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TIA-758-B (Revision of TIA-758-A)

March 2012

Customer-Owned Outside Plant Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard

ANSI/TIA-758-B-2012 APPROVED: MARCH 27, 2012

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(From Standards Proposal No. SP-3-3339-RV2-1, formulated under the cognizance of the TIA TR-42 Telecommunications Cabling Systems, TR-42.4 Subcommittee on Customer-Owned Outside Plant Telecommunications Infrastructure).

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ANSI/TIA-758-B

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Customer Owned Outside Plant

Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard

Table of Contents

FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................ vii

1 SCOPE .................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 1

3 DEFINITION OF TERMS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNITS OF MEASURE ........... 3

3.1 General ........................................................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Definitions ....................................................................................................................................... 3 3.3 Acronyms and abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 6 3.4 Units of measure ............................................................................................................................ 8 3.5 Symbols .......................................................................................................................................... 8

4 CABLING INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................................................. 9

4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Customer owned OSP cabling infrastructure overview .................................................................. 9

4.2.1 Pathways and spaces .............................................................................................................. 9 4.2.2 Customer owned OSP cabling ................................................................................................. 9

4.3 Topology ....................................................................................................................................... 12 4.3.1 Entrance point diversity .......................................................................................................... 12 4.3.2 Entrance route diversity ......................................................................................................... 12

4.4 Recognized Cabling ..................................................................................................................... 15 4.5 Choosing media ............................................................................................................................ 15 4.6 Bonding and grounding ................................................................................................................ 15 4.7 Environmental Considerations...................................................................................................... 15

5 PATHWAYS AND SPACES ................................................................................................................ 16

5.1 Pathways ...................................................................................................................................... 16 5.1.1 Subsurface pathways ............................................................................................................. 16

5.1.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 16 5.1.1.2 Conduit/duct .................................................................................................................... 16

5.1.1.2.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 16 5.1.1.2.2 Conduit Type .............................................................................................................. 17 5.1.1.2.3 Lengths between pulling points .................................................................................. 17 5.1.1.2.4 Bends ......................................................................................................................... 17 5.1.1.2.5 Number of bends ........................................................................................................ 17 5.1.1.2.6 Drain slope ................................................................................................................. 18 5.1.1.2.7 Innerduct ..................................................................................................................... 18 5.1.1.2.8 Duct plugs ................................................................................................................... 18 5.1.1.2.9 Bridge crossings ......................................................................................................... 18

5.1.1.3 Utility tunnels ................................................................................................................... 19 5.1.1.3.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 19 5.1.1.3.2 Planning ...................................................................................................................... 19

5.1.2 Direct-buried .......................................................................................................................... 20 5.1.3 Aerial pathways ...................................................................................................................... 20

5.1.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 20 5.2 Spaces .......................................................................................................................................... 20

5.2.1 Maintenance holes ................................................................................................................. 21 5.2.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 21 5.2.1.2 Location ........................................................................................................................... 23 5.2.1.3 Type ................................................................................................................................. 24 5.2.1.4 Sizing ............................................................................................................................... 24

ANSI/TIA-758-B

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5.2.1.5 Covers ............................................................................................................................. 25 5.2.2 Handholes .............................................................................................................................. 25

5.2.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 25 5.2.2.2 Location ........................................................................................................................... 25 5.2.2.3 Sizing ............................................................................................................................... 26 5.2.2.4 Covers ............................................................................................................................. 26

5.2.3 Pedestals and cabinets .......................................................................................................... 26 5.2.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 26 5.2.3.2 Ground level pedestals and cabinet criteria .................................................................... 26

5.2.3.2.1 Installation requirements ............................................................................................ 27 5.2.3.3 Pole or wall mounted cabinets ........................................................................................ 27 5.2.3.4 Environmentally controlled cabinets ................................................................................ 27

5.2.4 Vaults ..................................................................................................................................... 27 5.2.4.1 Vault criteria ..................................................................................................................... 27 5.2.4.2 Installation requirements ................................................................................................. 28

5.2.5 Entrance Facilities .................................................................................................................. 28 5.2.5.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 28 5.2.5.2 Seismic considerations .................................................................................................... 28 5.2.5.3 Entrance location considerations .................................................................................... 28

5.3 Entrance pathway facilities ........................................................................................................... 28 5.3.1 Underground .......................................................................................................................... 28 5.3.2 Direct-buried .......................................................................................................................... 29 5.3.3 Aerial ...................................................................................................................................... 29 5.3.4 Tunnels .................................................................................................................................. 30 5.3.5 Wireless ................................................................................................................................. 30

5.3.5.1 Line of sight ..................................................................................................................... 30 5.3.5.2 Cable pathways ............................................................................................................... 30 5.3.5.3 Location ........................................................................................................................... 30 5.3.5.4 Support structures ........................................................................................................... 30

5.3.5.4.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 30 5.3.5.4.2 Towers ........................................................................................................................ 30 5.3.5.4.3 Non-penetrating wireless transmission/reception device mounts .............................. 30 5.3.5.4.4 Penetrating wireless transmission/reception device mounts ..................................... 31 5.3.5.4.5 Electrical design considerations ................................................................................. 31

5.4 Entrance point .............................................................................................................................. 31 5.4.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 31 5.4.2 Conduit entrance design guidelines ....................................................................................... 31

5.4.2.1 Penetration and termination ............................................................................................ 31 5.4.2.2 Drainage .......................................................................................................................... 31 5.4.2.3 Gas, water and vermin .................................................................................................... 31 5.4.2.4 Pull box ............................................................................................................................ 31

6 CABLING ............................................................................................................................................. 34

6.1 Twisted-pair cabling ...................................................................................................................... 34 6.1.1 Twisted-pair cable .................................................................................................................. 34

6.1.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 34 6.1.1.2 Cable performance .......................................................................................................... 34 6.1.1.3 Cable construction types ................................................................................................. 34 6.1.1.4 Aerial (self-support and lashed) ...................................................................................... 34 6.1.1.5 Buried service wire .......................................................................................................... 34 6.1.1.6 Aerial service wire ........................................................................................................... 35 6.1.1.7 Screened cable (internally) .............................................................................................. 35

6.1.2 OSP connecting hardware for balanced twisted-pair cables ................................................. 35 6.1.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 35 6.1.2.2 Environmental compatibility ............................................................................................. 35 6.1.2.3 Materials .......................................................................................................................... 35

ANSI/TIA-758-B

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6.1.2.4 Transmission ................................................................................................................... 35 6.1.2.5 Terminal block requirements ........................................................................................... 35

6.1.2.5.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 35 6.1.2.5.2 Wire compatibility ....................................................................................................... 36 6.1.2.5.3 Wire pair identification ................................................................................................ 36 6.1.2.5.4 Test points .................................................................................................................. 36 6.1.2.5.5 Mounting ..................................................................................................................... 36 6.1.2.5.6 Stub cable ................................................................................................................... 36

6.1.2.6 Cross-connect block requirements .................................................................................. 36 6.1.2.6.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 36 6.1.2.6.2 Wire compatibility ....................................................................................................... 36 6.1.2.6.3 Wire pair identification ................................................................................................ 36 6.1.2.6.4 Wire termination ......................................................................................................... 37 6.1.2.6.5 Test points .................................................................................................................. 37 6.1.2.6.6 Terminal density ......................................................................................................... 37 6.1.2.6.7 Wiring harness ............................................................................................................ 37

6.1.2.7 Building entrance terminals ............................................................................................. 37 6.1.2.7.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 37 6.1.2.7.2 Non-protected terminals ............................................................................................. 37 6.1.2.7.3 Protected terminals..................................................................................................... 37

6.1.2.8 Splicing connectors ......................................................................................................... 37 6.1.2.8.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 37 6.1.2.8.2 Materials ..................................................................................................................... 39 6.1.2.8.3 Transmission .............................................................................................................. 39 6.1.2.8.4 Tensile strength .......................................................................................................... 39 6.1.2.8.5 Insulation resistance ................................................................................................... 39 6.1.2.8.6 Salt fog exposure........................................................................................................ 39

6.1.3 OSP twisted-pair cross-connect jumpers ............................................................................... 40 6.1.4 Additional installation requirements ....................................................................................... 40

6.1.4.1 Cable splices for BBOSP ................................................................................................ 40 6.1.4.2 Bridge-taps ...................................................................................................................... 40 6.1.4.3 Binder group integrity ...................................................................................................... 40 6.1.4.4 Cable bend radius ........................................................................................................... 40

6.1.5 OSP twisted-pair testing ........................................................................................................ 40 6.2 Coaxial cabling ............................................................................................................................. 41

6.2.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 41 6.2.2 75 coaxial cable ................................................................................................................. 41

6.2.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 41 6.2.2.2 Cable performance .......................................................................................................... 41

6.2.3 75 coaxial connecting hardware ........................................................................................ 41 6.2.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 41

6.2.4 75 coaxial cable installation requirements ......................................................................... 41 6.2.5 75 coaxial cable testing ...................................................................................................... 41

6.3 Optical fiber cabling ...................................................................................................................... 42 6.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 42 6.3.2 Optical fiber cable performance ............................................................................................. 42 6.3.3 Optical fiber cable construction types .................................................................................... 42

6.3.3.1 Duct cables ...................................................................................................................... 42 6.3.3.2 Armored cables ............................................................................................................... 42 6.3.3.3 Aerial cables .................................................................................................................... 42

6.3.3.3.1 Self-supporting cables ................................................................................................ 42 6.3.3.4 Indoor/outdoor cables ...................................................................................................... 43 6.3.3.5 Drop cables ..................................................................................................................... 43

6.3.4 Optical fiber connecting hardware ......................................................................................... 43 6.3.4.1 Optical fiber splicing ........................................................................................................ 43

6.3.4.1.1 Splicing methods ........................................................................................................ 43

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6.3.4.1.2 Attenuation ................................................................................................................. 43 6.3.4.1.3 Return loss ................................................................................................................. 43 6.3.4.1.4 Mechanical protection ................................................................................................ 43

6.3.4.2 Optical fiber connectors ................................................................................................... 44 6.3.5 Cabling Practices ................................................................................................................... 44 6.3.6 Optical fiber patch cords and cross-connect jumpers ............................................................ 44 6.3.7 Optical fiber cable installation requirements .......................................................................... 44 6.3.8 Optical fiber cable testing....................................................................................................... 44 6.3.9 Optical fiber inside terminals .................................................................................................. 44

6.3.9.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 44 6.3.9.2 Fiber storage and organizing housings ........................................................................... 44 6.3.9.3 Fiber distribution units utilizing optical fiber connectors .................................................. 44 6.3.9.4 Fiber distribution units utilizing fiber splicing techniques ................................................ 45 6.3.9.5 Fiber splice module housing ............................................................................................ 45

6.4 Pressurization of air-core twisted pair cables ............................................................................... 45 6.4.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 45

7 CABLING ENCLOSURES ................................................................................................................... 46

7.1 General ......................................................................................................................................... 46 7.2 Materials ....................................................................................................................................... 46 7.3 Copper twisted-pair splice closures .............................................................................................. 46

7.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 46 7.3.2 Common test for copper closures .......................................................................................... 46 7.3.3 Aerial copper closures/terminals ............................................................................................ 46

7.3.3.1 Application ....................................................................................................................... 47 7.3.3.2 Special testing ................................................................................................................. 47

7.3.4 Buried service wire copper closures ...................................................................................... 47 7.3.4.1 Application ....................................................................................................................... 47 7.3.4.2 Special tests .................................................................................................................... 48

7.3.5 Buried/underground/vault copper splice closures .................................................................. 48 7.3.5.1 Splice configurations ....................................................................................................... 48 7.3.5.2 Closure housing............................................................................................................... 48 7.3.5.3 Installation requirements ................................................................................................. 48 7.3.5.4 Special tests .................................................................................................................... 49

7.4 Optical fiber .................................................................................................................................. 49 7.4.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 49 7.4.2 Optical fiber splice closure ..................................................................................................... 49

7.4.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 49 7.4.2.2 Application ....................................................................................................................... 50 7.4.2.3 Criteria ............................................................................................................................. 51

7.4.2.3.1 Splice configurations .................................................................................................. 51 7.4.2.3.2 Common tests ............................................................................................................ 51 7.4.2.3.3 Installation requirements ............................................................................................ 51

7.4.2.4 Free-breathing optical fiber closures ............................................................................... 52 7.4.2.4.1 Special testing ............................................................................................................ 52 7.4.2.4.2 Sealed aerial closures ................................................................................................ 52 7.4.2.4.3 Vented aerial closures ................................................................................................ 52

7.4.2.5 Underground closures ..................................................................................................... 52 7.4.2.6 Direct-buried closures ..................................................................................................... 52

7.4.2.6.1 Special tests ............................................................................................................... 53 7.4.2.7 Shield isolation/grounding closure................................................................................... 53 7.4.2.8 Pedestal optical fiber closure .......................................................................................... 53

7.4.2.8.1 Special tests ............................................................................................................... 53

ANSI/TIA-758-B

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ANNEX A (NORMATIVE) OSP Symbols .................................................................................................... 54

A.1 General ......................................................................................................................................... 54

ANNEX B (NORMATIVE) Physical location and protection of below-ground cable plant .......................... 59

B.1 General ......................................................................................................................................... 59 B.2 Requirements ............................................................................................................................... 59

B.2.1 Cable installation planning ..................................................................................................... 59 B.2.2 Location.................................................................................................................................. 60

B.2.2.1 Depth of plant .................................................................................................................. 60 B.2.2.2 Joint construction ............................................................................................................ 60 B.2.2.3 Separations from foreign structures ................................................................................ 60 B.2.2.4 Permanent markings ....................................................................................................... 61 B.2.2.4.1 Uniform Color Code ......................................................................................................... 61

B.2.3 Riser poles ............................................................................................................................. 62 B.2.4 Building entrances ................................................................................................................. 62 B.2.5 Underwater cable crossings .................................................................................................. 62 B.2.6 Railroad crossings ................................................................................................................. 62 B.2.7 Bridge crossings .................................................................................................................... 63 B.2.8 Tunnel installations ................................................................................................................ 63 B.2.9 Highway accommodations ..................................................................................................... 64 B.2.10 Excavating responsibilities and procedures........................................................................... 64

B.2.10.1 Damage prevention laws ................................................................................................. 64 B.2.10.1.1 Regulations ............................................................................................................ 64 B.2.10.1.2 ―Call before you dig‖ responsibilities ...................................................................... 64 B.2.10.1.3 One Call Bureau ...................................................................................................... 65

B.2.10.2 Other information sources ............................................................................................... 65 B.2.10.2.1 Central Registries ...................................................................................................... 65 B.2.10.2.2 Other records and references .................................................................................... 65

B.2.10.3 Recommended procedures for excavators ..................................................................... 65 B.2.10.3.1 Notification of facility owners .................................................................................. 65 B.2.10.3.2 Excavation marking ................................................................................................ 66 B.2.10.3.3 Commencement of work ........................................................................................ 66 B.2.10.3.4 Protection of marking ............................................................................................. 66 B.2.10.3.5 Use of nondestructive excavation methods ........................................................... 66 B.2.10.3.6 Backfilling ............................................................................................................... 66 B.2.10.3.7 Damaged facilities .................................................................................................. 66 B.2.10.3.8 Unknown or unmarked facilities ............................................................................. 66 B.2.10.3.9 Codes and regulations ........................................................................................... 66

B.2.10.4 Recommended procedures for facility owners ................................................................ 66 B.2.10.4.1 Central registries .................................................................................................... 66 B.2.10.4.2 Marking of facilities ................................................................................................ 67 B.2.10.4.3 Marking of owners facilities .................................................................................... 67 B.2.10.4.4 Marking exceptions ................................................................................................ 67 B.2.10.4.5 Offset staking and marking .................................................................................... 67 B.2.10.4.6 Special situations ................................................................................................... 67 B.2.10.4.7 Call for assistance .................................................................................................. 67 B.2.10.4.8 Marking materials ................................................................................................... 67

B.2.11 Damage restoration ............................................................................................................... 67 B.3 As-built facility location record ............................................................................................... 69

ANNEX C (INFORMATIVE) BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 70

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List of Tables

Table 1 – Areas of OSP and BBOSP cabling applications ......................................................................... 34 Table 2 – Test sequence for twisted-pair splicing connectors .................................................................... 38 Table 3 – References for copper closures common test methods ............................................................. 46 Table 4 – References for aerial copper closures/terminals test methods ................................................... 47 Table 5 – References for buried service wire copper closures test methods ............................................. 48 Table 6 – References for buried/underground/vault copper splice closures test methods ......................... 49 Table 7 – References for optical fiber closures common test methods ...................................................... 51 Table 8 – References for free-breathing optical fiber splice closures test methods ................................... 52 Table 9 – References for direct-buried optical fiber splice closures test methods ..................................... 53 Table 10 – References for pedestal optical fiber closure test methods ...................................................... 53 Table 11 – Depth of plant ............................................................................................................................ 60 Table 12 – Depth of electrical supply cable ................................................................................................ 60 Table 13 – Minimum separations from foreign structures ........................................................................... 61 Table 14 – Uniform color code .................................................................................................................... 62

List of Figures

Figure 1 – Illustrative relationship between the TIA-568-C Series and other relevant TIA standards ........ viii Figure 2 – Typical customer-owned OSP elements ................................................................................... 10 Figure 3 – Typical customer-owned OSP link ............................................................................................. 11 Figure 4 – Example of campus star topology.............................................................................................. 13 Figure 5 – Example campus/building cabling topology ............................................................................... 14 Figure 6 – Example of innerduct ................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 7 – An example of components that may be found in a utility tunnel. ............................................. 19 Figure 8 – Example of maintenance hole ................................................................................................... 22 Figure 9 – Maintenance hole placement at an intersection ........................................................................ 24 Figure 10 – Handhole .................................................................................................................................. 25 Figure 11 – Discrete and multiple pair connectors ..................................................................................... 38 Figure 12 – Example in-line and butt splice ................................................................................................ 40 Figure 13 – Typical optical fiber splice closure used in OSP ...................................................................... 50

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FOREWORD

(This foreword is not considered part of this Standard.)

This Standard was developed by TIA Subcommittee TR-42.4.

Approval of this Standard

This standard was approved by TIA Subcommittee TR 42.4, TIA Technical Engineering Committee TR-42, and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

ANSI/TIA reviews standards every 5 years. At that time, standards are reaffirmed, rescinded, or revised according to the submitted updates. Updates to be included in the next revision should be sent to the committee chair or to ANSI/TIA.

Contributing organizations

More than 70 organizations within the telecommunications industry contributed their expertise to the development of this Standard (including manufacturers, consultants, end users, and other organizations).

Documents superseded

This is the third issue of this Standard. This Standard replaces ANSI/TIA-758-A dated May 5, 2004.

Significant technical changes from previous edition

Guidelines for the physical location and protection of below-ground cable plant have been added

References are revised to the appropriate standards

The annex referring to cabling lengths for specific applications is now referred to ANSI/TIA-568-C.0

Relationship to other TIA standards and documents

The following are related standards regarding various aspects of structured cabling that were developed and are maintained by Engineering Committee TIA TR-42. An illustrative diagram of the TIA-568-C Series relationship to other relevant TIA standards is given in figure 1.

Generic Telecommunications Cabling for Customer Premises (ANSI/TIA-568-C.0)

Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard (ANSI/TIA-568 C.1)

Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard; Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components (ANSI/TIA 568 C.2)

Optical Fiber Cabling Components Standard (ANSI/TIA-568 C.3)

Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces (TIA 569 B)

Residential Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard (ANSI/TIA 570 B)

Administration Standard for Commercial Telecommunications Infrastructure (ANSI/TIA 606 A)

Commercial Building Grounding (Earthing) and Bonding Requirements for Telecommunications (ANSI J STD 607 A)

Building Automation Systems Cabling Standard for Commercial Buildings (ANSI/TIA 862)

Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers (ANSI/TIA 942)

Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Industrial Premises (ANSI/TIA 1005)

ANSI/TIA-758-B

viii

ANSI/TIA-568-C.2

Balanced Twisted-

Pair

Telecommunications

Cabling and

Components

Standard

ANSI/TIA-568-C.3

Optical Fiber Cabling

Components

Standard

Premises

Standards

Component

StandardsCommon

Standards

ANSI/TIA-568-C.1

Commercial Building

Telecommunications

Cabling Standard

ANSI/TIA-570-B

Residential

Telecommunications

Infrastructure

Standard

ANSI/TIA-758-B

Customer-Owned

Outside Plant

Telecommunications

Infrastructure

Standard

ANSI/TIA-942

Telecommunications

Infrastructure

Standard for Data

Centers

ANSI/TIA-1005

Telecommunications

Infrastructure

Standard for

Industrial Premises

ANSI/TIA-568-C.0

Generic

Telecommunications

Cabling for Customer

Premises

TIA-569-B

Commercial Building

Standard for

Telecommunications

Pathways and

Spaces

ANSI/TIA-606-A

Administration

Standard for

Commercial

Telecommunications

Infrastructure

ANSI/TIA-607-B

Telecommunications

Grounding (Earthing)

and Bonding for

Customer Premises

ANSI/TIA-862

Building Automation

Systems Cabling

Standard for

Commercial

Buildings

Figure 1 – Illustrative relationship between the TIA-568-C Series and other relevant TIA standards

The following documents may be useful to the reader

a) National Electrical Safety Code®

(IEEE C2)

b) National Electrical Code®

(NFPA 70)

c) Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA) ®:

The BOCA Basic Building Code

ANSI/TIA-758-B

ix

Useful supplements to this Standard are the Building Industry Consulting Service International (BICSI) Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual (TDMM), the Customer owned Outside Plant Methods Manual, and the Cabling Installation Manual. These manuals provide practices and methods by which many of the requirements of this Standard are implemented.

Other references are listed in annex C.

Annexes

Annex A and B are normative and considered as requirements of this Standard. Annex C is informative and not considered as requirements of this Standard.

Introduction

General

Telecommunications, as used in this Standard, refers to all forms of information (e.g., voice, data, video, alarm, environmental control, security, audio).

