Table of Contents Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Section 2 Cell Energy Section 3 The Cell Cycle Chapter 4 The Cell in Action Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Bellringer Which of the following best describes a living cell: a) building block b) a living organism c) a complex factory d) all of the above Write a paragraph in your science notebook defending your choice. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Objectives Explain the process of diffusion. Describe how osmosis occurs. Compare passive transport with active transport. Explain how large particles get into and out of cells. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment What Is Diffusion? Diffusion is the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density. Diffusion of Water The diffusion of water through cell membranes is called osmosis. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment What Is Diffusion?, continued The Cell and Osmosis Osmosis is important to cell functions. Plasma surrounds red blood cells and is made up of water, salts, sugars, and other particles. Osmosis keeps the concentration of these particles in balance. When a wilted plant is watered, osmosis makes the plant firm again. Chapter 4 Blood Cell Plant Cell Water and dissolved substances diffuse into and out of the cell at the same rate. 11,397x Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Blood Cell Solute concentration is higher inside the cell. Water diffuses into the cell. Plant Cell 13,000x Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Plant Cell Solute concentration is higher outside the cell. Water diffuses out of the cell. Blood Cell 13,000x Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Reading Check: Why would red blood cells burst if you placed them in pure water? Red blood cells would burst in pure water because water particles move from outside, where particles were dense, to inside the cell, where particles were less dense. This movement of water would cause red blood cells to fill up and burst. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Moving Small Particles Passive Transport The movement of particles across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell is called passive transport. Active Transport A process of transporting particles that requires the cell to use energy is called active transport. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Moving Large Particles Endocytosis The active-transport process by which a cell surrounds a large particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell is called endocytosis. Exocytosis The active-transport process in which a cell releases a particle by enclosing the particle in a vesicle that then moves to the cell surface and fuses with the cell membrane is called exocytosis. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Chapter 4 QUICK CHECK QUIZ!!! 1.What part of a cell do materials pass through to get into and out of the cell? the cell membrane 2. What is osmosis? the diffusion of water through the semi- permeable cell membrane Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment QUICK CHECK QUIZ!!! Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment 3. Describe how each of the following would get through a cell membrane and into a cell? Which require active transport? pure water sugar entering a cell that already contains a high concentration of particles sugar entering a cell that has a low concentration of particles a large protein Section 4.1 Review Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Section 4.1 Review Cells move small particles by diffusion, which is an example of passive transport, and by active transport. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Section 4.1 Review Large particles enter the cell by endocytosis, and exit the cell by exocytosis. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Section 2 Cell Energy Bellringer Make a list of all the different types of cells that you can think of and the jobs they do. Then make a list of all the reasons that a cell needs energy. Write your answers in your science notebook. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Objectives Describe photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Compare cellular respiration with fermentation. Chapter 4 Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Cell Energy From Sun to Cell Photosynthesis is the process a plant uses to create glucose. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy From Sun to Cell Chlorophyll Plant cells have molecules that absorb light energy. These molecules are called pigments. Chlorophyll, the main pigment used in photosynthesis, gives plants their green color. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Getting Energy from Food Cellular Respiration During cellular respiration, food (such as glucose) is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, and energy is released. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Chapter 4 Reading Check: What is the difference between cellular respiration and breathing? Cellular respiration is a chemical process by which cells produce energy from food. Breathing supplies the body with the raw materials needed for cellular respiration. Section 2 Cell Energy How do cells communicate with each other? By cell phone, of course!!! Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Getting Energy from Food, continued Connection Between Photosynthesis and Respiration During photosynthesis, cells take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. During cellular respiration, cells use oxygen to break down glucose and release energy and carbon dioxide. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Getting Energy from Food, continued Fermentation is the breakdown of food without the use of oxygen. When muscles cant get the oxygen for cellular respiration, they use fermentation to get energy. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Chapter 4 Reading Check: What are two kinds of fermentation? The kind that happens in muscle cells of animals and the kind that occurs in bacteria. QUICK CHECK QUIZ!!! TRUE OR FALSE? 1.Plants and animals capture their energy from the sun. FALSE!!! 2. Cellular respiration describes how a cell breathes. FALSE!!! 3. Fermentation produces ATP and lactic acid. TRUE!!! Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Section 4.2 Review Most of the energy that fuels life processes comes from the sun. The suns energy is converted into food by the process of photosynthesis. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose into water, carbon dioxide, and energy. Fermentation is a way that cells get energy from their food without using oxygen. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Section 3 The Cell Cycle Bellringer Biology is the only science in which multiplication means the same thing as divisionat least with regards to cells. Explain what is meant by this statement in your science notebook. Chapter 4 Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Cell Cycle Objectives Explain how cells produce more cells. Describe the process of mitosis. Explain how cell division differs in animals and plants. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle The Life of a Cell The cell cycle is the life stages of a cell. The cell cycle begins when the cell is formed and ends when the cell divides and forms new cells. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle The Life of a Cell Before a cell divides, it must make a copy of its DNA which is organized into structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes are containers for DNA, the hereditary material that controls cell activities. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle Making More Prokaryotic Cells Cell division in bacteria is called binary fission, which means splitting into two parts. Bacteria have a single circular DNA molecule (chromosome). Binary fission results in two cells that each contain one copy of the circle of DNA. Chapter 4 Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 3 The Cell Cycle The Life of a Cell, continued Eukaryotic Cells and Their DNA The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells contain more DNA than those of prokaryotic cells. In a eukaryotic cell, chromosomes are found in the nucleus and are made of DNA and protein. Chapter 4 Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 3 The Cell Cycle The Life of a Cell, continued Pairs of similar chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle The Life of a Cell, continued Making More Eukaryotic Cells The cell cycle has three stages: 1. Interphase: The cell grows and copies its chromosomes. The two copies are now called chromatids. 2. Mitosis: The process of chromosome separation. 3. Cytokinesis: The cell splits into two identical cells. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle Mitosis and the Cell Cycle Mitosis has four phases: 1.prophase 2.metaphase 3.anaphase 4.telophase Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle Mitosis and the Cell Cycle, continued Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm. In animal cells and other eukaryotes that do not have cell walls, division of the cytoplasm begins at the cell membrane. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle Mitosis and the Cell Cycle, continued In plant cells and in other eukaryotes with cell walls, a cell plate forms and the cell splits into two cells. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle Chapter 4 Section 4.2 Review Section 4.3 Review 1.A cell produces more cells by first copying its DNA. 2.Eukaryotic cells produce more cells through the four phases of mitosis. 3.Mitosis produces two cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. 4.At the end of mitosis, a cell divides the cytoplasm by cytokinesis. 5.In plant cells, a cell plate forms between the two new cells during cytokinesis. Chapter 4 Section 2 The Cell Cycle The Cell in Action Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. Chapter 4 ATP photosynthesis oxygen water consumers lactic acid producers respiration energy Concept Map Chapter 4 Concept Map Chapter 4 End of Chapter 4 Show Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 1 Perhaps you have heard that jogging or some other kind of exercise burns a lot of Calories. The word burn is often used to describe what happens when your cells release stored energy from food. The burning of food in living cells is not the same as the burning of logs in a campfire. When logs burn, the energy stored in wood is released as thermal energy and light in a single reaction. But this kind of reaction is not the kind that happens in cells. Instead, the energy that cells get from food molecules is released at each step of a series of chemical reactions. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. According to the passage, how do cells release energy from food? A in a single reaction B as thermal energy and light C in a series of reactions D by burning Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. According to the passage, how do cells release energy from food? A in a single reaction B as thermal energy and light C in a series of reactions D by burning Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Which of the following statements is a fact in the passage? F Wood burns better than food does. G Both food and wood have stored energy. H Food has more stored energy than wood does. I When it is burned, wood releases only thermal energy. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Which of the following statements is a fact in the passage? F Wood burns better than food does. G Both food and wood have stored energy. H Food has more stored energy than wood does. I When it is burned, wood releases only thermal energy. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. According to the passage, why might people be confused between what happens in a living cell and what happens in a campfire? A The word burn may describe both processes. B Thermal energy is released during both processes. C Wood can be burned and broken down by living cells. D Jogging and other exercises use energy. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. According to the passage, why might people be confused between what happens in a living cell and what happens in a campfire? A The word burn may describe both processes. B Thermal energy is released during both processes. C Wood can be burned and broken down by living cells. D Jogging and other exercises use energy. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 2 The word respiration means breathing, but cellular respiration is different from breathing. Breathing supplies your cells with the oxygen that they need for cellular respiration. Breathing also rids your body of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the chemical process that releases energy from food. Continued on the next slide Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 2, continued Most organisms obtain energy from food through cellular respiration. During cellular respiration, oxygen is used to break down food (glucose) into CO 2 and H 2 O, and energy is released. In humans, most of the energy released is used to maintain body temperature. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. According to the passage, what is glucose? A a type of chemical process B a type of waste product C a type of organism D a type of food Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. According to the passage, what is glucose? A a type of chemical process B a type of waste product C a type of organism D a type of food Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. According to the passage, how does cellular respiration differ from breathing? F Breathing releases carbon dioxide, but cellular respiration releases oxygen. G Cellular respiration is a chemical process that uses oxygen to release energy from food, but breathing supplies cells with oxygen. H Cellular respiration requires oxygen, but breathing does not. I Breathing rids your body of waste products, but cellular respiration stores wastes. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. According to the passage, how does cellular respiration differ from breathing? F Breathing releases carbon dioxide, but cellular respiration releases oxygen. G Cellular respiration is a chemical process that uses oxygen to release energy from food, but breathing supplies cells with oxygen. H Cellular respiration requires oxygen, but breathing does not. I Breathing rids your body of waste products, but cellular respiration stores wastes. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. According to the passage, how do humans use most of the energy released? A to break down food B to obtain oxygen C to maintain body temperature D to get rid of carbon dioxide Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. According to the passage, how do humans use most of the energy released? A to break down food B to obtain oxygen C to maintain body temperature D to get rid of carbon dioxide Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation Interpreting Graphics The graph below shows the cell cycle. Use this graph to answer the questions that follow. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Which part of the cell cycle lasts longest? A interphase B mitosis C cytokinesis D There is not enough information to determine the answer. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Which part of the cell cycle lasts longest? A interphase B mitosis C cytokinesis D There is not enough information to determine the answer. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Which of the following lists the parts of the cell cycle in the proper order? F mitosis, cytokinesis, mitosis G interphase, cytokinesis, mitosis H interphase, mitosis, interphase I mitosis, cytokinesis, interphase Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Which of the following lists the parts of the cell cycle in the proper order? F mitosis, cytokinesis, mitosis G interphase, cytokinesis, mitosis H interphase, mitosis, interphase I mitosis, cytokinesis, interphase Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which part of mitosis is the briefest? A interphase B cell cycle C cytokinesis D There is not enough information to determine the answer. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which part of mitosis is the briefest? A interphase B cell cycle C cytokinesis D There is not enough information to determine the answer. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 4. Why is the cell cycle represented by a circle? F The cell cycle is a continuous process that begins again after it finishes. G The cell cycle happens only in cells that are round. H The cell cycle is a linear process. I The cell is in interphase for more than half of the cell cycle. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 4. Why is the cell cycle represented by a circle? F The cell cycle is a continuous process that begins again after it finishes. G The cell cycle happens only in cells that are round. H The cell cycle is a linear process. I The cell is in interphase for more than half of the cell cycle. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation Math Read each question, and choose the best answer. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. A normal cell spends 90% of its time in interphase. How is 90% expressed as a fraction? A 3/4 B 4/5 C 85/100 D 9/10 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. A normal cell spends 90% of its time in interphase. How is 90% expressed as a fraction? A 3/4 B 4/5 C 85/100 D 9/10 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. If a cell lived for 3 weeks and 4 days, how many days did it live? F 7 G 11 H 21 I 25 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. If a cell lived for 3 weeks and 4 days, how many days did it live? F 7 G 11 H 21 I 25 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. How is 2 3 3 3 3 expressed in exponential notation? A 3 2 4 B 2 3 3 C 3 4 D 2 3 4 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. How is 2 3 3 3 3 expressed in exponential notation? A 3 2 4 B 2 3 3 C 3 4 D 2 3 4 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 4. Cell A has 3 times as many chromosomes as cell B has. After cell Bs chromosomes double during mitosis, cell B has 6 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does cell A have? F 3 G 6 H 9 I 18 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 4. Cell A has 3 times as many chromosomes as cell B has. After cell Bs chromosomes double during mitosis, cell B has 6 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does cell A have? F 3 G 6 H 9 I 18 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 5. If x 2 3, what does x 1 equal? A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 5. If x 2 3, what does x 1 equal? A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 6. If 3x 2 26, what does x 1 equal? F 7 G 8 H 9 I 10 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 6. If 3x 2 26, what does x 1 equal? F 7 G 8 H 9 I 10 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation