• Take Out– Workbook pages– Notebook

• Today– Something about the poster– Notes– The Crusades

• Who/what was the most powerful group in feudal Europe? Why?

• Monarchs (Kings & Queens), Nobles, Knights???

• THE CHURCH!

Role of Church in Middle Ages

• Never was there a time when the Church was so powerful in Western Civilization.

• The Church was led by popes. Priests and nuns converted, gave care to people

Role of Church

• Monks were spiritual leaders (obviously)

• They lived in monasteries that acted like trade schools and YMCAs

Role of Church

• They spent years transcribing the Bible since the printing press wasn’t used in Europe yet.

Churches and Cathedrals during the Middle Ages

Role of Church

• Since there were no strong empires or kingdoms the Church was one organization that had respect and power.

• Popes were more powerful than kings!

The Crusades

E. Napp

In the seventh century, Muslims conqueredPalestine.

Muslim Conquest

• In the seventh century, Muslims conquered Palestine.

• Initially, the Muslim conquerors allowed Jews and Christians to freely enter the Holy Land.

• As time passed, some Muslim rulers were less tolerant.

Christianswanted to visitthe land whereJesus was born.

Rumors and Intolerance• As the years passed, reports spread that some

Muslims had killed Christian pilgrims and destroyed churches.

• European Christians were also increasingly intolerant of Muslims controlling the Holy Land.

• As tensions increased, war seemed inevitable.

In 1095, Pope Urban II

called fora crusade, orwar, againstthe Muslims.

Crusades

• The Crusades were a series of battles between Christians and Muslims in the Middle East.

• Christian knights wanted to take the Holy Land and give it back to Christians

Why was Constantinople so important geographically?

Crusades

• Thousands of knights and “barbarian” soldiers united under Christianity attacked Muslims and Jews in Turkey and Jerusalem to gain the land for Christians.

The Crusades

• There were a total of 7 Crusades• First Crusade began in 1059; 9 last one ends in 1272• Crusaders marched to Constantinople killing and

looting along the way• Crusaders take Jerusalem in 1099• Need Second Crusade to hold it• Jerusalem falls to Muslims in 1187• Fourth Crusade to retake; sack Constantinople

The Arab world was relatively peaceful and civilized at the time. •An Arab gentleman was expected to be a…

• poet•philosopher •and a warrior.

•Jerusalem itself was a multicultural city. •Jews, Muslims and Christians all lived together harmoniously. •Christians on pilgrimages to Jerusalem were freely allowed across to the Holy Places

•When the Crusades arrived in Northern Turkey, the carnage began. •Lycea was captured and looted.

•babies cut to pieces; •old people were tortured. •Unfortunately, most of the inhabitants of Lycea were actually Christians…

The Arab World

• Take Out– Notebook– Color Pencils

• Today– Notes

In the end . . .

• After a couple centuries of warring over the Holy Land, Muslims retain control

• BUT, a great deal has changed

Impact of the Crusades

• Persecution of Jews and Muslims

• Economic development via trade

• Growth of cities and towns

• Kings and popes, gained power as a result.

Trade

• The crusades (re)connected the Eastern and Western worlds

• Ships took knights to the middle east & brought back goods

• Perfumes, spices, jewels, silk, dyes, etc. from the east

• Salt & wool from the west• As the armies marched throughout countries,

they required replenishment of supplies

Banking• Increase in trade increases dependency on

money• Money lending forbidden by the Catholic Church• One of the few jobs open

to Jews• By the 15th century, seeing

that lending money canbe a lucrative practice,the Church changes theirposition

Towns & cities

• Towns grow amidst increased trade & wealth• Homes are build upward– Each story would hang over the one below

• Few towns during the 14th & 15th centuries had adequate drainage systems

• Polluted drinking water – people drank beer, wine, & ale

• Garbage and waste spread disease• Many serfs were earning

freedom for their service

**NOT MEDIEVAL EUROPE

Economic Changes• Historic evidence of trade between Muslims, Byzantines, Europeans prior to

Crusades• Crusades enhanced existing trade• Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe• Increase in trade added to changing European economy during Middle Ages

• Crusades led to deaths of many knights, nobles

• Lands left vulnerable• Other ambitious nobles took control of

unoccupied lands• Nobles then had more power,

influence in Europe

Political Changes

• Some Europeans respected other cultures, others intolerant

• Many viewed non-Christians as enemies, persecuted Jews

• Holy Land Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders

• Relations strained for centuries

Social Changes

Effects of the Crusades