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Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti
socialuri da politikuri mecnierebebis fakulteti
giorgi ivaniaSvili
globalizacia da eri-saxelmwifos momavali:
eri-saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis strategia globalizaciis epoqaSi
filosofiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
specialoba: saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: politikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori zurab daviTaSvili
Tbilisi-2008
avtoris stili daculia
2
winasityvaoba
sadisertacio naSromze muSaoba mimdinareobda rogorc
saqarTveloSi, ise ucxoeTSi Cemi samecniero da profesiuli
mivlinebebis dros didi britaneTis, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis,
avstriisa da germaniis universitetebsa da analitikur centrebSi,
sadac intensiurad viyenebdi iq arsebul mdidar bibliografiul
resursebsa da gamoCenil mecnierTa mxardaWerasa da
rekomendaciebs. am mxriv gansakuTrebul madlobas vuZRvni
oqsfordis universitetSi msoflio bankis yofil vice-prezidents,
profesor ian goldins, kembrijis universitetis saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis centris direqtors, qristofer hils, zalcburgSi
latviis yofili prezidents, profesor vaira vaike fraibergas,
israelis erovnuli sainovacio sabWos direqtors, profesor
manuel traxtenbergs, londonis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
samefo institutis yofil prezidents, olin robisons, harvardis
universitetis profesorebs, strategiuli marTvis Teoretikosebsa
da eqspertebs maikl porters, mark malecs, londonis
universitetSi Cemi kvlevis xelmZRvanels, doqtor qris ramfords,
kembrijis energetikuli asociaciis eqspertebs lorens ruzeckassa
da deniel berkovs, hulis universitetis politikisa da
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis centris yofil direqtors, lord
filip nortons, agreTve nobelis premiis laureats vernon smits.
3
Sinaarsi
Sesavali 6 Tavi 1. globalizaciis kritikuli analizi 18
1.1. Tanamedrove globalizaciis Ggamowvevebi 18
1.2. globalistur SexedulebaTa koncefciebis kritikuli analizi 23 1.3. globalizaciis warmmarTveli
da mamoZravebeli Zalebi 31 1.4. globaluri mmarTveloba 36 1.5. integracia Tu polarizacia? globaluri uTanabroba Tanamedrove msoflioSi 41
Tavi 2. globalizaciis zegavlena er-saxelmwifoze 51 2.1. eri-saxelmwifos ontologiuri analizi 51 2.2. erovnuli konkurentuli strategia da
saxelmwifos Zlierebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi 54
2.3. Tanamedrove msoflio sistema 64 Tavi 3. erovnuli sainovacio sistema da misi Teoriuli aspeqtebi 67
3.1. erovnuli sainovacio sistemis koncefcia 67 3.2. erovnuli sainovacio sistemis
mTavari aqtorebi 73 3.3. regionaluri sainovacio sistemebis analizi 76 3.4. klasteruli ganviTarebis aspeqtebi 80
Tavi 4. sainovacio strategiis aspeqtebi 88
4.1. institucionaluri wyoba 88 4.2. saxelmwifo da sajaro politikis roli 92 4.3. erovnuli sainovacio sistema
ganviTarebad qveynebSi 97 4.4. inovaciurobis gazomvis indikatorebi 103
Tavi 5. saqarTvelos konkurentulobis strategia 108
5.1. saqarTvelo globaluri gamowvevebis pirispir 108 5.2. siRaribis daZlevis strategia da ganviTarebis
prioritetebi 111 5.3. erovnuli sainovacio sistemis Seqmnis
SesaZlebloba saqarTveloSi 114 5.4. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris samezoblo politikis
samoqmedo gegma 120
5.5. saqarTvelos konkurentulobis SWOT analizi 124
daskvna 134 bibliografia 140
4
cxrilebi
cxrili 1. Kkapitalizmis ganviTarebis istoria 21
cxrili 2. globalistur SexedulebaTa sami modelis
Sedareba 24
cxrili 3. Mglobaluri mmarTvelobis formebi
da doneebi 40
cxrili 4 mxardaWeris xvedriTi wili 43
cxrili 5. Mglobaluri uTanabroba Tanamedrove
msoflioSi 45
simdidris ganawileba 2004w.
cxrili 6. SimSilobis krizisis maCveneblebi regionebis
mixedviT 2003 w 46
cxrili 7. mdidrebi da Raribebi globaluri dajgufebis
mixedviT 2004 w 47
cxrili 8. globalizaciis indeqsi 60
cxrili 9. sainovacio sistemebi - Semajamebeli cxrili 77
cxrili 10. sajaro politikis gavlena inovaciebze 94
cxrili 11. kvlevisa da ganviTarebis xarjebi 160 qveyanaSi
2006 wlisaTvis (aT. aSS dolari) 104
cxrili 12. evropis inovaciis monacemTa indikatorebi 106
cxrili 13. ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis
daZlevis programa 112
cxrili 14. codnis Sefasebis meTodologiis indeqsebis
SedarebiTi analizi 117
cxrili 15. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis
SWOT analizi 126
5
naxazebi
naxazi 1. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da msoflio
bankis mxardaWeris xvedriTi wili 42
naxazi 2. globaluri uTanabroba Tanamedrove msoflioSi
simdidris ganawileba 2004w. 44
naxazi 3. SimSilobis krizisis maCveneblebi regionebis
mixedviT 2003 w. 45
naxazi 4. mdidrebi da Raribebi globaluri dajgufebis
mixedviT 1997 w. 46
naxazi 5. maikl porteris “almasis modeli” 54
naxazi. 6. eri-saxelmwifosa da centraluri xelisuflebis
Zalauflebis transformacia globalizaciis
procesSi 57
naxazi 7. erovnuli sainovacio sistema 71
naxazi 8. erovnuli inovaciuri sistema (amerikuli modeli) 72
naxazi 9. globaluri, erovnuli da regionaluri
inovaciis sistemebi 76
naxazi 10. regionaluri inovaciuri garemos Sida
da gare faqtorebi 77
naxazi 11. maikl porteris “almasis” modeli” 82
naxazi 12. Sida urTierTobebi ekonomikur ganviTarebasa
da institucionalur wyobas Soris 90
nax.azi 13. 'sammagi spiralis modeli 91
naxazi 14. inovaciis sistema 92
6
Sesavali
problemis aqtualoba
globalizaciis epoqaSi sul ufro aSkara xdeba eri-
saxelmwifos transformacia, rac iwvevs maTi saxelmwifoebrivi
mmarTvelobis sistemisa da politikuri ekonomikis
restruqturizacias. ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebi
gansxvavebul reagirebas axdenen globalur gamowvevebze, es ki
Taviseburad aisaxeba maTi konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebze.
asinqronuli da asimetriuli savaWro sivrcis pirobebSi,
ganviTarebad qveynebs uWirT globalizaciis procesis mimarT
adaptireba, ris Sedegadac maTi politikuri da ekonomikuri
klimati xdeba arastabiluri, xolo mmarTveli institutebi ki
ganicdian enTropias (Held, D., McGrew, A. (2000), The Great Globalization
Debate: An Introduction, In D. Held and A. McGrew, eds., The Global Transformations
Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate (Cambridge: Polity), pp. 1-45.)∗
neoliberalizmis doqtrinaze dafuZnebuli politikur-
ekonomikuri globalizacia qmnis stratifikaciis axal modelebs,
romlebzec zogierTi saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba kargad axdens
adaptirebas, zogierTi ki izolirebuli rCeba. ekonomikuri
asimetriuloba iwvevs globalur uTanabrobas, ris Sedegadac
susti qveynebi globaluri TamaSidan gariyulni rCebian da
ganicdian marginalizacias. breton-vudsis institutebis qolgis
qveS, ganviTarebuli indrustiuli saxelmwifoebi cdiloben gaxsnan
da gaafarTovon msoflio bazrebi sakuTari produqtis
realizaciisaTvis da gamoiyenon ganviTarebad qveynebSi arsebuli
iafi muSa xeli da bunebrivi resursebi. ganviTarebadi qveynebi ki,
Laissez-faire-isa** da kompradoruli politikis*** zegavlenis Sedegad,
∗ enTropia—menejmentis TeoriaSi, sistemis dauZlureba, rodesac mas aRar Seswevs
unari adaptireba moaxdinos garemos mimarT. ** igive deregulaciis politika, romelic centraluri mTavrobis mxridan kerZo
seqtoris saqmianobaSi Caurevlobas gulisxmobs *** damatebiTi Rirebulebis Semcveli produqciis gasaReba ganviTarebad qveynebSi
da maTi nedleulis bazad gadaqceva
7
ganicdian erozias (Panitch L. (1996), “Rethinking the Role of the State” in
Mittelman J.H. (ed.), Globalization: Critical Reflections, Lynnne Rienner Publishers).
