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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
CANDIDATES DECLARATION CERTIFICAT E II
TABLE OF CONTENTS III
LIST OF FIGURES V
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VII
OBJECTIVE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1: INTRODUCTION TO POWER GRID 2
1.1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.2 TYPES OF POWER GRID IN INDIA 2
1.3 POWER GRID SYCHRONISATION 3
1.3.1 CONDITIONS 3
1.3.2 PROCESS 3
1.4 ISLANDING 4
1.4.1 ISLANDING DETECTION METHODS 4
2: HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT 6
2.1 TRANSFORMERS 6
2.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM7805) 6 2.3 RECTIFIER 7
2.4 FILTER 8
2.5 MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/C51) 8 2.6 555 TIMER 10
2.7 LM358 (DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER) 11 2.8 LM339 11
III
2.9 RELAYS 12
2.10 BC547 13
2.11 LED 14
2.12 IN4007 14
2.13 RESISTORS 14
2.14 CAPACITORS 15
3: SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 16
3.1 IDE 16
3.4 KEIL C CROSS COMPILER 16
3.5 BUILDING AN APPLICATION IN VISION2 16
3.16 COMPILER 16
3.17 CODING IN EMBEDDED C 24
4: DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION 32
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 32
4.2 CIRCUIT DIGRAM 33
4.3 DESCRIPTION 34
4.4 ADVANTAGES 38
4.5 DISADVANTAGES 38
4.6 APPLICATIONS 38
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY 39
IV
LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1: A Typical Transformer 6
Fig.1.2: Equivalent Circuit of Voltage Regulator 7
Fig.1.3: Bridge Type Full Wave Rectifier 7
Fig.1.4: Output Waveform 8
Fig 1.5: Pin Diagram of AT89S52 9
Fig.1.6: 555 Timer IC 10
Fig. 1.6(a): 555 Timer Pin Diagram 10
Fig.1.7: LM358 (Dual Operational Amplifier) 11
Fig.1.8: LM 339 12
Fig.1.8 (a): LM339 13
Fig.1.9: Relays 13
Fig.2.0: BC 547 Transistor Pinouts 13
Fig.2.0 (a): An Npn Transistor Configuration 14
Fig.2.1: 1N4007 Diodes 14
Fig.2.1(a):PN Junction Diode 15
Fig.2.2: Resistors 15
Fig.2.3: Capacitors 17
Fig. 2.4: Keil Vision Compiler 17
Fig. 2.4(a): Keil Vision Compiler windows1 18
Fig. 2.4(b): Keil Vision Compiler windows2 18
Fig. 2.4(c): Keil Vision Compiler windows3 19 Fig. 2.4(d): Keil Vision Compiler windows4 19
Fig. 2.4(e): Keil Vision Compiler windows5 20 Fig. 2.4(f): Keil Vision Compiler windows6 20
V
Fig. 2.4(g): Keil Vision Compiler windows7 21
Fig. 2.4(h): Keil Vision Compiler windows8 21
Fig. 2.4(i): Keil Vision Compiler windows9 22
Fig. 2.4(j): Keil Vision Compiler windows10 22
Fig. 2.4(k): Keil Vision Compiler windows11 23
Fig. 2.4(l): Keil Vision Compiler windows12 23
Fig. 2.4(m): Keil Vision Compiler windows13 24
Fig. 2.4(n): Keil Vision Compiler windows14 24
Fig. 2.5: Block Diagram of Project 32 Fig 2.6: Circuit Diagram of Project 33
Fig. 2.7: Zero voltage cross detection using comparator 35
Fig. 2.7(a): Output Waveform 35
Fig. 2.8:555 as an astable multivibrator 36
Fig. 2.9: Circuit diagram of 555 as an astable multivibrator 36
VI
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS USED
MCR.......Main Control Room TG...Turbo-Generator DC....Direct current
ACAlternating current
NDZNon-detection zone
ALEAddress Latch Enable PSEN...Program Store Enable VPP.Programming enables voltage LCD ....Liquid crystal display LED..Light-emitting diode IDE ..Integrated Development environment EAExternal Access
ZVR.... Zero Voltage Reference
VII
TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENT ICANDIDATES DECLARATION CERTIFICAT E IILIST OF ABBREVATIONS USED