.0716 14.0970 14.1224 14.1478 14.1732 14.1986

0.560 14.2240 14.2494 14.2748 14.3002 14.3256 14.3510 14.3764 14.4018 14.4272 14.4526

0.570 14.4780 14.5034 14.5288 14.5542 14.5796 14.6050 14.6304 14.6558 14.6812 14.7066

0.580 14.7320 14.7574 14.7828 14.8082 14.8336 14.8590 14.8844 14.9098 14.9352 14.9606

0.590 14.9860 15.0114 15.0368 15.0622 15.0876 15.1130 15.1384 15.1638 15.1892 15.2146

0.600 15.2400 15.2654 15.2908 15.3162 15.3416 15.3670 15.3924 15.4178 15.4432 15.4686

0.610 15.4940 15.5194 15.5448 15.5702 15.5956 15.6210 15.6464 15.6718 15.6972 15.7226

0.620 15.7480 15.7734 15.7988 15.8242 15.8496 15.8750 15.9004 15.9258 15.9512 15.9766

0.630 16.0020 16.0274 16.0528 16.0782 16.1036 16.1290 16.1544 16.1798 16.2052 16.2306

0.640 16.2560 16.2814 16.3068 16.3322 16.3576 16.3830 16.4084 16.4338 16.4592 16.4846

0.650 16.5100 16.5354 16.5608 16.5862 16.6116 16.6370 16.6624 16.6878 16.7132 16.7386

0.660 16.7640 16.7894 16.8148 16.8402 16.8656 16.8910 16.9164 16.9418 16.9672 16.9926

0.670 17.0180 17.0434 17.0688 17.0942 17.1196 17.1450 17.1704 17.1958 17.2212 17.2466

0.680 17.2720 17.2974 17.3228 17.3482 17.3736 17.3990 17.4244 17.4498 17.4752 17.5006

0.690 17.5260 17.5514 17.5768 17.6022 17.6276 17.6530 17.6784 17.7038 17.7292 17.7546

0.700 17.7800 17.8054 17.8308 17.8562 17.8816 17.9070 17.9324 17.9578 17.9832 18.0086

0.710 18.0340 18.0594 18.0848 18.1102 18.1356 18.1610 18.1864 18.2118 18.2372 18.2626

0.720 18.2880 18.3134 18.3388 18.3642 18.3896 18.4150 18.4404 18.4658 18.4912 18.5166

0.730 18.5420 18.5674 18.5928 18.6182 18.6436 18.6690 18.6944 18.7198 18.7452 18.7706

0.740 18.7960 18.8214 18.8468 18.8722 18.8976 18.9230 18.9484 18.9738 18.9992 19.0246

0.750 19.0500 19.0754 19.1008 19.1262 19.1516 19.1770 19.2024 19.2278 19.2532 19.2786

0.760 19.3040 19.3294 19.3548 19.3802 19.4056 19.4310 19.4564 19.4818 19.5072 19.5326

0.770 19.5580 19.5834 19.6088 19.6342 19.6596 19.6850 19.7104 19.7358 19.7612 19.7866

0.780 19.8120 19.8374 19.8628 19.8882 19.9136 19.9390 19.9644 19.9898 20.0152 20.0406

0.790 20.0660 20.0914 20.1168 20.1422 20.1676 20.1930 20.2184 20.2438 20.2692 20.2946

0.800 20.3200 20.3454 20.3708 20.3962 20.4216 20.4470 20.4724 20.4978 20.5232 20.5486

0.810 20.5740 20.5994 20.6248 20.6502 20.6756 20.7010 20.7264 20.7518 20.7772 20.8026

0.820 20.8280 20.8534 20.8788 20.9042 20.9296 20.9550 20.9804 21.0058 21.0312 21.0566

0.830 21.0820 21.1074 21.1328 21.1582 21.1836 21.2090 21.2344 21.2598 21.2852 21.3106

0.840 21.3360 21.3614 21.3868 21.4122 21.4376 21.4630 21.4884 21.5138 21.5392 21.5646

0.850 21.5900 21.6154 21.6408 21.6662 21.6916 21.7170 21.7424 21.7678 21.7932 21.8186

0.860 21.8440 21.8694 21.8948 21.9202 21.9456 21.9710 21.9964 22.0218 22.0472 22.0726

0.870 22.0980 22.1234 22.1488 22.1742 22.1996 22.2250 22.2504 22.2758 22.3012 22.3266

0.880 22.3520 22.3774 22.4028 22.4282 22.4536 22.4790 22.5044 22.5298 22.5552 22.5806

0.890 22.6060 22.6314 22.6568 22.6822 22.7076 22.7330 22.7584 22.7838 22.8092 22.8346

0.900 22.8600 22.8854 22.9108 22.9362 22.9616 22.9870 23.0124 23.0378 23.0632 23.0886

0.910 23.1140 23.1394 23.1648 23.1902 23.2156 23.2410 23.2664 23.2918 23.3172 23.3426

0.920 23.3680 23.3934 23.4188 23.4442 23.4696 23.4950 23.5204 23.5458 23.5712 23.5966

0.930 23.6220 23.6474 23.6728 23.6982 23.7236 23.7490 23.7744 23.7998 23.8252 23.8506

0.940 23.8760 23.9014 23.9268 23.9522 23.9776 24.0030 24.0284 24.0538 24.0792 24.1046

0.950 24.1300 24.1554 24.1808 24.2062 24.2316 24.2570 24.2824 24.3078 24.3332 24.3586

0.960 24.3840 24.4094 24.4348 24.4602 24.4856 24.5110 24.5364 24.5618 24.5872 24.6126

0.970 24.6380 24.6634 24.6888 24.7142 24.7396 24.7650 24.7904 24.8158 24.8412 24.8666

0.980 24.8920 24.9174 24.9428 24.9682 24.9936 25.0190 25.0444 25.0698 25.0952 25.1206

0.990 25.1460 25.1714 25.1968 25.2222 25.2476 25.2730 25.2984 25.3238 25.3492 25.3746

1.000 25.4000 … … … … … … … … …

Table 11. (Continued) Decimals of an Inch to Millimeters Conversion →

Inches↓

0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009

Millimeters



2558 MILLIMETER TO INCH CONVERSION

Table 12. Millimeters to Inches Conversion →

Millimeters↓

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Inches

0 … 0.03937 0.07874 0.11811 0.15748 0.19685 0.23622 0.27559 0.31496 0.3543310 0.39370 0.43307 0.47244 0.51181 0.55118 0.59055 0.62992 0.66929 0.70866 0.74803

20 0.78740 0.82677 0.86614 0.90551 0.94488 0.98425 1.02362 1.06299 1.10236 1.14173

30 1.18110 1.22047 1.25984 1.29921 1.33858 1.37795 1.41732 1.45669 1.49606 1.53543

40 1.57480 1.61417 1.65354 1.69291 1.73228 1.77165 1.81102 1.85039 1.88976 1.92913

50 1.96850 2.00787 2.04724 2.08661 2.12598 2.16535 2.20472 2.24409 2.28346 2.32283

60 2.36220 2.40157 2.44094 2.48031 2.51969 2.55906 2.59843 2.63780 2.67717 2.71654

70 2.75591 2.79528 2.83465 2.87402 2.91339 2.95276 2.99213 3.03150 3.07087 3.11024

80 3.14961 3.18898 3.22835 3.26772 3.30709 3.34646 3.38583 3.42520 3.46457 3.50394

90 3.54331 3.58268 3.62205 3.66142 3.70079 3.74016 3.77953 3.81890 3.85827 3.89764

100 3.93701 3.97638 4.01575 4.05512 4.09449 4.13386 4.17323 4.21260 4.25197 4.29134

110 4.33071 4.37008 4.40945 4.44882 4.48819 4.52756 4.56693 4.60630 4.64567 4.68504

120 4.72441 4.76378 4.80315 4.84252 4.88189 4.92126 4.96063 5.00000 5.03937 5.07874

130 5.11811 5.15748 5.19685 5.23622 5.27559 5.31496 5.35433 5.39370 5.43307 5.47244

140 5.51181 5.55118 5.59055 5.62992 5.66929 5.70866 5.74803 5.78740 5.82677 5.86614

150 5.90551 5.94488 5.98425 6.02362 6.06299 6.10236 6.14173 6.18110 6.22047 6.25984

160 6.29921 6.33858 6.37795 6.41732 6.45669 6.49606 6.53543 6.57480 6.61417 6.65354

170 6.69291 6.73228 6.77165 6.81102 6.85039 6.88976 6.92913 6.96850 7.00787 7.04724

180 7.08661 7.12598 7.16535 7.20472 7.24409 7.28346 7.32283 7.36220 7.40157 7.44094

190 7.48031 7.51969 7.55906 7.59843 7.63780 7.67717 7.71654 7.75591 7.79528 7.83465

200 7.87402 7.91339 7.95276 7.99213 8.03150 8.07087 8.11024 8.14961 8.18898 8.22835

210 8.26772 8.30709 8.34646 8.38583 8.42520 8.46457 8.50394 8.54331 8.58268 8.62205

220 8.66142 8.70079 8.74016 8.77953 8.81890 8.85827 8.89764 8.93701 8.97638 9.01575

230 9.05512 9.09449 9.13386 9.17323 9.21260 9.25197 9.29134 9.33071 9.37008 9.40945

240 9.44882 9.48819 9.52756 9.56693 9.60630 9.64567 9.68504 9.72441 9.76378 9.80315

250 9.84252 9.88189 9.92126 9.96063 10.0000 10.0394 10.0787 10.1181 10.1575 10.1969

260 10.2362 10.2756 10.3150 10.3543 10.3937 10.4331 10.4724 10.5118 10.5512 10.5906

270 10.6299 10.6693 10.7087 10.7480 10.7874 10.8268 10.8661 10.9055 10.9449 10.9843

280 11.0236 11.0630 11.1024 11.1417 11.1811 11.2205 11.2598 11.2992 11.3386 11.3780

290 11.4173 11.4567 11.4961 11.5354 11.5748 11.6142 11.6535 11.6929 11.7323 11.7717

300 11.8110 11.8504 11.8898 11.9291 11.9685 12.0079 12.0472 12.0866 12.1260 12.1654

310 12.2047 12.2441 12.2835 12.3228 12.3622 12.4016 12.4409 12.4803 12.5197 12.5591

320 12.5984 12.6378 12.6772 12.7165 12.7559 12.7953 12.8346 12.8740 12.9134 12.9528

330 12.9921 13.0315 13.0709 13.1102 13.1496 13.1890 13.2283 13.2677 13.3071 13.3465

340 13.3858 13.4252 13.4646 13.5039 13.5433 13.5827 13.6220 13.6614 13.7008 13.7402

350 13.7795 13.8189 13.8583 13.8976 13.9370 13.9764 14.0157 14.0551 14.0945 14.1339

360 14.1732 14.2126 14.2520 14.2913 14.3307 14.3701 14.4094 14.4488 14.4882 14.5276

370 14.5669 14.6063 14.6457 14.6850 14.7244 14.7638 14.8031 14.8425 14.8819 14.9213

380 14.9606 15.0000 15.0394 15.0787 15.1181 15.1575 15.1969 15.2362 15.2756 15.3150

390 15.3543 15.3937 15.4331 15.4724 15.5118 15.5512 15.5906 15.6299 15.6693 15.7087

400 15.7480 15.7874 15.8268 15.8661 15.9055 15.9449 15.9843 16.0236 16.0630 16.1024

410 16.1417 16.1811 16.2205 16.2598 16.2992 16.3386 16.3780 16.4173 16.4567 16.4961

420 16.5354 16.5748 16.6142 16.6535 16.6929 16.7323 16.7717 16.8110 16.8504 16.8898

430 16.9291 16.9685 17.0079 17.0472 17.0866 17.1260 17.1654 17.2047 17.2441 17.2835

440 17.3228 17.3622 17.4016 17.4409 17.4803 17.5197 17.5591 17.5984 17.6378 17.6772

450 17.7165 17.7559 17.7953 17.8346 17.8740 17.9134 17.9528 17.9921 18.0315 18.0709

460 18.1102 18.1496 18.1890 18.2283 18.2677 18.3071 18.3465 18.3858 18.4252 18.4646

470 18.5039 18.5433 18.5827 18.6220 18.6614 18.7008 18.7402 18.7795 18.8189 18.8583

480 18.8976 18.9370 18.9764 19.0157 19.0551 19.0945 19.1339 19.1732 19.2126 19.2520

490 19.2913 19.3307 19.3701 19.4094 19.4488 19.4882 19.5276 19.5669 19.6063 19.6457



MILLIMETER TO INCH CONVERSION 2559

Based on 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, exactly.

500 19.6850 19.7244 19.7638 19.8031 19.8425 19.8819 19.9213 19.9606 20.0000 20.0394510 20.0787 20.1181 20.1575 20.1969 20.2362 20.2756 20.3150 20.3543 20.3937 20.4331

520 20.4724 20.5118 20.5512 20.5906 20.6299 20.6693 20.7087 20.7480 20.7874 20.8268

530 20.8661 20.9055 20.9449 20.9843 21.0236 21.0630 21.1024 21.1417 21.1811 21.2205

540 21.2598 21.2992 21.3386 21.3780 21.4173 21.4567 21.4961 21.5354 21.5748 21.6142

550 21.6535 21.6929 21.7323 21.7717 21.8110 21.8504 21.8898 21.9291 21.9685 22.0079

560 22.0472 22.0866 22.1260 22.1654 22.2047 22.2441 22.2835 22.3228 22.3622 22.4016

570 22.4409 22.4803 22.5197 22.5591 22.5984 22.6378 22.6772 22.7165 22.7559 22.7953

580 22.8346 22.8740 22.9134 22.9528 22.9921 23.0315 23.0709 23.1102 23.1496 23.1890

590 23.2283 23.2677 23.3071 23.3465 23.3858 23.4252 23.4646 23.5039 23.5433 23.5827

600 23.6220 23.6614 23.7008 23.7402 23.7795 23.8189 23.8583 23.8976 23.9370 23.9764

610 24.0157 24.0551 24.0945 24.1339 24.1732 24.2126 24.2520 24.2913 24.3307 24.3701

620 24.4094 24.4488 24.4882 24.5276 24.5669 24.6063 24.6457 24.6850 24.7244 24.7638

630 24.8031 24.8425 24.8819 24.9213 24.9606 25.0000 25.0394 25.0787 25.1181 25.1575

640 25.1969 25.2362 25.2756 25.3150 25.3543 25.3937 25.4331 25.4724 25.5118 25.5512

650 25.5906 25.6299 25.6693 25.7087 25.7480 25.7874 25.8268 25.8661 25.9055 25.9449

660 25.9843 26.0236 26.0630 26.1024 26.1417 26.1811 26.2205 26.2598 26.2992 26.3386

670 26.3780 26.4173 26.4567 26.4961 26.5354 26.5748 26.6142 26.6535 26.6929 26.7323

680 26.7717 26.8110 26.8504 26.8898 26.9291 26.9685 27.0079 27.0472 27.0866 27.1260

690 27.1654 27.2047 27.2441 27.2835 27.3228 27.3622 27.4016 27.4409 27.4803 27.5197

700 27.5591 27.5984 27.6378 27.6772 27.7165 27.7559 27.7953 27.8346 27.8740 27.9134

710 27.9528 27.9921 28.0315 28.0709 28.1102 28.1496 28.1890 28.2283 28.2677 28.3071

720 28.3465 28.3858 28.4252 28.4646 28.5039 28.5433 28.5827 28.6220 28.6614 28.7008

730 28.7402 28.7795 28.8189 28.8583 28.8976 28.9370 28.9764 29.0157 29.0551 29.0945

740 29.1339 29.1732 29.2126 29.2520 29.2913 29.3307 29.3701 29.4094 29.4488 29.4882

750 29.5276 29.5669 29.6063 29.6457 29.6850 29.7244 29.7638 29.8031 29.8425 29.8819

760 29.9213 29.9606 30.0000 30.0394 30.0787 30.1181 30.1575 30.1969 30.2362 30.2756

770 30.3150 30.3543 30.3937 30.4331 30.4724 30.5118 30.5512 30.5906 30.6299 30.6693

780 30.7087 30.7480 30.7874 30.8268 30.8661 30.9055 30.949 30.9843 31.0236 31.0630

790 31.1024 31.1417 31.1811 31.2205 31.2598 31.2992 31.3386 31.3780 31.4173 31.4567

800 31.4961 31.5354 31.5748 31.6142 31.6535 31.6929 31.7323 31.7717 31.8110 31.8504

810 31.8898 31.9291 31.9685 32.0079 32.0472 32.0866 32.1260 32.1654 32.2047 32.2441

820 32.2835 32.3228 32.3622 32.4016 32.4409 32.4803 32.5197 32.5591 32.5984 32.6378

830 32.6772 32.7165 32.7559 32.7953 32.8346 32.8740 32.9134 32.9528 32.9921 33.0315

840 33.0709 33.1102 33.1496 33.1890 33.2283 33.2677 33.3071 33.3465 33.3858 33.4252

850 33.4646 33.5039 33.5433 33.5827 33.6220 33.6614 33.7008 33.7402 33.7795 33.8189

860 33.8583 33.8976 33.9370 33.9764 34.0157 34.0551 34.0945 34.1339 34.1732 34.2126

870 34.2520 34.2913 34.3307 34.3701 34.4094 34.4488 34.4882 34.5276 34.5669 34.6063

880 34.6457 34.6850 34.7244 34.7638 34.8031 34.8425 34.8819 34.9213 34.9606 35.0000

890 35.0394 35.0787 35.1181 35.1575 35.1969 35.2362 35.2756 35.3150 35.3543 35.3937

900 35.4331 35.4724 35.5118 35.5512 35.5906 35.6299 35.6693 35.7087 35.7480 35.7874

910 35.8268 35.8661 35.9055 35.9449 35.9843 36.0236 36.0630 36.1024 36.1417 36.1811

920 36.2205 36.2598 36.2992 36.3386 36.3780 36.4173 36.4567 36.4961 36.5354 36.5748

930 36.6142 36.6535 36.6929 36.7323 36.7717 36.8110 36.8504 36.8898 36.9291 36.9685

940 37.0079 37.0472 37.0866 37.1260 37.1654 37.2047 37.2441 37.2835 37.3228 37.3622

950 37.4016 37.409 37.4803 37.5197 37.5591 37.5984 37.6378 37.6772 37.7165 37.7559

960 37.7953 37.8346 37.8740 37.9134 37.9528 37.9921 38.0315 38.0709 38.1102 38.1496

970 38.1800 38.2283 38.2677 38.3071 38.3465 38.3858 38.4252 38.4646 38.5039 38.5433

980 38.5827 38.6220 38.6614 38.7008 38.7402 38.7795 38.8189 38.8583 38.8976 38.9370

990 38.9764 39.0157 39.0551 39.0945 39.1339 39.1732 39.2126 39.2520 39.2913 39.3307

1000 39.3701 … … … … … … … … …

Table 12. (Continued) Millimeters to Inches Conversion →

Millimeters↓

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Inches



2560 MICROINCH TO MICRON CONVERSION

Table 13a. Microinches to Micrometers (microns) Conversion

Both tables based on 1 microinch = 0.0254 micrometers, exactly. All values in both parts of thistable are exact; figures to the right of the last place figures are all zeros.