ganviTarebadi qveynebis erovnuli mTavrobebi, eqcevian ra
breton-vudsis struqturebisa da transnacionaluri korporaciebis
zegavlenis qveS, am ukanasknelT sTavazoben Tavisufal satarifo
sivrces, rac kabalur pirobebSi aqcevs maT ekonomikas da
seriozul dartymas ayenebs socialuri usafrTxoebis politikas.
vinaidan neoliberaluri doqtrina, kompradoruli politikis
gaZlierebas uwyobs xels, ganviTarebadi qveynebis winaSe dgeba
sakuTari identurobisa da adgilis gansazRvris problema.
TviTidentifikaciis aucilebloba gamowveulia rogorc sakuTari
arsebobis gamarTlebis, ise miRweuli donis SenarCunebisa da
Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.
xazi unda gaesvas agreTve im garemoebasac, rom eri-
saxelmwifoebis globalur doneze integracia, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs
adgilobriv doneze maT dezintegracias (Mann, M. (1997), Has
Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-State?, Review of International
Political Economy, 4(3), pp. 472-496). globalizaciis epoqaSi,
demokratiuli qveynis centraluri mTavroba aRar warmoadgens
erTaderT dominant Zalas mmarTvelobaSi, vinaidan Tanamedrove
demokratia moiTxovs decentralizacias, ris Sedegadac,
xelisuflebis delegireba xdeba centraluridan adgilobriv
mmarTvel struqturebze, rac seriozulad aZlierebs am
ukanasknelis rols da asustebs centraluri mTavrobis poziciebs.
Sesabamisad, regionaluri ganviTarebis strategia sul ufro met
aqtualurobas iZens, radgan Tanamedrove msoflioSi regionebi
qmnian konkurentul upiratesobas (Porter, Michael L., The Competitive
Advantage of Nations. The Free Press, New York, 1990. p.29).
vinaidan SeuZlebelia, rom erTma, calke aRebulma qveyanam,
yvela sferoSi Tanabar warmatebas miaRwios, dRis wesrigSi dgeba
gansazRvruli prioritetebis gamokveTis sakiTxi. es Tanabarwilad
exeba rogorc did da ganviTarebul, ise (gansakuTrebiT) mcire da
ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs.
8
globalizaciis sakiTxebis kvleva erTmaneTTan mWidrod
dakavSirebuli politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da
kulturuli aspeqtebis rTuli da cvalebadi maxasiaTeblebis
gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs, sadac zogierTi faqtori
urTierTTanxvedradia, zogierTi ki urTierTsawinaaRmdego. rogorc
irkveva, globalizaciis Sesaxeb avtoritet politologTa,
ekonomistTa da sociologTa kvlevebi ar kmara eri-saxelmwifos
transformaciis Sesaxeb srulyofili analizis gasakeTeblad,
vinaidan calkeul disciplinaTa farglebSi moqceuli poziciebi
xSir SemTxvevaSi emijneba erTmaneTs. ekonomistebisaTvis,
globalizacia kapitalis transnacionalizaciasa da globaluri
bazrebis warmoqmnas niSnavs, istorikosebisaTvis igi globaluri
kapitalizmis epoqaa, sociologebisaTvis socialur-kulturuli
Rirebulebebis SerwymasTan asocirdeba; politologTa mTavar
kvlevis obieqts ki msoflio politikuri procesebis analizi da
eri-saxelmwifos transformacia warmoadgens.