Purpose

The purpose of this Standard is to enable the planning and installation of an outside plant structured cabling system infrastructure.

This Standard establishes the recommendations and requirements used in the design of the telecommunication pathways and spaces, and the cabling installed between buildings or points in a customer-owned campus environment.

Customer-owned campus facilities are typically termed "outside plant" (OSP). For the purpose of this Standard they are termed, customer-owned OSP.

Stewardship

Telecommunications infrastructure affects raw material consumption. The infrastructure design and installation methods also influence product life and sustainability of electronic equipment life cycling. These aspects of telecommunications infrastructure impact our environment. Since building life cycles are typically planned for decades, technological electronic equipment upgrades are necessary. The telecommunications infrastructure design and installation process magnifies the need for sustainable infrastructures with respect to building life, electronic equipment life cycling and considerations of effects on environmental waste. Telecommunications designers are encouraged to research local building practices for a sustainable environment and conservation of fossil fuels as part of the design process.

Mandatory and advisory terms

In accordance with TIA Engineering Manual, two categories of criteria are specified; mandatory and advisory. The mandatory requirements are designated by the word "shall"; advisory requirements are designated by the words "should‖, "may", or "desirable", which are used interchangeably in this Standard.

Mandatory criterion generally applies to performance and compatibility requirements. Advisory criterion represents "above minimum" goals.

Metric equivalents of US customary units

The dimensions in this Standard are metric or US customary with soft conversion to the other.

Life of this Standard

This Standard is a living document. The criteria contained in this Standard are subject to revisions and updating as warranted by advances in building construction techniques and telecommunications technology.

1

1 SCOPE 1

This Standard specifies minimum requirements for customer-owned OSP telecommunications facilities in 2 a campus environment. This standard specifies the cabling, pathways and spaces to support the cabling. 3

Customer-owned OSP cabling extends between separated structures including the terminating 4 connecting hardware at or within the structures. The OSP pathway includes the pathway through the 5 point of entry into the building space. Customer-owned OSP pathways may include aerial, direct-buried, 6 underground (e.g., duct), and tunnel distribution techniques. 7

The OSP cabling specified by this Standard is intended to support a wide range of applications (e.g., 8 voice, data, video, alarms, environmental control, security, audio) on commercial, industrial, institutional 9 and residential sites. 10

This standard applies to all campuses, regardless of the size or population. 11

2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES 12

The following standards contain provisions that, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this 13 Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to 14 revision, and parties to agreements based on this Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility 15 of applying the most recent editions of the standards published by them. ANSI and TIA maintain registers 16 of currently valid national standards published by them. 17

a) ANSI O5.1.2008, Wood Poles - Specifications & Dimensions 18

b) ANSI/ICEA S-84-608-2007, Telecommunications Cable, Filled Polyolefin Insulated Copper 19 Conductor 20

c) ANSI/ICEA S-85-625-2007, Aircore, Polyolefin Insulated, Copper Conductor Telecommunications 21 Cable 22

d) ANSI/ICEA S-86-634-2004, Buried Distribution & Service Wire, Filled Polyolefin Insulated, 23 Copper Conductor 24

e) ANSI/ICEA S-89-648-2006, Telecommunications Aerial Service Wire 25

f) ANSI/ICEA S-98-688-2006, Broadband Twisted Pair, Telecommunications Cable Aircore, 26 Polyolefin Insulated Copper Conductors 27

g) ANSI/ICEA S-99-689-2006, Broadband Twisted Pair Telecommunications Cable Filled, Polyolefin 28 Insulated Copper Conductors 29

h) ANSI-J-STD-607-A (2002), Commercial Building Grounding (Earthing) and Bonding 30 Requirements for Telecommunications 31

i) ANSI/SCTE 15 2006, Specification for Trunk, Feeder and Distribution Coaxial Cable 32

j) ANSI/SCTE 91 2009, Specification for 5/8-24 RF & AC Equipment Port, Female 33

k) ANSI/SCTE 92 2007, Specification for 5/8-24 Plug, (Male), Trunk & Distribution Connectors 34

l) ANSI/TIA-568-C.0 (2009), Generic Telecommunications Cabling for Customer Premises 35

m) ANSI/TIA-568-C.2 (2009), Balanced Twisted-Pair Telecommunications Cabling and Components 36 Standard 37

n) ANSI/TIA-568-C.3 (2008), Optical Fiber Cabling Components Standard 38

o) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), A Guide for 39 Accommodating Utilities within Highway Right-of-Way (2005) 40

p) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Standard 41 Specifications for Highway Bridges (2002) 42

2

q) American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA), Manual for 43 Railway Engineering (2009) 44

r) Association of American Railroads (AAR), Recommended Practices for Communication Lines 45 Crossing the Tracks of Railroads 46

s) ASTM B117-09, Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus 47

t) ASTM C478-09, Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections 48

u) ASTM C857-07, Standard Practice for Minimum Structural Design Loading for Underground 49 Precast Concrete Utility Structures 50

v) ASTM C858-10, Standard Specification for Underground Precast Concrete Utility Structures 51

w) ASTM C890-06, Standard Practice for Minimum Structural Design Loading for Monolithic or 52 Sectional Precast Concrete Water and Wastewater Structures 53

x) ASTM C891-09, Standard Practice for Installation of Underground Precast Concrete Utility 54 Structures 55

y) ASTM C913-08, Standard Specification for Precast Concrete Water and Wastewater Structures 56

z) ASTM C1037-08, Standard Practice for Inspection of Underground Precast Concrete Utility 57 Structures 58

aa) ASTM C1433-10, Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box 59 Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers 60

bb) ASTM D543-06, Standard Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to Chemical 61 Reagents 62

cc) ASTM D635-10, Standard Test Method for Rate of Burning and/or Extent and Time of Burning of 63 Plastics in a Horizontal Position 64

dd) IEEE C2-2007, National Electrical Safety Code 65

ee) MIL-STD-188-124B (December 2000), Grounding, Bonding and Shielding for Common Long 66 Haul/Tactical Communications Systems Including Ground Based Communications – Electronics 67 Facilities and Equipments 68

ff) NEMA TC 2-2003, Electrical Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Tubing and Conduit 69

gg) NEMA TC 6 & 8-2003, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Utilities for Underground Installations 70

hh) RUS Telecommunications Engineering and Construction Manual, Section 644, Number 03, 71 Design and Construction of Underground Cable (1983) 72

ii) Telcordia GR-326 (2010), Generic Requirements for Single-Mode Optical Connectors and 73 Jumper Assemblies 74

jj) Telcordia GR-771 (2008), Generic Requirements for Fiber Optic Splice Closures 75

kk) Telcordia GR-3151 (2007), Generic Requirements for Copper Splice Closures 76

ll) Telcordia TR-NWT-000979 (1991), Generic Requirements for Wire Connectors 77

mm) TIA-569-B (2004), Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and 78 Spaces 79

nn) TIA-590-A (1997), Standard for Physical Location and Protection of Below Ground Fiber Optic 80 Cable Plant 81

oo) UL 497 Edition 7 (2009), Standard for Protectors for Paired-Conductor Communications Circuits 82

3

3 DEFINITION OF TERMS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNITS OF MEASURE 83

3.1 General 84

The generic definitions in this clause have been formulated for use by the entire family of 85 telecommunications infrastructure standards. Specific requirements are found in the normative clauses of 86 this Standard. 87

3.2 Definitions 88

For the purposes of this Standard, the following definitions apply. 89

adapter: A device that enables, any or all of the following: 90

(1) different sizes or types of plugs to mate with one another or to fit into a telecommunications 91 outlet, 92

(2) the rearrangement of leads, 93

(3) large cables with numerous conductors to fan out into smaller groups of conductors, and 94

(4) interconnection between cables. 95

administration: The method for labeling, identification, documentation and usage needed to implement 96 moves, additions and changes of the telecommunications infrastructure. 97

aerial cable: Telecommunications cable installed on aerial supporting structures such as poles, sides of 98 buildings, and other structures. 99

backbone: 1) A facility (e.g., pathway, cable or bonding conductor) for Cabling Subsystem 2 and Cabling 100 Subsystem 3. 2) A facility (e.g., pathway, cable or conductors) between any of the following spaces: 101 telecommunications rooms, telecommunications enclosures, common telecommunications rooms, floor 102 serving terminals, entrance facilities, equipment rooms, and common equipment rooms. 3) in a data center, 103 a facility (e.g. pathway, cable or conductors) between any of the following spaces: entrance rooms or 104 spaces, main distribution areas, horizontal distribution areas, telecommunications rooms. 105

backbone cable: See backbone. 106

bonding: The permanent joining of metallic parts to form an electrically conductive path that will ensure 107 electrical continuity and the capacity to conduct safely any current likely to be imposed. 108

bridged tap: The multiple appearances of the same cable pair at several distribution points. 109

building backbone: Pathways or cabling between telecommunications service entrance rooms, equipment 110 rooms, telecommunications rooms, or telecommunications enclosures within a building. 111

building entrance area: See entrance room or space (telecommunications). 112

buried cable: A cable installed under the surface of the ground in such a manner that it cannot be removed 113 without disturbing the soil. 114

cabinet: A container that may enclose connection devices, terminations, apparatus, wiring, and equipment. 115

cabinet (telecommunications): An enclosure with a hinged cover used for terminating telecommunications 116 cables, wiring and connection devices. 117

cable: An assembly of one or more insulated conductors or optical fibers, within an enveloping sheath. 118

cable sheath: A covering over the optical fiber or conductor assembly that may include one or more metallic 119 members, strength members, or jackets. 120

cabling: A combination of all cables, jumpers, cords, and connecting hardware. 121

Cabling Subsystem 1: Cabling from the equipment outlet to Distributor A, Distributor B, or Distributor C. 122

Cabling Subsystem 2: Cabling between Distributor A and either Distributor B or Distributor C (if Distributor 123 B is not implemented). 124

4

Cabling Subsystem 3: Cabling between Distributor B and Distributor C. 125

campus: The buildings and grounds having legal contiguous interconnection. 126

campus backbone: Cabling for interconnecting telecommunications spaces between buildings. 127

channel: The end-to-end transmission path between two points at which application-specific equipment is 128 connected. 129

commercial building: A building or portion thereof that is intended for office use. 130

conduit: (1) A raceway of circular cross-section. (2) A structure containing one or more ducts. 131

conduit system: Any combination of ducts, conduits, maintenance holes, handholes and vaults joined to 132 form an integrated whole. 133

connecting hardware: A device providing mechanical cable terminations. 134

cross-connect: A facility enabling the termination of cable elements and their interconnection or 135 cross-connection. 136

cross-connection: A connection scheme between cabling runs, subsystems, and equipment using patch 137 cords or jumpers that attach to connecting hardware on each end. 138

crossover: The junction unit at the point of intersection of two cable trays, raceways, or conduit (pathways) 139 on different planes. 140

Distributor A: Optional connection facility that is cabled between the equipment outlet and Distributor B or 141 Distributor C in a hierarchical star topology. 142

Distributor B: Optional intermediate connection facility that is cabled to Distributor C in a hierarchical star 143 topology. 144

Distributor C: Central connection facility in a hierarchical star topology. 145

device, as related to protection: A protector, a protector mount, a protector unit, or a protector module. 146

direct-buried cable: A telecommunications cable designed to be installed under the surface of the earth, in 147 direct contact with the soil. 148

distribution Pipeline: A gas pipeline other than a transmission gas pipeline. 149

duct: (1) A single enclosed raceway for conductors or cables. See also conduit, raceway. (2) A single 150 enclosed raceway for wires or cables usually used in soil or concrete. (3) An enclosure in which air is 151 moved. Generally part of the HVAC system of a building. 152

end user: The owner or user of the premises cabling system. 153

entrance facility (telecommunications): An entrance to a building for both public and private network 154 service cables (including wireless) including the entrance point of the building and continuing to the entrance 155 room or space. 156

entrance point (telecommunications): The point of emergence for telecommunications cabling through an 157 exterior wall, a floor, or from a conduit. 158

excavation: Any operation in which earth, rock, or other material in the ground is moved, removed, or 159 otherwise displaced by means of any tools, equipment, or explosives, and includes, but is not limited to, 160 digging, augering, drilling, trenching, scraping, plowing, boring, or tunneling. 161

excavator: The person, company, or business that does the excavating. 162

excavation site: The specific location where excavation work is to be performed. 163

facility owner: The utility, firm, agency, or individual that is responsible for the fiber optic facility's 164 operation and maintenance. 165

ground: A conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental, between an electrical circuit (e.g., 166 telecommunications) or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body that serves in place of earth. 167

5

grounding conductor: A conductor used to connect the grounding electrode to the building's main 168 grounding busbar. 169

handhole: A structure similar to a small maintenance hole in which it is expected that a person cannot enter 170 to perform work. 171

infrastructure (telecommunications): A collection of those telecommunications components, excluding 172 equipment, that together provide the basic support for the distribution of all information within a building or 173 campus. 174

innerduct: A nonmetallic raceway, usually circular, placed within a larger raceway. 175

interconnection: A connection scheme that employs connecting hardware for the direct connection of a 176 cable to another cable without a patch cord or jumper. 177

jumper: 1) An assembly of twisted-pairs without connectors, used to join telecommunications circuits/links 178 at the cross-connect. 2) A length of optical fiber cable with a connector plug on each end. 179

link: A transmission path between two points, not including terminal equipment, work area cables, and 180 equipment cables. 181

listed: Equipment included in a list published by an organization, acceptable to the authority having 182 jurisdiction, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment, and whose listing states 183 either that the equipment or material meets appropriate standards or has been tested and found suitable for 184 use in a specified manner. 185

maintenance hole (telecommunications): A vault located in the ground or earth as part of an underground 186 duct system and used to facilitate placing, connectorization, and maintenance of cables as well as the 187 placing of associated equipment, in which it is expected that a person will enter to perform work. 188

media (telecommunications): Wire, cable, or conductors used for telecommunications. 189

multimode optical fiber: An optical fiber that carries many paths of light. 190

optical fiber cable: An assembly consisting of one or more optical fibers. 191

outside plant: Telecommunications infrastructure designed for installation exterior to buildings. 192

patch cord: 1) A length of cable with a plug on one or both ends. 2) A length of optical fiber cable with a 193 connector on each end. 194

patch panel: A connecting hardware system that facilitates cable termination and cabling administration 195 using patch cords. 196

pathway: A facility for the placement of telecommunications cable. 197

pull tension: The pulling force that can be applied to a cable. 198

raceway: Any enclosed channel designed for holding wires or cables. 199

reinforced concrete: A type of construction in which steel (reinforcement) and concrete are combined, with 200 the steel resisting tension and the concrete resisting compression. 201

service entrance: See entrance facility (telecommunications). 202

sheath: See cable sheath. 203

shield: A metallic layer placed around a conductor or group of conductors. 204

single-mode optical fiber: An optical fiber that carries only one path of light. 205

space (telecommunications): An area used for housing the installation and termination of 206 telecommunications equipment and cable, e.g., common equipment rooms, equipment rooms, common 207 telecommunications rooms, telecommunications rooms, telecommunications enclosures, work areas, and 208 maintenance holes/handholes. 209

splice: A joining of conductors, meant to be permanent. 210

6

splice box: An enclosed space between pathways intended to house a cable splice. 211

splice closure: A device used to protect a splice. 212

star topology: A topology in which telecommunications cables are distributed from a central point. 213

support strand (messenger): A strength element used to carry the weight of the telecommunications 214 cable. 215

telecommunications: Any transmission, emission, and reception of signs, signals, writings, images, and 216 sounds, that is information of any nature by cable, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. 217

telecommunications entrance facility: See entrance facility (telecommunications). 218

telecommunications entrance point: See entrance point (telecommunications). 219

telecommunications infrastructure: See infrastructure (telecommunications). 220

telecommunications media: See media (telecommunications). 221

telecommunications room: An enclosed architectural space designed to contain telecommunications 222 equipment, cable terminations, or cross-connect cabling. 223

telecommunications service entrance: See entrance facility (telecommunications). 224

telecommunications space: See space (telecommunications). 225

terminal: (1) A point at which information may enter or leave a communications network. (2) The input-226 output associated equipment. (3) A device by means of which wires may be connected to each other. 227

termination position: A discrete element of connecting hardware where telecommunications conductors 228 are terminated. 229

tip and ring: Respective designators for the positive (ground) conductor and negative (battery) conductor of 230 a pair. 231

tolerance zone: The zone where excavation is to be performed with hand tools or nondestructive tools until 232 the facility is exposed or the maximum depth of the intended excavation is reached. Damage prevention 233 laws usually specify the location of this zone. 234

topology: The physical or logical arrangement of a telecommunications system. 235

transmission pipeline – A gas pipeline between storage and distribution facilities. A transmission pipeline 236 usually operates at a pressure of 862 kPa (125 psi) or more, or at a hoop stress of 20 percent or more of its 237 specified minimum yield strength regardless of its operating pressure. 238

underground cable: A telecommunications cable designed to be installed under the surface of the earth in 239 a trough or duct that isolates the cable from direct contact with the soil. 240

utility tunnel: An enclosed passageway, usually placed between buildings, for the distribution of utility 241 services. 242

wire: An individually insulated solid or stranded metallic conductor. 243

work area A building space where the occupants interact with telecommunications terminal equipment. 244

3.3 Acronyms and abbreviations 245

AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 246

ADSL asymmetrical digital subscriber Line 247

AHJ authority having jurisdiction 248

ANSI American National Standards Institute 249

APWA American Public Works Association 250

AREMA American Railway Engineering Association 251

7

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials 252

AWG American Wire Gauge 253

BBOSP Broadband Outside Plant 254

BOCA Building Officials and Code Administrators 255

BRI basic rate interface 256

CSA Canadian Standards Association International 257

EIA Electronic Industries Alliance 258

FCC Federal Communications Commission 259

FDDI fiber distributed data interface 260

FDU fiber distribution unit 261

FHWA Federal Highway Administration 262

FOCIS Fiber Optic Connector Intermateability Standard 263

HDSL high bit-rate digital subscriber line 264

ICEA Insulated Cable Engineers Association 265

IDC insulation displacement connector 266

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission 267

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 268

IHROW Interstate Highway Right-Of-Way 269

ISDN integrated services digital network 270

ISO International Organization for Standardization 271

LAN local area network 272

MH maintenance hole 273

MPD multiple plastic duct 274

NEC National Electrical Code 275

NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association 276

NESC National Electrical Safety Code 277

NFPA National Fire Protection Association 278

OC optical carrier 279

OCSI One-Call Systems International 280

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration 281

OSP outside plant 282

OTDR optical time domain reflectometer 283

PCM pulse code modulation 284

PE Polyethylene 285

PVC polyvinyl chloride 286

RUS Rural Utilities Service 287

SCTE Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers 288

8

SONET Synchronous Optical Network 289

TDMM Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual 290

TIA Telecommunications Industry Association 291

TSB Telecommunications System Bulletin 292

UL Underwriters Laboratories Inc 293

ULCC Utility Location and Coordination Council 294

UTP unshielded twisted-pair 295

UV ultra-violet 296

VDSL very high bit-rate digital subscriber line 297

X cross-connect 298

3.4 Units of measure 299

dB decibel 300

ºC degrees Celsius 301

ºF degrees Fahrenheit 302

ft feet, foot 303

in inch 304

km kilometer 305

kPa kilopascal 306

Mb/s megabits per second 307

m meter 308

mi mile 309

mm millimeter 310

psi pounds per square inch 311

V volt 312

m micron or micrometer 313

ohm 314

3.5 Symbols 315

See normative annex A for a partial list of OSP symbols. 316

9

4 CABLING INFRASTRUCTURE 317

4.1 General 318

The function of customer-owned OSP cabling infrastructure is to provide interconnections between 319 building entrance facilities, structures on a campus, or telecommunications pedestals or cabinets. 320 Customer-owned OSP cabling consists of the backbone cables, splices, terminations, and patch cords or 321 jumpers used for backbone-to-backbone interconnection. The customer-owned OSP cabling 322 infrastructure shall meet the requirements of the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) and applicable codes. 323

4.2 Customer owned OSP cabling infrastructure overview 324

4.2.1 Pathways and spaces 325

Many types of pathways and spaces may be required to route cabling between campus buildings, 326 structures, or outdoor telecommunications pedestal or cabinets. Figure 2 illustrates a variety of 327 customer-owned OSP pathways and spaces. There are two basic types of cable pathway systems: 328 underground and aerial (with exceptions for surface and above-ground conduit following the route of 329 another above-ground utility). 330

Underground pathways and spaces may be dedicated for cable placement (e.g., direct-buried cable, 331 buried duct/conduit, maintenance holes, handholes and shared spaces such as a utility tunnel providing 332 other services). 333

Aerial pathways and spaces may consist of poles, messenger wire, anchoring guy wires, splice 334 closures and terminals. Self-supporting cables, which include a messenger wire, may also be 335 used. 336

4.2.2 Customer owned OSP cabling 337

Customer-owned OSP cabling consists of recognized cable terminated with conforming connecting 338 hardware and protective devices, as required. Customer-owned OSP connecting hardware may be 339 located on the exterior or interior of a building, or in an outdoor telecommunications pedestal or cabinet. 340 Figure 2 illustrates a typical OSP cabling layout. 341

NOTES: 342

1 - The customer-owned OSP link can have intermediate splices (e.g., reducing a copper 343 twisted-pair feeder cable to distribution cables). 344

2 - Optical fiber cables may pass through a building entrance facility as a part of the cable route. 345 For example figure 3 shows a cable from building ―C‖ passing through the building ―A‖ entrance 346 splice point location to the destination at the outdoor telecommunications pedestal ―D‖. 347

10

348

349

Figure 2 – Typical customer-owned OSP elements 350

351

CUSTOMER CAMPUS

PIER "G"

LOCAL EXCHANGE CARRIER DB

DB

BLDG. "E"

BLDG. "C"

BLDG. "D"

BLDG. "B"

BLDG. "F"

BLDG. "A"

CAMPUS PROPERTY LINE

UTILITY TUNNEL

DUCT SYSTEMS DIRECT BURY AERIAL TUNNEL CONDUIT / TRAY

CAMPUS PATHWAYS :

DB

11

Equipment

Room

Building ―C‖

Building ―B’

Building ―A‖

Telecom. RoomWork Area

Work Area

Entrance Facility

Outdoor

Telecommunications

Pedestal ―D‖

PP

P

P

P

P

Property Line

Local Exchange Carrier

Example of Campus

(2)

(3)

(2)(2)

PP

Basic Campus Link

BuildingBuilding /

Outdoor Pedestal

Symbols

Cable

Fiber optic cable

Cable splice

Notes:

(1) This is a specific example, not all elements required

(2) Protective device as required

(3) Separate or mixed media connections 352

Figure 3 – Typical customer-owned OSP link 353

354

12

4.3 Topology 355

This standard establishes a structure for customer-owned OSP cabling based on the generic cabling 356 system structure in ANSI/TIA-568-C.0. 357

Figure 4 illustrates an example of a campus with a star backbone topology. In this example, building ―A‖ is 358 the center of the star with backbone cables (part of Cabling Subsystem 2 or 3 in ANSI/TIA-568-C.0) 359 extending to other campus buildings (―B, C, D, E, F‖) and an outdoor telecommunications pedestal (―G‖). 360 This example also illustrates an optical fiber backbone cable passing from building ―A‖ to building ―F‖ 361 through an intermediate building (―E‖). 362

NOTES: 363

1 - An advantage of the star topology is that it provides the opportunity for centralized 364 administration and management. 365

2 - In the example, Figure 4 shows building ―A‖ providing a point of service for an 366 up-link/microwave communications to a second campus. The backbone cables can be utilized for 367 distributing these applications from ―A‖ to all, or just selected buildings. If these services terminate 368 at another building ―B‖ versus ―A‖, the designer should size the backbone to extend these 369 applications from ―B‖ to ―A‖. 370

3 - Campus telecommunications applications require use of both building and campus backbone 371 cabling. Figure 5 shows the relationship between the campus star backbone and the building 372 backbones of building ―E‖. This illustrates the building cabling topology from an individual work 373 area through the building backbone cabling to the campus backbone main interconnect facility in 374 building ―A‖. 375

Although customer-owned OSP cabling in a star topology is advantageous, it may not always be feasible; 376 the distances between buildings may exceed maximum allowable cable lengths. In these cases it may not 377 be possible to cable the buildings in a star topology. 378

A large campus should be designed in a hierarchical star configuration. Each campus segment may 379 connect to a hub location that would support the area as a star topology. These hub locations may be 380 connected with other topologies to support equipment and technologies normally used for wide area 381 applications (e.g., SONET, point-to-point microwave, leased lines). 382

Diversity should be provided where security, continuity of service, or other special needs exist. 383

4.3.1 Entrance point diversity 384

By developing diverse building entrance points, a catastrophic failure at one point around a building’s 385 perimeter will not interrupt the entirety of the building’s telecommunications service. When entrance point 386 diversity is developed, entrance points should be established distant from each other, preferably entering 387 the building from two or more different streets. 388

4.3.2 Entrance route diversity 389

By developing diverse building entrance routes, a catastrophic failure along one entrance route will not 390 interrupt the entirety of a building’s telecommunications service. When entrance route diversity is 391 developed, entrance routes should be separated by the greatest possible distance.392

13

Building ―A‖

Entrance

Facility (EF)

P P

Example of campus star topology

Symbols

Conductive cable

Fiber optic cable

Cable splice

Notes:

(1) This is a specific example, not all elements required

(2) Protective device as required

(1)

―A‖

―B‖ ―C‖ ―D‖ ―E‖ ―F‖ G‖

Campus outside cable plant logical diagram

Access / Service

Provider (AP/SP)

Uplink / Microwave

Communications

Wide area cable

To 2nd

campus

Campus block diagram

P P P

Equipment

Room (ER)

EF

Building ―C‖

P

EF

Building ―B‖

P

EF

Building ―D‖

PEF

Building ―E‖

P

Outdoor

Pedestal ―G‖

P

EF

Building ―F‖

P

PProtective device

(as required)

Termination

(2)

Wide area cable to

2nd

campus

Uplink / microwave

communications

Access / Service

Provider (AP/SP)

393

Figure 4 – Example of campus star topology 394

395

14

Building ―B‖

Example of campus cabling topology

Abbreviations

APS – Access Provider Space

CLEC – Competitive Local Exchange Carrier

CP – Consolidation Point

EF – Entrance Facility

ER – Equipment Room

IC – Intermediate Cross-connect

ILEC – Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier

MC – Main Cross-connect

MUTOA – Multi-User Telecommunications Outlet Assembly

SPS – Service Provider Space

TR – Telecommunications Room

APS/SPS

Building ―A‖

APS/SPS

MC

EF

Outdoor

Telecommcunications

Pedestal ―F‖

Building ―C‖

EF

Building ―D‖

EF

TR

Building ―E‖

EF/ER

TR

IC/ER TR

MUTOA

CP

CLEC

ILEC

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

Symbols

Conductive cable

Fiber optic cable

Cable splice

PProtective device

(as required)

Cross-connect

Telecommunications

Outlet 396

Figure 5 – Example campus/building cabling topology 397

398

15

4.4 Recognized Cabling 399

Customer-owned OSP cabling must support a wide range of services and site sizes. Therefore, more 400 than one transmission medium is recognized. This standard specifies recognized transmission media that 401 may be used individually or in combination. The recognized media include: 402

a) 100-ohm balanced twisted-pair cabling (ANSI/TIA-568-C.2); 403

b) multimode optical fiber cabling (ANSI/TIA-568-C.3); 404

c) single-mode optical fiber cabling (ANSI/TIA-568-C.3) optical fiber cable; and 405

d) 75 ohm coaxial (proposed ANSI/TIA-568-C.4). 406

The specific performance characteristics for recognized cables, associated connecting hardware, cross-407 connect jumpers and patch cords are specified herein. 408

4.5 Choosing media 409

Media choices must be made depending upon the characteristics of the applications, and distance. 410 Where a single cable type may not satisfy all user requirements, it will be necessary to use more than one 411 media type in the OSP cabling. Where possible, the different media should use the same physical 412 pathway architecture and space for connecting hardware. In making this choice, factors to be considered 413 include: 414

a) flexibility with respect to supported services; 415

b) required useful life of backbone cabling; and 416

c) site size and user population. 417

4.6 Bonding and grounding 418

Bonding and grounding systems are an integral part of the specific signal or telecommunications cabling 419 system that they protect. In addition to helping protect personnel and equipment from hazardous 420 voltages, a proper bonding and grounding system may reduce EMI to and from the telecommunications 421 cabling. Improper bonding and grounding may allow propagation of induced voltages that could disrupt 422 other telecommunications circuits. 423

Bonding and grounding shall meet the appropriate requirements and practices of applicable authorities 424 and codes. Additionally, grounding and bonding within buildings shall conform to ANSI-J-STD-607-A 425 requirements and the National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) between buildings. 426

Customer-owned OSP installation may be required to comply with additional higher level 427 requirements. This may include military or commercial applications, or specific specific grounding 428 and bonding practices not required by this standard, such as MIL-STD-188-124B-200 18 DEC 429 2000. 430

4.7 Environmental Considerations 431

Environmental classifications have been developed for the purpose of describing areas in which cabling 432 infrastructure is placed. The specifications of MICE include: M - mechanical; I - ingress; C - climatic; and, 433 E - electromagnetic. Compatibility with the environment can be achieved with enhanced cabling 434 components or through protection, separation or isolation. ANSI/TIA-568-C.0 provides thresholds for 435 environmental conditions. MICE 1 (M1I1C1E1) generally relates to environmentally controlled areas such 436 as commercial building offices, MICE 2 (M2I2C2E2) generally relates to a light industrial environment and 437 MICE 3 (M3I3C3E3) generally relates to an industrial environment. The classification for areas with mixed 438 environments may be described by including the classification level for each variable as a subscript (e.g., 439 M1I2C3E1). If a cabling system component crosses an environmental boundary, the component or 440 mitigation technique should be selected to be compatible with the worst case environment to which it is 441 exposed. 442

16

5 PATHWAYS AND SPACES 443

5.1 Pathways 444

Telecommunications pathways are used to interconnect spaces such as buildings, pedestals, cabinets, 445 maintenance holes, handholes, and towers. These pathways may consist of aerial, direct-buried, or 446 underground, or a combination of these. Underground or direct-buried pathways are generally preferred 447 over aerial pathways because of aesthetics and security. Of the two, underground pathways (e.g., 448 conduits, ducts, etc.) are generally preferred over direct-buried because of security, ease of future cable 449 installation and maintenance. 450

Telecommunications pathways shall be specified to support the initial and anticipated wireline and 451 wireless telecommunications needs of the total area served. Accommodations should be made for 452 diverse APs. 453

In determining the total number of pathways required, the planner shall consider: 454

a) type and use of building; 455

b) growth; 456

c) difficulty of adding pathways in the future; 457

d) alternate entrance; and 458

e) type and size of cables likely to be installed. 459

5.1.1 Subsurface pathways 460

5.1.1.1 General 461

Subsurface pathways shall meet applicable codes. In the absence of applicable codes, follow the most 462 current version of the NESC. The following is a sample list of construction elements that need to be 463 considered in the design and installation of subsurface pathways: 464

a) excavation; 465

b) clearances and separations from other utilities; 466

c) required depth; 467

d) buried street crossings; 468

e) encasing; 469

f) trenching; 470

g) boring (pipe pushing); 471

h) plowing; 472

i) backfill; 473

j) restoration; 474

k) horizontal directional drilling (HDD); 475

l) above ground obstructions; and 476

m) environmental considerations. 477

5.1.1.2 Conduit/duct 478

5.1.1.2.1 General 479

Underground conduit structures consists of pathways for the placements of telecommunications cable 480 between points of access. Underground installation of ducts/conduits shall be achieved by trenching, 481 boring, or plowing. 482

17

5.1.1.2.2 Conduit Type 483

Examples of conduit types include: 484

a) EB-20 – For encasement in concrete; 485

b) EB-35 – For encasement in concrete; 486

c) DB-60 – For direct burial or encasement in concrete; 487

d) DB-100 – For direct burial or encasement in concrete; 488

e) DB-120 – For direct burial or encasement in concrete; 489

f) Rigid Nonmetallic Conduit Schedule 40 – For direct burial or encasement in concrete; 490

g) Rigid Nonmetallic Conduit Schedule 80 – For direct burial or encasement in concrete; 491

h) Multiple Plastic Duct (MPD) – For direct burial or installation in conduit; 492

i) Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC) – For direct burial or encasement in concrete; 493

j) Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC) – For direct burial or encasement in concrete; 494

k) Fiberglass Duct – For direct burial or encasement in concrete; 495

l) Innerduct Polyethylene (PE) – For direct burial or installation in conduit; 496

m) Innerduct Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) – For direct burial or installation in conduit; 497

n) PVC coated steel conduit (PSC), NEMA RN-1; galvanized rigid steel conduit with factory applied 498 external 40 mil PVC coating and urethane interior coating; 499

Encased buried (EB-20) and direct-buried (DB-60) conduit shall meet NEMA standard TC-6. Encased 500 buried (EB-35) and direct-buried (DB-120) conduit shall meet NEMA standard TC-8. Schedule 40 and 501 Schedule 80 Rigid Nonmetallic conduit shall meet NEMA standard TC-2. 502

Non-metallic conduits shall be encased in concrete of minimum 17225 kPa (2500 lb/in2) compressive 503 strength where vehicular traffic (i.e., automotive, railway) is above the pathway, or where a bend or 504 sweep in excess of 15 degrees is placed. 505

5.1.1.2.3 Lengths between pulling points 506

The section length of conduit shall not exceed 183 m (600 ft) between pulling points. 507

5.1.1.2.4 Bends 508

Where bends are required, manufactured bends should be used whenever possible. Bends made 509 manually shall not reduce the internal diameter of the conduit. All bends shall be sweeps with a minimum 510 radius of six times the internal diameter for conduits up to 2 inch and ten times the internal diameter for all 511 conduits larger than 2 inch. 512

5.1.1.2.5 Number of bends 513

For the purposes of this sub-clause, the following definitions apply: 514

a) 90-Degree Bend: any radius bend in a piece of pipe that changes direction of the pipe 515 90-degrees. 516

b) Kick: a bend in a piece of pipe, usually less than 45-degrees, made to change the direction of the 517 pipe. 518

c) Offset: two bends, usually having the same degree of bend, made to avoid an obstruction 519 blocking the run of the pipe. 520

d) 90-Degree Sweep: a bend that exceeds the manufacturer’s standard size 90-degree bend; (e.g., 521 610 mm [24 in] is manufacturers standard for 102 mm [4 in] conduit and does not meet bend 522 radius requirements) (resolved editorially). 523

18

e) Back-to-back 90-degree Bend: any two (2) 90-degree bends placed closer together than 3 m 524 (10 ft) in a conduit run. 525

No section of conduit shall contain more than two 90-degree bends, or equivalent between pull points 526 (e.g. handholes, maintenance holes, and vaults). If there is a reverse (U-shaped) bend in the section, a 527 pull box shall be installed. Back-to-back 90-degree bends shall be avoided. Pull planning tools can assist 528 in the design of a conduit system (e.g., RUS, Telecommunications Engineering and Standards Division 529 644 Issue #3, Design and Construction of Underground Cable, pulling lubricant manufacturer software). 530

5.1.1.2.6 Drain slope 531

Underground conduit should be installed such that a slope exists at all points of the run to allow drainage 532 and prevent the accumulation of water. A drain slope of no less than 10 mm per meter (.125 in per foot) is 533 desirable when extending conduit away from building structures. Where conduit extends between 534 maintenance holes, a slope of 10 mm per meter (.125 in per foot) should extend from the middle of the 535 span to each maintenance hole. 536

5.1.1.2.7 Innerduct 537

Innerduct (also known as subduct) is typically a nonmetallic or fabric mesh type pathway and may be 538 placed within a duct to facilitate initial and subsequent placement of multiple cables in a single duct (see 539 figure 6). 540

541

Figure 6 – Example of innerduct 542

5.1.1.2.8 Duct plugs 543

Ducts shall be sealed to resist liquid and gas infiltration at all maintenance holes and building entrance 544 point locations. 545

5.1.1.2.9 Bridge crossings 546

The diversity of bridge construction makes it impracticable to prescribe a singular standard method for 547 conduit placement. There are certain fundamentals to consider when placing conduit within or externally 548 attached to these structures. Temperature variations require compensation for expansion and contraction 549 of bridge structures. Even relatively small concrete structures have one or more floating spans. 550

Bridge crossings shall meet the requirements of the AHJ and applicable codes. The basic requirements 551 for design are as follows: 552

a) Attachments to bridges shall be made with the approval of the AHJ. 553

b) Axial movement of up to 76 mm (3 in) at each expansion point should be compensated for by 554 providing sliding joints (slip sleeves), either at a bridge abutment or a maintenance hole wall if the 555 maintenance hole is in close proximity to the bridge. 556

c) Attachments should be flexible with each section being left with a provision for slight movement 557 under load. 558

d) Conduit placement on the structure should be placed on the down-stream side of the structure 559 and utilizing the structure for protection from floating debris in flood conditions. 560

e) The clearance of the conduit structure shall be no less than that of the bridge. 561

19

When routing requires crossing of bridged space, all placement methods should be considered in addition 562 to incorporation into or attachment to the bridge structure. 563

Catenary aerial construction, underwater crossing, and coffer dam stream bed construction are often 564 viable crossing methods. 565

5.1.1.3 Utility tunnels 566

5.1.1.3.1 General 567

Utility tunnels are typically used for delivery of utilities such as electric, steam, water and 568 telecommunications. Tunnels may be used as a telecommunications pathway for customer-owned OSP 569 to interconnect buildings, or as a pathway to the property line. The telecommunications pathways within 570 the tunnels may consist of duct, tray, or wireway. Cables placed in tunnels shall have the appropriate 571 sheath properties for the environment and shall be clearly marked. See figure 7 for an example of 572 components that may be found in a utility tunnel. 573

574

Figure 7 – An example of components that may be found in a utility tunnel. 575

5.1.1.3.2 Planning 576

Tunnels are planned for all utilities that they will house. The location of telecommunications pathways 577 within a tunnel shall be planned to ensure accessibility and separation from other services. 578 Telecommunications pathways in tunnels incorporate the following: 579

a) Corrosion-resistant pathways and associated hardware should be used. 580

b) Metal pathways shall be bonded per applicable code. 581

c) Separation from electrical facilities shall be per applicable code. 582

Gas

Water

Power, High Voltage

Power, Low Voltage

Steam

Telecommunications

Cables

Monorail

Future Utility

Space

20

d) The pathway shall have the ability to withstand temperatures to which it may be exposed. 583

e) When used, pull boxes, splice boxes, and splice closures shall be readily accessible. 584

5.1.2 Direct-buried 585

Direct-buried cable is installed under the surface of the ground in such a manner that it cannot be 586 removed without disturbing the soil. Direct burying of cable is achieved by trenching, boring or plowing. 587 Those responsible for existing utilities shall be consulted when determining the cable route. Consideration 588 should be given to the route, method of installation, terrain and landscape. 589

Suitable marking should be used to identify the location of the direct-buried cable and to protect the cable 590 so that it is not inadvertently damaged during other construction activities. 591

5.1.3 Aerial pathways 592

5.1.3.1 General 593

An aerial facility consists of poles, support strand, cable and supporting hardware. Aerial cable is installed 594 between supporting structures such as poles, buildings and other structures. Aerial cable is typically 595 lashed to a cable-support strand (messenger). Aerial cable can also be supported by an integral support 596 strand or a cable that has strength members providing load distribution. 597

Telecommunications aerial construction shall meet applicable codes, in the absence of applicable codes 598 follow the NESC and ANSI O5.1. The following is a sample list of construction elements that need to be 599 considered in the design and installation of aerial plant: 600

a) Pole class and length 601

b) Buried length of the pole 602

c) Guying of poles 603

d) Pole braces 604

e) Pole spacing 605

f) Slack span 606

g) Pole to building span 607

h) Grounding 608

i) Clearance and separation 609

j) Pole attachment 610

k) Lashing 611

l) Riser Protection 612

m) Messenger strand 613

n) Strand size and tension 614

o) Cable sag 615

5.2 Spaces 616

Spaces in OSP construction typically consist of maintenance holes, handholes, pedestals, cabinets, and 617 vaults. Maintenance holes are typically used as points of access for pulling and splicing cable. Handholes 618 are smaller than maintenance holes and are typically used as cable pulling points. Precast maintenance 619 holes and handholes are generally placed in new construction. Pedestals are generally used to provide 620 access to splices, interconnects and cable. Cabinets are used in buried and aerial construction as 621 cross-connect points. Vaults provide grade level or below grade environmental protection, security and 622 quick access to the splice cases, excess cable and distribution equipment. 623

21

5.2.1 Maintenance holes 624

5.2.1.1 General 625

Maintenance holes are concrete, steel or cast iron units provided with a removable lid that permits 626 internal access via ladder or rungs to the housed components. They accommodate cable, splice closures, 627 racking systems, and electronic equipment (e.g. environmental monitoring equipment, pumps). 628 Maintenance holes shall be installed on a gravel base of sufficient depth to allow for drainage and 629 stability. Where maintenance holes are installed in roadways, the lid (cover) shall support heavy vehicular 630 traffic (See figure 8). 631

Maintenance holes are used to facilitate placing and splicing of cables. Maintenance holes shall be 632 equipped with: corrosion-resistant cable racks, which are grounded; pulling irons; and a sump for 633 drainage. Telecommunications maintenance holes shall not be shared with electrical installations other 634 than those needed for telecommunications equipment. 635

Precast maintenance holes shall conform to the applicable ASTM standards: 636

ASTM C 478, Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete manhole Sections 637

ASTM C 789, Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Sections for Culverts, Storm 638 Drains, and Sewers 639

ASTM C 850, Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Sections for Culverts, Storm 640 Drains, and Sewers with Less Than 2 Ft of Cover Subjected to Highway Loadings 641

ASTM C 857, Standard Practice for Minimum Structural Design Loading for Underground Precast Utility 642 Structures 643

ASTM C 858, Standard Specification for Underground Precast Concrete Utility Structures 644

ASTM C 890, Standard Practice for Minimum Structural Design Loading for Monolithic or Sectional 645 Precast Concrete Water and Wastewater Structures 646

ASTM C 891, Standard Practice for Installation of Underground Precast Concrete Utility Structures 647

ASTM C 913, Standard Specification for Precast Concrete Water and Wastewater Structures 648

ASTM C 1037, Standard Practice for Inspection of Underground Precast Concrete Utility Structures 649

Maintenance holes shall meet applicable code requirements. In the absence of applicable codes, follow 650 the NESC. The following list is a sampling of maintenance hole construction items. 651

a) identification; 652

b) working height; 653

c) Size (LxWxH); 654

d) Covers and frames; 655

e) ladders; 656

f) sump-hole; 657

g) grounding rod; 658

h) exposed straps required for bonding to the grounding system as required by applicable electrical 659 codes or practice for all metallic reinforcing members (e.g., ladders and cable racks). 660

661

22

662

663

Figure 8 – Example of maintenance hole 664

665

Figures courtesy of BICSI

23

5.2.1.2 Location 666

When determining maintenance hole locations, consideration should include ground topography, soil 667 conditions, location of the maintenance hole relative to surrounding structures, personnel access, and the 668 difficulty in using the maintenance hole for placing and splicing cable. Maintenance holes shall be placed 669 when the conduit or duct section length exceeds 183 m (600 ft). 670

The recommended placement of maintenance holes in close proximity to intersections is placement within 671 the right of way, but outside of the traveled portion of the street. Maintenance holes should not be placed 672 within 15.2 m (50 ft) of the curb radius or right of way line of the intersecting road (See figure 9). 673

In determining the location of a maintenance hole at an intersection, consideration should be given to: 674

a) impaired traffic flow; 675

b) physical risk to telecommunications personnel during installation/maintenance operations; 676

c) physical risk to pedestrians due to impaired vision by themselves and drivers of vehicles; 677

d) risk of damage to telecommunications vehicles; 678

e) accessibility of maintenance holes during storm outage conditions; and 679

f) congestion of buried utilities in intersections. 680

Where maintenance holes are placed in the traveled portion of the road, the preferred location is 1.5 m 681 (5 ft) from the curb. 682

683

24

684

Figure 9 – Maintenance hole placement at an intersection 685

5.2.1.3 Type 686

a) Type A — end-wall entrance only 687

b) Type B — see handhole (sub clause 4.2.2) 688

c) Type J — end and sidewall entrance 689

d) Type V — shaped like a V with one end-wall and two side-wall entrances 690

5.2.1.4 Sizing 691

The size of a maintenance hole shall be specified to include the ultimate duct structure capacity and the 692 need for equipment located in the maintenance hole. 693

RIGHT OF WAY (R/W)

WALK WAY

VEHICLE SENSOR

MAXIMUM

30 DEGREE

SWEEP BEND

R/W

NOTES:

1) MINIMUM 15.2 m (50 ft.).