Example: Convert 1375 µin. to µm:

→Microinches

↓

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Micrometers (microns)

0 0 0.0254 0.0508 0.0762 0.1016 0.127 0.1524 0.1778 0.2032 0.228610 0.254 0.2794 0.3048 0.3302 0.3556 0.381 0.4064 0.4318 0.4572 0.482620 0.508 0.5334 0.5588 0.5842 0.6096 0.635 0.6604 0.6858 0.7112 0.736630 0.762 0.7874 0.8128 0.8382 0.8636 0.889 0.9144 0.9398 0.9652 0.990640 1.016 1.0414 1.0668 1.0922 1.1176 1.143 1.1684 1.1938 1.2192 1.244650 1.27 1.2954 1.3208 1.3462 1.3716 1.397 1.4224 1.4478 1.4732 1.498660 1.524 1.5494 1.5748 1.6002 1.6256 1.651 1.6764 1.7018 1.7272 1.752670 1.778 1.8034 1.8288 1.8542 1.8796 1.905 1.9304 1.9558 1.9812 2.006680 2.032 2.0574 2.0828 2.1082 2.1336 2.159 2.1844 2.2098 2.2352 2.260690 2.286 2.3114 2.3368 2.3622 2.3876 2.413 2.4384 2.4638 2.4892 2.5146100 2.54 2.5654 2.5908 2.6162 2.6416 2.667 2.6924 2.7178 2.7432 2.7686110 2.794 2.8194 2.8448 2.8702 2.8956 2.921 2.9464 2.9718 2.9972 3.0226120 3.048 3.0734 3.0988 3.1242 3.1496 3.175 3.2004 3.2258 3.2512 3.2766130 3.302 3.3274 3.3528 3.3782 3.4036 3.429 3.4544 3.4798 3.5052 3.5306140 3.556 3.5814 3.6068 3.6322 3.6576 3.683 3.7084 3.7338 3.7592 3.7846150 3.81 3.8354 3.8608 3.8862 3.9116 3.937 3.9624 3.9878 4.0132 4.0386160 4.064 4.0894 4.1148 4.1402 4.1656 4.191 4.2164 4.2418 4.2672 4.2926170 4.318 4.3434 4.3688 4.3942 4.4196 4.445 4.4704 4.4958 4.5212 4.5466180 4.572 4.5974 4.6228 4.6482 4.6736 4.699 4.7244 4.7498 4.7752 4.8006190 4.826 4.8514 4.8768 4.9022 4.9276 4.953 4.9784 5.0038 5.0292 5.0546200 5.08 5.1054 5.1308 5.1562 5.1816 5.207 5.2324 5.2578 5.2832 5.3086210 5.334 5.3594 5.3848 5.4102 5.4356 5.461 5.4864 5.5118 5.5372 5.5626220 5.588 5.6134 5.6388 5.6642 5.6896 5.715 5.7404 5.7658 5.7912 5.8166230 5.842 5.8674 5.8928 5.9182 5.9436 5.969 5.9944 6.0198 6.0452 6.0706240 6.096 6.1214 6.1468 6.1722 6.1976 6.223 6.2484 6.2738 6.2992 6.3246250 6.35 6.3754 6.4008 6.4262 6.4516 6.477 6.5024 6.5278 6.5532 6.5786260 6.604 6.6294 6.6548 6.6802 6.7056 6.731 6.7564 6.7818 6.8072 6.8326270 6.858 6.8834 6.9088 6.9342 6.9596 6.985 7.0104 7.0358 7.0612 7.0866280 7.112 7.1374 7.1628 7.1882 7.2136 7.239 7.2644 7.2898 7.3152 7.3406290 7.366 7.3914 7.4168 7.4422 7.4676 7.493 7.5184 7.5438 7.5692 7.5946300 7.62 7.6454 7.6708 7.6962 7.7216 7.747 7.7724 7.7978 7.8232 7.8486310 7.874 7.8994 7.9248 7.9502 7.9756 8.001 8.0264 8.0518 8.0772 8.1026320 8.128 8.1534 8.1788 8.2042 8.2296 8.255 8.2804 8.3058 8.3312 8.3566330 8.382 8.4074 8.4328 8.4582 8.4836 8.509 8.5344 8.5598 8.5852 8.6106340 8.636 8.6614 8.6868 8.7122 8.7376 8.763 8.7884 8.8138 8.8392 8.8646350 8.89 8.9154 8.9408 8.9662 8.9916 9.017 9.0424 9.0678 9.0932 9.1186360 9.144 9.1694 9.1948 9.2202 9.2456 9.271 9.2964 9.3218 9.3472 9.3726370 9.398 9.4234 9.4488 9.4742 9.4996 9.525 9.5504 9.5758 9.6012 9.6266380 9.652 9.6774 9.7028 9.7282 9.7536 9.779 9.8044 9.8298 9.8552 9.8806390 9.906 9.9314 9.9568 9.9822 10.0076 10.033 10.0584 10.0838 10.1092 10.1346400 10.16 10.1854 10.2108 10.2362 10.2616 10.287 10.3124 10.3378 10.3632 10.3886410 10.414 10.4394 10.4648 10.4902 10.5156 10.541 10.5664 10.5918 10.6172 10.6426420 10.668 10.6934 10.7188 10.7442 10.7696 10.795 10.8204 10.8458 10.8712 10.8966430 10.922 10.9474 10.9728 10.9982 11.0236 11.049 11.0744 11.0998 11.1252 11.1506440 11.176 11.2014 11.2268 11.2522 11.2776 11.303 11.3284 11.3538 11.3792 11.4046450 11.43 11.4554 11.4808 11.5062 11.5316 11.557 11.5824 11.6078 11.6332 11.6586460 11.684 11.7094 11.7348 11.7602 11.7856 11.811 11.8364 11.8618 11.8872 11.9126470 11.938 11.9634 11.9888 12.0142 12.0396 12.065 12.0904 12.1158 12.1412 12.1666480 12.192 12.2174 12.2428 12.2682 12.2936 12.319 12.3444 12.3698 12.3952 12.4206490 12.446 12.4714 12.4968 12.5222 12.5476 12.573 12.5984 12.6238 12.6492 12.6746500 12.7 12.7254 12.7508 12.7762 12.8016 12.827 12.8524 12.8778 12.9032 12.9286

Use the small table below to convert microinches to micrometers for ranges higher than given in the main table above. Appropri-ate quantities chosen from both tables are simply added to obtain the higher converted value:

µin. µm µin. µm µin. µm µin. µm µin. µm µin. µm

600 15.24 800 20.32 1000 25.4 1500 38.1 2100 53.34 2700 68.58700 17.78 900 22.86 1200 30.48 1800 45.72 2400 60.96 3000 76.2

From lower portion of Table 13a: 1200 µin. = 30.48 µm

From upper portion of Table 13a: 175 µin. = 4.445 µm

1375 µin. = 34.925 µm



MICRON TO MICROINCH CONVERSION 2561

Table 13b. Micrometers (microns) to Microinches Conversion

Both portions of Table 13b are based on 1 microinch = 0.0254 micrometers, exactly.

Example: Convert 23.55 µm to µin.:

→Microns

↓

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

Microinches

0.00 0.0000 0.3937 0.7874 1.1811 1.5748 1.9685 2.3622 2.7559 3.1496 3.54330.10 3.9370 4.3307 4.7244 5.1181 5.5118 5.9055 6.2992 6.6929 7.0866 7.48030.20 7.8740 8.2677 8.6614 9.0551 9.4488 9.8425 10.2362 10.6299 11.0236 11.41730.30 11.8110 12.2047 12.5984 12.9921 13.3858 13.7795 14.1732 14.5669 14.9606 15.35430.40 15.7480 16.1417 16.5354 16.9291 17.3228 17.7165 18.1102 18.5039 18.8976 19.29130.50 19.6850 20.0787 20.4724 20.8661 21.2598 21.6535 22.0472 22.4409 22.8346 23.22830.60 23.6220 24.0157 24.4094 24.8031 25.1969 25.5906 25.9843 26.3780 26.7717 27.16540.70 27.5591 27.9528 28.3465 28.7402 29.1339 29.5276 29.9213 30.3150 30.7087 31.10240.80 31.4961 31.8898 32.2835 32.6772 33.0709 33.4646 33.8583 34.2520 34.6457 35.03940.90 35.4331 35.8268 36.2205 36.6142 37.0079 37.4016 37.7953 38.1890 38.5827 38.97641.00 39.3701 39.7638 40.1575 40.5512 40.9449 41.3386 41.7323 42.1260 42.5197 42.91341.10 43.3071 43.7008 44.0945 44.4882 44.8819 45.2756 45.6693 46.0630 46.4567 46.85041.20 47.2441 47.6378 48.0315 48.4252 48.8189 49.2126 49.6063 50.0000 50.3937 50.78741.30 51.1811 51.5748 51.9685 52.3622 52.7559 53.1496 53.5433 53.9370 54.3307 54.72441.40 55.1181 55.5118 55.9055 56.2992 56.6929 57.0866 57.4803 57.8740 58.2677 58.66141.50 59.0551 59.4488 59.8425 60.2362 60.6299 61.0236 61.4173 61.8110 62.2047 62.59841.60 62.9921 63.3858 63.7795 64.1732 64.5669 64.9606 65.3543 65.7480 66.1417 66.53541.70 66.9291 67.3228 67.7165 68.1102 68.5039 68.8976 69.2913 69.6850 70.0787 70.47241.80 70.8661 71.2598 71.6535 72.0472 72.4409 72.8346 73.2283 73.6220 74.0157 74.40941.90 74.8031 75.1969 75.5906 75.9843 76.3780 76.7717 77.1654 77.5591 77.9528 78.34652.00 78.7402 79.1339 79.5276 79.9213 80.3150 80.7087 81.1024 81.4961 81.8898 82.28352.10 82.6772 83.0709 83.4646 83.8583 84.2520 84.6457 85.0394 85.4331 85.8268 86.22052.20 86.6142 87.0079 87.4016 87.7953 88.1890 88.5827 88.9764 89.3701 89.7638 90.15752.30 90.5512 90.9449 91.3386 91.7323 92.1260 92.5197 92.9134 93.3071 93.7008 94.09452.40 94.4882 94.8819 95.2756 95.6693 96.0630 96.4567 96.8504 97.2441 97.6378 98.03152.50 98.4252 98.8189 99.2126 99.6063 100.0000 100.3937 100.7874 101.1811 101.5748 101.96852.60 102.3622 102.7559 103.1496 103.5433 103.9370 104.3307 104.7244 105.1181 105.5118 105.90552.70 106.2992 106.6929 107.0866 107.4803 107.8740 108.2677 108.6614 109.0551 109.4488 109.84252.80 110.2362 110.6299 111.0236 111.4173 111.8110 112.2047 112.5984 112.9921 113.3858 113.77952.90 114.1732 114.5669 114.9606 115.3543 115.7480 116.1417 116.5354 116.9291 117.3228 117.71653.00 118.1102 118.5039 118.8976 119.2913 119.6850 120.0787 120.4724 120.8661 121.2598 121.65353.10 122.0472 122.4409 122.8346 123.2283 123.6220 124.0157 124.4094 124.8031 125.1969 125.59063.20 125.9843 126.3780 126.7717 127.1654 127.5591 127.9528 128.3465 128.7402 129.1339 129.52763.30 129.9213 130.3150 130.7087 131.1024 131.4961 131.8898 132.2835 132.6772 133.0709 133.46463.40 133.8583 134.2520 134.6457 135.0394 135.4331 135.8268 136.2205 136.6142 137.0079 137.40163.50 137.7953 138.1890 138.5827 138.9764 139.3701 139.7638 140.1575 140.5512 140.9449 141.33863.60 141.7323 142.1260 142.5197 142.9134 143.3071 143.7008 144.0945 144.4882 144.8819 145.27563.70 145.6693 146.0630 146.4567 146.8504 147.2441 147.6378 148.0315 148.4252 148.8189 149.21263.80 149.6063 150.0000 150.3937 150.7874 151.1811 151.5748 151.9685 152.3622 152.7559 153.14963.90 153.5433 153.9370 154.3307 154.7244 155.1181 155.5118 155.9055 156.2992 156.6929 157.08664.00 157.4803 157.8740 158.2677 158.6614 159.0551 159.4488 159.8425 160.2362 160.6299 161.02364.10 161.4173 161.8110 162.2047 162.5984 162.9921 163.3858 163.7795 164.1732 164.5669 164.96064.20 165.3543 165.7480 166.1417 166.5354 166.9291 167.3228 167.7165 168.1102 168.5039 168.89764.30 169.2913 169.6850 170.0787 170.4724 170.8661 171.2598 171.6535 172.0472 172.4409 172.83464.40 173.2283 173.6220 174.0157 174.4094 174.8031 175.1969 175.5906 175.9843 176.3780 176.77174.50 177.1654 177.5591 177.9528 178.3465 178.7402 179.1339 179.5276 179.9213 180.3150 180.70874.60 181.1024 181.4961 181.8898 182.2835 182.6772 183.0709 183.4646 183.8583 184.2520 184.64574.70 185.0394 185.4331 185.8268 186.2205 186.6142 187.0079 187.4016 187.7953 188.1890 188.58274.80 188.9764 189.3701 189.7638 190.1575 190.5512 190.9449 191.3386 191.7323 192.1260 192.51974.90 192.9134 193.3071 193.7008 194.0945 194.4882 194.8819 195.2756 195.6693 196.0630 196.45675.00 196.8504 197.2441 197.6378 198.0315 198.4252 198.8189 199.2126 199.6063 200.0000 200.3937

The table given below can be used with the preceding main table to obtain higher converted values, simply by adding appropri-ate quantities chosen from each table:

µm µin. µm µin. µm µin. µm µin. µm µin.

10 393.7008 20 787.4016 30 1,181.1024 40 1,574.8032 50 1,968.503915 590.5512 25 984.2520 35 1,378.9528 45 1,771.6535 55 2,165.3543

From above table: 20.00 µm = 787.4016 µinFrom main table: 3.55 µm = 139.7638 µin

23.55 µm = 927.1654 µin



2562 FEET TO METERS CONVERSION

Table 14a. Feet to Meters Conversion

1 ft = 0.3048 m, exactly

Table 14b. Meters to Feet Conversion

1 m = 3.280840 ft

Table 15a. Miles to Kilometers Conversion

1 mile = 1.609344 km, exactly

Table 15b. Kilometers to Miles Conversion

1 km = 0.6213712 mile

feet meters feet meters feet meters feet meters feet meters

100 30.48 10 3.048 1 0.3048 0.1 0.03048 0.01 0.003048

200 60.96 20 6.096 2 0.6096 0.2 0.06096 0.02 0.006096

300 91.44 30 9.144 3 0.9144 0.3 0.09144 0.03 0.009144

400 121.92 40 12.192 4 1.2192 0.4 0.12192 0.04 0.012192

500 152.4 50 15.24 5 1.524 0.5 0.1524 0.05 0.01524

600 182.88 60 18.288 6 1.8288 0.6 0.18288 0.06 0.018288

700 213.36 70 21.336 7 2.1336 0.7 0.21336 0.07 0.021336

800 243.84 80 24.384 8 2.4384 0.8 0.24384 0.08 0.024384

900 274.32 90 27.432 9 2.7432 0.9 0.27432 0.09 0.027432

1,000 304.8 100 30.48 10 3.048 1.0 0.3048 0.10 0.03048

meters feet meters feet meters feet meters feet meters feet

100 328.084 10 32.808 1 3.281 0.1 0.328 0.01 0.033

200 656.168 20 65.617 2 6.562 0.2 0.656 0.02 0.066

300 984.252 30 98.425 3 9.843 0.3 0.984 0.03 0.098

400 1,312.336 40 131.234 4 13.123 0.4 1.312 0.04 0.131

500 1,640.420 50 164.042 5 16.404 0.5 1.640 0.05 0.164

600 1,968.504 60 196.850 6 19.685 0.6 1.969 0.06 0.197

700 2,296.588 70 229.659 7 22.966 0.7 2.297 0.07 0.230

800 2,624.672 80 262.467 8 26.247 0.8 2.625 0.08 0.262

900 2,952.756 90 295.276 9 29.528 0.9 2.953 0.09 0.295

1,000 3,280.840 100 328.084 10 32.808 1.0 3.281 0.10 0.328

miles km miles km miles km miles km miles km

1,000 1,609.34 100 160.93 10 16.09 1 1.61 0.1 0.16

2,000 3,218.69 200 321.87 20 32.19 2 3.22 0.2 0.32

3,000 4,828.03 300 482.80 30 48.28 3 4.83 0.3 0.48

4,000 6,437.38 400 643.74 40 64.37 4 6.44 0.4 0.64

5,000 8,046.72 500 804.67 50 80.47 5 8.05 0.5 0.80

6,000 9,656.06 600 965.61 60 96.56 6 9.66 0.6 0.97

7,000 11,265.41 700 1,126.54 70 112.65 7 11.27 0.7 1.13

8,000 12,874.75 800 1,287.48 80 128.75 8 12.87 0.8 1.29

9,000 14,484.10 900 1,448.41 90 144.84 9 14.48 0.9 1.45

10,000 16,093.44 1,000 1,609.34 100 160.93 10 16.09 1.0 1.61

km miles km miles km miles km miles km miles

1,000 621.37 100 62.14 10 6.21 1 0.62 0.1 0.06

2,000 1,242.74 200 124.27 20 12.43 2 1.24 0.2 0.12

3,000 1,864.11 300 186.41 30 18.64 3 1.86 0.3 0.19

4,000 2,485.48 400 248.55 40 24.85 4 2.49 0.4 0.25

5,000 3,106.86 500 310.69 50 31.07 5 3.11 0.5 0.31

6,000 3,728.23 600 372.82 60 37.28 6 3.73 0.6 0.37

7,000 4,349.60 700 434.96 70 43.50 7 4.35 0.7 0.43

8,000 4,970.97 800 497.10 80 49.71 8 4.97 0.8 0.50

9,000 5,592.34 900 559.23 90 55.92 9 5.59 0.9 0.56

10,000 6,213.71 1,000 621.37 100 62.14 10 6.21 1.0 0.62



SQUARE MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS 2563

Units of Area

Table 16. Square Measure and Conversion Factors

Metric System U.S. System

1 square kilometer (km2) =100 hectares1,000,000 square meters0.3861 square mile247.1 acres

1 hectare (ha) =0.01 square kilometer100 ares10,000 square meters2.471 acres107,639 square feet

1 are (a) =0.0001 square kilometer100 square meters0.0247 acre1076.4 square feet

1 square meter (m2) =0.000001 square kilometer100 square decimeters10000 square centimeters1,000,000 square millimeters10.764 square feet1.196 square yards

1 square decimeter (dm2) =100 square centimeters

1 square centimeter (cm2) =0.0001 square meters100 square millimeters0.001076 square foot0.155 square inch

1 square millimeter (mm2) =0.01 square centimeters1,000,000 square microns0.00155 square inch

1 square micrometer (micron) (µm2) =1 × 10−12 square meter0.000001 square millimeters1 × 10−9 square inch1549.997 square micro-inch

1 square mile (mi2) =640 acres6400 square chains2.5899 square kilometers

1 acre =10 square chains4840 square yards43,560 square feeta square, 208.71 feet on a side0.4046856 hectare40.47 ares4046.856 square meters

1 square chain =16 square rods 484 square yards 4356 square feet

1 square rod =30.25 square yards272.25 square feet625 square links

1 square yard (yd2) =9 square feet1296 square inches0.83612736 square meter8361.2736 square centimeter836,127.36 square millimeter

1 square foot (ft2) =0.111111 square yard144 square inches0.09290304 square meter929.0304 square centimeters92,903.04 square millimeters

1 square inch (in2) =0.0007716 square yard0.006944 square foot0.00064516 square meter6.4516 square centimeters645.16 square millimeters

1 square mil (mil2) =0.000001 square inch0.00064516 square millimeter

1 square micro-inch (µin2) =1 × 10−12 square inch0.00064516 square micrometer (micron)


Measure Used for Diameters and Areas of Electric Wires

1 circular inch =area of 1-inch diameter circle π⁄4 square inch0.7854 square inch5.067 square centimeter1,000,000 circular mils

1 circular mil =area of 0.001-inch diameter circleπ⁄4 square mill

1 square inch =1.2732 circular inch1,273,239 circular mils



2564 SQUARE MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Table 17a. Square Inches to Square Centimeters Conversion

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly, 1 inch2 = 6.4516 cm2, exactly.

Table 17b. Square Centimeters to Square Inches Conversion

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly, 1 cm2 = 0.1550003 inch2.

Table 18a. Square Feet to Square Meters Conversion

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly, 1 ft2 = 0.09290304 m2, exactly.

Table 18b. Square Meters to Square Feet Conversion

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly, 1 m2 = 10.76391 ft2.

inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2

100 645.16 10 64.516 1 6.4516 0.1 0.64516 0.01 0.064516200 1,290.32 20 129.032 2 12.9032 0.2 1.29032 0.02 0.129032300 1,935.48 30 193.548 3 19.3548 0.3 1.93548 0.03 0.135489400 2,580.64 40 258.064 4 25.8064 0.4 2.58064 0.04 0.258064500 3,225.80 50 322.58 5 32.258 0.5 3.2258 0.05 0.32258600 30,870.96 60 387.096 6 38.7096 0.6 3.87096 0.06 0.387096700 4,516.12 70 451.612 7 45.1612 0.7 4.51612 0.07 0.451612800 5,161.28 80 516.128 8 51.6128 0.8 5.16128 0.08 0.516128900 5,806.44 90 580.644 9 58.0644 0.9 5.80644 0.09 0.580644

1,000 6,451.60 100 645.16 10 64.516 1.0 6.4516 0.10 0.64516

cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2

100 15.500 10 1.550 1 0.155 0.1 0.016 0.01 0.002200 31,000 20 3.100 2 0.310 0.2 0.031 0.02 0.003300 46.500 30 4.650 3 0.465 0.3 0.047 0.03 0.005400 62.000 40 6.200 4 0.620 0.4 0.062 0.04 0.006500 77.500 50 7.750 5 0.75 0.5 0.078 0.05 0.008600 93.000 60 9.300 6 0.930 0.6 0.093 0.06 0.009700 108.500 70 10.850 7 1.085 0.7 0.109 0.07 0.011800 124.000 80 12.400 8 1.240 0.8 0.124 0.08 0.012900 139.500 90 13.950 9 1.395 0.9 0.140 0.09 0.014

1,000 155.000 100 15.500 10 1.550 1.0 0.155 0.10 0.016

ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft2 m2

1,000 92.903 100 9.290 10 0.929 1 0.093 0.1 0.0092,000 185.806 200 18.581 20 1.858 2 0.186 0.2 0.0193,000 278.709 300 27.871 30 2.787 3 0.279 0.3 0.0284,000 371.612 400 37.161 40 3.716 4 0.372 0.4 0.0375,000 464.515 500 46.452 50 4.645 5 0.465 0.5 0.0466,000 557.418 600 55.742 60 5.574 6 0.557 0.6 0.0567,000 650.321 700 65.032 70 6.503 7 0.650 0.7 0.0658,000 743.224 800 74.322 80 7.432 8 0.743 0.8 0.0749,000 836.127 900 83.613 90 8.361 9 0.836 0.9 0.08410,000 929.030 1,000 92.903 100 9.290 10 0.929 1.0 0.093

m2 ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft2

100 1,076.39 10 107.64 1 10.76 0.1 1.08 0.01 0.11200 2,152.78 20 215.28 2 21.53 0.2 2.15 0.02 0.22300 3,229.17 30 322.92 3 32.29 0.3 3.23 0.03 0.32400 4,305.56 40 430.56 4 43.06 0.4 4.31 0.04 0.43500 5,381.96 50 538.20 5 53.82 0.5 5.38 0.05 0.54600 6,458.35 60 645.83 6 64.58 0.6 6.46 0.06 0.65700 7,534.74 70 753.47 7 75.35 0.7 7.53 0.07 0.75800 8,611.13 80 861.11 8 86.11 0.8 8.61 0.08 0.86900 9,687.52 90 968.75 9 96.88 0.9 9.69 0.09 0.97

1,000 10,763.91 100 1,076.39 10 107.64 1.0 10.76 0.10 1.08



SQUARE MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS 2565

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly, 1 yd2 = 0.83612736 m2, exactly

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly, 1 m2 = 1.195990046 yd2.

Table 20a. Acres to Hectares Conversion

1 acre = 0.4046856 hectare

Table 20b. Hectares to Acres Conversion

1 hectare = 2.471054 acres

Table 19a. Square Yard to Square Meter Conversionyd2 m2 yd2 m2 yd2 m2 yd2 m2 yd2 m2

1000 836.12736 100 83.612736 10 8.3612736 1 0.83612736 0.1 0.0836127362000 1672.25472 200 167.225472 20 16.7225472 2 1.67225472 0.2 0.1672254723000 2508.38208 300 250.838208 30 25.0838208 3 2.50838208 0.3 0.2508382084000 3344.50944 400 334.450944 40 33.4450944 4 3.34450944 0.4 0.3344509445000 4180.6368 500 418.06368 50 41.806368 5 4.1806368 0.5 0.418063686000 5016.76416 600 501.676416 60 50.1676416 6 5.01676416 0.6 0.5016764167000 5852.89152 700 585.289152 70 58.5289152 7 5.85289152 0.7 0.5852891528000 6689.01888 800 668.901888 80 66.8901888 8 6.68901888 0.8 0.6689018889000 7525.14624 900 752.514624 90 75.2514624 9 7.52514624 0.9 0.752514624

10000 8361.2736 1000 836.12736 100 83.612736 10 8.3612736 1 0.83612736

Table 19b. Square Meter to Square Yard Conversionm2 yd2 m2 yd2 m2 yd2 m2 yd2 m2 yd2

1000 1195.990046 100 119.5990046 10 11.95990046 1 1.195990046 0.1 0.1195990052000 2391.980093 200 239.1980093 20 23.91980093 2 2.391980093 0.2 0.2391980093000 3587.970139 300 358.7970139 30 35.87970139 3 3.587970139 0.3 0.3587970144000 4783.960185 400 478.3960185 40 47.83960185 4 4.783960185 0.4 0.4783960195000 5979.950232 500 597.9950232 50 59.79950232 5 5.979950232 0.5 0.5979950236000 7175.940278 600 717.5940278 60 71.75940278 6 7.175940278 0.6 0.7175940287000 8371.930324 700 837.1930324 70 83.71930324 7 8.371930324 0.7 0.8371930328000 9567.92037 800 956.792037 80 95.6792037 8 9.56792037 0.8 0.9567920379000 10763.91042 900 1076.391042 90 107.6391042 9 10.76391042 0.9 1.076391042

10000 11959.90046 1000 1195.990046 100 119.5990046 10 11.95990046 1 1.195990046

→acres↓

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

hectares

0 … 4.047 8.094 12.141 16.187 20.234 24.281 28.328 32.375 36.422100 40.469 44.515 48.562 52.609 56.656 60.703 64.750 68.797 72.843 76.890200 80.937 84.984 89.031 93.078 97.125 101.171 105.218 109.265 113.312 117.359300 121.406 125.453 129.499 133.546 137.593 141.640 145.687 149.734 153.781 157.827400 161.874 165.921 169.968 174.015 178.062 182.109 186.155 190.202 194.249 198.296500 202.343 206.390 240.437 214.483 218.530 222.577 226.624 230.671 234.718 238.765600 242.811 246.858 250.905 254.952 258.999 263.046 267.092 271.139 275.186 279.233700 283.280 287.327 291.374 295.420 299.467 303.514 307.561 311.608 315.655 319.702800 323.748 327.795 331.842 335.889 339.936 343.983 348.030 352.076 356.123 360.170900 364.217 368.264 372.311 376.358 380.404 384.451 388.498 392.545 396.592 400.639

1000 404.686 … … … … … … … … …

→hectares

↓

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

acres

0 … 24.71 49.42 74.13 98.84 123.55 148.26 172.97 197.68 222.39100 247.11 271.82 296.53 321.24 345.95 370.66 395.37 420.08 444.79 469.50200 494.21 518.92 543.63 568.34 593.05 617.76 642.47 667.18 691.90 716.61300 741.32 766.03 790.74 815.45 840.16 864.87 889.58 914.29 939.00 963.71400 988.42 1013.13 1037.84 1062.55 1087.26 1111.97 1136.68 1161.40 1186.11 1210.82500 1235.53 1260.24 1284.95 1309.66 1334.37 1359.08 1383.79 1408.50 1433.21 1457.92600 1482.63 1507.34 1532.05 1556.76 1581.47 1606.19 1630.90 1655.61 1680.32 1705.03700 1729.74 1754.45 1779.16 1803.87 1828.58 1853.29 1878.00 1902.71 1927.42 1952.13800 1976.84 2001.55 2026.26 2050.97 2075.69 2100.40 2125.11 2149.82 2174.53 2199.24900 2223.95 2248.66 2273.37 2298.08 2322.79 2347.50 2372.21 2396.92 2421.63 2446.34

1000 2471.05 … … … … … … … … …



2566 CUBIC MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Units of Volume

Table 21. Cubic Measure and Conversion Factors

Metric System U.S. System

1 cubic meter (m3) =1000 cubic decimeters (liters)1,000,000 cubic centimeters1.30795 cubic yards35.314667 cubic feet61,023.74 cubic inches264.17205 U.S. gallons219.96925 British Imperial gallons

1 liter (l) or 1 cubic decimeter (dm3) =1 liter = volume of 1 kg water at 39.2°F0.001 cubic meter1000 cubic centimeters10 deciliters0.03531466 cubic foot61.023744 cubic inches0.2642 U.S. gallon0.21997 British Imperial gallon1.0566882 U.S. quarts33.814 U.S. fluid ounces

1 cubic centimeter (cm3) =0.001 liter1000 cubic millimeters0.061024 cubic inch

1 cubic millileter = 0.001 cubic centimeters1 hectoliter (hl) = 100 liters1 deciliter (dl) = 10 centiliters1 centiliter (cl) = 10 milliliters

1 cubic yard (yd3) =27 cubic feet201.97403 U.S. gallons46,656 cubic inch0.7646 cubic meter

1 cubic foot (ft3) =1728 cubic inches7.4805 U.S. gallons6.23 British Imperial gallons 0.02831685 cubic meter28.31685 liters

1 cubic inch (in3) =0.55411256 U.S. fluid ounces16.387064 cubic centimeters

Shipping MeasureFor measuring internal capacity of a vessel:

1 register ton = 100 cubic feetFor measurement of cargo:

1 shipping ton =Approximately 40 cubic feet of merchan-dise is considered a shipping ton, unless that bulk would weigh more than 2000 pounds, in which case the freight charge may be based upon weight

40 cubic feet =32.143 U.S. bushels31.16 Imperial bushels

British (Imperial) Liquid and Dry Measure U.S. Liquid Measure

1 British Imperial gallon =0.1605 cubic foot277.42 cubic inches1.2009 U.S. gallon160 Imperial fluid ounces4 Imperial quarts8 Imperial pints4.54609 liters

1 quart =2 Imperial pints8 Imperial gills40 Imperial fluid ounces69.354 cubic inches1.1365225 liters

1 pint =4 Imperial gills20 Imperial fluid ounces34.678 cubic inches568.26125 milliliters

1 gill =5 Imperial fluid ounces8.669 cubic inches142.07 milliliters

1 U.S. gallon =0.13368 cubic foot231 cubic inches128 U.S. fluid ounces4 U.S. quarts8 U.S. pints0.8327 British Imperial gallon3.785411784 liters

1 quart =2 U.S. pints8 U.S. gills32 U.S. fluid ounces57.75 cubic inches0.9463529 liters

1 pint =4 U.S. gills16 U.S fluid ounces28.875 cubic inches473.176 milliliters

1 gill =1/2 cup = 4 U.S. fluid ounces7.21875 cubic inches118.29 milliliters




CUBIC MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS 2567

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly. 1 inch3 = 16.387064 cm3, exactly

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly. 1 cm3 = 0.06102376 inch3

British (Imperial) Liquid and Dry Measure Apothecaries' Fluid Measure

1 British Imperial fluid ounce =1.733871 cubic inch1⁄160 British Imperial gallon28.41306 milliliters

1 British Imperial bushel =8 Imperial gallons = 1.284 cubic feet2219.36 cubic inches

1 U.S. fluid ounce =1.8046875 cubic inch1⁄128 U.S. gallon8 drachms0.02957353 liter29.57353 milliliters

1 fluid drachm = 60 minims

U.S. Dry Measure Old Liquid Measure

1 bushel (U.S. or Winchester struck bushel) =1.2445 cubic feet2150.42 cubic inchesa cylinder 18.5 inches dia., 8 inches deepa cylinder 47.0 cm dia., 20.3 cm deep

1 bushel = 4 pecks = 32 quarts = 64 pints1 peck = 8 quarts = 16 pints1 dry quart = 2 pints =

67.200625 cubic inches1.101221 liters

1 heaped bushel = 11⁄4 struck bushel1 cubic foot = 0.8036 struck bushel

1 barrel (bbl) = 311⁄2 gallons1 hogshead = 2 barrels = 63 gallons1 pipe or butt = 2 hogsheads = 4 barrels = 126

gallons1 tierce = 42 gallons1 puncheon = 2 tierces = 84 gallons1 tun = 2 pipes = 3 puncheons

Other Cubic MeasureThe following are used for wood and masonry:

1 cord of wood = 4 × 4 × 8 feet = 128 cubic feet1 perch of masonry =

161⁄2 × 11⁄2 × 1 foot = 243⁄4 cubic feet

Barrel Measure

1 drum =55 U.S. gallon7.3524 cubic feet208.19765 liters

1 petroleum barrel (bo) =42 U.S. gallons5.614583 cubic feet158.98729 liters


Table 22a. Cubic Inches to Cubic Centimeters Conversioninch3 cm3 inch3 cm3 inch3 cm3 inch3 cm3 inch3 cm3

100 1,638.71 10 163.87 1 16.39 0.1 1.64 0.01 0.16200 3,277.41 20 327.74 2 32.77 0.2 3.28 0.02 0.33300 4,916.12 30 491.61 3 49.16 0.3 4.92 0.03 0.49400 6,554.82 40 655.48 4 65.55 0.4 6.55 0.04 0.66500 8,193.53 50 819.35 5 81.94 0.5 8.19 0.05 0.82600 9,832.24 60 983.22 6 98.32 0.6 9.83 0.06 0.98700 11,470.94 70 1,147.09 7 114.71 0.7 11.47 0.07 1.15800 13,109.65 80 1,310.96 8 131.10 0.8 13.11 0.08 1.31900 14,748.35 90 1,474.84 9 147.48 0.9 14.75 0.09 1.47