dRevandel swrafad cvalebad msoflioSi, globaluri
transformaciisa da Rrma Zireuli cvlilebebis fonze,
aucilebeli xdeba problemebisadmi axlebulad midgoma, maTi
interdisciplinarul WrilSi gaanalizeba da gadaWris
kompleqsuri gzebis Zieba. samwuxaro faqtia, rom qarTul
samecniero literaturaSi, erTeul gamonaklisTa garda, ar
moipoveba globalizaciis, qveynis konkurentulobis, erovnuli
sainovacio sistemis, strategiuli marTvis Teoriis sakiTxebSi
Rirebuli bibliografiuli wyaroebi. am deficitis gamo, ZiriTadad
veyrdnobiT dasavleTis wamyvan (ZiriTadad britanel da amerikel)
mecnierTa Sromebsa da rekomendaciebs. Tumca, unda aRniSnos, rom
problemis kompleqsurobidan gamomdinare, globalizaciis sferoSi
moRvawe dasavlel mecnierTa da eqspertTa didi nawilis
urTierTgamomricxavi poziciebic ver axdenen sakiTxTa srulyofil
postulirebas.
am mizezTa gamo, dRis wesrigSi dgeba zogierTi koncefciis
kritikuli analizi da axali originaluri midgomebis Zieba.
9
mkvlevarTa diversificirebuli midgomebis miuxedavad, TiTqmis ar
arsebobs farTo korelaciuri xedva, romelic gulisxmobs
politikuri, ekonomikuri, saxelmwifo marTvisa da strategiuli
marTvis Teoriebis erTian konteqstSi moqcevas. magaliTad, dRemde
ar aris Seswavlili glokalizaciis Teoriuli aspeqtebi,
transnacionalizaciis, erovnuli da regionaluri sainovacio
sistemebis, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis roli da zegavlena
qveynebis konkurentunarianobaze, agreTve mTliani Sida
produqtisa da mTliani erovnuli produqtis prioritetulobis
SefardebiTi analizi. Gglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsSi
mocemuli Sefasebis indikatorebi ar moicavs mTlian erovnul
produqts, rogorc saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis erTerT
umniSvnelovanes komponents.
garda Teoriuli konteqstisa, yuradReba unda gamaxvildes
qarTul realobaze praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan sakuTari
niSis dakaveba globalur arenaze warmoadgens saqarTvelos
konkurentunarianobis umTavres winapirobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels
Seuwyobs sazogadoebriv keTildReobas da pirdapir kavSirSia
siRaribis daZlevasTan. aRniSnul SesaZleblobaTa Soris,
upirveles yovlisa, unda dasaxeldes Crdilo atlantikur sivrceSi
qveynis integracia da evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi
miRebuli valdebulebebis drouli Sesruleba. sakuTari adgilis
Ziebis procesSi saqarTvelom, upirveles yovlisa, unda
gaiTvaliswinos geopolitikuri konteqsti, kerZod, evropuli
arealisadmi kuTvnileba da transatlantikuri integracia. aqedan
gamomdinare, qarTuli politikis mier aRebuli evrokavSirTan
integraciis kursi ualternativoa, rac gulisxmobs evropuli
standartebis Sesaferisi sistemis Camoyalibebas da yvela im
meqanizmis srulad amoqmedebas, romelic qveyanas gamowvevebis
daZlevaSi Seuwyobs xels.
saqarTvelo codnis ekonomikis indeqsiT, ekonomikuri
stimulirebiT da institucionaluri reJimiT, inovaciurobiT da
sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis mxriv,
10
CamorCeba ara Tu evrokavSiris wevr, aramed Tavis uaxloes mezobel
qveynebsac. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom codnis ekonomikaze
dafuZnebuli qveynis konkurentunariani upiratesobis grZelvadiani
ganviTarebis klasteruli, inovaciuri strategia Seqmnilia da
muSaobs Cvens uSualo mezoblebTan somxeTSi, ruseTSi, yazaxeTSi,
moldovaSi, strategiis Seqmnis procesSi arian ukrainelebi.
