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What Are Tax Services?
• _________ sources that assist researchers to efficiently locate _________ sources.
• Locating tax authority is the ___ step in the process of conducting tax research.
Variety of Tax Services
• Broad __________– CCH’s Standard Federal Tax Reporter– RIA’s United States Tax Reporter
• Broad ________– RIA’s Federal Tax Coordinator 2d– BNA’s Tax Management– West’s Mertens Law of Federal Income
Taxation
Variety of Tax Services (continued)
• Specialized– Estate and gift– International– Inventories– Passive activities– Divorce– S corporations– Insurance companies
Using Tax Services: Four Steps
• Enter Compilation or Treatise
• Read Relevant Materials
• Check for New Developments
• Shepardize
Key Word Method (Step 1)
• If electronically searching text, think about the _______ ______ used.
• If using a key word index, think like the editors…start with _________ _________.
Electronic Searches Index Searches
Golden parachute
Vesting requirements
Subdivided real estate
Prizes and awards
Mid-quarter convention
Spine Scan Method (Step 1)
• Few words appear on spine• Provides general, not ______, reference
– Scan spine to find volume– Within volume, find tab card– Search table of contents behind tab card
• Use when key word method fails• Analogous to using ______ of __________
when searching electronic databases
Case or Ruling Method (Step 1)
• Must start with case or ruling
• Available with most tax services
• Electronic databases provide a _________ for these searches– Case title– Citation (an approach _____ _____ tax services
often do not permit)
Code Section Method (Step 1)
• If _________ service, check spine.
• If ________ service, use Code index.
• Electronic databases provide ___________.
• This method is very efficient, but it does not pinpoint specific cases and rulings.
• Learn _____ _________!
Step 2: Read Relevant Materials
• Annotated services are _______________ that pull together various __________ sources and provide limited ______________.– Code– Committee reports– Regulations– Editorial explanation– ____________
Step 2: Read Relevant Materials
• Topical services are _________ that provide more interpretation and __________ than annotated services.– Editorial explanations– Footnotes reference _________ sources
Step 3: New Developments• Annotated Tax Services
– New ¶ numbers lead to:• New matters or recent developments volume
• ___________ sheet volume
• Topical Tax Services– RIA: Uses “evergreen” system– BNA: ____ pages– Mertens: Pastel sheets in front of volume
• Electronic databases automatically updated
Step 4: Shepardize
• Do not use the ____ citator.
• ____ citator is excellent.– Hard copy on 1st floor of Pullen– RIA CheckPoint– LEXIS
Scope of Broad Tax Services
• Most cover federal:– Income taxes– Estate taxes– Gift taxes
• ____ covers foreign taxation also.
• ________ only covers federal income tax.
Organization of Tax Services
• Annotated Tax Services– Code– Committee reports– Regulations– Editorial explanation– Annotations
Organization (continued)
• RIA’s Federal Tax Coordinator 2d– Index volumes
• Topic index
• Code and regulation finding tables
• Case and ruling finding tables
– __________– Proposed regulations– Current IRBs– Newsletter
Organization (continued)
• BNA’s Tax Management– Portfolio index
– Portfolio series• U.S. income taxes
• Estate, gift, and trusts
• _________ income taxes
– Each portfolio contains:• ___________ sheet
• Table of contents
• __________ analysis
• _________ papers
• Bibliography and references
Organization (continued)
• Mertens Law of Federal Income Taxation– Index volumes– Code volumes– Code ___________ volumes– Regulation volumes– Ruling volumes– __________ volumes
Special Features of Tax Services
• Most have newsletters
• Most have CD-ROM and/or ____ versions
• RIA’s Federal Tax Coordinator 2d– White ______ in black _______– ___________ aids– Claims to be “product of professional research,
not a ___________ of source materials”
Special Features (continued)
• BNA’s Tax Management– Provides IRS _____ and ____ index, but not a
______ and ________ index– “____ ___” portfolios that experts prepare– Easy to throw in __________– Caution: Portfolios leave ____– Legal articles in three separate journals:
• Tax Management Memorandum
• Estates, Gifts, and Trusts Journal
• Tax Management International Journal
Special Features (continued)
• Mertens Law of Federal Income Taxation– Covers only _______ tax law– Designed by attorneys for attorneys (i.e.,
extensive ___________ discussions)– Only tax service _______ frequently in court– Only hard copy tax service providing _____
_____ of Revenue Rulings and Procedures