1,000 16,387.06 100 1,638.71 10 163.87 1.0 16.39 0.10 1.64

Table 22b. Cubic Centimeres to Cubic Inches Conversioncm3 inch3 cm3 in3 cm3 inch3 cm3 in3 cm3 in3

1,000 61.024 100 6.102 10 0.610 1 0.061 0.1 0.0062,000 122.048 200 12.205 20 1.220 2 0.122 0.2 0.0123,000 183.071 300 18.307 30 1,831 3 0.183 0.3 0.0184,000 244.095 400 24.410 40 2.441 4 0.244 0.4 0.0245,000 305.119 500 30.512 50 3.051 5 0.305 0.5 0.0316,000 366.143 600 36.614 60 3.661 6 0.366 0.6 0.0377,000 427.166 700 42.717 70 4.272 7 0.427 0.7 0.0438,000 488.190 800 48.819 80 4.882 8 0.488 0.8 0.0499,000 549.214 900 54.921 90 5.492 9 0.549 0.9 0.055

10,000 610.238 1,000 61.024 100 6.102 10 0.610 1.0 0.061

Table 21. (Continued) Cubic Measure and Conversion Factors



2568 CUBIC MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly. 1 ft3 = 0.02831685 m3

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly. 1 m3 = 35.31466 ft3

Table 24a. Cubic Feet to Liters Conversion

1 ft3 = 28.31685 liters

Table 24b. Liters to Cubic Feet Conversion

1 liter = 0.03531466 ft3

Table 23a. Cubic Feet to Cubic Meters Conversionft3 m3 ft3 m3 ft3 m3 ft3 m3 ft3 m3

1,000 28.317 100 2.832 10 0.283 1 0.028 0.1 0.0032,000 56.634 200 5.663 20 0.566 2 0.057 0.2 0.0063,000 84.951 300 8.495 30 0.850 3 0.085 0.3 0.0084,000 113.267 400 11.327 40 1.133 4 0.113 0.4 0.0115,000 141.584 500 14.158 50 1.416 5 0.142 0.5 0.0146,000 169.901 600 16.990 60 1.699 6 0.170 0.6 0.0177,000 198.218 700 19.822 70 1.982 7 0.198 0.7 0.0208,000 226.535 800 22.653 80 2.265 8 0.227 0.8 0.0239,000 254.852 900 25.485 90 2.549 9 0.255 0.9 0.025

10,000 283.168 1,000 28.317 100 2.832 10 0.283 1.0 0.028

Table 23b. Cubic Meters to Cubic Feet Conversionm3 ft3 m3 ft3 m3 ft3 m3 ft3 m3 ft3

100 3,531.47 10 353.15 1 35.31 0.1 3.53 0.01 0.35200 7,062.93 20 706.29 2 70.63 0.2 7.06 0.02 0.71300 10,594.40 30 1,059.44 3 105.94 0.3 10.59 0.03 1.06400 14,125.86 40 4,412.59 4 141.26 0.4 14.13 0.04 1.41500 17,657.33 50 1,756.73 5 176.57 0.5 17.66 0.05 1.77600 21,188.80 60 2,118.88 6 211.89 0.6 21.19 0.06 2.12700 24,720.26 70 2,472.03 7 247.20 0.7 24.72 0.07 2.47800 28,251.73 80 2,825.17 8 282.52 0.8 28.25 0.08 2.83900 31,783.19 90 3,178.32 9 317.83 0.9 31.78 0.09 3.18

1,000 35,314.66 100 3,531.47 10 353.15 1.0 35.311 0.10 3.53

ft3 liters ft3 liters ft3 liters ft3 liters ft3 liters

100 2,831.68 10 283.17 1 28.32 0.1 2.83 0.01 0.28200 5,663.37 20 566.34 2 56.63 0.2 5.66 0.02 0.57300 8,495.06 30 849.51 3 84.95 0.3 8.50 0.03 0.85400 11,326.74 40 1,132.67 4 113.27 0.4 11.33 0.04 1.13500 14,158.42 50 1,415.84 5 141.58 0.5 14.16 0.05 1.42600 16,990.11 60 1,699.01 6 169.90 0.6 16.99 0.06 1.70700 19,821.80 70 1,982.18 7 198.22 0.7 19.82 0.07 1.98800 22,653.48 80 2,263.35 8 226.53 0.8 22.65 0.08 2.27900 25,485.16 90 2,548.52 9 254.85 0.9 25.49 0.09 2.55

1,000 28,316.85 100 2,831.68 10 283.17 1.0 28.32 0.10 2.83

liters ft3 liters ft3 liters ft3 liters ft3 liters ft3

1,000 35.315 100 3.531 10 0.353 1 0.035 0.1 0.0042,000 70.629 200 7.063 20 0.706 2 0.071 0.2 0.0073,000 105.944 300 10.594 30 1.059 3 0.106 0.3 0.0114,000 141.259 400 14.126 40 1.413 4 0.141 0.4 0.0145,000 176.573 500 17.657 50 1.766 5 0.177 0.5 0.0186,000 211.888 600 21.189 60 2.119 6 0.212 0.6 0.0217,000 247.203 700 24.720 70 2.472 7 0.247 0.7 0.0258,000 282.517 800 28.252 80 2.825 8 0.283 0.8 0.0289,000 317.832 900 31.783 90 3.178 9 0.318 0.9 0.032

10,000 353.147 1,000 35.315 100 3.531 10 0.353 1.0 0.035



CUBIC MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS 2569

1 U.K. gallon = 4.546092 liters

1 liter = 0.2199692 U.K. gallons

Table 26a. U.S. Gallons to Liters Conversion

1 U.S. gallon = 3.785412 liters

Table 26b. Liters to U.S. Gallons Conversion

1 liter = 0.2641720 U.S. gallon

Table 25a. U.K. (Imperial) Gallons to Liters Conversion

Imp.gals

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

liters

0 … 4.546 9.092 13.638 18.184 22.730 27.277 31.823 36.369 40.91510 45.461 50.007 54.553 59.099 63.645 68.191 72.737 77.284 81.830 86.37620 90.922 95.468 100.014 104.560 109.106 113.652 118.198 122.744 127.291 131.83730 136.383 140.929 145.475 150.021 154.567 159.113 163.659 168.205 172.751 177.29840 181.844 186.390 190.936 195.482 200.028 204.574 209.120 213.666 218.212 222.75950 227.305 231.851 236.397 240.943 245.489 250.035 254.581 259.127 263.673 268.21960 272.766 277.312 281.858 286.404 290.950 295.496 300.042 304.588 309.134 313.68070 318.226 322.773 327.319 331.865 336.411 340.957 345.503 350.049 354.595 359.14180 363.687 368.233 372.780 377.326 381.872 386.418 390.964 395.510 400.056 404.60290 409.148 413.694 418.240 422.787 427.333 431.879 436.425 440.971 445.517 450.063100 454.609 459.155 463.701 468.247 472.794 477.340 481.886 486.432 490.978 495.524

Table 25b. Liters to U.K. (Imperial) Gallons Conversion

liters

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Imperial gallons

0 … 0.220 0.440 0.660 0.880 1.100 1.320 1.540 1.760 1.98010 2.200 2.420 2.640 2.860 3.080 3.300 3.520 3.739 3.959 4.17920 4.399 4.619 4.839 5.059 5.279 5.499 5.719 5.939 6.159 6.37930 6.599 6.819 7.039 7.259 7.479 7.699 7.919 8.139 8.359 8.57940 8.799 9.019 9.239 9.459 9.679 9.899 10.119 10.339 10.559 10.77850 10.998 11.218 11.438 11.658 11.878 12.098 12.318 12.538 12.758 12.97860 13.198 13.418 13.638 13.858 14.078 14.298 14.518 14.738 14.958 15.17870 15.398 15.618 15.838 16.058 16.278 16.498 16.718 16.938 17.158 17.37880 17.598 17.818 18.037 18.257 18.477 18.697 18.917 19.137 19.357 19.57790 19.797 20.017 20.237 20.457 20.677 20.897 21.117 21.337 21.557 21.777100 21.997 22.217 22.437 22.657 22.877 23.097 23.317 23.537 23.757 23.977

gals liters gals liters gals liters gals liters gals liters

1,000 3,785.41 100 378.54 10 37.85 1 3.79 0.1 0.382,000 7,570.82 200 757.08 20 75.71 2 7.57 0.2 0.763,000 11,356.24 300 1,135.62 30 113.56 3 11.36 0.3 1.144,000 15,141.65 400 1,514.16 40 151.42 4 15.14 0.4 1.515,000 18,927.06 500 1,892.71 50 189.27 5 18.93 0.5 1.896,000 22,712.47 600 2,271.25 60 227.12 6 22.71 0.6 2.277,000 26,497.88 700 2,649.79 70 264.98 7 26.50 0.7 2.658,000 30,283.30 800 3,028.33 80 302.83 8 30.28 0.8 3.039,000 34,068.71 900 3,406.87 90 340.69 9 34.07 0.9 3.41

10,000 37,854.12 1,000 3,785.41 100 378.54 10 37.85 1.0 3.79

liters gals liters gals liters gals liters gals liters gals

1,000 264.17 100 26.42 10 2.64 1 0.26 0.1 0.032,000 528.34 200 52.83 20 5.28 2 0.53 0.2 0.053,000 792.52 300 79.25 30 7.93 3 0.79 0.3 0.084,000 1,056.69 400 105.67 40 10.57 4 1.06 0.4 0.115,000 1,320.86 500 132.09 50 13.21 5 1.32 0.5 0.136,000 1,585.03 600 158.50 60 15.85 6 1.59 0.6 0.167,000 1,849.20 700 184.92 70 18.49 7 1.85 0.7 0.188,000 2,113.38 800 211.34 80 21.13 8 2.11 0.8 0.219,000 2,377.55 900 237.75 90 23.78 9 2.38 0.9 0.24

10,000 2,641.72 1,000 264.17 100 26.42 10 2.64 1.0 0.26



2570 FLOW CONVERSION FACTORS

1 U.S. fluid ounce = 29.57353 milliliters

1 milliliter = 0.003814 U.S. fluid ounce

Units of Volumetric Flow Rate

Table 28a. Volume Flow per Second Conversion

Pitot Tube.— A pitot tube is a small, transparent, open tube bent at right angle. It is a hol-low tube that is placed longitudinally in the direction of fluid flow, allowing the flow toenter one end at the fluids velocity of approach. When the fluids enter the pitot tube, itcomes to a stop, all of the velocity head is converted to pressure head. The differencebetween the total and static energies is the kinetic energy of the fluid. The velocity of thefluid can be calculated by using the Bernoulli equation.

Table 27a. U.S. Fluid Ounces to Milliliters Conversionoz mL oz mL oz mL oz mL oz mL

100 2957.353 10 295.7353 1 29.57353 0.1 2.957353 0.01 0.2957353200 5914.706 20 591.4706 2 59.14706 0.2 5.914706 0.02 0.5914706300 8872.059 30 887.2059 3 88.72059 0.3 8.872059 0.03 0.8872059400 11829.412 40 1182.9412 4 118.29412 0.4 11.829412 0.04 1.1829412500 14786.765 50 1478.6765 5 147.86765 0.5 14.786765 0.05 1.4786765600 17744.118 60 1774.4118 6 177.44118 0.6 17.744118 0.06 1.7744118700 20701.471 70 2070.1471 7 207.01471 0.7 20.701471 0.07 2.0701471800 23658.824 80 2365.8824 8 236.58824 0.8 23.658824 0.08 2.3658824900 26616.177 90 2661.6177 9 266.16177 0.9 26.616177 0.09 2.6616177

1000 29573.53 100 2957.353 10 295.7353 1 29.57353 0.1 2.957353

Table 27b. Milliliters to U.S. Fluid Ounces ConversionmL oz mL oz mL oz mL oz mL oz100 3.3814 10 0.33814 1 0.033814 0.1 0.0033814 0.01 0.00033814200 6.7628 20 0.67628 2 0.067628 0.2 0.0067628 0.02 0.00067628300 10.1442 30 1.01442 3 0.101442 0.3 0.0101442 0.03 0.00101442400 13.5256 40 1.35256 4 0.135256 0.4 0.0135256 0.04 0.00135256500 16.907 50 1.6907 5 0.16907 0.5 0.016907 0.05 0.0016907600 20.2884 60 2.02884 6 0.202884 0.6 0.0202884 0.06 0.00202884700 23.6698 70 2.36698 7 0.236698 0.7 0.0236698 0.07 0.00236698800 27.0512 80 2.70512 8 0.270512 0.8 0.0270512 0.08 0.00270512900 30.4326 90 3.04326 9 0.304326 0.9 0.0304326 0.09 0.00304326

1000 33.814 100 3.3814 10 0.33814 1 0.033814 0.1 0.0033814

To Convert ↓

Mul

tiply

By

Fact

or T

o O

btai

n ↓

Cm3/sec Meter3/sec Foot3/sec Liter/sec Gallon/sec (US) Gallon/sec (UK)

Cm3/sec 1 1 × 10−6 3.531 × 10−5 0.001 2.642 × 10−4 2.19969 × 10−4

Meter3/sec 1 × 106 1 35.31466 1,000 264.172 219.9692

Foot3/sec 28,316.846 0.028316 1 28.3168 7.480519 6.22883

Liter/sec 1000 0.001 0.0353146 1 0.264172 0.21996

Gallon/sec (US) 3,785.412 3.7854 × 10−3 0.133368 3.785412 1 0.8326739

Gallon/sec (UK) 4,546.092 4.546 × 10−3 0.1605432 4.546092 1.2009504 1

Table 28b. Volume Flow per Minute ConversionTo Convert ↓

Mul

tiply

By

Fact

or, T

o O

btai

n ↓ Foot3/min Liter/min Gallon/min (US) Gallon/min (UK)

Foot3/min 1 28.316846 7.480519 6.2288327

Liter/min 0.035314 1 0.264172 0.2199692Gallon/min (US) 0.133680 3.785412 1 0.832673

Gallon/min (UK) 0.1605437 4.546092 1.20095 1

p1

ρ-----

v12

2-----+

p2

ρ-----= v1

2 p2 p1–( )

ρ------------------------- (SI)= v1

2 p2 p1–( )gc

ρ------------------------------ (US)=



MASS AND WEIGHT CONVERSION FACTORS 2571

Units of Mass and Weight

Table 30a. Pounds to Kilograms Conversion

1 pound = 0.4535924 kilogram

Table 29. Mass and Weight Conversion Factors

Metric System Avoirdupois or Commercial Weight

1 metric ton (t) =1000 kilograms2204.6223 pounds0.9842 gross or long ton (of 2240 pounds) 0.9072 net or short ton (of 2000 pounds)

1 kilogram (kg) =1000 grams = 10 hectograms2.2046 pounds35.274 ounces avoirdupois

1 hectogram (hg) = 10 dekagrams1 dekagram (dag) = 10 grams1 gram (g) =

10 decigrams0.0022046 pound0.03215 ounce Troy0.03527 ounce avoirdupois15.432 grains

1 decigram (dg) = 10 centigrams1 centigram (cg) = 10 milligrams

1 gross or long ton =2240 pounds1.016 metric ton1016 kilograms

1 net or short ton = 2000 pounds1 pound = 16 ounces

7000 grains0.45359237 kilogram453.6 grams

1 ounce =1⁄16 pound16 drachms437.5 grains28.3495 grams0.2780139 newton

1 grain Avoirdupois =1 grain apothecaries' weight = 1 grain Troy weight0.064799 gram

Troy Weight Used for Weighing Gold and Silver

1 pound Troy =12 ounces Troy = 5760 grains144⁄175 Avoirdupois pound

1 ounce Troy =20 pennyweights = 480 grains31.103 grams

1 pennyweight = 24 grains1 grain Troy =

1 grain avoirdupois1 grain apothecaries' weight0.0648 gram

1 carat (used in weighing diamonds) =3.086 grains 200 milligrams = 1⁄5 gram

1 gold karat = 1⁄24 proportion pure gold

Apothecaries' Weight1 pound = 12 ounces = 5760 grains1 ounce =

8 drachms = 480 grains31.103 grams

1 drachm = 3 scruples = 60 grains1 scruple = 20 grains

Old Weight MeasuresMeasures for weight seldom used in the United

States:1 gross or long ton = 20 hundred-weights1 hundred-weight = 4 quarters = 112 pounds1 quarter = 28 pounds1 stone = 14 pounds1 quintal = 100 pounds


lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg

1,000 453.59 100 45.36 10 4.54 1 0.45 0.1 0.052,000 907.18 200 90.72 20 9.07 2 0.91 0.2 0.093,000 1,360.78 300 136.08 30 13.61 3 1.36 0.3 0.144,000 1,814.37 400 181.44 40 18.14 4 1.81 0.4 0.185,000 2,267.96 500 226.80 50 22.68 5 2.27 0.5 0.236,000 2,721.55 600 272.16 60 27.22 6 2.72 0.6 0.277,000 3,175.15 700 317.51 70 31.75 7 3.18 0.7 0.328,000 3,628.74 800 362.87 80 36.29 8 3.63 0.8 0.369,000 4,082.33 900 408.23 90 40.82 9 4.08 0.9 0.41

10,000 4,535.92 1,000 453.59 100 45.36 10 4.54 1.0 0.45



2572 DENSITY CONVERSION FACTORS

Table 30b. Kilograms to Pounds Conversion

1 kilogram = 2.204622 pounds

Table 31a. Ounces to Grams Conversion

1 ounce = 28.34952 grams

Table 31b. Grams to Ounces Conversion

1 gram = 0.03527397 ounce

Table 32. Density Conversion Factors

kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb

1,000 2,204.62 100 220.46 10 22.05 1 2.20 0.1 0.222,000 4,409.24 200 440.92 20 44.09 2 4.41 0.2 0.443,000 6,613.87 300 661.39 30 66.14 3 6.61 0.3 0.664,000 8,818.49 400 881.85 40 88.18 4 8.82 0.4 0.885,000 11,023.11 500 1,102.31 50 110.23 5 11.02 0.5 1.106,000 13,227.73 600 1,322.77 60 132.28 6 13.23 0.6 1.327,000 15,432.35 700 1,543.24 70 154.32 7 15.43 0.7 1.548,000 17,636.98 800 1,763.70 80 176.37 8 17.64 0.8 1.769,000 19,841.60 900 1,984.16 90 198.42 9 19.84 0.9 1.98