2) MAINTENANCE HOLE

PLACED 1.5 m (5 ft.)

FROM CURB PREFERRED.

NOTE (2)

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

NO

TE

(1

)

NO

TE

(1

)

25

5.2.1.5 Covers 694

Maintenance hole covers shall meet the requirements of the environmental conditions of the location that 695 they are placed. These include types for heavy vehicular traffic (e.g., type B, SB) and those for lighter 696 loads (e.g., type R). 697

5.2.2 Handholes 698

5.2.2.1 General 699

Handholes are used to facilitate placing of cables in a conduit system. A handhole shall not be used in 700 place of a maintenance hole or in a main conduit system. Splicing may be accommodated in handholes 701 depending upon cable type and size. Handholes shall have provisions for drainage (e.g., drain holes, 702 open bottom, sump-hole). Telecommunications handholes shall not be shared with electrical installations 703 other than those needed for telecommunications equipment. (See figure 10) 704

Handholes shall meet applicable code requirements. In the absence of applicable codes, follow the 705 NESC. The following list is a sampling of handhole construction items. 706

a) identification; 707

b) access; 708

c) covers. 709

710

Figure 10 – Handhole 711


When determining handhole locations, considerations should include ground topography, soil conditions, 713 location of the hole relative to surrounding structures, personnel access, and the difficulty in using the 714 handhole for placing cable. Handholes may be placed when the bends exceed either two 90-degree 715 bends or a total of 180-degrees; or the section length of conduit requires a pull point for ease of cable 716 installation. 717

Conduit entering the handhole should be aligned on opposite walls of the hole at the same elevation. 718

26

5.2.2.3 Sizing 719

A handhole shall not exceed 1.2 m (4 ft) in length by 1.2 m (4 ft) in width by 1.2 m (4 ft) depth and should 720 not be used in runs of more than three trade size 103 (trade size 4) conduits. 721

5.2.2.4 Covers 722

Handhole covers should be the same nominal size as the handhole. 723

5.2.3 Pedestals and cabinets 724

5.2.3.1 General 725

Pedestals and cabinets are the housings that store splice closures and terminals. They provide above 726 grade environmental protection, security and quick access to splice closures, terminals, excess cable, 727 and optical fiber equipment. Pedestals and cabinets may be mounted directly in the ground, on concrete 728 pads, on mounting feet, on poles or floor stands. 729

These housings may include a locking device or hasp, adjustable mounting bracket or panel to secure 730 taps, splitters, couplers, line extenders, amplifiers interdiction devices, hardware package, reels for cable 731 storage, warning label, grounding and bonding provisions, identification, manufacturers markings, cable 732 knockouts and grommets. 733

The following should be considered when selecting pedestals and cabinets: 734

a) cable bend radii >15 times the cable diameter; 735

b) accommodate 4 cables; 736

c) accommodate both inline and butt splice closures; 737

d) security -- special bolts, keys and security alarm monitoring; 738

e) flood control provisions; 739

f) weather tight seals/gaskets/grommets; 740

g) optical fiber cable storage to permit moving the splice closure to a working location; 741

h) ventilation for environmental control and/or heat extraction (forced air fan optional); 742

i) resistant to rodent and insect intrusion; 743

j) environmentally controlled cabinets include fans, heaters and thermostats; 744

k) color options; 745

l) impact resistance (vandalism); 746

m) resistance to dust intrusion; 747

n) resistance to water spray; and 748

o) chemical resistance. 749

5.2.3.2 Ground level pedestals and cabinet criteria 750

Pedestals and cabinets shall meet the following criteria. 751

a) Corrosion resistance of metal components. ASTM B 117 salt spray test for (30) days; 752

b) Ultraviolet (UV) degradation of nonmetallic components. ASTM G 53 for (90 days - UVB-313 753 lamps); 754

c) Resistance to flame or fire RUS Specification PE-35; 755

d) Fungus resistance (ASTM 21); 756

e) UL Listed as type 3R (vented) or type 4 or 4x (non-vented); and 757

f) Grounding/Bonding provisions shall meet national and local electrical codes. 758

27

5.2.3.2.1 Installation requirements 759

Installation of pedestals should be such that water drainage will continue after the installation. In some 760 instances the soil grading will be sufficient, while in other instances gravel may have to be placed in the 761 bottom of the pedestal. The location of the pedestal should be away from traffic conditions that could 762 cause injury to personnel, yet it should be easily accessible for maintenance. 763

5.2.3.3 Pole or wall mounted cabinets 764

Pole or wall mounted cabinets shall be constructed of corrosion resistant metal or nonmetallic materials. 765 Access to the housed components is typically achieved through doors or removal of a portion of the 766 housing. Special mounting brackets are used to secure cabinets to utility poles or building walls. 767

5.2.3.4 Environmentally controlled cabinets 768

Environmentally controlled cabinets are designed to provide a suitable environment for the satisfactory 769 performance of electronic equipment. They typically provide for air circulation with fans and are 770 thermostatically controlled for heating and cooling. The air conditioning units may be internally rack 771 mounted or be physically attached to the exterior of the cabinet. 772

These cabinets should be corrosion resistant. Access to the splice case, optical fiber equipment and, in 773 some cases, excess cable housed within is typically achieved through doors. 774

The surface mounted pedestals and cabinets are mounted either directly in the ground or on concrete 775 pads. 776

5.2.4 Vaults 777

Vaults are open or closed bottom housings that provide grade level or below grade environmental 778 protection, security and quick access to the splice cases, excess cable and distribution equipment. 779

The following should be considered when selecting vaults: 780

a) cable bend radii >15 times the cable diameter; 781

b) accommodate 4 cables; 782

c) accommodate both inline and butt splice closures; 783

d) security -- special bolts, keys and security alarm monitoring; 784

e) flood control provisions; 785

f) stackable for shipping (vaults); 786

g) provisions for extensions to accommodate grade level changes (maintenance holes and vaults); 787

h) non-conductive and non-flammable materials; 788

i) provision to relocate without service interruption (vaults); 789

j) resistant to rodent and insect intrusion; 790

k) hardware for supporting closures and cable; 791

l) color options; 792

m) terminators or grommet provisions; and 793

n) skid resistant cover. 794

5.2.4.1 Vault criteria 795

Vaults shall meet the following criteria. 796


b) Chemical resistance of nonmetallic components (gasoline, kerosene, acid/base etc.) ASTM D 798 543; 799

28

c) UV degradation of nonmetallic components. ASTM G 53 for (90 days - UVB-313 lamps); 800

d) Resistance to flame or fire RUS Specification PE-35 or ASTM D 635; and, 801

e) Loading requirements 802

i. Light duty (pedestrian traffic only), designed for protected areas only. (Test load 1361 kg 803 [3000 lb] over 254 mm by 254 mm [10 in by 10 in] area with 13 mm [0.5 in]maximum 804 deflection); 805

ii. HS5, designed for sidewalk applications and for occasional non-deliberate traffic. (test 806 load 5118 kg (11284 lb) over 254 mm by 254 mm [10 in by 10 in] area with 13 m [0.5 in] 807 maximum deflection); 808

iii. HS-10, designed for driveways, parking lots and off road application subject to occasional 809 non-deliberate heavy vehicles. (test load 10 237 kg [22 568 lb.] over 254 mm by 254 mm 810 [10 in by 10 in] area with 13 mm [0.5 in] maximum deflection); and, 811

iv. HS-20, designed for deliberate heavy vehicular traffic. 812

5.2.4.2 Installation requirements 813

Installation of vaults should be such that water drainage will continue after the installation. In some 814 instances the soil grading will be sufficient, while in other instances gravel may have to be placed at 815 specified depths. The vault may be located below grade, in which case locator stakes or location devices 816 should be employed. The location of the vault should be away from traffic conditions that could cause 817 injury to personnel, yet it should be easily accessible for maintenance. 818

5.2.5 Entrance Facilities 819

5.2.5.1 General 820

The entrance facility consists of the telecommunications service entrance to the building, including the 821 entrance through the building wall, and continuing to the entrance room or space. The entrance facility 822 may contain the building pathways that link to the equipment room or common equipment room (CER), 823 and to other buildings in campus situations. Wireless device entrances may also constitute part of the 824 entrance facility. 825

5.2.5.2 Seismic considerations 826

Specifications for entrance facilities shall accommodate the applicable seismic zone requirements. 827

5.2.5.3 Entrance location considerations 828

Consideration should be given to the facility, the occupants’ and users’ telecommunications wireline and 829 the wireless connectivity needs. Where access to both wireline and wireless services is required, the 830 entrance facilities may require adjustment in size, quantity, and location. Mechanical fixtures (e.g., piping, 831 ductwork, pneumatic tubing) not related to the support of the entrance facility should not be installed in, 832 pass through, or enter the telecommunications entrance facility. 833

Access providers and service providers shall be contacted to establish their requirements and explore 834 alternatives for delivering service. The location of other utilities, such as electrical, water, gas, and sewer, 835 shall be considered in the selection of the telecommunications entrance facility location. 836

Diverse entrance facilities should be provided where security, continuity of service, or other special needs 837 exist. 838

When locating wireless transmission or reception device fields, line-of-sight interference and signal 839 interference should be avoided. 840

5.3 Entrance pathway facilities 841

5.3.1 Underground 842

An underground facility is a component of the entrance facility consisting of conduit, duct, and trough, and 843 may include maintenance hole(s) (see figure 11). 844

29

Underground entrance preplanning shall include land development, topographical limitations, and grading 845 of underground facility to permit drainage. The facility may require venting of gaseous vapors. Vehicular 846 traffic shall be considered in order to determine depth of cover over the facility and whether concrete 847 encasement is necessary. 848

It is recommended that underground telecommunications facilities not be in the same vertical plane as 849 other utilities, such as water or power that share the same trench. Utility services should be located 850 horizontally with respect to each other, and shall be in compliance with applicable code. 851

852

NOTES: 853

1. Placing depth as required by local code. 854

2. A-D: steel conduit crossing disturbed earth. 855

3. Slope conduit towards maintenance hole. 856

4. Conduit ends to be plugged at time of placing (both ends). 857

5. Leave one or more spare duct from A-D, capped at A for future use. 858

Figure 11 – Typical Underground entrance 859

5.3.2 Direct-buried 860

A direct-buried facility is a component of the entrance facility where the telecommunications cables are 861 completely encased in the earth. Direct burial is achieved by trenching, augering, boring, or plowing. The 862 designer should consider that although direct-buried may be initially economical, the cable plant cannot 863 be supplemented or replaced easily. 864

5.3.3 Aerial 865

An aerial facility is a component of the entrance facility consisting of poles, cable-support strand, and 866 support system. When contemplating the use of aerial facilities, consider: 867

a) aesthetics of the building and surrounding location; 868

b) storm loading; 869

c) applicable codes; 870

d) clearances and separation (e.g. electrical, road, sidewalk); 871

e) mechanical protection; 872

f) span lengths; 873

g) building attachments; 874

30

h) future cable plant reinforcement; and 875

i) number of cables involved. 876

5.3.4 Tunnels 877

The service entrance to a building in a campus environment may be via a utility tunnel. 878

5.3.5 Wireless 879

5.3.5.1 Line of sight 880

Wireless transmission/reception device placement is critical to its performance. Obstructions to a 881 wireless transmission/reception device function can take many forms including radio frequencies, 882 electrical, and physical objects. Obstructions may be on the same platform, on an adjoining building, or 883 be located some distance away. Wireless transmission/reception devices should be in line of sight with 884 their target systems. 885

5.3.5.2 Cable pathways 886

Cable pathways from tower-mounted wireless transmission/reception devices should be consolidated 887 where possible on the tower, and remain consolidated along their route to the access provider space. To 888 limit the effect of signal strength reduction associated with excessive cable lengths, the most direct route 889 between the wireless transmission/reception device and the en-trance facility shall be followed. To 890 protect cables from environmental damage and isolate cables from pedestrian traffic, they should be 891 placed inside conduit or in cable tray, or be other-wise secured from physical damage. 892


Depending upon function and site conditions, wireless service transmission/reception spaces may be 894 located at the building’s upper rooftop, outside walls, or on lower roof setbacks. Wireless service 895 transmission/reception points may also be located inside the building (e.g., behind windows). Wherever 896 possible, wall-mounted wireless transmission/reception device support structures should be mounted at a 897 minimum of 2 m (80 in) above surfaces where foot traffic may occur. Consideration should be given to 898 prevention, where practicable, of signal interference resulting from vapor and heat shimmer. 899

5.3.5.4 Support structures 900

5.3.5.4.1 General 901

A structural engineer should be consulted in the design and placement of wireless transmission/reception 902 device support structures. 903

5.3.5.4.2 Towers 904

Where the location or height of the building makes it a desirable wireless transmission/reception device 905 site, consideration should be given to installation of a tower on the building roof. Towers are desirable 906 because they allow efficient use of limited rooftop space, and offer significant flexibility regarding space 907 planning. Multiple access providers and other users may share space on a single tower. 908

5.3.5.4.3 Non-penetrating wireless transmission/reception device mounts 909

Wireless transmission/reception devices that are of limited weight and size may be installed on mounts 910 that are not fastened to the building structural members. These types of wireless transmission/reception 911 device mounts are often referred to as sled mounts, ballast mounts, or non-penetrating wireless 912 transmission/reception device mounts. These mounts remain secured to the rooftop by their own weight 913 plus addition of dead weights to keep the wireless transmission/reception device in place. The amount of 914 weight (ballast) required is calculated with consideration given to loading created by wind and ice buildup 915 on the wireless transmission/reception device and supporting system. In some cases, these mounts are 916 tethered for increased stability. 917

31

5.3.5.4.4 Penetrating wireless transmission/reception device mounts 918

Wireless transmission/reception device mounting systems that penetrate either the rooftop or walls of a 919 building are commonly employed. The primary considerations with such systems are the loading that the 920 system places on the structure, and waterproofing of any penetration points. 921

5.3.5.4.5 Electrical design considerations 922

Electrical service shall be sized to adequately provide power to equipment that may include, but is not 923 limited to, wireless device lighting, de-icing, and motor-operated equipment. Where mandated by the 924 AHJ, automatic switchover to standby power shall be provided. Electrical requirements should be 925 specified by an electrical engineer, dependent upon the complexity of the installation. 926

5.4 Entrance point 927

5.4.1 General 928

An entrance point is the point of emergence of telecommunications cabling through an exterior wall, 929 through a floor, or from a conduit. 930

5.4.2 Conduit entrance design guidelines 931

Conduit entrances consist of several metric designator 103 (trade size 4) conduits and, optionally, several 932 metric designator 53 (trade size 2) conduits. In general, metric designator 53 (trade size 2) conduits 933 should be considered for use with small diameter (e.g., 13 mm (0.5 in)) cables such as optical fiber and 934 CATV cable, while metric designator 103 (trade size 4) conduit should be considered for use with larger 935 diameter, multipair copper cables. An innerduct that is rated in accordance with AHJ may also be placed 936 within metric designator 103 (trade size 4) conduit to facilitate smaller diameter cables such as optical 937 fiber and coaxial cable. 938

As a minimum, three metric designator 103 (trade size 4), with at least one spare metric designator 103 939 (trade size 4), conduits shall be placed for each entrance point. 940

5.4.2.1 Penetration and termination 941

The conduit shall extend to undisturbed earth a minimum of 600 mm (24 in) beyond the exterior of the 942 foundation (see figure 12 and figure 13). When terminated at the inside of the building wall, the conduit 943 shall be reamed and bushed. When terminated at the inside of the building wall, the conduit shall have a 944 smooth bell-shaped finish unless it extends to a remote entrance room, space, or area. The conduit or 945 sleeve shall be securely fastened to the building. 946

NOTE – Some nonmetallic innerduct commonly used for underground or outside plant 947 construction may not have the appropriate fire safety characteristics for use as a pathway 948 within the building. Some non-metallic innerduct commonly used for underground or 949 outside plant construction may be unlisted (not have the appropriate fire safety 950 characteristics) for use as a pathway within the building. 951

5.4.2.2 Drainage 952

The conduit shall slope downwards towards the exterior (see figure 12). Where water infiltration is 953 anticipated, an exterior drainage box shall be installed at the entrance point. 954

5.4.2.3 Gas, water and vermin 955

All conduits shall be plugged to restrict infiltration of gas, water, and vermin. To further ensure that gases 956 do not enter the building, a venting system may need to be installed external to the building. 957

5.4.2.4 Pull box 958

A pull box shall be installed inside the building at the entrance point for cable pulling and splicing when: 959

a) the building conduit is extended from the entrance conduit; or 960

b) warranted by excessive conduit length; or 961

c) the quantity of bends exceeds the equivalent of two 90 degree bends. 962

32

Pull boxes shall be provided in conduit building pathways as specified in ANSI/TIA-569-C. Pull box sizing 963 shall be based on guidelines in ANSI/TIA-569-C. 964

965

966

Figure 12 – Example of entrance conduit or sleeve termination 967

968

Bell shaped or reamed and bushed

50 mm (2 in)

Exterior of building wall

Final grade

Suitable reinforcing

metallic sleeve (typical)

Interior of building wall

50 mm (2 in)

600 mm (24 in)

600 mm (24 in)

600 mm (24 in)

500 mm (20 in)

225 mm (9 in)

Side View

75 mm (3 in) concrete


conduit / duct

Reinforcing bars

Section View

400 mm (16 in)

350 mm (14 in)



33

969

970

NOTE: Slope sleeves downward 10 mm per m (o.125 in per ft) away from the building 971

Figure 13 – Encased entrance conduit termination 972

Metal sleeve should be long enough to reach undisturbed earth

Ground level Backfill area

Adapter to nonmetal duct

Metal sleeve 100 mm (4 in)

600 mm (24 in) minimum

50 mm (2 in)

Smooth surface

200 mm (8 in)

34

6 CABLING 973

6.1 Twisted-pair cabling 974

6.1.1 Twisted-pair cable 975

6.1.1.1 General 976

Covered herein are the requirements for multi-pair customer-owned OSP twisted-pair cables that are 977 used in campus environments. The cables shall consist of 19 AWG (0.9 mm), 22 AWG (0.64 mm), 978 24 AWG (0.5 mm) or 26 AWG (0.4 mm) thermoplastic insulated solid copper conductors in one of the 979 following designs. Specifications shall be crafted in a manner that directs the installation of customer-980 owned OSP telecommunications cables to be in accordance with the AHJ and applicable codes. 981

6.1.1.2 Cable performance 982

Filled OSP cables shall meet the requirements of ANSI/ICEA S-84-608. Air core OSP cables shall meet 983 the requirements of ANSI/ICEA S-85-625. Enhanced performance filled OSP cables, referred to as 984 Broadband Outside Plant (BBOSP), shall meet the requirements of ANSI/ICEA S-99-689. Enhanced 985 performance air core OSP cables shall meet the requirements of ANSI/ICEA S-98-688. 986

OSP cables are intended for the distribution of signals to carry voice and data. Enhanced performance 987 BBOSP cables are intended for the distribution of signals to carry voice, high-speed data, and video. 988

6.1.1.3 Cable construction types 989

OSP and BBOSP cabling is installed in aerial, duct (underground), and direct-buried applications. The 990 type of cable chosen for various installations should follow applications as given in table 1. 991

Table 1 – Areas of OSP and BBOSP cabling applications 992

Cable Type Aerial Underground Direct-buried

Filled R1 R

3 R

Air Core S S2 N

R = Recommended 993

S = Suitable 994

N = Not Recommended 995

NOTES 996

1 - Both filled and air core OSP can be installed in the aerial plant providing the filled cable 997

contains an 80 C (176 F) rated filling compound. 998

2 - When pressurized per sub-clause 6.4. 999

3 - A filled cable with cellular insulation is lighter and has a smaller diameter than a similar filled 1000 cable containing solid insulation. 1001

6.1.1.4 Aerial (self-support and lashed) 1002

Self-supporting cable shall incorporate an integral support messenger into the cable design. OSP cable 1003 intended for aerial use without a support messenger integrated into its design shall be lashed to a support 1004 messenger. 1005

6.1.1.5 Buried service wire 1006

Buried service wire is intended for use when extending from the distribution cable terminal to the entrance 1007 facility of a structure with limited cable needs. Buried service wire shall meet the requirements of 1008 ANSI/ICEA S-86-634. The maximum length of buried service wire shall not exceed 213 m (700 ft). 1009

1010

35

6.1.1.6 Aerial service wire 1011

Aerial service wire is intended for use when extending from the distribution cable terminal to the entrance 1012 facility of a structure with limited cable needs. Aerial service wire shall meet the requirements of 1013 ANSI/ICEA S-89-648. The maximum length of aerial service wire shall not exceed 213 m (700 ft). The 1014 maximum span length shall not exceed 60 m (200 ft). 1015