10,000 22,046.22 1,000 2,204.62 100 220.46 10 22.05 1.0 2.20

oz g oz g oz g oz g oz g

10 283.50 1 28.35 0.1 2.83 0.01 0.28 0.001 0.0320 566.99 2 56.70 0.2 5.67 0.02 0.57 0.002 0.0630 850.49 3 85.05 0.3 8.50 0.03 0.85 0.003 0.0940 1,133.98 4 113.40 0.4 11.34 0.04 1.13 0.004 0.1150 1,417.48 5 141.75 0.5 14.17 0.05 1.42 0.005 0.1460 1,700.97 6 170.10 0.6 17.01 0.06 1.70 0.006 0.1770 1,984.47 7 198.45 0.7 19.84 0.07 1.98 0.007 0.2080 2,267.96 8 226.80 0.8 22.68 0.08 2.27 0.008 0.2390 2,551.46 9 255.15 0.9 25.51 0.09 2.55 0.009 0.26

100 2,834.95 10 283.50 1.0 28.35 0.10 2.83 0.010 0.28

g oz g oz g oz g oz g oz

100 3.527 10 0.353 1 0.035 0.1 0.004 0.01 0.000200 7.055 20 0.705 2 0.071 0.2 0.007 0.02 0.001300 10.582 30 1.058 3 0.106 0.3 0.011 0.03 0.001400 14.110 40 1.411 4 0.141 0.4 0.014 0.04 0.001500 17.637 50 1.764 5 0.176 0.5 0.018 0.05 0.002600 21.164 60 2.116 6 0.212 0.6 0.021 0.06 0.002700 24.692 70 2.469 7 0.247 0.7 0.025 0.07 0.002800 28.219 80 2.822 8 0.282 0.8 0.028 0.08 0.003900 31.747 90 3.175 9 0.317 0.9 0.032 0.09 0.003

1,000 35.274 100 3.527 10 0.353 1.0 0.035 0.10 0.004

To Convert ↓

Mul

tiply

By

Thi

s Fa

ctor

, To

Obt

ain ↓ Gram/mL Gram/cm3 Kg/m3 Lb/inch3 Lb/feet3 Lb/gallon (US) Ton/yard3

Grams/mL 1 1 1000 0.036128 62.43 8.345 0.8428

Grams/cm3 1 1 1000 0.036128 62.43 8.345 0.8428

Kilogram/m3 0.001 0.001 1 3.6128 × 10−5 0.06243 0.008345 8.428 × 10−4

Lb/inch3 27.67788 27.67788 27677.83 1 1728.0 230.9718 23.32687

Lb/feet3 0.01602 0.01602 16.02 5.787 × 10−4 1 0.1337 0.01349

Lb/gallon (US) 0.11983 0.11983 119.83 0.004329 7.481126 1 0.10099

Ton/yard3 1.18652 1.18652 1186.52 0.042869 74.07451 9.9015 1



DENSITY CONVERSION FACTORS 2573

1 lb/in3 = 27.67990 g/cm3

1 g/cm3 = 0.03612730 lb/in3

1 lb/ft3 = 16.01846 kg/m3

1 kg/m3 =0.06242797 lb/ft3

Table 33a. Pounds per Cubic Inch to Grams per Cubic Centimeter Conversion lb/in3 g/cm3 lb/in3 g/cm3 lb/in3 g/cm3 lb/in3 g/cm3 lb/in3 g/cm3

100 2,767.99 10 276.80 1 27.68 0.1 2.77 0.01 0.28200 5,535.98 20 553.60 2 55.36 0.2 5.54 0.02 0.55300 8,303.97 30 830.40 3 83.04 0.3 8.30 0.03 0.83400 11,071.96 40 1,107.20 4 110.72 0.4 11.07 0.04 1.11500 13,839.95 50 1,384.00 5 138.40 0.5 13.84 0.05 1.38600 16,607.94 60 1,660.79 6 166.08 0.6 16.61 0.06 1.66700 19,375.93 70 1,937.59 7 193.76 0.7 19.38 0.07 1.94800 22,143.92 80 2,214.39 8 221.44 0.8 22.14 0.08 2.21900 24,911.91 90 2,491.19 9 249.12 0.9 24.91 0.09 2.49

1,000 27,679.90 100 2,767.99 10 276.80 1.0 27.68 0.10 2.77

Table 33b. Grams per Cubic Centimeter to Pounds per Cubic Inch Conversiong/cm3 lb/in3 g/cm3 lb/in3 g/cm3 lb/in3 g/cm3 lb/in3 g/cm3 lb/in3

1,000 36.127 100 3.613 10 0.361 1 0.036 0.1 0.0042,000 72.255 200 7.225 20 0.723 2 0.072 0.2 0.0073,000 108.382 300 10.838 30 1.084 3 0.108 0.3 0.0114,000 144.509 400 14.451 40 1.445 4 0.145 0.4 0.0145,000 180.636 500 18.064 50 1.806 5 0.181 0.5 0.0186,000 216.764 600 21.676 60 2.168 6 0.217 0.6 0.0227,000 252.891 700 25.289 70 2.529 7 0.253 0.7 0.0258,000 289.018 800 28.902 80 2.890 8 0.289 0.8 0.0299,000 325.146 900 32.515 90 3.251 9 0.325 0.9 0.033

10,000 361.273 1,000 36.127 100 3.613 10 0.361 1.0 0.036

Table 34a. Pounds per Cubic Foot to Kilograms per Cubic Meter Conversionlb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3

100 1,601.85 10 160.18 1 16.02 0.1 1.60 0.01 0.16200 3,203.69 20 320.37 2 32.04 0.2 3.20 0.02 0.32300 4,805.54 30 480.55 3 48.06 0.3 4.81 0.03 0.48400 6,407.38 40 640.74 4 64.07 0.4 6.41 0.04 0.64500 8,009.23 50 800.92 5 80.09 0.5 8.01 0.05 0.80600 9,611.08 60 961.11 6 96.11 0.6 9.61 0.06 0.96700 11,212.92 70 1,121.29 7 112.13 0.7 11.21 0.07 1.12800 12,814.77 80 1,281.48 8 128.15 0.8 12.81 0.08 1.28900 14,416.61 90 1,441.66 9 144.17 0.9 14.42 0.09 1.44

1,000 16,018.46 100 1,601.85 10 160.18 1.0 16.02 0.10 1.60

Table 34b. Kilograms per Cubic Meter to Pounds per Cubic Foot Conversionkg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3

1,000 62.428 100 6.243 10 0.624 1 0.062 0.1 0.0062,000 124.856 200 12.486 20 1.249 2 0.125 0.2 0.0123,000 187.284 300 18.728 30 1.873 3 0.187 0.3 0.0194,000 249.712 400 24.971 40 2.497 4 0.250 0.4 0.0255,000 312.140 500 31.214 50 3.121 5 0.312 0.5 0.0316,000 374.568 600 37.457 60 3.746 6 0.375 0.6 0.0377,000 436.996 700 43.700 70 4.370 7 0.437 0.7 0.0448,000 499.424 800 49.942 80 4.994 8 0.499 0.8 0.0509,000 561.852 900 56.185 90 5.619 9 0.562 0.9 0.056

10,000 624.280 1,000 62.428 100 6.243 10 0.624 1.0 0.062



2574 PRESSURE AND STRESS CONVERSION FACTORS

Units of Pressure and Stress

1 lb/in2 = 0.07030697 kg/cm2

1 kg/cm2 = 14.22334 lb/in2

Table 35. Pressure and Stress Conversion Factors

1 kilogram per sq. millimeter (kgf ⁄mm2) =1422.32 pounds per square inch

1 kilogram per sq. centimeter (kgf ⁄cm2) =14.223 pounds per square inch

1 bar =1,000,000 dynes per square centimeter1000 millibars100 kilopascals750.06168 torr1.0197162 kilogram force per sq. centime-ter14.50377 pounds per square inch29.529983 inches of mercury at 0°C10,197.162 mm water at 4°C33.455256 feet of water at 4°C

1 millibar =100,000 dynes per square centimeter100 pascal

1 torr =760 millimeters mercury1⁄760 atmosphere133.224 pascal1.333224 millibar

1 pound per square inch =144 pounds per square foot0.068 atmosphere2.042 inches of mercury at 62°F27.7 inches of water at 62°F2.31 feet of water at 62°F0.0703 kilogram per square centimeter6.894757 kilopascals6894.757 pascal

1 atmosphere =30 inches of mercury at 62°F14.7 pounds per square inch2116.3 pounds per square foot33.95 feet of water at 62°F

1 foot of water at 62°F =62.355 pounds per square foot0.433 pound per square inch

1 inch of mercury at 62°F =1.132 foot of water13.58 inches of water0.491 pound per square inch

1 inch of water =0.0735559 inch mercury at 0°C1.8683205 torr0.5780367 ounce force per square inch0.0024583 atmosphere

Table 36a. Pounds per Square Inch to Kilograms per Square Centimeter Conversion lb/in2 kg/cm2 lb/in2 kg/cm2 lb/in2 kg/cm2 lb/in2 kg/cm2 lb/in2 kg/cm2

1,000 70.307 100 7.031 10 0.703 1 0.070 0.1 0.0072,000 140.614 200 14.061 20 1.406 2 0.141 0.2 0.0143,000 210.921 300 21.092 30 2.109 3 0.211 0.3 0.0214,000 281.228 400 28.123 40 2.812 4 0.281 0.4 0.0285,000 351.535 500 35.153 50 3.515 5 0.352 0.5 0.0356,000 421.842 600 42.184 60 4.218 6 0.422 0.6 0.0427,000 492.149 700 49.215 70 4.921 7 0.492 0.7 0.0498,000 562.456 800 56.246 80 5.625 8 0.562 0.8 0.0569,000 632.763 900 63.276 90 6.328 9 0.633 0.9 0.063

10,000 703.070 1,000 70.307 100 7.031 10 0.703 1.0 0.070

Table 36b. Kilogram per Square Centimeter to Pounds per Square Inch Conversionkg/cm2 lb/in2 kg/cm2 lb/in2 kg/cm2 lb/in2 kg/cm2 lb/in2 kg/cm2 lb/in2

100 1,422.33 10 142.23 1 14.22 0.1 1.42 0.01 0.14200 2,844.67 20 284.47 2 28.45 0.2 2.84 0.02 0.28300 4,267.00 30 426.70 3 42.67 0.3 4.27 0.03 0.43400 5,689.34 40 568.93 4 56.89 0.4 5.69 0.04 0.57500 7,111.67 50 711.17 5 71.12 0.5 7.11 0.05 0.71600 8,534.00 60 853.40 6 85.34 0.6 8.53 0.06 0.85700 9,956.34 70 995.63 7 99.56 0.7 9.96 0.07 1.00800 11,378.67 80 1,137.87 8 113.79 0.8 11.38 0.08 1.14900 12,801.01 90 1,280.10 9 128.01 0.9 12.80 0.09 1.28

1,000 14,223.34 100 1,422.33 10 142.23 1.0 14.22 0.10 1.42



PRESSURE AND STRESS CONVERSION FACTORS 2575

1 lb/ft2 = 4.882429 kg/m2

1 kg/m2 = 0.2048161 lb/ft2

1 lb/in2 = 6.894757 kPa. Note: 1 kilopascal = 1 kilonewton/meter2.

1 kPa = 0.1450377 lb/in2. Note: 1 kilopascal = 1 kilonewton/meter2.

Table 37a. Pounds per Square Foot to Kilograms per Square Meter Conversion lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2

1,000 4,882.43 100 488.24 10 48.82 1 4.88 0.1 0.492,000 9,764.86 200 976.49 20 97.65 2 9.76 0.2 0.983,000 14,647.29 300 1,464.73 30 146.47 3 14.65 0.3 1.464,000 19,529.72 400 1,952.97 40 195.30 4 19.53 0.4 1.955,000 24,412.14 500 2,441.21 50 244.12 5 24.41 0.5 2.446,000 29,294.57 600 2,929.46 60 292.95 6 29.29 0.6 2.937,000 34,177.00 700 3,417.70 70 341.77 7 34.18 0.7 3.428,000 39,059.43 800 3,905.94 80 390.59 8 39.06 0.8 3.919,000 43,941.86 900 4,394.19 90 439.42 9 43.94 0.9 4.39

10,000 48,824.28 1,000 4,882.43 100 488.24 10 48.82 1.0 4.88

Table 37b. Kilograms per Square Meter to Pounds per Square Foot Conversionkg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2

1,000 204.82 100 20.48 10 2.05 1 0.20 0.1 0.022,000 409.63 200 40.96 20 4.10 2 0.41 0.2 0.043,000 614.45 300 61.44 30 6.14 3 0.61 0.3 0.064,000 819.26 400 81.93 40 8.19 4 0.82 0.4 0.085,000 1,024.08 500 102.41 50 10.24 5 1.02 0.5 0.106,000 1,228.90 600 122.89 60 12.29 6 1.23 0.6 0.127,000 1,433.71 700 143.37 70 14.34 7 1.43 0.7 0.148,000 1,638.53 800 163.85 80 16.39 8 1.64 0.8 0.169,000 1,843.34 900 184.33 90 18.43 9 1.84 0.9 0.18

10,000 2,048.16 1,000 204.82 100 20.48 10 2.05 1.0 0.20

Table 38a. Pounds Per Square Inch to Kilopascals Conversion→

lb/in2 ↓

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9kilopascals

0 … 6.895 13.790 20.684 27.579 34.474 41.369 48.263 55.158 62.05310 68.948 75.842 82.737 89.632 96.527 103.421 110.316 117.211 124.106 131.00020 137.895 144.790 151.685 158.579 165.474 172.369 179.264 186.158 193.053 199.94830 206.843 213.737 220.632 227.527 234.422 241.316 248.211 255.106 262.001 268.89640 275.790 282.685 289.580 296.475 303.369 310.264 317.159 324.054 330.948 337.84350 344.738 351.633 358.527 365.422 372.317 379.212 386.106 393.001 399.896 406.79160 413.685 420.580 427.475 434.370 441.264 448.159 455.054 461.949 468.843 475.73870 482.633 489.528 496.423 503.317 510.212 517.107 524.002 530.896 537.791 544.68680 551.581 558.475 565.370 572.265 579.160 586.054 592.949 599.844 606.739 613.63390 620.528 627.423 634.318 641.212 648.107 655.002 661.897 668.791 675.686 682.581

100 689.476 696.370 703.265 710.160 717.055 723.949 730.844 737.739 744.634 751.529

Table 38b. Kilopascals to Pounds Per Square Inch Conversion

→kPa ↓

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9lb/in2

0 … 0.145 0.290 0.435 0.580 0.725 0.870 1.015 1.160 1.30510 1.450 1.595 1.740 1.885 2.031 2.176 2.321 2.466 2.611 2.75620 2.901 3.046 3.191 3.336 3.481 3.626 3.771 3.916 4.061 4.20630 4.351 4.496 4.641 4.786 4.931 5.076 5.221 5.366 5.511 5.65640 5.802 5.947 6.092 6.237 6.382 6.527 6.672 6.817 6.962 7.10750 7.252 7.397 7.542 7.687 7.832 7.977 8.122 8.267 8.412 8.55760 8.702 8.847 8.992 9.137 9.282 9.427 9.572 9.718 9.863 10.00870 10.153 10.298 10.443 10.588 10.733 10.878 11.023 11.168 11.313 11.45880 11.603 11.748 11.893 12.038 12.183 12.328 12.473 12.618 12.763 12.90890 13.053 13.198 13.343 13.489 13.634 13.779 13.924 14.069 14.214 14.359

100 14.504 14.649 14.794 14.939 15.084 15.229 15.374 15.519 15.664 15.809



FOR

CE

CO

NV

ER

SION

FAC

TO

RS

2576

Units of Force

Table 40. Force Conversion Factors

Figures in bold face indicate the conversion is exact

Table 39. Pressure and Stress Conversion FactorsTo Convert

↓

Mul

tiply

By

Thi

s Fa

ctor

, To

Obt

ain ↓ Atmosphere

Pascal (n/m2) Dyne/cm2 Bar Kg/cm2 Kg/m2

Psia (Lb/inch2) Pound/ft2

Inch of Water

Inch of Mercury

Millimeter of Mercury Ton/ft2

Atmosphere 1 101325 1.0133 × 106 1.01325 1.03319076 10,331.9076 14.6959488 2,116.216 407.1893 29.9212 760 0.9597354

Pascal (n/m2) 9.8692 × 10−6 1 10 1 × 10−5 1.01968 × 10−5 0.101968 0.00014504 0.02088 0.004019 0.0002953 0.0075 9.472 × 10−6

Dyne/cm2 9.8692 × 10−7 0.1 1 1 × 10−6 1.01968 × 10−6 0.0101968 1.4504 × 10−5 0.002088 0.000402 2.95 × 10−5 0.00075 9.472 × 10−7

Bar 0.98692327 1 × 105 1 × 106 1 1.01968 10194.8 14.5037256 2088.5434 401.8646 29.5299 750.06168 0.9471852

Kilogram/centimeter2 0.96784111 98,069.982 980,699.83 0.9807 1 10000 14.2232691 2048.6123 394.0945 28.9653 735.58536 0.9289043

Kilogram/meter2 9.6787 × 10−5 9.80699 98.06998 9.807 × 10−5 0.0001 1 0.001422 0.204823 0.039409 0.002896 0.0735585 9.289 × 10−5

Psi (Lb/inch2) 0.06804596 6,894.7572 68,947.573 0.068947 0.07029148 703.0446 1 144 27.70768 2.03602 51.71493 0.0653061