6.1.1.7 Screened cable (internally) 1016

Internally screened OSP cable is intended primarily for use with pulse code modulation (PCM) 1017 transmission. One or more screens separate cable pairs within the core into compartments (i.e., one 1018 containing the transmit pairs, and the other the receive pairs) for improved crosstalk performance over 1019 conventional OSP cable. Screened cable shall meet the requirements of ANSI/ICEA S-84-608 for filled 1020 cable, and ANSI/ICEA S-85-625 for air core cable. 1021

6.1.2 OSP connecting hardware for balanced twisted-pair cables 1022

6.1.2.1 General 1023

Specified herein are mechanical, environmental, and transmission performance requirements for 1024 connecting hardware for outside use that are consistent with the OSP twisted-pair cables described in 1025 sub clause 5.1.1. The connecting hardware includes terminal blocks that are used for transition from 1026 distribution cable to service wire, and cross-connect blocks that are used for cross-connection between 1027 feeder and distribution cables. 1028

6.1.2.2 Environmental compatibility 1029

Connecting hardware for OSP twisted-pair cabling shall be fully functional for continuous use within the 1030

temperature range of -40 C to 70 C (-40 F to 158 F). Means for connecting and removing wires shall 1031

be functional from -18 C to 50 C (0 F to 122 F). Terminals shall be resistant to corrosion from moisture 1032 and atmosphere, UV degradation, insecticides and herbicides. 1033

6.1.2.3 Materials 1034

Metal components shall be resistant to or protected against general corrosion and forms of localized 1035 corrosion, including stress corrosion cracking and pitting. They shall not produce significant galvanic 1036 corrosion effects, in wet or humid conditions, or on other metals likely to be present in pedestal terminal 1037 closures or aerial cable terminals. 1038

Plastic parts shall be resistant to fungi, heat, solvents, and stress cracking agents, and be compatible with 1039 metals and other materials such as conductor insulation and filling compounds used in the manufacture of 1040 cable. Plastic materials shall be non-corrosive to metals and shall resist deterioration when exposed to 1041 chemical pollutants and sunlight. 1042

6.1.2.4 Transmission 1043

The transmission requirements of connecting hardware used in the OSP shall comply with connecting 1044 hardware requirements of ANSI/TIA-568-C.2. 1045

6.1.2.5 Terminal block requirements 1046

6.1.2.5.1 General 1047

Terminal blocks provide a means to connect service wire to distribution cable. Terminals are provided 1048 with a means for connecting each terminal pair to the distribution cable, and a means for connecting the 1049 service wire to the terminal block. It is desirable that OSP terminal blocks be of the insulation 1050 displacement contact (IDC) type. Terminal blocks may have a stub cable to provide conductors between 1051 the terminal block and connection point to the cable. Terminal blocks are typically available in increments 1052 of 5- or 6-pair, from 5- to 50-pairs. Terminal blocks are used in a variety of environments, including 1053 flooding areas, and may be sealed to function when immersed in water. They are typically housed in an 1054 enclosure that is intended to shield the terminal block from moisture and sun exposure. The following 1055 requirements apply to connecting hardware used as terminal blocks in OSP. 1056

36

6.1.2.5.2 Wire compatibility 1057

Terminal blocks shall be compatible with the service wire used for an application. Service wire is available 1058 in 26, 24, 22, and 19 AWG copper and 18 1/2 AWG copper clad steel. The terminal block manufacturer 1059 shall designate the recommended wire gauges for each block. A terminal block shall meet electrical 1060 requirements for the smallest designated gauge after connecting and disconnecting the largest 1061 designated gauge. 1062

6.1.2.5.3 Wire pair identification 1063

A means for identifying individual terminal pairs shall be provided. In addition, the polarity of tip and ring 1064 of each pair shall be identified. 1065

6.1.2.5.4 Test points 1066

All terminal blocks shall allow access to test points for each pair without disconnecting the service wire from 1067 the terminal or puncturing the wire insulation. 1068

NOTE – High impedance probes are needed to use the test access points for live high 1069 frequency applications. 1070

6.1.2.5.5 Mounting 1071

The terminal blocks shall be designed to allow secure fastening to a steel or plastic backboard. Required 1072 fasteners shall be provided. 1073

6.1.2.5.6 Stub cable 1074

When a stub cable is used to connect the terminal block to the distribution or feeder cable, the stub cable 1075 shall use standard color-coding to indicate individual pairs and tip and ring. 1076

6.1.2.6 Cross-connect block requirements 1077

6.1.2.6.1 General 1078

Cross-connect blocks are used in OSP to connect feeder pair to distribution pair. They are typically 1079 located inside cross-connect cabinets, where a feeder cable(s) enter and one or more distribution cables 1080 exit. Each pair of the feeder cable is connected to a pair of contacts on a feeder cross-connect block. 1081 Each pair of the distribution cable is connected to a pair of contacts on a distribution cross-connect block. 1082 Feeder pairs are connected to distribution pairs with jumper wires between the feeder block and 1083 distribution block. It is desirable that cross-connect blocks for OSP cable pairs be of the IDC type. 1084 Cross-connect blocks are typically available in multiples of 10- or 25-pair. Cross-connect blocks in the 1085 outside environment are subjected to: temperature and humidity extremes; industrial or coastal 1086 atmospheres; and applied chemicals such as insecticides, herbicides, cleaners, and other solvents. 1087

6.1.2.6.2 Wire compatibility 1088

Cross-connect blocks shall be compatible with the feeder cable, distribution cable, and jumper wire used. 1089 Feeder and distribution cable is available in 26, 24, 22, and 19 AWG copper. Jumper wire may be 26, 24, 1090 or 22 AWG copper. The cross-connect block manufacturer shall designate the recommended cable and 1091 wire gauges for each block. A jumper connection to a cross-connect block shall meet electrical 1092 requirements for the smallest designated gauge after connecting and disconnecting the largest 1093 designated gauge. 1094

6.1.2.6.3 Wire pair identification 1095

Terminals shall locate tip on the left and ring on the right for horizontal spacing, or tip above the ring 1096 terminal for vertical spacing. A means for identifying individual terminal pairs shall be provided, either on 1097 the block or an adjacent surface. Removable red markers shall be available for attachment to a pair 1098 termination to designate special circuits. These markers shall withstand all environmental exposure 1099 required for the block without becoming unserviceable. 1100

37

6.1.2.6.4 Wire termination 1101

The cross-connect block shall be designed to eliminate the possibility of electrical shorts between any two 1102 terminals during jumper wire placement. 1103

6.1.2.6.5 Test points 1104

All terminals shall allow access to test points for each pair without disconnecting the jumper wire from the 1105 terminal or puncturing the wire insulation. 1106

6.1.2.6.6 Terminal density 1107

Terminals shall be arranged in a compact connecting hardware field consistent with the need to perform 1108 jumper operations. 1109

6.1.2.6.7 Wiring harness 1110

When a wiring harness is used to connect the cross-connect block to the distribution cable, the cable 1111 shall use standard color-coding to indicate individual pairs and to indicate tip and ring polarity. 1112

6.1.2.7 Building entrance terminals 1113

6.1.2.7.1 General 1114

Listed herein are the requirements for building entrance terminals located at the cabling entrance to 1115 building facilities where the transition between inside and outside environments occur. Outside terminals 1116 are typically used when the entrance connection is located in a closure on an outside wall of a building. 1117 Inside terminals are used when the outside cable will be connected to the inside distribution cabling 1118 system. Building entrance terminals are available in sizes such as 2-pair, 4-pair, 6-pair, and multiples of 1119 10- and 25-pair. It is desirable that terminal blocks used for building entrance terminals be of the IDC 1120 type. 1121

6.1.2.7.2 Non-protected terminals 1122

Specifications for non-protected terminal connections inside the building are given in ANSI/TIA-568-C.2. 1123

6.1.2.7.3 Protected terminals 1124

Protected terminals shall meet the primary protection requirements of UL 497, the mechanical and 1125 reliability requirements of this Standard, and ANSI/TIA-568-C.2. In addition, the protected terminals shall 1126 meet the transmission requirements for the appropriate category of ANSI/TIA-568-C.2. 1127

6.1.2.8 Splicing connectors 1128

6.1.2.8.1 General 1129

This specification describes characteristics and specifies requirements for hardware to splice OSP cables. 1130 Most splicing connectors use insulation displacement technology to allow efficient splicing of cables 1131 without stripping insulation. Single wire connectors (discrete) can be used to join or bridge tap (half-tap) 1132 one wire to a through wire and accommodate 26 through 19 AWG wire. Multiple pair connectors 1133 (modules) may be used to splice up to twenty-five wire pairs, and typically splice multiple wires, from 26 to 1134 22 or 19 AWG. Both the discrete and multiple pair connectors shall be provided in both dry and moisture 1135 resistant forms for use in all OSP splicing environments (see figure 14 for examples of discrete and 1136 multiple pair connectors). 1137

1138

38

1139

Figure 11 – Discrete and multiple pair connectors 1140

Important characteristics of splicing connectors for OSP are consistently low connection resistance, high 1141 insulation resistance, robustness, resistance to moisture and corrosion, and ease of installation. 1142 Connector manufacturers shall provide suitable application tooling and any auxiliary products that may be 1143 required to ensure the maintenance and reliability of the connectors in all OSP environments. The test 1144 sequence for splicing connectors is shown in table 2. 1145

Table 2 – Test sequence for twisted-pair splicing connectors 1146

Test Group ID Min Sample,

contacts Appendix Reference

Test Method

Contact resistance A 100 A.2 IEC 512-2

B 100

Insulation resistance A 100 A.3 IEC 512-2

B 100

Thermal shock A&B 100 each A.6 IEC-68-2-14 TM Nb

Humidity/temp cycle A&B 100 each A.9 IEC-68-2-38 TM Z/AD

Vibration D&E 100 each A.7 IEC 68-2-6 TM Fc

Stress relaxation F&G 100 each A.8 IEC 68-2-14 TM Ba

Torsion H&J 10 each A.10 Telcordia TR-NWT-979

Tensile strength K&L 12 each A.11 Telcordia TR-NWT-979

Insulation resistance (immersion)

M&N 100 each A.12 Telcordia TR-NWT-979

Salt fog P&R 100 each A.13 ASTM B117

Dielectric withstand voltage S&T 100 each A.4 IEC 512-2 Test 4a Method C

1147

1148

39

6.1.2.8.2 Materials 1149

Metal components shall be resistant to or protected against general corrosion and forms of localized 1150 corrosion, including stress corrosion cracking and pitting. They shall not produce significant galvanic 1151 corrosion effects, in wet or humid conditions, on other metals likely to be present in their use environment. 1152

Insulating materials shall perform their designed electrical and mechanical functions and shall be resistant 1153 to fungi, heat, and cable cleaning solvents. They must be compatible with metals and other materials 1154 such as conductor insulation and filling compounds used in the manufacture of cable. Plastic materials 1155 shall be non-corrosive to metals and shall resist deterioration when exposed to chemical pollutants and 1156 sunlight. 1157

All connector filling compounds and sealants shall be compatible with other connector and cable 1158 materials, and shall be resistant to fungi. They shall conform to safety and toxicology requirements at the 1159 time of manufacture. 1160

Materials used for hand tools and for multiple wire connector splicing tools shall be compatible with other 1161 materials used in the environment. 1162

6.1.2.8.3 Transmission 1163

Markings on splicing hardware should include designation of transmission performance at the discretion 1164 of the manufacturer or the approval agency. The markings, if any, shall be visible during installation. It is 1165 suggested that the markings consist of: 1166

a) ―Cat 3‖ for category 3 components 1167

b) ―Cat 5‖ for category 5 components 1168

c) ―Cat 5e‖ for category 5e components 1169

d) ―Cat 6‖ for category 6 components 1170

e) ―Cat 6A‖ for augmented category 6 components 1171

6.1.2.8.4 Tensile strength 1172

Tensile strength of a splice is established by measuring the force required to break the wire terminated in 1173 a splice connector when a load is applied axially to the wire in the direction of wire entry to the splice 1174 connector. This is compared to the breaking strength of an unspliced segment of the same wire. 1175 Minimum breaking strength for a spliced 19 AWG wire shall be 60 percent of 19 AWG wire breaking 1176 strength. Minimum breaking strength for spliced wires of smaller gauges shall be 75 percent of the control 1177 wire breaking strength. 1178

6.1.2.8.5 Insulation resistance 1179

Immersion testing is required for those devices that are intended to be designated for severe service 1180 conditions. Filled or moisture resistant connector samples shall be immersed in tap water for a period of 1181 one week, The insulation resistance shall then be measured between each conductor and the water bath 1182

with 250 V (dc) applied. Not more than 10 percent shall be less than 106 , not more than 25 percent 1183

shall be less than 108 and the remainder shall be greater than 10

9 . All samples shall be restorable to 1184

greater than 109 after drying. Those that fall below 10

8 shall be inspected for corrosion. The presence 1185

of corrosion is considered a failure. 1186

6.1.2.8.6 Salt fog exposure 1187

Terminated (or spliced) filled samples shall be exposed to salt fog per ASTM B 117 for a period of 1188

48 hours. The resistance though each splice shall not increase by more than 2 m as a result of this 1189 exposure. 1190

1191

40

6.1.3 OSP twisted-pair cross-connect jumpers 1192

Proper selection and installation of cross-connect jumper wire used between cross-connect blocks is 1193 essential to the overall performance of the network. Cross-connect jumper wire shall be wire of the same 1194 or higher transmission category as the cross-connect block. The twist shall be maintained to within 13 mm 1195 (0.5 in) of the entry into the cross-connect block. 1196

6.1.4 Additional installation requirements 1197

6.1.4.1 Cable splices for BBOSP 1198

There are two types of splices as illustrated in figure 15. The butt splice method is preferred. An in-line 1199 splice method can also be used if the conductors are spaced close together, i.e., no open loops. The 1200 amount of untwisting of the conductor pairs shall be kept at 13 mm (0.5 in) maximum. This can be 1201 achieved by twisting the two conductors together after the splice is formed. For optimum performance, 1202 pair splices should be staggered within the splice closure. 1203

Butt splice In-line splice 1204

Figure 12 – Example in-line and butt splice 1205

6.1.4.2 Bridge-taps 1206

While bridge-taps have been used for low frequency analog circuits, they are not recommended for OSP 1207 cabling. Bridge-taps can cause severe transmission impairment for high frequency digital circuits. 1208

6.1.4.3 Binder group integrity 1209

25-pair binder groups should not be split between connecting hardware points. 1210

6.1.4.4 Cable bend radius 1211

The minimum bend radius for non-gopher resistant OSP twisted-pair cable during installation shall not be 1212 less than 10 times the cable diameter, and after installation shall not be less than 8 times the cable 1213 diameter. 1214

The minimum bend radius for gopher resistant OSP twisted-pair cable during installation shall not be less 1215 than 15 times the cable diameter, and after installation shall not be less than 10 times the cable diameter. 1216

6.1.5 OSP twisted-pair testing 1217

The basic field test parameters for OSP twisted-pair cabling are: 1218

a) DC loop resistance 1219

b) Wire map 1220

c) Continuity to remote end 1221

d) Shorts between two or more conductors 1222

e) Crossed pairs 1223

f) Reversed pairs 1224

g) Split pairs 1225

h) Any other mis-wiring 1226

1227

41

Additional test parameters to support high-speed digital or analog (i.e., VDSLx) services include: 1228

a) Capacitive Balance 1229

b) Attenuation to 18 MHz 1230

c) Longitudinal Balance to 18 MHz 1231

d) Metallic Noise to 18 MHz 1232

e) Impulse Noise to 18 MHz 1233

f) TDR test to identify & locate bad splices, splits, and bridged taps 1234

6.2 Coaxial cabling 1235

6.2.1 General 1236

Coaxial cable used in backbone OSP applications is 75 semi-rigid cable referred to as trunk, feeder 1237 and distribution coaxial cable. The cable is available in sizes ranging from 10 mm to 29 mm (0.412 in to 1238 1.160 in) in diameter. Since attenuation is related to the diameter of the cable, larger cables are selected 1239 for longer installations or when it is desired to reduce the number of amplifiers in a link. 5/8-24 connecting 1240 hardware is available for each particular cable size. As outlined by ANSI/SCTE 92 2007 Specification for 1241 5/8-24 Plug, (Male), Trunk and Distribution Connectors and ANSI/SCTE 91 2009 Specification for 5/8-24 1242 RF & AC Equipment Port, Female . This cabling may be used in aerial, direct-buried or underground 1243 applications. 1244

6.2.2 75 coaxial cable 1245

6.2.2.1 General 1246

Mechanical and electrical requirements for 75 trunk, feeder and distribution coaxial cable are found in 1247 the Society of Cable telecommunications Engineers (SCTE) document ANSI/SCTE 15 2006 Specification 1248 for Trunk, Feeder and Distribution Coaxial Cable. Requirements for both disc/air and foam dielectric cable 1249 designs are included in this document. 1250

6.2.2.2 Cable performance 1251

The cable shall meet requirements for mechanical and electrical transmission performance as specified in 1252 ANSI/SCTE 15 2006 Specification for Trunk, Feeder and Distribution Coaxial Cable. 1253

6.2.3 75 coaxial connecting hardware 1254

6.2.3.1 General 1255

5/8-24 connecting hardware is designed to fit each particular cable size and type. The cable manufacturer 1256 should provide information regarding connecting hardware that is compatible with the cable. Connecting 1257 hardware includes connector adapters, taps, splitters, amplifiers and directional couplers. 1258

6.2.4 75 coaxial cable installation requirements 1259

Installation practices as described in SCTE document ―Recommended Practices for Coaxial Cable 1260 Construction and Testing, Issue 1, Section 1‖ shall be followed. 1261

6.2.5 75 coaxial cable testing 1262

The minimum test requirements for 75 coaxial cable shall include a continuity test for the center 1263 conductor and shield. Due to the variety of designs encountered in OSP construction, it is not possible to 1264 establish link or channel requirements for these applications. The installer may test the following 1265 parameters; however, pass/fail criteria are not established by this Standard: 1266

a) Attenuation 1267

b) Length 1268

c) Characteristic impedance 1269

42

d) Return loss 1270

e) DC loop resistance 1271

6.3 Optical fiber cabling 1272

6.3.1 General 1273

This sub-clause specifies requirements for an optical fiber cabling system (e.g., cable, connectors, 1274 splices, connecting and protective hardware, etc.) for customer-owned OSP. The recognized cables shall 1275 contain multimode fibers, single-mode fibers or a combination of these fiber types. For cables with both 1276 types of optical fibers, some means of segregating the fibers by type shall be employed. Requirements for 1277 bandwidth and system length should be considered before specifying the fiber type. Additionally, it is 1278 recommended that spare capacity be included to support present and future applications. As 1279 requirements for bandwidth continue to grow, consideration should be given to installing single-mode 1280 optical fiber in addition to multimode optical fiber. 1281

6.3.2 Optical fiber cable performance 1282

OSP optical fiber cable shall meet the performance requirements of ANSI/TIA-568-C.3. 1283

6.3.3 Optical fiber cable construction types 1284

OSP optical fiber cable shall meet the physical requirements of ANSI/TIA-568-C.3. 1285

Optical fiber cables are available in several designs with many jacketing options. In many cases, a 1286 non-armored cable is referred to as a ―duct‖ cable. An ―all-dielectric‖ cable has no metallic or conductive 1287 components such as a metallic central member, metallic strength member(s), armor or copper wires. 1288

6.3.3.1 Duct cables 1289

Duct cables are generally non-armored cables. All-dielectric versions, which incorporate a nonmetallic 1290 central member, are available and are suitable for duct or conduit placement. These cables are ideal for 1291 duct, tunnel or aerial installations. 1292

6.3.3.2 Armored cables 1293

Armored cables are generally similar to duct cables, but have a steel armor layer added under the outer 1294 cable jacket. The armor is usually added to increase the rodent resistance of a direct-buried cable, 1295 however the armor also serves as an extra layer of protection against other factors, such as very rocky 1296 soil. 1297

6.3.3.3 Aerial cables 1298

Aerial cables typically have the same cable construction as duct cables. Self-supporting cables are 1299 typically duct cables with modifications to the duct cable design to simplify the aerial installation. 1300 All-dielectric optical cables are recommended in this application since these cables are not as susceptible 1301 to lightning strikes, are not subject to induced voltages and are not required to be grounded as are cables 1302 with metallic components. 1303

6.3.3.3.1 Self-supporting cables 1304

These cables are designed to be installed without the need for a pre-installed messenger. If properly 1305 installed, these cables can be installed in less time than lashing a conventional duct cable to a metallic 1306 messenger. 1307

6.3.3.3.1.1 Figure 8 cables 1308

These self-supporting cables incorporate a duct or armored cable and a messenger in a common sheath. 1309

6.3.3.3.1.2 All-dielectric, self-supporting cables 1310

These concentric cables have a duct cable core with a layer of strength members that allows installation 1311 without a separate messenger wire. Typically, there are length limitations depending upon location (due 1312 to the NESC wind and ice loading conditions), and special mounting hardware is required. As these 1313 cables are all-dielectric, no grounding is required. 1314

43

6.3.3.4 Indoor/outdoor cables 1315

Some cables are available that can be installed in both outdoor and indoor locations. These cables shall 1316 be water-blocked and UV resistant cables. The cable jackets are made of a flame retardant material 1317 which, allows the cables to pass the NEC flame test requirements for indoor installation and carry a cable 1318 flame rating (e.g., riser rated). 1319

6.3.3.5 Drop cables 1320

Drop cables are typically small diameter, low fiber count cables with limited unsupported span distances 1321 (when used in an aerial application). They are used to feed a small number of fibers from a higher fiber 1322 count cable into a single location. 1323

6.3.4 Optical fiber connecting hardware 1324

6.3.4.1 Optical fiber splicing 1325

6.3.4.1.1 Splicing methods 1326

Typical splicing methods include fusion and mechanical and are intended for use in a variety of 1327 environments such as in maintenance holes, utility vaults, aerial or open trench. Splicing may be used to 1328

join individual fibers (250 m or 900 m), fiber ribbons or ribbonized fibers. 1329

6.3.4.1.1.1 Fusion splicing 1330

Fusion splicing is a method of fusing two fibers together with an electric arc. Since the fibers are basically 1331 welded together, it is possible to get an environmentally stable optical fiber connection. For this reason, 1332 fusion splicing is recommended for optical fiber connections in the OSP. 1333

6.3.4.1.1.2 Mechanical splicing 1334

A typical mechanical splice (see figure 16) incorporates a gripping mechanism to prevent fiber separation, 1335 a means for fiber alignment, and includes index-matching gel. Depending on the design, the mechanical 1336 splices may be reusable. Because the mechanical splices depend on a physical contact between two 1337 cleaved fiber ends, these splices may be more sensitive to large variations in temperature. 1338

1339

Figure 16 – Example of a mechanical splice 1340

6.3.4.1.2 Attenuation 1341

The splice optical insertion loss shall meet the performance requirements of ANSI/TIA-568-C.3. 1342

6.3.4.1.3 Return loss 1343

Splices shall meet the return loss performance requirements of ANSI/TIA-568-C.3. 1344

6.3.4.1.4 Mechanical protection 1345

Each fusion or mechanical splice shall be protected in a splice protection sleeve and splice tray or similar 1346 protective device that will mount inside a closure or an enclosure. The tray shall store and organize the 1347 fibers and splices, protect the fibers, and prevent the fibers from exceeding the minimum bend radius. 1348

44

Stripped optical fiber should be protected with a heat shrink or silicone adhesive to prevent exposure to 1349 moisture. 1350

6.3.4.2 Optical fiber connectors 1351

Optical fiber connectors shall meet the requirements of ANSI/TIA-568-C.3. Care should be used in 1352 choosing the correct optical fiber connector for the intended environment. 1353

6.3.5 Cabling Practices 1354

OSP optical fiber cabling practices shall meet the requirements of ANSI/TIA-568-C.0. 1355

6.3.6 Optical fiber patch cords and cross-connect jumpers 1356

In environmentally conditioned spaces, patch cords and jumpers shall meet the requirements of 1357 ANSI/TIA -568-C.3. 1358

6.3.7 Optical fiber cable installation requirements 1359

The location and protection of the optical fiber cable shall comply with ANSI/TIA-590-A. All metallic 1360 components of the cable, except for metallic transmission media, shall be bonded to each other and to 1361 ground. 1362

The minimum bend radius for OSP (including indoor/outdoor) shall meet the requirements according to 1363 ANSI/TIA-568-C.0. 1364

6.3.8 Optical fiber cable testing 1365

Testing of OSP optical fiber cabling shall be conducted according to ANSI/TIA-568-C.0. 1366

6.3.9 Optical fiber inside terminals 1367

6.3.9.1 General 1368

Optical fiber inside terminals shall meet the requirements of the ANSI/TIA-568-C.3 standard. 1369

6.3.9.2 Fiber storage and organizing housings 1370

Fiber storage and organizing housings typically involve fiber and fiber splice storage, as well as fiber 1371 distribution and fiber cross connection. 1372

The following should be considered when selecting fiber storage and housings: 1373

a) Cable bend radii > 15 times the cable diameter; 1374

b) Fiber bend radii > 38 mm (1.5 in); 1375

c) Modular fiber connector loading provision to allow for expansion; 1376

d) Vertical and horizontal cable accessibility for expansion; 1377

e) Accommodate both 483 mm (19 in) and 584 mm (23 in) wide equipment racks; 1378

f) Accommodate single sided wall mount available; 1379

g) Cable entry ports providing for strain relief; 1380

h) Provisions for electrically bonding/grounding cables; and 1381

i) Storage for excess fiber slack. 1382

Fiber distribution units featuring full front access may be used for restricted space installations. 1383

6.3.9.3 Fiber distribution units utilizing optical fiber connectors 1384

These enclosures house and organize groups of fibers. Fibers are typically spliced to factory prepared 1385 connector pigtails that are loaded into patch panels. These splices are stored within the fiber distribution 1386 unit (FDU). Connections between cables are typically accomplished using connectorized jumpers. 1387

45

6.3.9.4 Fiber distribution units utilizing fiber splicing techniques 1388

The splice format FDU are used where higher performance connections are desired (lower insertion loss 1389 and lower back reflection). The enclosures house and organize groups of spliced fibers. 1390

6.3.9.5 Fiber splice module housing 1391

Splice module housings are used when directly splicing to the incoming fibers. Typically, these 1392 enclosures house and organize groups of fibers and accommodate splice trays, but have no patch panel 1393 capability. 1394

6.4 Pressurization of air-core twisted pair cables 1395

6.4.1 General 1396

Air-core cable installed in subsurface pathways shall be pressurized. Air-core aerial cable should not be 1397 pressurized; rather, it should be vented. 1398

Air pressure shall be maintained at any point along the cable route to a minimum of 1.5 psi plus 0.43 psi 1399 per foot of hydrostatic head (e.g., a cable is 2134 mm [7 ft] below the surface in a maintenance hole and 1400 the hole fills with water, there will be 7 times 0.43 [or 3 psi] of water pressure on the cable). 1401

There are three basic types of cable pressurization: static pressure, a single feed system and a dual feed 1402 system. Dual feed systems are recommended. Dual feed systems pump air into the cables at different 1403 points along the cable route. In a dual feed system, pressurized air converges on a leak from both 1404 directions by supplying positive air pressure on both sides of the leak. 1405

Where dry air pressure systems are deployed, consideration should be given to: 1406

a) cable manufacturer’s recommendations; 1407

b) compressor size; 1408

c) dryer; 1409

d) manifolds, flow meters and cut-off valves; 1410

e) location of air feeds and air pipes; 1411

f) pneumatic resistance of the cable; 1412

g) monitoring system; 1413

h) alarm systems (e.g., transducers) ; and 1414

i) air plugs. 1415

46

7 CABLING ENCLOSURES 1416

7.1 General 1417

Enclosures are used in OSP construction to enclose splices. These enclosures are commonly known as 1418 splice cases, or closures. 1419

7.2 Materials 1420

Metal components shall be resistant to or protected against general corrosion and forms of localized 1421 corrosion, including stress corrosion cracking and pitting. They shall not produce significant galvanic 1422 corrosion effects, in wet or humid conditions, on other metals likely to be present in pedestal terminal 1423 closures or aerial cable terminals. 1424

Non-metallic components shall be appropriate to the environment in which they are installed. They should 1425 be resistant to fungi, heat, solvents, and stress cracking agents and compatible with metals and other 1426 materials such as conductor insulation and filling compounds used in the manufacture of cable. 1427 Non-metallic materials shall be non-corrosive to metals and shall resist deterioration when exposed to 1428 chemical pollutants and sunlight. 1429

7.3 Copper twisted-pair splice closures 1430

7.3.1 General 1431

Closures protect copper splices from environmental hazards. Outdoor closures may be installed in 1432 pedestals, maintenance holes, and on poles and cable messenger strands. 1433

The expected worst-case operating environment for a splice closure is described at temperatures 1434 between -40°C and 80°C (-40°F and 176°F). At these temperatures it is necessary that the closure not 1435 experience any functional degradation that could affect the performance of the closure. In addition, there 1436 are several extreme environmental and mechanical conditions to which a closure may be subjected in 1437 certain deployment configurations. These include flood water or chemical exposure, sub-immersion in ice, 1438 and exposure to steam or fire. 1439

7.3.2 Common test for copper closures 1440

Common tests for copper closures are referenced in Telcordia documents. These documents are listed in 1441 table 3. 1442

Table 3 – References for copper closures common test methods 1443

Test Test method reference

Bonding and grounding TR-NWT-000014 Section 4.1.4, and 5.1.4

Metallic Corrosion & Chemical Resistance

TR-NWT - 000014 Section 4.1.5, and 5.1.5

Nonmetallic Corrosion & Chemical Resistance

TR-NWT-000014 Section 4.1.6, and 5.1.6

Fungus Growth TR-NWT-000251 Section 4.3.2, and 5.3.2

1444

7.3.3 Aerial copper closures/terminals 1445

Aerial cable closures or terminals are housings constructed of either metallic or nonmetallic materials, 1446 varying in size and configuration to suit a variety of OSP applications. The basic functional objective of an 1447 aerial cable closure/terminal is to provide access to terminated cable pairs for the purpose of connecting 1448 service wires. The aerial cable closures/terminals are designed with internal facilities to accommodate 1449 splicing, connecting service wires for residential and business customers, bonding and grounding 1450 hardware and terminal block mounting arrangements. The housing provides for the appropriate entry of 1451 the cables from either or both ends. 1452

47

7.3.3.1 Application 1453

Aerial cable closures/terminals are intended for use on strand, pole or wall-mounted applications. 1454 Strand-mounted closures/terminals are designed for in-line installation, and some designs may be 1455 self-contained to fit over a sheath opening. Self-contained aerial cable terminals include a terminal block 1456 with a fusible-link stub cable for splicing to selected pairs of a distribution cable in a limited access splice 1457 chamber. The terminals of this terminal block may be accessible in a separate chamber where service 1458 drop wires may be connected. 1459

Other aerial cable terminals may provide only a ready-access type of housing with a terminal block and 1460 fusible-link stub attachable to any of the distribution cable pairs. Some terminals intended for strand 1461 mounting may also be pole mounted, where, for example, a terminal is mounted at a dead end or at an 1462 aerial-to-buried transition. 1463

Terminal blocks contained within the aerial cable terminal as well as those that are separate may contain 1464 electrical protection. For strand-mounted terminals, the suspension strand remains intact and provides 1465 mechanical integrity to support both the distribution cable and the aerial cable terminal. In addition, all 1466 metal supporting members and all electrical shields and ground wires of all terminals shall be electrically 1467 bonded so that hazardous voltages are directed to ground. For self-contained terminals, shield openings 1468 in the distribution cable shall be bridged by means of bond clamps and bonding wire assemblies. All 1469 bonding connections and members shall provide a current carrying capacity at least equivalent to that of 1470 #6 AWG wire. 1471

7.3.3.2 Special testing 1472

Special tests for aerial copper closures/terminals are referenced in Telecordia documents. These 1473 documents are listed in table 4. 1474

Table 4 – References for aerial copper closures/terminals test methods 1475

Test Test method

Salt Fog TR-NWT – 000014, Section 4.3.1, and 5.3.1

Ultra Violet Resistance TR-NWT – 000014, Section 4.3.3, and 5.3.3

Weather-tightness TR-NWT – 000014, Section 4.3.5, and 5.3.5

Water Intrusion Resistance TR-NWT – 000014, Section 4.3.6, and 5.3.6

Hi Humidity Effects TR-NWT – 000014, Section 4.3.7, and 5.3.7

Bond Clamp Pullout Test TR-NWT – 000014, Section 4.4.1, and 5.4.1

Cable Pullout Test TR-NWT – 000014, Section 4.4.2., and 5.4.2

Impact TR-NWT – 000014, Section 4.4.3, and 5.4.3

Hinge Flexing TR-NWT – 000014, Section 4.4.5, and 5.4.5

Seals and Gaskets, Thermal Aging TR-NWT – 000014, Section 4.3.4, and 5.3.4

1476

7.3.4 Buried service wire copper closures 1477

Service wire splices are used to join lengths of underground service wire. The splice and closure shall be 1478 compatible with the wires. The splice and closure shall maintain the mechanical, electrical, and 1479 environmental characteristics for forty years. 1480


Buried service wire closures shall mitigate problems of external and internal water. Protection is to be 1482 provided by sealing all entering cables and drop wires in a shell without the use of secondary 1483 encapsulants for protection. However, the materials used should be compatible with encapsulants so that 1484 they may be used as secondary protection if desired. All of the component sealants and parts shall be 1485 compatible with petroleum jelly and other types of filling compounds. 1486

48

7.3.4.2 Special tests 1487

Special tests for buried service wire copper closures are referenced in Telcordia document 1488 TR-NWT-000251. See table 5. 1489

Table 5 – References for buried service wire copper closures test methods 1490

Test Test method

Cable Pullout TR-NWT-000251, Section 4.1.4., and 5.1.4

Torsion Resistance TR-NWT-000251, Section 4.1.5, and 5.1.5

Bending Resistance TR-NWT-000251, Section 4.1.6, and 5.1.6

Temperature Cycling with Humidity TR-NWT-000251, Section 4.2.2, and 5.2.2

Impact TR-NWT-000251, Section 4.3.3.1, and 5.3.3.1

Drop Test TR-NWT-000251, Section 4.3.3.2, and 5.3.3.2

Water Immersion TR-NWT-000251, Section 4.3.5, and 5.3.5.1

Thermal Shock TR-NWT-000251, Section 4.3.5, and 5.3.5.2.

Freeze/Thaw Cycling in Wet Sand TR-NWT-000251, Section 4.3.6, and 5.3.6

Water Head TR-NWT-000251, Section 4.3.7, and 5.3.7

Sealant (Encapsulant) TR-NWT-000251, Section 4.3.8, and 5.3.8

1491

7.3.5 Buried/underground/vault copper splice closures 1492

A splice closure provides the means to restore integrity of the cable sheath following a sheath opening for 1493 the purpose of wire joining, installation of an isolation gap, capacitor, pressure dam, the repair of a 1494 damaged sheath, or the closing of initial gaps between sheaths at splice points. The splice closure must 1495 restore the cable sheath's electrical and mechanical properties. For the purpose of this Standard, the term 1496 splice closure shall include bonding hardware, sealing materials and the closure housing. Waterproof 1497 splice closures are used primarily to enclose cable in direct-buried and underground applications. 1498

7.3.5.1 Splice configurations 1499

Splice closures are classified according to the configurations that cables may enter the closure, as 1500 follows: 1501

a) Straight - an opening is provided for only one cable to enter each end of the closure. 1502

b) Branch - openings are provided for two cables to enter each end of the closure. 1503

c) Butt - openings are provided such that two cables enter one end of the closure and no cable 1504 enters the other end of the closure. 1505

d) Special application - opening adapters are provided to allow multiple cable entry. 1506

7.3.5.2 Closure housing 1507

The closure housing shall be compatible with all materials used in the construction of cable, filling 1508 compounds, bonding and grounding devices, chemicals, and sealants, which the closure would contact 1509 under normal use. Secondary corrosion protection should not be required. 1510

7.3.5.3 Installation requirements 1511

The closure construction (e.g., size, weight) and installation procedures shall be suitable for handling by 1512 one craftsperson. On-site assembly or disassembly of the closure prior to installation should be 1513 minimized. Bonding, grounding and other sub-assemblies where practical should be factory assembled. 1514 The closure should be installed to allow re-entering without destruction of the housing unless such 1515 destruction is economically justified. If reusable, the closure components should be immediately reusable, 1516 without factory or service center refurbishing and with minimum field rehabilitation work. The use of 1517 specialized tools or equipment not normally at craftsperson's disposal should be avoided, unless for 1518 protection from tampering. 1519

1520

49

The following should be considered when selecting splice closures: 1521

a) A closure or series of closures should be suitable for installation over cut or through (uncut) cable, 1522 and usable on 254 mm to 533 mm (10 in to 21 in) sheath openings (but not necessarily limited to 1523 these openings). 1524

b) The series of closures should accept cables of 15 mm to 86 mm (0.6 in to 3.4 in) OD, and have 1525 splice cavity diameters from 25 mm to 228 mm (1 in to 9 in) (or equivalent cross-sectional areas if 1526 not round). 1527

c) The closures should be usable for straight, branch or butt splice configurations. 1528

d) Replacement and special application parts shall be readily available. 1529

e) The use of specially-ordered non-catalog stock parts should be avoided. 1530

f) All sizes of the closure and its intended encapsulant as system must not generate any exothermic 1531 condition that will damage the housing, cable insulation or connectors. 1532

g) The closure housing shall be sufficiently sealed to prevent encapsulant leakage. Provisions shall 1533 be made which will indicate that the closure is properly filled with encapsulant after the 1534 encapsulant has cured. 1535

7.3.5.4 Special tests 1536

Special tests for buried/underground/vault copper splice closures are referenced in Telcordia documents. 1537 These documents are listed in table 6. 1538

Table 6 – References for buried/underground/vault copper splice closures test methods 1539

Test Test method

Bond Clamp Pullout Test TR-NWT-000014, Section 4.4.1., and 5.4.1

Sealant (Encapsulant) TR-NWT-000251, Section 4.3.8, and 5.3.8

Compression PUB 55004, Section 4.72.A, and 5.42.A

Impact PUB 55004, Section 4.72.B, and 5.42.B

Closure to Cable Integrity PUB 55004, Section 4.72.C, and 5.42.C

Water Immersion Test PUB 55004, Section 4.75.A, and 5.61

1540

7.4 Optical fiber 1541

7.4.1 General 1542

Outdoor terminal hardware (e.g., environmental connecting hardware enclosures and splice cases) are 1543 used for storage and protection from direct exposure to moisture, corrosive elements or mechanical 1544 damage of optical fiber connections in an outdoor environment. Typical applications include underground 1545 installation, direct buried, above ground pedestals, and mounting directly on poles, strands or racks. 1546 Closures should accommodate various cable constructions and splice capacities for discrete and mass, 1547 mechanical and fusion optical fiber splices. 1548

7.4.2 Optical fiber splice closure 1549

7.4.2.1 General 1550

An optical fiber splice closure, and the associated hardware, intended to restore the mechanical and 1551 environmental integrity of an optical fiber cable following a splicing operation. In addition, a splice closure 1552 provides the necessary facilities for organizing and storing optical fiber and splices. Optical fiber closures 1553 shall be able to be re-entered and watertight. See figure 17 for a typical optical fiber splice closure used in 1554 the OSP. 1555

The expected operating environment for an optical fiber splice closure is between –40 C and 70 C 1556

(-40 F and 158 F). At these temperatures it is necessary that the closure not experience any functional 1557 degradation that could affect the performance of the closure. In addition there are several extreme 1558 environmental and mechanical conditions to which a closure may be subjected in certain deployment 1559

50

configurations. These include flood water or chemical exposure, sub-immersion in ice, and exposure to 1560 steam or fire. 1561

Closures protect optical fiber splices from environmental hazards. Outdoor closures may be installed in 1562 pedestals, handholes, maintenance holes, and on poles and cable messenger strands. They shall be 1563 sized by calculating the number of splices, the amount and the density of the optical fiber and whether the 1564 cables are installed at one end or both ends of the splice closure. Optical fiber closures shall be capable 1565 of bonding and grounding cable shields and closures as required by applicable codes. 1566

Figure 13 – Typical optical fiber splice closure used in OSP 1567


Splice closures are used to provide environmental protection for exposed cable cores (sheath removed) 1569 and exposed fibers. All have the capacity to house splice trays for protection of fibers. They are used to 1570 protect through splices (continuation of a run), branch splices or to splice "drop" fibers to nodes. 1571

The following should be considered when selecting optical fiber splice closures: 1572

a) Cable bend radii; 1573

b) Fiber bend radii 38 mm (1.5 in); 1574

c) Accommodate 4 cables; 1575

d) Accommodate both inline and butt cable entry (inline cable entries are located at opposite ends of 1576 closure; butt cable entries are located at the same end of the closure); 1577

e) Accommodate uncut feeder cable for tap/drop applications; 1578

f) Have integral strand attachment hangers; 1579

g) Accommodate offset hanging below existing coaxial cable; 1580

h) Accommodate bonding/grounding (#6 AWG equivalent); 1581

i) Must accommodate splicing trays to match closure capacity (splice trays are typically ordered 1582 separately); and 1583

j) No special tools required. 1584

1585

51

7.4.2.3 Criteria 1586

Optical fiber closures shall meet the following criteria: 1587


b) Chemical resistance of nonmetallic components (gasoline, kerosene, acid/base etc.); 1589

c) Ultra-violet degradation of nonmetallic components. ASTM G 53 for (90 days - UVB-313 lamps) 1590 days; 1591

d) Resistance to water/moisture ingress (as required by application); 1592

e) Pressurization test: maintain 5 psi for 5 minutes and check for leakage (Sealed closures only); 1593

f) Impact resistance (vandalism); 1594

g) Effect of condensation (Temperature/humidity cycle); 1595

h) Fungus resistance (ASTM 21); and 1596

i) No light loss from cable clamping or cable movement. 1597

7.4.2.3.1 Splice configurations 1598

There are two principle cabling configurations for optical fiber splice closures, butt closures and in-line 1599 closures. Butt closures permit cables to enter the closure from one end only. This design may also be 1600 referred to as a dome closure. These closures can be used in a variety of applications including branch 1601 splicing. The second type of closure is an in-line configuration. In-line closures provide for the entry of 1602 cables at both ends of the closure. They can be used in a variety of applications including branch splicing 1603 and taut-sheath cable access. In-line closures can also be used in a butt configuration by restricting cable 1604 access to one end of the closure. 1605

7.4.2.3.2 Common tests 1606

Common tests for optical fiber closures are referenced in Telcordia document GR-771-CORE. See table 1607 7. 1608

Table 7 – References for optical fiber closures common test methods 1609

Test Test method

Bond Clamp Retention GR-771-CORE 5.2.1, 6.2.1

AC Fault Test GR-771-CORE 5.2.2., 6.2.2

Cable Clamping GR-771-CORE 5.3.1, 6.3.1

Sheath Retention GR-771-CORE 5.3.2, 6.3.2

Cable Flexing GR-771-CORE 5.3.3., 6.3.3

Cable Torsion GR-771-CORE 5.3.4, 6.3.4

Vertical Drop GR-771-CORE 5.3.5, 6.3.5

Central Member Protrusion GR-771-CORE 5.3.8, 6.3.8

Thermal Aging GR-771-CORE 5.4.1, 6.4.1

Assembly GR-771-CORE 5.4.2, 6.4.2

Temperature and Humidity GR-771-CORE 5.4.3, 6.4.3

Chemical Resistance GR-771-CORE 5.4.8, 6.4.8

Fungus Resistance GR-771-CORE 5.4.10, 6.4.10

1610

7.4.2.3.3 Installation requirements 1611

Optical fiber splice closures shall be accessible for maintenance personnel and maintenance vehicles. A 1612 location for the closure should be chosen that is away from high traffic or conditions that could cause 1613 damage to the closure or injury to personnel. 1614

When using armored cable, the armor shall be bonded and grounded per applicable code. This is 1615 accomplished with the use of a bonding connector that is attached to the armor of the cables. A bonding 1616

52

wire is connected between all of the cables in the closure. Grounding wires are run from the connectors to 1617 the attachment on the closure. The closure is then grounded to a grounding bar or wire. 1618

7.4.2.4 Free-breathing optical fiber closures 1619

Free-breathing closures provide all of the features and functions expected of a typical splice closure in an 1620 enclosure that prevents the intrusion of wind-driven rain, dust and insects. Such a closure, however, 1621 permits the free exchange of air with the outside environment. Therefore, it is possible that condensation 1622 will form inside the closure. Thus, it is necessary to provide adequate drainage to prevent the 1623 accumulation of water inside the closure. Deployment of free-breathing closures in OSP should be 1624 restricted to aerial and ground-level applications where there is no risk of water immersion or exposure to 1625 chemicals. 1626

7.4.2.4.1 Special testing 1627

Special tests for free-breathing optical fiber splice closures are described in Telcordia document 1628 GR-771-CORE. See table 8. 1629

Table 8 – References for free-breathing optical fiber splice closures test methods 1630

Test Test method

Compression at 45 kg (100 lb) GR-771-CORE 5.3.6, 6.3.6

Impact at 68 N-m (50 ft-lb) GR-771-CORE 5.3.7, 6.3.7

Weather-tightness GR-771-CORE 5.4.5., 6.4.5

Water Resistance: Wind-driven rain GR-771-CORE 5.4.6, 6.4.6

Corrosion Resistance: Salt fog GR-771-CORE 5.4.7, 6.4.7

Ultraviolet Resistance GR-771-CORE 5.4.9, 6.4.9

Rodent Resistance GR-771-CORE 5.5.3, 6.5.3

1631

7.4.2.4.2 Sealed aerial closures 1632

The sealed aerial closures are commonly the same closures used for underground applications with the 1633 addition of aerial hanger hardware. The sealed aerial closures shall be designed to provide an air tight 1634 protective enclosure for the storage of fiber and fiber splices. 1635

7.4.2.4.3 Vented aerial closures 1636

Vented aerial closures are designed to provide a weather tight protective enclosure for the storage of 1637 optical fiber and fiber splices. Air vents are provided to permit the free exchange of atmospheric air and to 1638 allow the drainage of any moisture or condensation. 1639

7.4.2.5 Underground closures 1640

Underground closures are designed to provide air tight/water tight protection for fiber and fiber splices. 1641 Sealing is accomplished with mastic materials, gaskets or heat reactive materials. These closures shall 1642 be used in applications where temporary or permanent water submergence may occur. This includes 1643 below ground vaults, maintenance holes, handholes and pedestals located in low ground locations. 1644

7.4.2.6 Direct-buried closures 1645

Direct-buried closures are designed to provide a water tight protective enclosure for the storage of fiber 1646 and fiber splices. These closures typically achieve splice protection by means of a nonmetallic closure 1647 body and a curable encapsulate to allow re-entry. Provisions are made to keep the encapsulant away 1648 from direct contact with the fiber. 1649

Hermetically sealed closures (HSCs) provide all of the features and functions expected of a typical splice 1650 closure in an enclosure that prevents the intrusion of liquid and vapor into the closure interior. This is 1651 accomplished through the use of an environmental sealing system such as rubber gaskets mastics or hot-1652 melt adhesives. Following installation, an HSC can be pressurized in the field to check the integrity of the 1653 environmental seal. HSCs represent the most robust environmental protection available for optical fiber 1654

53

splice closures. HSCs are generally required for deployment in the buried or underground plant and in 1655 any other deployment scenario where exposure to chemicals or corrosive agents is expected. 1656

HSCs shall be equipped with a fitting capable of accommodating an air valve to permit pressurization of 1657 the closure for the purpose of verifying the integrity of the closure seal. 1658

7.4.2.6.1 Special tests 1659

Special tests for direct-buried optical fiber splice closures are described in Telcordia document 1660 GR-771-CORE. See table 9. 1661

Table 9 – References for direct-buried optical fiber splice closures test methods 1662

Test Test method


Impact at 440 N(100 ft-lb) GR-771-CORE 5.3.7, 6.3.7

Freeze/Thaw GR-771-CORE 5.4.4, 6.4.4

Water Resistance; 6.1 m (20 ft) water head GR-771-CORE 5.4.6, 6.4.6

Corrosion Resistance: Acidified saltwater GR-771-CORE 5.4.7, 6.4.7

1663

7.4.2.7 Shield isolation/grounding closure 1664

Shield isolation/grounding closures are designed to provide an air tight/water tight protective enclosure for 1665 an optical fiber cable sheath opening. The closures function not as splice locations but only as access 1666 points for shield isolation and/or shield grounding. 1667

7.4.2.8 Pedestal optical fiber closure 1668

Pedestal optical fiber closures contain a splice closure that is located inside a ground-level pedestal. It’s 1669 primary mechanical strength comes from a pedestal. The pedestal is flood resistant and resistant to wind 1670 driven rain, in which case the splice closure may be free-breathing. 1671

7.4.2.8.1 Special tests 1672

Special tests for pedestal optical fiber splice closures are described in Telcordia document 1673 GR-771-CORE. See table 10. 1674

Table 10 – References for pedestal optical fiber closure test methods 1675

Test Test method


Weather-tightness GR-771-CORE 5.4.5, 6.4.5

Water Resistance: 3 m (10 ft) water head GR-771-CORE 5.4.6, 6.4.6

Corrosion Resistance: salt fog GR-771-CORE 5.4.7, 6.4.7

Ultraviolet Resistance GR-771-CORE 5.4.9, 6.4.9

54

ANNEX A (NORMATIVE) OSP SYMBOLS 1676

This annex is normative and is considered part of this Standard. 1677

A.1 General 1678

The following symbols shall be used in the design of customer-owned OSP. Documentation shall be 1679 accompanied by a legend specifying all symbols used. 1680

1681

Existing cable 1682

Proposed cable 1683

Future cable 1684

X X X X X X X X To be removed 1685

B Buried cable 1686

BJ

CEG Buried in joint trench 1687 (C=CATV, E=Electric, G=Gas) 1688

MH 1 MH 2

Underground duct or cable in duct 1689

BKMA-300 PR Gauge, type and size 1690

SUBM Submarine Cable 1691

BKMA-300PR BKMA-200PR Change in cable size, gauge, count or type 1692

BKMA-300PR310 m 103 m

Point on cable (other than splice), where a division of 1693 measurement or point of record is required 1694

Existing straight splice 1695

Proposed straight splice 1696

Enc

Encapsulated splice 1697

Cable loop – no splice involved 1698

Pairs cut and ends cleared in splice enclosure 1699

Cable cut, ends cleared and capped 1700

Insulating joint 1701

55

P134553A4-50P

1-50

Type

Count

Address

Fixed-count terminal 1702

P1346NC 25 A1

51-75 Fixed-count terminal with cable protection 1703

PMPM

Interface with moisture plug 1704

Case with factory equipped stub 1705

LC Load coils and case 1706

Repeater station – two way 1707

Capacitor (wire diagram) 1708

Optical fiber cable 1709

Multiplexer 1710

Fixed count terminal block spliced to cable 1711

Ready access type connecting block; pairs terminated on a 1712 fixed count basis 1713

Protected fixed count type terminal block spliced 1714

Protected block spliced to cables with pairs terminated on a 1715 ready access type connecting block 1716

Optical fiber cable termination 1717

56

CMDW-6 PR One 6-pair Multiple Drop Wire 1718

B 5 – B5 PR

Buried wire 1719

Non-protected wire terminal 1720

Protected wire terminal 1721

Ground 1722

MGNV

Ground to multiground neutral vertical 1723

Power multigrounded neutral 1724

TGR

Telecommunications ground rod 1725

PNB

Power neutral bond 1726

Cable

Cable

Bond

Bond between separate cable strands 1727

Existing pole 1728

57

P 1375

25' 7

Pole number

Length and Class

Proposed Pole 1729

(P 1375)

(25' ’41) Year originally set

Pole to be removed 1730

Steel

Non-wood pole 1731

Anchor only 1732

Guy only 1733

Anchor and guy 1734

Anchor and insulated guy 1735

Sidewalk anchor and guy 1736

PB

Push Brace 1737

Anchor and guy owned by others 1738

P1388

Underground conduit, manhole and subsidiary conduit to 1739 pole 1740

Type

(3659mm x 1524mm x 1921mm)

12' x 5' x 6'6" Proposed maintenance hole – type, length, width, headroom 1741 and type of frame and cover 1742

175m (574') W-W

12 PVC-40

102mm (4in) Trench meters of conduit and type of duct 1743

APL 70m (230') BKMA – 400 PR Placing stamp 1744

58

1

Splice and splice number 1745

1

125

Transferred pairs in splice 1746

59

ANNEX B (NORMATIVE) PHYSICAL LOCATION AND PROTECTION OF BELOW-GROUND CABLE 1747 PLANT 1748

This annex is normative and is considered part of this Standard. 1749

B.1 General 1750

As fiber optic cables have become increasingly common in communications construction, much publicity 1751 has been given to instances of cable cuts resulting in loss of service, and to fixing of responsibility. Much 1752 publicity has also been given to the fact that physically small fiber optic cables can carry enormously 1753 greater numbers of communication circuits than do copper conductor cables of comparable size. 1754

The contracting industry has been alarmed by the difficulty of determining and verifying the presence and 1755 location of fiber optic facilities and the total impact of cable cuts. The communications facility operators 1756 are also concerned about the number of cuts that have been occurring, and they want to reduce service 1757 interruptions. 1758

This annex specifies the depth at which below-ground cables must be placed and separated from other 1759 underground facilities. It covers other protective measures that should be observed to reduce the 1760 probability of damage resulting from work operations in the vicinity of such cables. The annex also 1761 recommends responsibilities and procedures for damage-prevention activities on the part of excavators 1762 and facility owners. 1763

The annex addresses cables that are directly buried, placed in duct, in non navigable waterways, or in 1764 transition from underground to aerial structures. It further specifies the location-marking and physical and 1765 operational protection of such cables. 1766

This annex does not address installation methods or existing cable plant, nor does it cover aerial, 1767 building, and submarine cables, or cables placed in navigable waterways. 1768

B.2 Requirements 1769

Component requirements for duplex and array connector systems, as described in this clause, are 1770 specified in ANSI/TIA-568-C.3. 1771

B.2.1 Cable installation planning 1772

The facility owner is responsible for correct route design and installation of the cable. Cable plant should 1773 be constructed in accordance with plans and specifications prepared under the supervision of a qualified 1774 engineer. The proper design of a cable below-ground route is important, this being the first step in 1775 avoiding damage to that cable by future work operations performed in the area. 1776

The following guidelines are provided to convey additional advice and information and to emphasize that 1777 cable placement should be in accordance with this Annex and recognized industry installation 1778 procedures. They should not be taken as all-inclusive and may not be applicable to all installations. 1779

Plans for the location and installation of below-ground cable should be made using information 1780 obtained from a field survey. 1781

The installation plans should identify the fiber cable facility's route, placing and depth information, 1782 and information sufficient to locate other subsurface structures. Special measures to be taken for 1783 known conflicts and obstructions should be provided, and nearby structures that can assist as 1784 landmarks for route identification and future facility location should be shown and noted. 1785

In recognition of possible right of way congestion, the route design should take into account 1786 interference between the present installation and future subsurface structures. 1787

Once the route is planned, right of way and required permits should be obtained, recognizing 1788 needs for access, work area, equipment enclosures, and future maintenance. Land acquisition 1789 rights and permission should be obtained before installation work begins. 1790

60

When appropriate for the project, the facility owner should conduct a preconstruction meeting with 1791 involved local government agencies, contractors and other utilities to cover construction plans, 1792 schedules, sequence of operations, and other concerns. 1793

The facility owner should conduct inspections as necessary to ensure that the installation is in 1794 accordance with the approved plans. 1795

As built facility location records should be maintained by the facility owner. Location record 1796 information should be available for reference when other parties or government agencies are 1797 planning work in the area to allow them to plan to avoid damage or conflicts with the cable 1798 facilities. As built records cannot be expected to reflect subsequent changes in landscape, public 1799 works, landmarks, or foreign underground structures. Such records cannot be considered as a 1800 substitute for field locating and marking of the fiber cable as required in B.2.10.4. 1801

B.2.2 Location 1802

B.2.2.1 Depth of plant 1803

Buried or conduit plant as described in table 11 shall be installed so that a minimum depth of cover as 1804 shown in the table is obtained. In conditions where this depth is not feasible or permitted, additional 1805 physical protection should be afforded the facility. Deviations from these requirements may lead to 1806 additional risks and must be evaluated on an individual case basis. 1807

Table 11 - Depth of plant 1808

Facility Minimum cover

mm (in.)

Toll, trunk cable 750 (30)

Feeder, distribution cable 600 (24)

Service/drop lines 450 (18)

Underground conduit (see NOTE) 750 (30)

NOTE – Main conduit runs (or routes), with maintenance hole access. For other duct 1809 applications, depth requirements for buried plant shall apply. 1810

B.2.2.2 Joint construction 1811

Depth of cover for power cables is governed by National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) Rule 353D. For 1812 joint facilities, the minimum depth of cover shall be determined either from table 11 above, or table 12, 1813 whichever depth is greater. 1814

Table 12 - Depth of electrical supply cable 1815

Maximum Voltage Phase-to-Phase, Volts

Depth of Cover, mm (in.)

0 to 600 600 (24)

601 to 50,000 750 (30)

50,001 and above 1070 (42)

1816

Additional requirements for random separation of power cables and communications cables at the same 1817 depth with no deliberate separation between them are covered in NESC Rule 354C. Where conduit is 1818 required for short special conditions in buried distribution systems, separate ducts for power and 1819 communications facilities must be provided as covered in NESC Rule 341A6. 1820

B.2.2.3 Separations from foreign structures 1821

The minimum desirable separation between existing foreign structures and communications cables (or 1822 underground conduit containing communications cables) should be as shown in table 13. 1823

1824

61

1825

Table 13 - Minimum separations from foreign structures 1826

Electric-light, power, or other conduits Other foreign services: gas, water, oil, etc.

75 mm (3 in.) of concrete 300 mm (12 in.) from transmission pipelines

100 mm (4 in.) of masonry 150 mm (6 in.) from local distribution pipelines

300 mm (12 in.) of earth

(Unless greater separations are required by state or local regulations)

1827

These clearances are necessary to provide sufficient space for maintenance of foreign structures, 1828 although they may be subject to adjustment to meet particular conditions. Questions that occur regarding 1829 any reduction of these clearances should be discussed with a responsible representative of the owning 1830 company. 1831

B.2.2.4 Permanent markings 1832

Either permanent above-ground markers or underground warning tape, or both, are recommended to 1833 identify the general location of the facility route. These devices, however, cannot be relied upon to 1834 determine the precise location of the underground facility. 1835

Permanent markers should be placed at line-of-sight intervals so that the direction of the route is clearly 1836 indicated. These markers should be visible from the adjoining marker, but separated by no more than 300 1837 m (1000 ft.), if land use permits. Markers are usually placed at right-of-way boundaries, utility or vehicular 1838 crossings, or at other locations dictated by local conditions. These markers should be identified with the 1839 name of the facility owner and one or more telephone contact numbers to obtain the precise facility 1840 location. 1841

Where a warning tape is used, it should be buried at least 300 mm (12 in.) above the cable and should 1842 not deviate more than 450 mm (18 in.) from the outside edge of the facility. Care must be exercised 1843 during its placing to ensure proper final positioning of the tape. The use of warning tape above service or 1844 drop lines on private property is optional. 1845

Warning tapes should have sufficient tensile strength and elongation properties so that when encountered 1846 in excavating they are not easily broken and will stretch significantly before breaking. Extended periods of 1847 burial in soil should not degrade their mechanical characteristics, color, or markings. Tapes with metallic 1848 coatings will generally exhibit less elongation than dielectric tapes. Tapes should be at least 50 mm (2 in.) 1849 wide and colored orange in accordance with the Uniform Color Code of the American Public Works 1850 Association (APWA) – Utility Location and Coordination Council (ULCC). The tape should be marked with 1851 warning information identifying the type of facility that is below. Additional information is desirable to show 1852 specific contact information and to identify the facility owner. No quantitative performance characteristics 1853 for tape can be stated, since no industry annex specification for warning tape is known to exist. Warning 1854 tape, when used, should not be relied upon as a primary locating device for the cable. 1855

B.2.2.4.1 Uniform Color Code 1856

An APWA guide that has been accepted as a national convention for the color-coded temporary marking 1857 of subsurface facilities to prevent accidental damage by those excavating nearby. The Uniform Color 1858 Code was developed by the Utility Location and Coordination Council (ULCC) and adopted by the APWA 1859 to both mark and identify subsurface facilities. This color code is also recommended for permanent 1860 above-ground and below-ground markings. The colors assigned and types of facility are specified in table 1861 14. 1862

1863

62

Table 14 - Uniform color code 1864

Color Facility

Red Electric power lines and conduit

Yellow Gas, oil, steam, and petroleum lines

Blue Water, irrigation, and slurry lines

Green Sewer and drain lines

Orange Communication lines, including fiber optic cable

White Proposed excavation

Pink Temporary survey markings

1865

B.2.3 Riser poles 1866

Cables on riser poles should have mechanical protection such as a duct or U guard on the pole extending 1867 from the ground for approximately 2.5 meters (8 feet). This mechanical protection should extend below 1868 ground level via a conduit bend to the specified burial depth of the cable (see table 12). Risers should be 1869 located on the pole in the safest position with respect to possible traffic damage and climbing space. For 1870 added cable protection above the U guard or duct, the fiber cable may be placed in innerduct extending 1871 above the U guard up and onto the supporting aerial strand. From an underground conduit, this innerduct 1872 may be run from the maintenance hole, through the subsidiary duct and U guard onto the supporting 1873 aerial strand. 1874

B.2.4 Building entrances 1875

Buried fiber cable may enter a building at the same depth as the facility (see table 12) through the 1876 building wall via a duct. Entrance to a building may also be made above ground. The exposed fiber cable 1877 should be secured to the building and mechanically protected with conduit, innerduct, or U guard. 1878

B.2.5 Underwater cable crossings 1879

The Army Corps of Engineers regulates activities involving interstate waters and associated marshes and 1880 tributaries; intrastate waters, which could affect interstate or foreign commerce; and the territorial seas for 1881 a seaward distance of 5 km (3 mi.). The Corps is responsible for work up to the headwaters of freshwater 1882 streams, wetlands, swamps, and lakes. 1883

The Corps' Regional District Engineer will advise applicants as to the types of permits required for 1884 proposed work. Any of the Corps' District Engineers, located in many major cities of the country, will 1885 advise and inform applicants of the requirements to obtain permits for activities in waters under their 1886 jurisdiction. A pamphlet titled Regulatory Program — Applicant Information is available and provides 1887 permit information. The address for the Headquarters of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is: 1888

Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - CECW-OR 1889 20 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. 1890 Washington, D.C. 20314-1000 1891 202-761-0660 1892

In addition, even where a Corps permit is required, an environmental review and permit from a state or 1893 local agency, or both, may also be required. The state and local agencies should be contacted to ensure 1894 compliance with environmental review statutes and regulations. Permission or easements from property 1895 owners may also be required. 1896

B.2.6 Railroad crossings 1897

A railroad must be notified of a planned cable crossing their railroad tracks or property. The facility owner 1898 is responsible for the engineering and construction of the railroad crossing, including preparing a 1899 subsurface profile of the construction site. The chief engineer of the railroad should be consulted to 1900 determine the approved methods of crossing the railroad. 1901

For assistance in preparing the design details and plans of underground crossings and railroad bridge 1902 crossings, which must be approved by the railroad, reference may be made to Recommended Practices 1903

63

for Communication Lines Crossing the Tracks of Railroads, Part 1 B 1, of the Association of American 1904 Railroads. The Association's address is: 1905

Association of American Railroads 1906 425 Third Street 1907 SW Suite 1000 1908 Washington, DC 20024 1909 Tel. (202) 639 2100 1910 www.aar.org 1911

Where additional details for the encasing of conduit are needed, contact the American Railway 1912 Engineering Association (AREMA) at the above address, telephone (202) 639 2100. The AREMA Manual 1913 for Railroad Engineering, chapter 1, part 5, covers steel pipe encasement specifications. 1914

Work must be done at a time when it will not interfere with proper and safe use or operation of the 1915 property and tracks of the railroad company. Arrangements have to be made with the duly authorized 1916 representative of the railroad company for the date and time to begin work. 1917

B.2.7 Bridge crossings 1918

The diversity of bridge designs and structures makes it impractical to prescribe installation standards for 1919 cable bridge crossings. Conduit is normally used to provide the structure and mechanical protection for 1920 these cable crossings. 1921

Each bridge crossing must be individually designed to conform to local conditions and constraints 1922 imposed at the bridge site. The design of the conduit assembly and associated support structure, or cable 1923 attachment, should be consistent with pertinent local regulations controlling bridge construction. Where 1924 no guidelines exist for structural design, reference should be made to Annex Specifications for Highway 1925 Bridges, published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 1926

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) address is: 1927

AASHTO 1928 444 N. Capital St., NW 1929 Suite 225 1930 Washington, D.C. 20001 1931 Tel. (202) 624 5800 1932

The design of bridge cable crossings must be compatible with the cable approach, must ensure that the 1933 cable is not subject to damage by normal bridge use, and must maintain the required clearances over 1934 railroads or other traveled ways crossed. Separation of the fiber cable from other utilities on the bridge 1935 should be in accordance with the provisions of the National Electrical Safety Code or other appropriate 1936 regulations. 1937