Pound/ft2 4.7254 × 10−4 47.88025 478.80258 0.000478 0.00048813 4.88225 0.006944 1 0.19241 0.014139 0.3591314 0.0004535

Inch of Water 0.00245586 248.8400 2488.4003 0.002488 0.00253690 25.3737 0.036091 5.19713 1 0.073482 1.866453 0.002356

Inch of Mercury 0.03342112 3386.3949 33,863.949 0.033863 0.03452401 345.3039 0.491153 70.72632 13.6087 1 25.4 0.0320754

Millimeter of Mercury 0.00131579 133.32236 1333.22368 0.001333 0.00135921 13.594615 0.019336 2.784495 0.53577 0.03937 1 0.0012628

Ton/ft2 (US) 1.04195382 105575.970 1055759.70 1.055759 1.076537 10765.3706 15.3125 2205 424.2724 31.1765 791.8849 1

To Convert ↓

Mul

tiply

By

Thi

s Fa

ctor

, To

Obt

ain ↓ Dyne Gram-force Joule/cm Newton Kgf Lbf Kip Poundal Ounce-force

Dyne 1 0.00101968 0.001 0.00001 1.01968 × 10−6 2.24809 × 10−6 2.2481 × 10−9 7.233013 × 10−5 3.59694 × 10−5

Gram-force 980.7 1 0.9807 0.009807 0.001 0.0022047 2.2047 × 10−6 0.0709341 0.03527521

Joule/cm 1000 1.0196798 1 0.01 0.00101968 0.002248 2.2481 × 10−6 0.0723301 0.03596942

Newton 1 × 105 101.96798 100 1 0.101967982 0.2248089 2.2481 × 10−4 7.23301 3.596942

Kg-force 9.807 × 105 1000 980.7 9.807 1 2.2047 0.0022047 70.934129 35.2752102

Lbf 4.4482 × 105 453.57627 444.822 4.44822 0.45357626 1 0.001 32.174038 16

Kip 4.4482 × 108 4.5357 × 105 4.4482 × 105 4448.2224 453.5762688 1000 1 32174.038 16000

Poundal 13825.50 14.097586 13.8255 0.1382555 0.014097586 0.0310809 3.1081 × 10−5 1 0.497296

Ounce-force 27801.39 28.348519 27.8013 0.278013 0.02834852 0.06250 6.25 × 10−5 2.010877 1



MOMENT AND TORQUE CONVERSION FACTORS 2577

1 pound-force = 4.448222 newtons

1 newton = 0.2248089 pound-force

Units of Moment and Torque

Table 42. Bending Moment or Torque Conversion Factors


1 pound-inch = 0.1129848 newton-meter

Table 41a. Pounds-Force to Newtons Conversionlbf→

↓

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9newtons

0 … 4.448 8.896 13.345 17.793 22.241 26.689 31.138 35.586 40.03410 44.482 48.930 53.379 57.827 62.275 66.723 71.172 75.620 80.068 84.51620 88.964 93.413 97.861 102.309 106.757 111.206 115.654 120.102 124.550 128.99830 133.447 137.895 142.343 146.791 151.240 155.688 160.136 164.584 169.032 173.48140 177.929 182.377 186.825 191.274 195.722 200.170 204.618 209.066 213.515 217.96350 222.411 226.859 231.308 235.756 240.204 244.652 249.100 253.549 257.997 262.44560 266.893 271.342 275.790 280.238 284.686 289.134 293.583 298.031 302.479 306.92770 311.376 315.824 320.272 324.720 329.168 333.617 338.065 342.513 346.961 351.41080 355.858 360.306 364.754 369.202 373.651 378.099 382.547 386.995 391.444 395.89290 400.340 404.788 409.236 413.685 418.133 422.581 427.029 431.478 435.926 440.374

100 444.822 449.270 453.719 458.167 462.615 467.063 471.512 475.960 480.408 484.856

Table 41b. Newtons to Pounds-Force Conversion

N→↓

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9pounds-force

0 … 0.22481 0.44962 0.67443 0.89924 1.12404 1.34885 1.57366 1.79847 2.0232810 2.24809 2.47290 2.69771 2.92252 3.14732 3.37213 3.59694 3.82175 4.04656 4.2713720 4.49618 4.72099 4.94580 5.17060 5.39541 5.62022 5.84503 6.06984 6.29465 6.5194630 6.74427 6.96908 7.19388 7.41869 7.64350 7.86831 8.09312 8.31793 8.54274 8.7675540 8.99236 9.21716 9.44197 9.66678 9.89159 10.1164 10.3412 10.5660 10.7908 11.015650 11.2404 11.4653 11.6901 11.9149 12.1397 12.3645 12.5893 12.8141 13.0389 13.263760 13.4885 13.7133 13.9382 14.1630 14.3878 14.6126 14.8374 15.0622 15.2870 15.511870 15.7366 15.9614 16.1862 16.4110 16.6359 16.8607 17.0855 17.3103 17.5351 17.759980 17.9847 18.2095 18.4343 18.6591 18.8839 19.1088 19.3336 19.5584 19.7832 20.008090 20.2328 20.4576 20.6824 20.9072 21.1320 21.3568 21.5817 21.8065 22.0313 22.2561

100 22.4809 22.7057 22.9305 23.1553 23.3801 23.6049 23.8297 24.0546 24.2794 24.5042

To Convert ↓

Mul

tiply

By

Fact

or,

↓

Dyne-centimeter

Kilogram-meter

Newton-millimeter

Newton-meter

Ounce-inch

Pound-foot

Dyne-centimeter 1 1 × 10−7 0.0001 1 × 10−7 1.416 × 10−5 7.375 × 10 −8

Kilogram-meter 9.80665 × 107 1 9806.65 9.80665 1388.78818707 7.233271722

Newton-millimeter 10,000 0.000101968 1 0.001 0.14161193 0.000737562

Newton-meter 1 × 107 0.101967982 1000 1 141.61192894 0.737562121

Ounce-inch 70615.52 0.000720052 7.061552 0.007061552 1 0.005208333

Pound-feet 13,558,180 0.138250025 1355.818 1.355818 192 1

Table 43a. Pound-Inches to Newton-Meters Conversionlbf-in N·m lbf-in N·m lbf-in N·m lbf-in N·m lbf-in N·m

100 11.298 10 1.130 1 0.113 0.1 0.011 0.01 0.001200 22.597 20 2.260 2 0.226 0.2 0.023 0.02 0.002300 33.895 30 3.390 3 0.339 0.3 0.034 0.03 0.003400 45.194 40 4.519 4 0.452 0.4 0.045 0.04 0.005500 56.492 50 5.649 5 0.565 0.5 0.056 0.05 0.006600 67.791 60 6.779 6 0.678 0.6 0.068 0.06 0.007700 79.089 70 7.909 7 0.791 0.7 0.079 0.07 0.008800 90.388 80 9.039 8 0.904 0.8 0.090 0.08 0.009900 101.686 90 10.169 9 1.017 0.9 0.102 0.09 0.010

1000 112.985 100 11.298 10 1.130 1.0 0.113 0.10 0.011



2578 ENERGY, POWER, AND HEAT CONVERSION FACTORS

1 newton meter = 8.850748 pound-inches

Poundal.—The expression “poundal” is sometimes used in connection with calculationsin mechanics. Many mechanical handbooks, however, do not define it, because of its lim-ited use. A poundal is a unit of force, and is defined as that force which, acting on a mass ofone pound for one second, produces a velocity of one foot per second. A foot-poundal is aunit of energy equal to the energy resulting when a force of one poundal acts through a dis-tance of one foot. In order to reduce foot-poundals to foot-pounds, multiply the number offoot-poundals by 0.03108. Dividing the number of foot-poundals by 32.16 (accelerationdue to gravity) will also give foot-pounds.

Units of Energy, Power, and Heat

Table 43b. Newton-Meters to Pound-Inches ConversionN·m lbf-in N·m lbf-in N·m lbf-in N·m lbf-in N·m lbf-in

100 885.07 10 88.51 1 8.85 0.1 0.89 0.01 0.09200 1770.15 20 177.01 2 17.70 0.2 1.77 0.02 0.18300 2655.22 30 265.52 3 26.55 0.3 2.66 0.03 0.27400 3540.30 40 354.03 4 35.40 0.4 3.54 0.04 0.35500 4425.37 50 442.54 5 44.25 0.5 4.43 0.05 0.44600 5310.45 60 531.04 6 53.10 0.6 5.31 0.06 0.53700 6195.52 40 619.55 7 61.96 0.7 6.20 0.07 0.62800 7080.60 80 708.06 8 70.81 0.8 7.08 0.08 0.71900 7965.67 90 796.57 9 79.66 0.9 7.97 0.09 0.80

1000 8850.75 100 885.07 10 88.51 1.0 8.85 0.10 0.89

1 horsepower-hour =0.746 kilowatt-hour1,980,000 foot-pounds2545 Btu (British thermal units)2.64 pounds of water evaporated at 212°F17 pounds of water raised from 62° to 212°F

1 kilowatt-hour =100 watt-hours1.34 horsepower-hour2,655,200 foot-pounds3,600,000 joules3415 Btu3.54 pounds of water evaporated at 212°F22.8 pounds of water raised from 62° to 212°F

Table 43c. Power Conversion Factors

1 horsepower =746 watts0.746 kilowatt33,000 foot-pounds/minute550 foot-pounds/second2545 Btu/hour42.4 Btu/minute0.71 Btu/second2.64 pounds of water evapo-

rated per hour at 212°F

1 kilowatt =1000 watts1.34 horsepower2,654,200 foot-pounds/hour44,200 foot-pounds/minute737 foot-pounds/second3415 Btu/hour57 Btu/minute0.95 Btu/second3.54 pounds of water evapo-


1 watt =1 joule/second0.00134 horsepower0.001 kilowatt3.42 Btu/hour44.22 foot-pounds/minute0.74 foot-pounds/second0.0035 pound of water evapo-


Table 43d. Heat Conversion Factors

1 Btu (British thermal unit) =1052 watt-seconds778 foot-pounds0.252 kilogram-calorie0.000292 kilowatt-hour0.000393, horsepower-hour0.00104 pound of water evap-

orated at 212°F1 kilogram calorie = 3.968 Btu

1 foot-pound =1.36 joules0.000000377 kilowatt-hour0.00129 Btu0.0000005 horsepower-hour

1 kilogram-meter =7.233 foot-pounds

1 joule =1 watt-second0.00000078 kilowatt-hour0.00095 Btu0.74 foot-pound



ENERGY, POWER, AND HEAT CONVERSION FACTORS 2579

1 Btu = 778.26 ft·lb, conversion factor defined by International Steam Table Conference, 1929.

1 ft·lb = 0.00128492 Btu, conversion factor defined by International Steam Table Conference, 1929.

1 Btu = 1055.056 joules

1 joule = 0.0009478170 Btu

Table 44a. British Thermal Units to Foot-PoundsBtu Ft·lb Btu Ft·lb Btu Ft·lb Btu Ft·lb Btu Ft·lb

100 77,826 10 7,783 1 778 0.1 78 0.01 8200 155,652 20 15,565 2 1,557 0.2 156 0.02 16300 233,478 30 23,348 3 2,335 0.3 233 0.03 23400 311,304 40 31,130 4 3,113 0.4 311 0.04 31500 389,130 50 38,913 5 3,891 0.5 389 0.05 39600 466,956 60 46,696 6 4,670 0.6 467 0.06 47700 544,782 70 54,478 7 5,448 0.7 545 0.07 54800 622,608 80 62,261 8 6,226 0.8 623 0.08 62900 700,434 90 70,043 9 7,004 0.9 700 0.09 70

1,000 778,260 100 77,826 10 7,783 1.0 778 0.10 78

Table 44b. Foot-Pounds to British Thermal UnitsFt·lb Btu Ft·lb Btu Ft·lb Btu Ft·lb Btu Ft·lb Btu

10,000 12.849 1,000 1.285 100 0.128 10 0.013 1 0.00120,000 25.698 2,000 2.570 200 0.257 20 0.026 2 0.00330,000 38.548 3,000 3.855 300 0.385 30 0.039 3 0.00440,000 51.397 4,000 5.140 400 0.514 40 0.051 4 0.00550,000 64.246 5,000 6.425 500 0.642 50 0.064 5 0.00660,000 77.095 6,000 7.710 600 0.771 60 0.077 6 0.00870,000 89.944 7,000 8.994 700 0.899 70 0.090 7 0.00980,000 102.794 8,000 10.279 800 1.028 80 0.103 8 0.01090,000 115.643 9,000 11.564 900 1.156 90 0.116 9 0.012

100,000 128.492 10,000 12.849 1,000 1.285 100 0.128 10 0.013

Table 45a. British Thermal Units to Kilojoules

Btu→↓

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900kilojoules

0 … 105.51 211.01 316.52 422.02 527.53 633.03 738.54 844.04 949.551000 1055.06 1160.56 1266.07 1371.57 1477.08 1582.58 1688.09 1793.60 1899.10 2004.612000 2110.11 2215.62 2321.12 2426.63 2532.13 2637.64 2743.15 2848.65 2954.16 3059.663000 3165.17 3270.67 3376.18 3481.68 3587.19 3692.70 3798.20 3903.71 4009.21 4114.724000 4220.22 4325.73 4431.24 4536.74 4642.25 4747.75 4853.26 4958.76 5064.27 5169.775000 5275.28 5380.79 5486.29 5591.80 5697.30 5802.81 5908.31 6013.82 6119.32 6224.836000 6330.34 6435.84 6541.35 6646.85 6752.36 6857.86 6963.37 7068.88 7174.38 7279.897000 7385.39 7490.90 7596.40 7701.91 7807.41 7912.92 8018.43 8123.93 8229.44 8334.948000 8440.45 8545.95 8651.46 8756.96 8862.47 8967.98 9073.48 9178.99 9284.49 9390.009000 9495.50 9601.01 9706.52 9812.02 9917.53 10023.0 10128.5 10234.0 10339.5 10445.1

10000 10550.6 … … … … … … … … …

Table 45b. Kilojoules to British Thermal Units

kJ→↓

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900British Thermal Units

0 … 94.78 189.56 284.35 379.13 473.91 568.69 663.47 758.25 853.041000 947.82 1042.60 1137.38 1232.16 1326.94 1421.73 1516.51 1611.29 1706.07 1800.852000 1895.63 1990.42 2085.20 2179.98 2274.76 2369.54 2464.32 2559.11 2653.89 2748.673000 2843.45 2938.23 3033.01 3127.80 3222.58 3317.36 3412.14 3506.92 3601.70 3696.494000 3791.27 3886.05 3980.83 4075.61 4170.39 4265.18 4359.96 4454.74 4549.52 4644.305000 4739.08 4833.87 4928.65 5023.43 5118.21 5212.99 5307.78 5402.56 5497.34 5592.126000 5686.90 5781.68 5876.47 5971.25 6066.03 6160.81 6255.59 6350.37 6445.16 6539.947000 6634.72 6729.50 6824.28 6919.06 7013.85 7108.63 7203.41 7298.19 7392.97 7487.758000 7582.54 7677.32 7772.10 7866.88 7961.66 8056.44 8151.23 8246.01 8340.79 8435.579000 8530.35 8625.13 8719.92 8814.70 8909.48 9004.26 9099.04 9193.82 9288.61 9383.39

10000 9478.17 … … … … … … … … …



2580 ENERGY, POWER, AND HEAT CONVERSION FACTORS

1 hp = 0.7456999 kW, based on 1 horsepower = 550 foot-pounds per second.

1 kW = 1.341022 hp, based on 1 horsepower = 550 foot-pounds per second.