Attachment should not be made to the bridge until approval is secured from the proper authority. 1938

B.2.8 Tunnel installations 1939

Each tunnel will have its own unique environmental and administrative requirements. To ensure 1940 continued use of the tunnel for a cable facility, written permission and agreement should be obtained from 1941 the tunnel regulatory authority, or owner(s). Such permit agreements should cover installation methods as 1942 well as administrative and operating rules for this occupancy and accommodation. Each situation must be 1943 evaluated in accordance with the tunnel's basic use, environment, and presence of other utilities to 1944 minimize the possibility of damage to the cable. 1945

Installation standards for tunnels cannot be limited to mechanical and structural aspects alone. In the 1946 National Electrical Safety Code, Section 39, requirements are listed for environmental factors that should 1947 be observed and other applicable requirements contained in Part 3 of the Code. Also, suitable corrosion 1948 resistant markers or cable tags showing appropriate facility owner operator information should be placed 1949 to facilitate visual identification of the fiber cable. 1950

64

B.2.9 Highway accommodations 1951

All states, and many political subdivisions, have statutes or regulations that permit and define the use and 1952 occupancy of public highways and streets. Franchise agreements may also specify the legal rights 1953 covering the placement of utility facilities in highway right of way. 1954

A basic reference for highway utility use is A Guide for Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right of 1955 Way, issued by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). It 1956 may be referred to and used to the extent that it is consistent with state and local laws and policies for 1957 accommodating utility facilities in highway right of way. 1958

The guidelines for placement of cables in highway rights of way are to be interpreted to the extent that 1959 they are consistent under the responsible highway authority's rules, codes, and regulations. 1960

Highway design and type, soil conditions, traffic levels and patterns, and zoned land use restrictions will 1961 affect the ultimate cable installation accommodations along specific highway rights of way. 1962

For interstate highway right of way (IHROW) accommodation, the Federal Highway Administration 1963 (FHWA) authorizes state highway agencies to approve individual requests for the installation of 1964 designated facilities in the IHROW. Each state's policies and procedures for authorization of IHROW 1965 utility accommodation must be approved by the FHWA. A state has the latitude to permit, or not permit, 1966 certain classes of facility in the IHROW. 1967

B.2.10 Excavating responsibilities and procedures 1968

B.2.10.1 Damage prevention laws 1969

Most states have damage prevention laws that address the responsibilities of excavators and facility 1970 owners. These laws are intended to ensure safe work operations and reduce the possibility of damage to 1971 existing subsurface facilities. 1972

B.2.10.1.1 Regulations 1973

The state damage prevention laws now vary as to facilities or services covered, time for advanced 1974 notification to facility owners before actual excavation starts, size of tolerance zone, specifying use of the 1975 Utility Location and Coordination Council (ULCC) uniform color code for temporary facility location 1976 marking, facility owner registration at a local government office and/or required participation in a one call 1977 bureau, and specifying a penalty clause for not following the regulations. Reference should be made to 1978 the specific state law in effect. In addition, the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1979 (OSHA) under the Code of Federal Regulations, title 29, chapter XVII in subpart P, Excavations, section 1980 1926.651, states that ―The estimated location of utility installations, such as sewer, telephone, fuel, 1981 electric, water lines, or any other underground installations that reasonably may be expected to be 1982 encountered during excavation work, shall be determined prior to opening an excavation.‖ The regulation 1983 also states that utilities shall be advised of proposed work before the start of an actual excavation. No 1984 details or procedures are specified for doing these functions required under OSHA regulations for 1985 prevention of accidental underground facility damage. 1986

Local government regulations may require compliance with local procedures in addition to state 1987 regulations. For example, some cities require an excavator to show the one call bureau's serial number, 1988 received by the excavator when the call is made to the bureau, in order to obtain any associated highway 1989 permit. 1990

Facility owners and excavators should be knowledgeable about the specific laws and regulations 1991 governing damage prevention methods and procedures for their operating areas. If both parties follow not 1992 only the letter but the intent of such laws, it will minimize accidental damage to subsurface cable facilities 1993 and thereby reduce liability exposure of the excavators, and service interruptions. 1994

B.2.10.1.2 “Call before you dig” responsibilities 1995

Both parties, excavators and facility owners, bear responsibility for the successful operation of the ―call 1996 before you dig‖ damage prevention program. This requires that each underground facility owner should 1997 belong to the one call bureau(s) that cover their operating area(s), and that each excavator should 1998 contact the one call bureau before excavation begins. 1999

65

B.2.10.1.3 One Call Bureau 2000

An organization established by two or more agencies or companies to provide one telephone number for 2001 excavators, utilities, public agencies, and private citizens to call to notify facility owners of their intent to 2002 excavate. Calling the one call bureau is intended to be the means of notifying all participating facility 2003 owners to locate and mark their facilities in the vicinity of the proposed work to prevent facility damage by 2004 the excavator. 2005

A one call bureau may serve an entire state. Some states have several one call bureaus covering specific 2006 areas. The Common Ground Alliance (CGA) publishes an annual directory that gives the names, 2007 addresses, and telephone numbers of all one call bureaus. A copy of this directory may be obtained by 2008 contacting: 2009

Common Ground Alliance 2010 1421 Prince Street 2011 Alexandria, VA 22314 2012 Telephone: 703-836-1709 2013 Facsimile: 309-407--2244 2014

Excavators and owners may also obtain further information concerning programs and publications from 2015 the CGA headquarters. 2016

B.2.10.2 Other information sources 2017

Listed below are various information sources available to an excavator, in addition to one call bureaus, to 2018 determine the facility owners to be notified before excavation begins at a site. 2019

B.2.10.2.1 Central Registries 2020

Where state laws or local regulations do not require facility owners to join a one call bureau, or in the few 2021 areas not served by a one call bureau, the excavator must check central registries (county or township 2022 record centers) to identify all facility owners and notify them before excavation work is started. State 2023 damage prevention laws generally cover central registration. 2024

B.2.10.2.2 Other records and references 2025

In states where there is no damage prevention statute, other government records and references must be 2026 used to identify facility owners so that they can be notified before excavation work begins. Utility operating 2027 franchise areas may be obtained from the state regulatory commission, state corporation commission, or 2028 attorney general's office, or directly from the utility. Local political subdivision tax records and public works 2029 department plat records may be referred to for other classes of facility owners, such as private 2030 corporations, government networks, etc. 2031

B.2.10.3 Recommended procedures for excavators 2032

To avoid accidental damage to existing subsurface cable as well as to other facilities, it is recommended 2033 that excavators follow these procedures. All of the following steps may or may not be specified in a state's 2034 damage prevention law, but it is recommended that they be followed by the excavator to decrease the 2035 likelihood of damage to facilities. 2036

B.2.10.3.1 Notification of facility owners 2037

The excavator should notify all possibly affected facility owners of details of the excavation site start date; 2038 the work to be performed; and the excavator's name, address, and telephone number. The use of the one 2039 number call bureau is the preferred method for the possibly affected facility owners to receive notices. 2040 Where a one call bureau does not exist, other sources to determine facility owners to notify are needed 2041 (see B.2.10.2.2). Such notification should be done within the required number of working days, per the 2042 state damage prevention law, before the start of excavation site work. If there is no specified excavator 2043 notification lead time, a minimum of two, or a maximum of ten working days notice should be provided 2044 before the excavation site start date. Under emergency or hazardous conditions, the excavator may 2045 proceed without prior facility owner(s) notification, using extreme caution to prevent facility damage, and 2046 should notify them as soon as possible. 2047

66

B.2.10.3.2 Excavation marking 2048

Where feasible, the excavator should mark or indicate the area or direction of the proposed excavation, 2049 using a color that will not conflict with the ULCC's uniform color code. White is recommended. This will 2050 guide the facility owner(s) to locate and mark their facility at the proper excavation location. The facility 2051 markings should also indicate the name, initials, or logo of the excavator. 2052

B.2.10.3.3 Commencement of work 2053

The excavator may proceed with the excavation on the stated start date only after all existing facility 2054 locations have been marked, or the excavator has been notified by the owners that no facility is located at 2055 the excavation site, or if a facility owner has not responded within the time allowed. 2056

B.2.10.3.4 Protection of marking 2057

The temporary facility marking or staking (or both) placed by the owner to locate the facility should be 2058 protected and preserved by the excavator after excavating begins, until these markings are no longer 2059 required for safe excavation near the below-ground facility. Where such markings cannot be reasonably 2060 maintained due to circumstances beyond the excavator's control, the facility owner should be contacted 2061 for assistance or re-marking. 2062

B.2.10.3.5 Use of nondestructive excavation methods 2063

The excavator should use hand or nondestructive tools within the tolerance or safety zone to expose the 2064 facility. The width of this zone, if not specified by the state damage prevention law, should be 450 mm (18 2065 in.) from the edges of the facility per the owner's marking (see figures 1 and 2). If the facility cannot be 2066 located within the tolerance zone, the owner should be notified. 2067

B.2.10.3.6 Backfilling 2068

The excavator, when backfilling, should avoid damage to the facility from equipment, rocks, rubble, other 2069 heavy or sharp objects, heavy loads, or excessive force. 2070

B.2.10.3.7 Damaged facilities 2071

The excavator should immediately report discovery of a damaged facility, or if it is otherwise at risk of 2072 failure, to the owner. 2073

B.2.10.3.8 Unknown or unmarked facilities 2074

The excavator should report discovery of an unknown or unmarked facility. If the owner cannot be 2075 determined, notify the one call bureau or the facility owners listed on a central registry list. 2076

B.2.10.3.9 Codes and regulations 2077

Excavators should comply with all other applicable OSHA, state, and local codes and regulations, and 2078 accepted industry practices. 2079

B.2.10.4 Recommended procedures for facility owners 2080

The following are the facility owners' responsibilities that are recommended to minimize the likelihood of 2081 accidental damage to subsurface fiber cable facilities. Even though the following steps may not be 2082 specified in damage prevention laws and regulations, it is recommended that they be followed by the 2083 facility owner to decrease the likelihood of damage to facilities. 2084

B.2.10.4.1 Central registries 2085

The facility owner, when required by state law or regulations, should register with the central registry of 2086 the city, town, or county. In addition, whether or not required by law to register, each facility owner should 2087 become a member of the one call bureau(s) covering the area(s) of the owner's operation. 2088

2089

67

B.2.10.4.2 Marking of facilities 2090

When notification of excavation is made as stated in B.2.10.3.1, owners should complete marking of the 2091 facility location within two working days of notification, or by a mutually agreed-upon date. If not otherwise 2092 specified by state law or other regulations, all facilities within 3 meters (10 feet) of the excavation site 2093 should be located and marked. The owner should notify the excavator when no facility will be affected by 2094 the excavation. 2095

B.2.10.4.3 Marking of owners facilities 2096

Facility owners should clearly ground-mark their facility's location and route if the facility is within 3 meters 2097 (10 feet) of the excavation site. The ULCC Uniform Color Code temporary marking color should be used 2098 to mark the centerline of the facility. Markings should include the name, initials, or logo of the owner, and 2099 the width of the facility where that width is greater than 50 mm (2 in.). (Orange is the ULCC-specified 2100 marking color for all communication facilities, which includes fiber optic cable.) The facility location 2101 markings should be made above and in line with the facility, not placed at an angle over the facility, to 2102 allow for correct determination of the tolerance zone. Stakes, where used to supplement surface 2103 markings, should be clearly identified with the ULCC Uniform Color Code orange on at least the top 150 2104 mm (6 in.) of the stake. (See figures 14 and 15). The owner should notify the excavator when marking is 2105 complete. 2106

B.2.10.4.4 Marking exceptions 2107

The owner should notify the excavator if the facility cannot be marked before the excavation start date. 2108 The owner should arrange with the excavator for a prompt new marking completion date or schedule, as 2109 may be specified by state law. If requested by the excavator, the owner may assign an on site 2110 representative to provide facility locating services until normal facility marking has been completed. 2111

B.2.10.4.5 Offset staking and marking 2112

Where conditions exist that will not allow centerline facility marking, offset staking and marking should be 2113 used. This marking will clearly indicate distance and direction of the facility from the offset stakes. 2114

B.2.10.4.6 Special situations 2115

Where marking or staking cannot be used or is insufficient, the operator should designate the facility 2116 location during an on site meeting with the excavator. The facility should be exposed sufficiently to verify 2117 its location and direction, or its location should be determined by other means that are mutually 2118 agreeable. 2119

B.2.10.4.7 Call for assistance 2120

The facility owner should respond promptly to an excavator's call for assistance in facility locating, review 2121 of markings, identification of an unknown facility, damage, or other emergency request. 2122

B.2.10.4.8 Marking materials 2123

Selection of the materials and methods used to apply the ULCC Uniform Color Code temporary markings 2124 should be such that the markings will remain in place until no longer required by the excavator. The 2125 facility owner should respond promptly when notified by the excavator that a facility's markings have not 2126 been preserved. 2127

B.2.11 Damage restoration 2128

Facility owners should be prepared to restore cable damage. The way to meet a service emergency is to 2129 prepare in advance for handling it. Each damage case presents different situations, circumstances, and 2130 conditions that should be handled and coordinated for rapid service restoration. 2131

No listing can be expected to cover the specific handling of all types of damage cases. The owner should 2132 establish overall procedures and routines with appropriate practices for each operation essential to the 2133 restoration work. 2134

2135

68

The generic items and procedures for restoration work include: 2136

Spare-cable requirements for restoration and repair work — lengths, type, quality, inventory, and 2137 availability, based on network layouts and design 2138

Network records, maps, installed-facility measurement data, requirements, and availability 2139 needed for rapid and effective restoration of service 2140

Splicing restoration kits — tools, materials, test-set availability and inventory 2141

Trained facility personnel 2142

Restoration site procedures based on temporary or permanent restoration requirements: 2143

a) for temporary restoration, protect the site until permanent restoration is made 2144

b) make facility test measurements of both temporary and permanent restoration 2145

c) request assistance of excavator if required. 2146

Complete reports and documentation. 2147

2148

FIBER CABLE MARKING AND TOLERANCE ZONE

NAME, INITIALS OR

LOGO, FACILITY

OWNER/OPERATOR

For Facility Less Than 50 mm (2 in) Wide

STAKE or FLAG

TOLERANCE ZONE

450 mm + 450 mm = 900 mm

FIBER CABLE

GT

= ULCC Color Code Orange

CL

CL

* = Refer to local code, as

tolerance zone distance

may be specified under

Damage Prevention Law

450 mm

(18 in )*

450 mm

(18 in )*

2149

Figure 14 – Fiber cable marking and tolerance zone, facility less than 50 mm (2 in.) wide 2150

69

FIBER CABLE MARKING AND TOLERANCE ZONE

NAME, INITIALS OR

LOGO, FACILITY

OWNER/OPERATOR

For Facility Over 50 mm (2 in) Wide

FLAG or STAKE

FACILITY WIDTH

TOLERANCE ZONE

450 mm + 600 mm + 450 mm = 1.5 m

FIBER CABLE

IN DUCT BANK

600 GT

= ULCC Color Code Orange

CL

= Refer to local code, as




*

450 mm

(18 in )

= Refer to local code, as




600 mm

(24 in )

*

450 mm

(18 in )*

2151

Figure 15 – Fiber cable marking and tolerance zone, facility over 50 mm (2 in.) wide 2152

B.3 As-built facility location record 2153

This record contains physical location information and details needed to assist in locating the fiber optic 2154 cable. Details should also include the location of abrupt deviations taken from the cable's normal planned 2155 route and placing depth. Such deviations, caused by foreign underground structures or geological 2156 obstructions, whether planned in advance or uncovered during the cable installation should be recorded 2157 when: 2158

horizontal deviations made from the facility's route extend beyond the tolerance zone specified in 2159 the applicable damage prevention law or, where none is specified, by an equivalent 450-mm (18-2160 in.) tolerance zone from either side of the facility (see figures 18 and 19). 2161

any vertical deviation that results in a depth less than the design minimum, or a depth exceeding 2162 the design minimum by 300 mm (12 in.) or more. 2163

The measurements giving the location and extent of such deviations should be noted either when the 2164 route is planned, or reported at the time the obstruction is discovered during installation of the facility2165

70

ANNEX C (INFORMATIVE) BIBLIOGRAPHY

This annex is informative only and is not part of the Standard.

This annex contains information on the documents that are related to this document. Many of the documents are in print and are distributed and maintained by national or international standards organizations. These documents can be obtained through contact with the associated standards body or designated representatives. The applicable electrical code in the United States is the National Electrical Code.

ANSI/TIA-455, Test Procedures for Fiber Optic Fibers, Cables and Transistors

ANSI/TIA-472CAAA, Detail Specification for All Dielectric (Construction 1) Fiber Optic Communications Cable for Indoor Plenum Use, Containing Class Ia, 62.5 mm Core Diameter/125 mm Cladding Diameter Optical Fiber(s)

ANSI/TIA-472DAAA, Detail Specification for All Dielectric Fiber Optic Communications Cable for Outside Plant Use Containing Class Ia, 62.5 mm Core Diameter125 mm Cladding Diameter/250 mm Coating Diameter Optical Fiber(s)

ANSI/TIA-492AAAA, Detail Specification for 62.5 m Core Diameter/125 m Cladding Diameter Class Ia Multimode, Graded-Index Optical Waveguide Fibers

ANSI/TIA-492BAAA, Detail Specification for Class IVa Dispersion-Unshifted Single-mode Optical Waveguide Fibers Used in Communication Systems

ANSI/TIA-526-7, Optical Power Loss Measurements of Installed Single-mode Fiber Cable Plant

ANSI/TIA-526-14, Optical Power Loss Measurements of Installed Multimode Fiber Cable Plant

ANSI/TIA-598, Color Coding of Optical Fiber Cables

ANSI/TIA-604-3, FOCIS 3 Fiber Optic Connector Intermateability Standard

ANSI/TIA-604-2, Focus to FOCIS, Fiber Optic Connector Intermateability Standard

ANSI/IEEE C 62.11, Metal Oxide Surge Arrestors for AC Power Circuits

ANSI X3.166-1990, ANSI Standard for Token Ring FDDI Physical Layer Medium Dependent (PMD)

ASTM B539-90, Measuring Contact Resistance of Electrical Connections (Static Contacts)

EIA-492A000, Sectional Specification for Class Ia Multimode, Graded-Index Optical Waveguide Fibers

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Washington D.C., "The Code of Federal Regulations, FCC 47 CFR 68 (1982 issue or latest revision)

FOTP-203 (TIA-455-203), Launched Power Distribution Measurement Procedure for Graded Index Multimode Fiber Transmitters

FOTP-204 (TIA-455-204), Measurement of Bandwidth on Multimode Fiber

IEEE 802.3-1990 (also known as ANSI/IEEE Std 802.3-1990 or ISO 8802-3: 1990 (E), Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications

IEEE 802.4, Standard for Local Area Network Token Passing Bus Access Method, Physical Layer Specification

71

IEEE 802.5-1992 (also known as ANSI/IEEE Std 802.5-1992), Token Ring Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications

IEEE 802.7, (also known as) Recommended Practices for Broadband Local Area Networks

NEMA-250-1985, Enclosures for Electrical Equipment (1000 Volts Maximum)

Society of Cable telecommunications Engineers, Inc., Document #IPS-SP-001, Flexible RF Coaxial Dropcable Specification

TIA-492AAAC, Detail specification for 850-nm laser-optimized, 50-µm core diameter/125-µm cladding diameter class 1a graded-index multimode optical fibers

72

The organizations listed below can be contacted to obtain reference information.

ANSI

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)11 W 42 St.

New York, NY 10032

USA

(212) 642-4900

ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

100 Barr Harbor Drive

West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959

USA

(610) 832-9500

BICSI

BICSI

8610 Hidden River Parkway

Tampa, FL 33637-1000

USA

(800) 242-7405

CSA

Canadian Standards Association (CSA)

178 Rexdale Blvd.

Etobicoke, (Toronto), Ontario

Canada M9W 1R3

(416) 747-4363

EIA

Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

2500 Wilson Blvd., Suite 400

Arlington, VA 22201-3836

USA

(703) 907-7500

FCC

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

Washington, DC 20554

USA

(301) 725-1585

Federal and Military Specifications

US Department of Commerce

73

National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

USA

ICEA

Insulated Cable Engineers Association, Inc. (ICEA)

P.O. Box 1568

Carrollton, GA 30112

USA

(770)830-0369

IEC

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

Sales Department

PO Box 131

3 rue de Varembe

1211 Geneva 20

Switzerland

+41 22 34 01 50

IEEE

The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc (IEEE)

IEEE Service Center

445 Hoes Ln., PO Box 1331

Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331

USA

(732) 981-0060

IPC

The Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits

3451 Church Street

Evanston, IL 60203

USA

ISO

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

1, Rue de Varembe

Case Postale 56

CH-1211 Geneva 20

Switzerland

+41 22 34 12 40

74

NOTE: Also obtainable from ANSI

NEMA

National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

1300 N. 17th Street, Suite 1847

Rosslyn, VA 22209

USA

(703) 841-3200

NFPA

National Fire Protection Association

Batterymarch Park

Quincy, MA 02269

USA

(617) 770-3000

SCTE

Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers

140 Philips Rd.

Exton, PA 19341-1318

USA

(800) 542-5040

TIA

Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

2500 Wilson Blvd., Suite 300

Arlington, VA 22201-3836

USA

(703) 907-7700

Telcordia

One Telcordia Drive

Piscataway, NJ 08854-4157

USA

(732) 699-2000

UL

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL)

333 Pfingsten Road

Northbrook, IL 60062

USA

(312) 272-8800

THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION TIA represents the global information and communications technology (ICT) industry through standards development, advocacy, tradeshows, business

opportunities, market intelligence and world-wide environmental regulatory analysis. Since 1924, TIA has been enhancing the business environment for broadband, wireless, information

technology, cable, satellite, and unified communications.

TIA members’ products and services empower communications in every industry and market, including healthcare, education,

security, public safety, transportation, government, the utilities. TIA is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).