1 foot-pound = 1.355818 joules

1 joule = 0.7375621 foot-pound

Table 46a. Horsepower to Kilowatts Conversionhp kW hp kW hp kW hp kW hp kW

1,000 745.7 100 74.6 10 7.5 1 0.7 0.1 0.072,000 1,491.4 200 149.1 20 14.9 2 1.5 0.2 0.153,000 2,237.1 300 223.7 30 22.4 3 2.2 0.3 0.224,000 2,982.8 400 298.3 40 29.8 4 3.0 0.4 0.305,000 3,728.5 500 372.8 50 37.3 5 3.7 0.5 0.376,000 4,474.2 600 447.4 60 44.7 6 4.5 0.6 0.457,000 5,219.9 700 522.0 70 52.2 7 5.2 0.7 0.528,000 5,965.6 800 596.6 80 59.7 8 6.0 0.8 0.609,000 6,711.3 900 671.1 90 67.1 9 6.7 0.9 0.67

10,000 7,457.0 1,000 745.7 100 74.6 10 7.5 1.0 0.75

Table 46b. Kilowatts to Horsepower ConversionkW hp kW hp kW hp kW hp kW hp

1,000 1,341.0 100 134.1 10 13.4 1 1.3 0.1 0.132,000 2,682.0 200 268.2 20 26.8 2 2.7 0.2 0.273,000 4,023.1 300 402.3 30 40.2 3 4.0 0.3 0.404,000 5,364.1 400 536.4 40 53.6 4 5.4 0.4 0.545,000 6,705.1 500 670.5 50 67.1 5 6.7 0.5 0.677,000 9,387.2 700 938.7 70 93.9 7 9.4 0.7 0.948,000 10,728.2 800 1,072.8 80 107.3 8 10.7 0.8 1.079,000 12,069.2 900 1,206.9 90 120.7 9 12.1 0.9 1.21

10,000 13,410.2 1,000 1,341.0 100 134.1 10 13.4 1.0 1.34

Table 47a. Foot-Pounds to Joules Conversion

ft·lb→↓

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9joules

0 … 1.356 2.712 4.067 5.423 6.779 8.135 9.491 10.847 12.20210 13.558 14.914 16.270 17.626 18.981 20.337 21.693 23.049 24.405 25.76120 27.116 28.472 29.828 31.184 32.540 33.895 35.251 36.607 37.963 39.31930 40.675 42.030 43.386 44.742 46.098 47.454 48.809 50.165 51.521 52.87740 54.233 55.589 56.944 58.300 59.656 61.012 62.368 63.723 65.079 66.43550 67.791 69.147 70.503 71.858 73.214 74.570 75.926 77.282 78.637 79.99360 81.349 82.705 84.061 85.417 86.772 88.128 89.484 90.840 92.196 93.55170 94.907 96.263 97.619 98.975 100.331 101.686 103.042 104.398 105.754 107.11080 108.465 109.821 111.177 112.533 113.889 115.245 116.600 117.956 119.312 120.66890 122.024 123.379 124.735 126.091 127.447 128.803 130.159 131.514 132.870 134.226

100 135.582 136.938 138.293 139.649 141.005 142.361 143.717 145.073 146.428 147.784

Table 47b. Joules to Foot-Pounds Conversion

J→↓

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9foot-pounds

0 … 0.7376 1.4751 2.2127 2.9502 3.6878 4.4254 5.1629 5.9005 6.638110 7.3756 8.1132 8.8507 9.5883 10.3259 11.0634 11.8010 12.5386 13.2761 14.013720 14.7512 15.4888 16.2264 16.9639 17.7015 18.4391 19.1766 19.4142 20.6517 21.389330 22.1269 22.8644 23.6020 24.3395 25.0771 25.8147 26.5522 27.2898 28.0274 28.764940 29.5025 30.2400 30.9776 31.7152 32.4527 33.1903 33.9279 34.6654 35.4030 36.140550 36.8781 37.6157 38.3532 39.0908 39.8284 40.5659 41.3035 42.0410 42.7786 43.516260 44.2537 44.9913 45.7289 46.4664 47.2040 47.9415 48.6791 49.4167 50.1542 50.891870 51.6293 52.3669 53.1045 53.8420 54.5796 55.3172 56.0547 56.7923 57.5298 58.267480 59.0050 59.7425 60.4801 61.2177 61.9552 62.6928 63.4303 64.1679 64.9055 65.643090 66.3806 67.1182 67.8557 68.5933 69.3308 70.0684 70.8060 71.5435 72.2811 73.0186

100 73.7562 74.4938 75.2313 75.9689 76.7065 77.4440 78.1816 78.9191 79.6567 80.3943



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Table 48. Power Conversion Factors


Table 49. Energy and Work Conversion Factors


To Convert ↓

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ain ↓ Horsepower Watts Kilowatts HP (metric) Kgf·m/s Ft·Lbf/s Ft·Lbf/min Calories/sec Btu/sec Btu/hr

Horsepower 1 745.699 0.745699 1.0138681 76.04 550 33000 178.1 0.7068 2544.48Watts 0.00134024 1 0.001 0.0013596 0.1019714 0.7375630 44.253727 0.2388363 0.0009478 3.4122Kilowatts 1.34102365 1000 1 1.3596196 101.9713158 737.563011 44253.727270 238.836025 0.9478344 3412.20HP (metric) 0.9863215 735.499 0.735499 1 75 542.476857 32548.61114 175.663869 0.6971321 2509.6754Kgf-m/s 0.01315097 9.8066 0.0098067 0.0133334 1 7.2330352 433.982114 2.3421883 0.0092951 33.4623

Ft·lbf/s 0.00181818 1.35581 0.0013558 0.0018434 0.1382545 1 60 0.3238181 0.0012851 4.6263

Ft·lbf/min 3.0303 × 10−5 0.02259 2.2596 × 10−5 3.07233 × 10−5 0.0023042 0.0166667 1 0.0053969 2.1418 × 10−5 0.077105

Calories/sec 0.00561482 4.18696 0.0041869 0.0056927 0.4269512 3.0881527 185.288916 1 0.0039686 14.2868Btu/sec 1.41482739 1055.035 1.0550353 1.4344484 107.5834748 778.155065 46689.3039 252 1 3600

Btu/hr 0.0003930 0.29306 0.0002931 0.0003985 0.0298843 0.2161542 12.969251 0.069994 0.0002778 1

To Convert ↓

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ain ↓ Joules Ft·lbf Ft-Poundal Btu Kg-m Calories Watt-hour Erg Therm HP-hours HP-hours (m)

Joules 1 0.73756 23.7303 0.0009478 0.101972 0.2388458 0.00027778 1 × 107 9.478 × 10−9 3.725 × 10−7 3.7764 × 10−7

Ft·lbf 1.355818 1 32.1740 0.00128506 0.138255 0.3238316 0.00037661 1.356 × 107 1.285 × 10−8 5.0505 × 10−7 5.1201 × 10−7

Ft-Poundal 0.04214 0.03108 1 3.994 × 10−5 0.0042971 0.010065 1.1705 × 10−5 4.214 × 105 3.994 × 10−10 1.5697 × 10−8 1.5914 × 10−8

Btu 1055.055 778.1692 25036.8174 1 107.5875 252 0.29307071 1.055 × 1010 1 × 10−5 0.0003930 0.0003984

Kg-m 9.80665 7.233013 232.714987 0.00929524 1 2.342278 0.00272416 9.807 × 107 9.294 × 10−8 3.653 × 10−6 3.703 × 10−6

Calories 4.1868 3.088025 99.35427 0.00396832 0.42691934 1 0.001163 4.187 × 107 3.968 × 10−8 1.5596 × 10−6 1.5811 × 10−6

Watt-Hour 3600 2655.2237 85429.168 3.4121416 367.09783 859.845227 1 3.6 × 1010 3.412 × 10−5 0.001341 0.0013595

Erg 1 × 10−7 7.375 × 10−8 2.373 × 10−6 9.478 × 10−11 1.0197 × 10−8 2.3884 × 10−8 2.778 × 10−11 1 9.478 × 10−16 3.725 × 10−14 3.776 × 10−14

Therm 1.055 × 108 7.781 × 107 2.503 × 107 1 × 105 1.0758 × 107 2.5196 × 107 29307.222 1.055 × 1015 1 39.3020 39.843655

HP-hours 2.6845 × 106 1.9799 × 106 6.3704 × 107 2544.4150 2.7374 × 105 6.4118 × 105 745.6944 2.685 × 1013 0.025444 1 1.0137839

HP-hours (m) 2.648 × 106 1.953 × 106 6.2837 × 107 2509.8197 2.70 × 105 6.3246 × 105 735.555 2.648 × 1013 0.025098 0.9864034 1



2582T

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Table 50. Thermal Conductance Conversion Factors


Conduction.—Whenever the molecules of a working substance,whether liquid, solid, or vapor, are restrained so that no appreciable rela-tive translatory motion occurs among them, the kinetic energies of thevarious molecules will be largely due to vibration. If a temperature dif-ference exists in the working substance, some adjacent molecules willnecessarily be at different temperatures hence will possess differentdegrees of vibratory motion. In this case the molecule which is vibratingmost rapidly will transfer some of its motion to the slower-moving mole-cule next to it, the one then undergoing a decrease in temperature and theother an increase. In this way, thermal energy will be transferred by themechanism of conduction from the region of higher to the region of lowertemperature. The process will continue spontaneously until the entiresystem has reached a uniform equilibrium temperature.

In contrast to radiation, conduction only occurs when a working sub-stance is present and when the molecules of that working substance retain

practically fixed positions with respect to one another. Thus, conductiveheat flow would always occur through solids, but would take place in liq-uids and vapors only if special conditions prevented or greatly reducedthe normal translatory motion of the molecules within these materials.Fuel Oil, Coal and Gas Equivalents.—One gallon of fuel oil equals13.1 pounds of coal, equals 160 cubic feet of natural gas. One barrel offuel oil equals 0.278 ton of coal, equals 680.6 cubic feet of natural gas.One pound of fuel oil equals 1.75 pounds of coal, equals 21.3 cubic feetof natural gas. One pound of coal equals 0.763 gallon of oil, equals 12.2cubic feet of natural gas. One ton of coal equals 3.6 barrels of oil, equals24,500 cubic feet of natural gas. The heating value of the average mid-continent fuel oil having a Baume gravity of 26.9 is 19,376 British ther-mal units per pound of oil, and 143,950 British thermal units per gallon ofoil. The specific gravity and the heat value may be expressed approxi-mately by means of a simple formula, as follows: BTU per pound =18,650 + 40 × (Degrees Baume − 10).

To Convert ↓

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ain ↓ Btu·ft/(h·ft2·°F) Btu·in/(h·ft2·°F) Btu·in/(sec·ft2·°F) Cal/(cm·s·°C) Kcal/(cm·s·°C) Kcal/(m·h·°C) Erg/(cm·s·°C) Joules/(m·h·°C) Watt/(ft·°C) Watt/(m·°K)

Btu·ft/(h·ft2·°F) 1 12 0.00333333 0.00413385 4.13386 × 10−6 1.488188976 173076.378 6230.0055 0.5274738 1.73056

Btu·in/(h·ft2·°F) 0.083333 1 0.000277778 0.00034448 3.44448 × 10−7 0.124015748 14423.0315 519.25573 0.04395615 0.14421

Btu·in/(sec·ft2·°F) 300 3600 1 1.24001574 0.001240157 446.4566929 5.1925 × 107 1.8693 × 106 158.24214 519.167

Cal/(cm·s·°C) 241.9047 2902.8571 0.806349 1 0.001 360 4.1868 × 107 1.507 × 106 127.598424 418.63

Kcal/(cm·s·°C) 2.419 × 105 2.902 × 106 806.3492 1000 1 360000 4.1868 × 1010 1.507 × 109 1.276 × 105 4.1863 × 105

Kcal/(m·h·°C) 0.671957 8.063349 0.00223985 0.00277778 2.77778 × 10−6 1 116300 4186.8 0.35444 1.16286

Erg/(cm· s·°C) 5.7778 × 10−6 6.933 × 10−5 1.92593 × 10−8 2.3884 × 10−8 2.3884 × 10−11 8.5984 × 10−6 1 0.036 3.0476 × 10−6 1 × 10−5

Joules/(m·h·°C) 1.6051 × 10−4 0.00192616 5.35045 × 10−7 6.6354 × 10−7 6.6354 × 10−10 0.000238874 27.781095 1 8.4666 × 10−5 2.7777 × 10−4

Watt/(ft·°C) 1.895828 22.75 0.006319429 0.00783708 7.83709 × 10−6 2.821351461 328123.1749 11811.024 1 3.28

Watt/(m·°K) 0.5778486 6.934183 0.001926162 0.002388744 2.38874 × 10−6 0.859947925 1 × 105 3600 0.304878 1



TEMPERATURE 2583

Units of Temperature

Thermometer Scales.—There are two thermometer scales in general use: the Fahrenheit(F), which is used in the United States and in other countries still using the English systemof units, and the Celsius (C) or Centigrade used throughout the rest of the world.

In the Fahrenheit thermometer, the freezing point of water is marked at 32 degrees on thescale and the boiling point, at atmospheric pressure, at 212 degrees. The distance betweenthese two points is divided into 180 degrees. On the Celsius scale, the freezing point ofwater is at 0 degrees and the boiling point at 100 degrees. The following formulas may beused for converting temperatures given on any one of the scales to the other scale:

Tables on the pages that follow can be used to convert degrees Celsius into degrees Fahr-enheit or vice versa. In the event that the conversions are not covered in the tables, usethose applicable portions of the formulas given above for converting.

Table 51. Temperature Conversion Fomulas

Absolute Temperature and Absolute Zero.—A point has been determined on the ther-mometer scale, by theoretical considerations, that is called the absolute zero and beyondwhich a further decrease in temperature is inconceivable. This point is located at −273.15degrees Celsius or −459.67 degrees F. A temperature reckoned from this point, instead offrom the zero on the ordinary thermometers, is called absolute temperature. Absolute tem-perature in degrees C is known as “degrees Kelvin” or the “Kelvin scale” (K) and absolutetemperature in degrees F is known as “degrees Rankine” or the “Rankine scale” (R).

Measures of the Quantity of Thermal Energy.—The unit of quantity of thermal energyused in the United States is the British thermal unit, which is the quantity of heat or thermalenergy required to raise the temperature of one pound of pure water one degree F. (Ameri-can National Standard abbreviation, Btu; conventional British symbol, B.Th.U.) TheFrench thermal unit, or kilogram calorie, is the quantity of heat or thermal energy requiredto raise the temperature of one kilogram of pure water one degree C. One kilogram calorie= 3.968 British thermal units = 1000 gram calories. The number of foot-pounds of mechan-ical energy equivalent to one British thermal unit is called the mechanical equivalent ofheat, and equals 778 foot-pounds.

In the modern metric or SI system of units, the unit for thermal energy is the joule (J); acommonly used multiple being the kilojoule (kJ), or 1000 joules. See page 2544 for anexplanation of the SI System. One kilojoule = 0.9478 Btu. Also in the SI System, the watt(W), equal to joule per second (J/s), is used for power, where one watt = 3.412 Btu per hour.

To Convert To Use Formula To Convert To Use Formula

Celsius, tC

°K, tK tK = tC + 273.15

Kelvin, tK

°C, tC tC = tK − 273.15

°F, tF tF = 1.8 tC + 32 °F, tF tF = 1.8 tK − 459.67

°R, tR tR = 9(tC + 273.15)/5 °R, tR tR = 9/5 × tK

Fahrenheit, tF

°K, tK tK = (tF + 459.67)/1.8

Rankine, tR

°K, tK tK = 5/9 × tR°C, tC tC = (tF − 32)/1.8 °C, tC tC = 5/9 × tR − 273.15

°R, tR tK = tF −459.67 °F, tF tF = tR − 459.67

Degrees Fahrenheit 9 degrees C×

5--------------------------------- 32+=

Degrees Celsius 5 degrees F 32–( )×

9-------------------------------------------------=

Degrees Kelvin degrees C 273.15+=

Degrees Rankine degrees F 459.67+=



2584 TEMPERATURE

Table 52. °C → °F and °R Temperature Conversion °F → °C and °K °K °C °F °R °K °C °F °R °K °C °F °R

0.0 −273.2 −459.7 … … 261.5 −11.7 11 51.8 511.5 293.7 20.6 69 156.2 615.9

5.4 −267.8 −450 … … 262.0 −11.1 12 53.6 513.3 294.3 21.1 70 158.0 617.7

10.9 −262.2 −440 … … 262.6 −10.6 13 55.4 515.1 294.8 21.7 71 159.8 619.5

16.5 −256.7 −430 … … 263.2 −10.0 14 57.2 516.9 295.4 22.2 72 161.6 621.3

22.0 −251.1 −420 … … 263.7 −9.4 15 59.0 518.7 295.9 22.8 73 163.4 623.1

27.6 −245.6 −410 … … 264.3 −8.9 16 60.8 520.5 296.5 23.3 74 165.2 624.9

33.2 −240.0 −400 … … 264.8 −8.3 17 62.6 522.3 297.0 23.9 75 167.0 626.7

38.7 −234.4 −390 … … 265.4 −7.8 18 64.4 524.1 297.6 24.4 76 168.8 628.5

44.3 −228.9 −380 … … 265.9 −7.2 19 66.2 525.9 298.2 25.0 77 170.6 630.3

49.8 −223.3 −370 … … 266.5 −6.7 20 68.0 527.7 298.7 25.6 78 172.4 632.1

55.4 −217.8 −360 … … 267.0 −6.1 21 69.8 529.5 299.3 26.1 79 174.2 633.9

60.9 −212.2 −350 … … 267.6 −5.6 22 71.6 531.3 299.8 26.7 80 176.0 635.7

66.5 −206.7 −340 … … 268.2 −5.0 23 73.4 533.1 300.4 27.2 81 177.8 637.5

72.0 −201.1 −330 … … 268.7 −4.4 24 75.2 534.9 300.9 27.8 82 179.6 639.3

77.6 −195.6 −320 … … 269.3 −3.9 25 77.0 536.7 301.5 28.3 83 181.4 641.1

83.2 −190.0 −310 … … 269.8 −3.3 26 78.8 538.5 302.0 28.9 84 183.2 642.9

88.7 −184.4 −300 … … 270.4 −2.8 27 80.6 540.3 302.6 29.4 85 185.0 644.7

94.3 −178.9 −290 … … 270.9 −2.2 28 82.4 542.1 303.2 30.0 86 186.8 646.5

99.8 −173.3 −280 … … 271.5 −1.7 29 84.2 543.9 303.7 30.6 87 188.6 648.3

103.6 −169.5 −273.2 −459.7 0.0 272.0 −1.1 30 86.0 545.7 304.3 31.1 88 190.4 650.1

105.4 −167.8 −270 −454.0 5.7 272.6 −0.6 31 87.8 547.5 304.8 31.7 89 192.2 651.9

110.9 −162.2 −260 −436.0 23.7 273.2 0.0 32 89.6 549.3 305.4 32.2 90 194.0 653.7

116.5 −156.7 −250 −418.0 41.7 273.7 0.6 33 91.4 551.1 305.9 32.8 91 195.8 655.5

122.0 −151.1 −240 −400.0 59.7 274.3 1.1 34 93.2 552.9 306.5 33.3 92 197.6 657.3

127.6 −145.6 −230 −382.0 77.7 274.8 1.7 35 95.0 554.7 307.0 33.9 93 199.4 659.1

133.2 −140.0 −220 −364.0 95.7 275.4 2.2 36 96.8 556.5 307.6 34.4 94 201.2 660.9

138.7 −134.4 −210 −346.0 113.7 275.9 2.8 37 98.6 558.3 308.2 35.0 95 203.0 662.7

144.3 −128.9 −200 −328.0 131.7 276.5 3.3 38 100.4 560.1 308.7 35.6 96 204.8 664.5

149.8 −123.3 −190 −310.0 149.7 277.0 3.9 39 102.2 561.9 309.3 36.1 97 206.6 666.3

155.4 −117.8 −180 −292.0 167.7 277.6 4.4 40 104.0 563.7 309.8 36.7 98 208.4 668.1

160.9 −112.2 −170 −274.0 185.7 278.2 5.0 41 105.8 565.5 310.4 37.2 99 210.2 669.9

166.5 −106.7 −160 −256.0 203.7 278.7 5.6 42 107.6 567.3 310.9 37.8 100 212.0 671.7

172.0 −101.1 −150 −238.0 221.7 279.3 6.1 43 109.4 569.1 311.5 38.3 101 213.8 673.5

177.6 −95.6 −140 −220.0 239.7 279.8 6.7 44 111.2 570.9 312.0 38.9 102 215.6 675.3

183.2 −90.0 −130 −202.0 257.7 280.4 7.2 45 113.0 572.7 312.6 39.4 103 217.4 677.1

188.7 −84.4 −120 −184.0 275.7 280.9 7.8 46 114.8 574.5 313.2 40.0 104 219.2 678.9

194.3 −78.9 −110 −166.0 293.7 281.5 8.3 47 116.6 576.3 313.7 40.6 105 221.0 680.7

199.8 −73.3 −100 −148.0 311.7 282.0 8.9 48 118.4 578.1 314.3 41.1 106 222.8 682.5

205.4 −67.8 −90 −130.0 329.7 282.6 9.4 49 120.2 579.9 314.8 41.7 107 224.6 684.3

210.9 −62.2 −80 −112.0 347.7 283.2 10.0 50 122.0 581.7 315.4 42.2 108 226.4 686.1

216.5 −56.7 −70 −94.0 365.7 283.7 10.6 51 123.8 583.5 315.9 42.8 109 228.2 687.9

222.0 −51.1 −60 −76.0 383.7 284.3 11.1 52 125.6 585.3 316.5 43.3 110 230.0 689.7

227.6 −45.6 −50 −58.0 401.7 284.8 11.7 53 127.4 587.1 317.0 43.9 111 231.8 691.5

233.2 −40.0 −40 −40.0 419.7 285.4 12.2 54 129.2 588.9 317.6 44.4 112 233.6 693.3

238.7 −34.4 −30 −22.0 437.7 285.9 12.8 55 131.0 590.7 318.2 45.0 113 235.4 695.1

244.3 −28.9 −20 −4.0 455.7 286.5 13.3 56 132.8 592.5 318.7 45.6 114 237.2 696.9

249.8 −23.3 −10 14.0 473.7 287.0 13.9 57 134.6 594.3 319.3 46.1 115 239.0 698.7

255.4 −17.8 0 32.0 491.7 287.6 14.4 58 136.4 596.1 319.8 46.7 116 240.8 700.5

255.9 −17.2 1 33.8 493.5 288.2 15.0 59 138.2 597.9 320.4 47.2 117 242.6 702.3

256.5 −16.7 2 35.6 495.3 288.7 15.6 60 140.0 599.7 320.9 47.8 118 244.4 704.1

257.0 −16.1 3 37.4 497.1 289.3 16.1 61 141.8 601.5 321.5 48.3 119 246.2 705.9

257.6 −15.6 4 39.2 498.9 289.8 16.7 62 143.6 603.3 322.0 48.9 120 248.0 707.7

258.2 −15.0 5 41.0 500.7 290.4 17.2 63 145.4 605.1 322.6 49.4 121 249.8 709.5

258.7 −14.4 6 42.8 502.5 290.9 17.8 64 147.2 606.9 323.2 50.0 122 251.6 711.3

259.3 −13.9 7 44.6 504.3 291.5 18.3 65 149.0 608.7 323.7 50.6 123 253.4 713.1

259.8 −13.3 8 46.4 506.1 292.0 18.9 66 150.8 610.5 324.3 51.1 124 255.2 714.9

260.4 −12.8 9 48.2 507.9 292.6 19.4 67 152.6 612.3 324.8 51.7 125 257.0 716.7

260.9 −12.2 10 50.0 509.7 293.2 20.0 68 154.4 614.1 325.4 52.2 126 258.8 718.5



TEMPERATURE 2585

325.9 52.8 127 260.6 720.3 357.6 84.4 184 363.2 822.9 741.5 468.3 875 1607.0 2066.7

326.5 53.3 128 262.4 722.1 358.2 85.0 185 365.0 824.7 755.4 482.2 900 1652.0 2111.7

327.0 53.9 129 264.2 723.9 358.7 85.6 186 366.8 826.5 769.3 496.1 925 1697.0 2156.7

327.6 54.4 130 266.0 725.7 359.3 86.1 187 368.6 828.3 783.2 510.0 950 1742.0 2201.7

328.2 55.0 131 267.8 727.5 359.8 86.7 188 370.4 830.1 797.0 523.9 975 1787.0 2246.7

328.7 55.6 132 269.6 729.3 360.4 87.2 189 372.2 831.9 810.9 537.8 1000 1832.0 2291.7

329.3 56.1 133 271.4 731.1 360.9 87.8 190 374.0 833.7 838.7 565.6 1050 1922.0 2381.7

329.8 56.7 134 273.2 732.9 361.5 88.3 191 375.8 835.5 866.5 593.3 1100 2012.0 2471.7

330.4 57.2 135 275.0 734.7 362.0 88.9 192 377.6 837.3 894.3 621.1 1150 2102.0 2561.7

330.9 57.8 136 276.8 736.5 362.6 89.4 193 379.4 839.1 922.0 648.9 1200 2192.0 2651.7

331.5 58.3 137 278.6 738.3 363.2 90.0 194 381.2 840.9 949.8 676.7 1250 2282.0 2741.7

332.0 58.9 138 280.4 740.1 363.7 90.6 195 383.0 842.7 977.6 704.4 1300 2372.0 2831.7

332.6 59.4 139 282.2 741.9 364.3 91.1 196 384.8 844.5 1005.4 732.2 1350 2462.0 2921.7

333.2 60.0 140 284.0 743.7 364.8 91.7 197 386.6 846.3 1033.2 760.0 1400 2552.0 3011.7

333.7 60.6 141 285.8 745.5 365.4 92.2 198 388.4 848.1 1060.9 787.8 1450 2642.0 3101.7

334.3 61.1 142 287.6 747.3 365.9 92.8 199 390.2 849.9 1088.7 815.6 1500 2732.0 3191.7

334.8 61.7 143 289.4 749.1 366.5 93.3 200 392.0 851.7 1116.5 843.3 1550 2822.0 3281.7

335.4 62.2 144 291.2 750.9 367.0 93.9 201 393.8 853.5 1144.3 871.1 1600 2912.0 3371.7

335.9 62.8 145 293.0 752.7 367.6 94.4 202 395.6 855.3 1172.0 898.9 1650 3002.0 3461.7

336.5 63.3 146 294.8 754.5 368.2 95.0 203 397.4 857.1 1199.8 926.7 1700 3092.0 3551.7

337.0 63.9 147 296.6 756.3 368.7 95.6 204 399.2 858.9 1227.6 954.4 1750 3182.0 3641.7

337.6 64.4 148 298.4 758.1 369.3 96.1 205 401.0 860.7 1255.4 982.2 1800 3272.0 3731.7

338.2 65.0 149 300.2 759.9 369.8 96.7 206 402.8 862.5 1283.2 1010.0 1850 3362.0 3821.7

338.7 65.6 150 302.0 761.7 370.4 97.2 207 404.6 864.3 1310.9 1037.8 1900 3452.0 3911.7

339.3 66.1 151 303.8 763.5 370.9 97.8 208 406.4 866.1 1338.7 1065.6 1950 3542.0 4001.7

339.8 66.7 152 305.6 765.3 371.5 98.3 209 408.2 867.9 1366.5 1093.3 2000 3632.0 4091.7

340.4 67.2 153 307.4 767.1 372.0 98.9 210 410.0 869.7 1394.3 1121.1 2050 3722.0 4181.7

340.9 67.8 154 309.2 768.9 372.6 99.4 211 411.8 871.5 1422.0 1148.9 2100 3812.0 4271.7

341.5 68.3 155 311.0 770.7 373.2 100.0 212 413.6 873.3 1449.8 1176.7 2150 3902.0 4361.7

342.0 68.9 156 312.8 772.5 377.6 104.4 220 428.0 887.7 1477.6 1204.4 2200 3992.0 4451.7

342.6 69.4 157 314.6 774.3 383.2 110.0 230 446.0 905.7 1505.4 1232.2 2250 4082.0 4541.7

343.2 70.0 158 316.4 776.1 388.7 115.6 240 464.0 923.7 1533.2 1260.0 2300 4172.0 4631.7

343.7 70.6 159 318.2 777.9 394.3 121.1 250 482.0 941.7 1560.9 1287.8 2350 4262.0 4721.7

344.3 71.1 160 320.0 779.7 408.2 135.0 275 527.0 986.7 1588.7 1315.6 2400 4352.0 4811.7

344.8 71.7 161 321.8 781.5 422.0 148.9 300 572.0 1031.7 1616.5 1343.3 2450 4442.0 4901.7

345.4 72.2 162 323.6 783.3 435.9 162.8 325 617.0 1076.7 1644.3 1371.1 2500 4532.0 4991.7

345.9 72.8 163 325.4 785.1 449.8 176.7 350 662.0 1121.7 1672.0 1398.9 2550 4622.0 5081.7

346.5 73.3 164 327.2 786.9 463.7 190.6 375 707.0 1166.7 1699.8 1426.7 2600 4712.0 5171.7

347.0 73.9 165 329.0 788.7 477.6 204.4 400 752.0 1211.7 1727.6 1454.4 2650 4802.0 5261.7

347.6 74.4 166 330.8 790.5 491.5 218.3 425 797.0 1256.7 1755.4 1482.2 2700 4892.0 5351.7

348.2 75.0 167 332.6 792.3 505.4 232.2 450 842.0 1301.7 1783.2 1510.0 2750 4982.0 5441.7

348.7 75.6 168 334.4 794.1 519.3 246.1 475 887.0 1346.7 1810.9 1537.8 2800 5072.0 5531.7

349.3 76.1 169 336.2 795.9 533.2 260.0 500 932.0 1391.7 1838.7 1565.6 2850 5162.0 5621.7

349.8 76.7 170 338.0 797.7 547.0 273.9 525 977.0 1436.7 1866.5 1593.3 2900 5252.0 5711.7

350.4 77.2 171 339.8 799.5 560.9 287.8 550 1022.0 1481.7 1894.3 1621.1 2950 5342.0 5801.7

350.9 77.8 172 341.6 801.3 574.8 301.7 575 1067.0 1526.7 1922.0 1648.9 3000 5432.0 5891.7

351.5 78.3 173 343.4 803.1 588.7 315.6 600 1112.0 1571.7 2033.2 1760.0 3200 5792.0 6251.7

352.0 78.9 174 345.2 804.9 602.6 329.4 625 1157.0 1616.7 2144.3 1871.1 3400 6152.0 6611.7

352.6 79.4 175 347.0 806.7 616.5 343.3 650 1202.0 1661.7 2255.4 1982.2 3600 6512.0 6971.7

353.2 80.0 176 348.8 808.5 630.4 357.2 675 1247.0 1706.7 2366.5 2093.3 3800 6872.0 7331.7

353.7 80.6 177 350.6 810.3 644.3 371.1 700 1292.0 1751.7 2477.6 2204.4 4000 7232.0 7691.7

354.3 81.1 178 352.4 812.1 658.2 385.0 725 1337.0 1796.7 2588.7 2315.6 4200 7592.0 8051.7

354.8 81.7 179 354.2 813.9 672.0 398.9 750 1382.0 1841.7 2699.8 2426.7 4400 7952.0 8411.7

355.4 82.2 180 356.0 815.7 685.9 412.8 775 1427.0 1886.7 2810.9 2537.8 4600 8312.0 8771.7

355.9 82.8 181 357.8 817.5 699.8 426.7 800 1472.0 1931.7 2922.0 2648.9 4800 8672.0 9131.7

356.5 83.3 182 359.6 819.3 713.7 440.6 825 1517.0 1976.7 3033.2 2760.0 5000 9032.0 9491.7

357.0 83.9 183 361.4 821.1 727.6 454.4 850 1562.0 2021.7 … … … … …

Table converts °C → °F and °R, or °F → °C and °K. Find “convert from” temperature in bold column and read result from °F and °R or °C and °K columns. Example 1: 183 °C = 361.4 °F and 821.1 °R. Example 2: 183 °F = 83.9 °C and 357.0 °K.

Table 52. (Continued) °C → °F and °R Temperature Conversion °F → °C and °K °K °C °F °R °K °C °F °R °K °C °F °R



2586 VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION CONVERSION FACTORS

Units of Velocity and Acceleration

Table 53. Velocity Conversion Factors


Table 54. Acceleration Conversion Factors

Figures in bold face indicate the conversion is exact.

Units of Viscosity

Table 55a. Oil Viscosity Conversion Factors

ρ = Specific gravity of the oil.Figures in bold face indicate the conversion is exact

To Convert ↓

Mul

tiply

By

Fact

or, T

o O

btai

n ↓

cm/sec m/sec km/hr ft/sec ft/min ft/hr knota

a Knot means nautical miles per hour

mile/hr

cm/sec 1 0.01 0.036 0.032808 1.9685 118.110236 0.01944 0.02237

m/sec 100 1 3.6 3.2808 196.8504 11811.0236 1.94384 2.236936

km/hr 27.77778 0.27778 1 0.911344 54.6806 3280.8399 0.53995 0.621371

ft/sec 30.48 0.3048 1.09728 1 60 3600 0.59248 0.681818

ft/min 0.5080 0.00508 0.018288 0.016667 1 60 9.8 × 10−3 0.011364

ft/hr 0.008467 8.47 × 10−5 3.05 × 10−4 2.78 × 10−4 0.01666 1 1.6 × 10−4 1.89 × 10−4

knot 51.444 0.51444 1.852 1.687808 101.2686 6076.11549 1 1.15167

mile/hr 44.704 0.447040 1.609344 1.466667 88 5280 0.8689 1

To Convert ↓

Mul

tiply

By

Fact

or, T

o O

btai

n ↓

cm/sec2 m/sec2 km/hr2 feet/sec2 ft/hr2 Knot/sec miles/hr2

cm/sec2 1 0.01 129.6 0.0328 4.252 × 105 0.0194384 80.529

m/sec2 100 1 12960 3.280 4.252 × 107 1.943844 8052.970

km/hr2 0.007716 7.72 × 10−5 1 2.532 × 10−4 3280.84 0.0001499 0.6213

ft/sec2 30.48 0.3048 3950.20 1 1.296 × 107 0.592483 2454.545

ft/hr2 2.35 × 10−6 2.35 × 10−5 3.048 × 10−4 7.716 × 10−8 1 4.571 × 10−8 1.893 × 10−4

Knot/sec 51.44444 0.514444 6667.2 1.687809 2.187 × 107 1 4142.8060

mile/hr2 0.0124 0.000124 1.609 4.074 × 10−4 5280 0.00024138 1

To Convert ↓

Mul

tiply

By

Thi

s Fa

ctor

, To

Obt

ain ↓

Poise(P)

Centi-poise(Z)

Reyn(µ)

Stoke(S)

Centistoke(v)

Poise (P) 1 100 1.45 × 10−5

Centipoise (Z) 0.01 1 1.45 × 10−7

Reyn (µ) 6.9 × 104 6.9 × 106 1

Stoke (S) ρ 100 ρ 1.45 × 10−5 ρ 1 100

Centistoke (v) 0.01 ρ ρ 1.45 × 10−7 ρ 0.01 1

Table 55b. Additional Viscosity Conversion FactorsMultiply By To Obtain Multiply By To Obtain

centipoise 0.001 pascal-second (Pa · s) pascal-second 1000 centipoisecentistoke 0.000001 meter2/second (m2/s) pascal-second 10 poise

stoke 0.0001 meter2/second (m2/s) poise 0.1 pascal-second (Pa·s)

dyne-scm2

---------------- = gram masscm-s

------------------------- 1ρ--- 100

ρ---------

dyne-s100 cm2-------------------- gram mass

100 cm-s-------------------------= 0.01

ρ---------- 1

ρ---

lb force-sin2

---------------------- 6.9 104×

ρ---------------------- 6.9 106×

ρ----------------------

cm2

s---------

cm2

100 s-------------



MOMENT OF INERTIA CONVERSION FACTORS 2587

Units of Moment of Inertia and Momentum

Miscellaneous Measuring Units

Ohm’s Law.—The following figure represents basic electrical relationships. This charthas been formatted in such a way that each variable has been related to the other three vari-ables. This figure is simply for reference.

Table 56. Moment of Inertia Conversion FactorsMultiply By To Obtain

Moment of Inertia and Section Modulus

moment of inertia [kg · m2] 23.73036 pound-foot2

moment of inertia [kg · m2] 3417.171 pound-inch2

moment of inertia [lb · ft2] 0.04214011 kilogram-meter2 (kg · m2)moment of inertia [lb · inch2] 0.0002926397 kilogram-meter2 (kg · m2)moment of section [foot4] 0.008630975 meter4 (m4)moment of section [inch4] 41.62314 centimeter4

moment of section [meter4] 115.8618 foot4

moment of section [centimeter4] 0.02402510 inch4

section modulus [foot3] 0.02831685 meter3 (m3)section modulus [inch3] 0.00001638706 meter3 (m3)section modulus [meter3] 35.31466 foot3

section modulus [meter3] 61,023.76 inch3

Table 57. Momentum Conversion FactorsMultiply By To Obtain

Momentum

kilogram-meter/second 7.233011 pound-foot/secondkilogram-meter/second 86.79614 pound-inch/secondpound-foot/second 0.1382550 kilogram-meter/second (kg · m/s)pound-inch/second 0.01152125 kilogram-meter/second (kg · m/s)

1 great gross = 12 gross = 144 dozen1 gross = 12 dozen = 144 units1 dozen = 12 units

1 quire = 24 sheets1 ream = 20 quires = 480 sheets1 ream printing paper = 500 sheets1 score = 20 units

Circular Model of Electrical Relations

Key to variables:V =Voltage (Volts)R =Resistance (Ohms)I =Current (Amps)

W =Power (Watts)

I

Amps

VVolts Ohms

R

W

Watts WR-----

V2

R------

VR---

WV-----

V2

W------

VI---

W

I2-----I R×

WI

-----

W R×

V I×

I2 R×