2005 wlis 2 marts gaeros iniciativiT xeli moawera
aTaswleulis miznebis ganviTarebis deklaracias, e.w. parizis
deklaracias, romelic warmoadgens romis da marakeSis forumebis
gagrZelebas da mimarTulia aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebis
daCqarebuli miRwevis mizniT siRaribisa da uTanasworobis
Semcirebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli zemoqmedebis gaZlierebisaken.
am deklaraciis mTavari gzavnili partniori qveynebis (maT
Soris saqarTvelos) mimarT aris is, rom partniori qveynebi
valdebulebas iReben Seqmnan ganviTarebis erovnuli strategia,
romelTac eqnebaT wliur biujetebSi asaxuli, saSualovadian
danaxarjebTan dakavSirebuli zusti strategiuli prioritetebi.
deklaraciis moTxovnebis Seusrulebloba saqarTvelos 2010
wlisTvis im qveyanaTa rigSi moaqcevs, romlebic donori
organizaciebis daxmarebis gareT, ganviTarebad qveyanaTa ukanasknel
eSelonSi moeqceva.
2009 wlis 9 ianvars vaSingtonSi, saxelmwifo departamentSi
gaimarTa saqarTvelosa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris
strategiuli partniorobis qartiis xelmowera. qartia efuZneba or
saxelmwifos Soris strategiuli TanamSromlobis principebs,
sadac politikur da ekonomikur reformebs, inovaciebsa da axal
teqnologiebs mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT.
mzardi konkurenciis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos stabiluri
ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia axali gzebis gamonaxva, romelic
inovaciur midgomebsa da TanamSromlobis axali formebis
danergvas iTvaliswinebs. zemoT aRniSnuli mkveTri kontrastebis
fonze, saqarTvelosaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania iseTi
politikuri, mikro- da makroekonomikuri reformebis
11
ganxorcieleba, romlebic xels Suwyoben qveynis mdgrad
ganviTarebasa da konkurentunarianobis gazrdas globalur
sivrceSi.
zemoT aRniSnulma sakiTxebma ganapirobes Cveni daintereseba
kvlevis TematikiT, ramac saSualeba mogvca Camogveyalibebina
kvlevis mizani da amocanebi winamdebare disertaciaSi.
kvlevis obieqti, mizani da amocanebi
sadisertacio naSromSi kvlevis ZiriTad obieqts warmoadgens
globalizaciis procesi da misi zegavlena eri-saxelmwifos
konkurentunarianobaze, risi ganxorcielebisaTvisac saWiro xdeba
sxvadasxva Sexedulebebis mqone mkvlevarTa poziciebisa da
argumentaciebis Seswavla da maTi kritikuli analizi. am procesSi
yuradRebis fokusSi eqceva Semdegi amocanebi, romlebic saWiroeben
gadaWras:
• globalizaciis politikur-ekonomikuri konteqsti da misi
ontologiuri analizi;
• globalizaciis warmmarTveli da mamoZravebeli Zalebis
(breton vudsis institutebis politika,
transnacionaluri korporaciebi, pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebi) zegavlena saxelmwifoebis
konkurentunarianobaze;
• globalur garemoSi transnacionaluri biznesis
funqcionirebisa da ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikaze
misi zemoqmedebis Seswavla;
• mTliani Sida produqtisa da mTliani erovnuli
produqtis SedarebiTi analizi; maTi mniSvneloba eri-
saxelmwifos konkurentulobaSi;
• erovnuli da regionuli sainovacio sistemebis
ontologiuri analizi da maTi roli erovnuli
konkurentunarianobis strategiaSi;
• codnis ekonomikis roli erovnul konkurentulobaSi.
12
am amocanebis gadaWris SemTxvevaSi miRweuli iqneba kvlevis
ZiriTadi mizani — SeviswavloT globalizaciis procesis
zegavlena saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobaze da movaxdinoT im
faqtorebis identificireba, romlebic xels uwyoben an xels
uSlian erovnuli konkurentulobis zrdas. Aam konteqstSi
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Cveni hipoTezis dasabuTeba, da
detaluri analizi, Tu ra rols TamaSoben meritokratiuli
faseulobebi, codnis ekonomikis principebi, institucionaluri
regulireba, erovnuli biznesis transnacionalizacia, pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebi, mTliani erovnuli produqti, erovnuli da
regionuli sainovacio sistemebi erovnuli konkurentunarianobis
strategiaSi.
uaRresad mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia Tanamedrove qarTuli
saxelmwifo politikis sakiTxebis konceptualuri analizi,
daskvnebisa da rekomendaciebis Camoyalibeba globalur
problematikur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi. saqarTvelos
konkurentunarianobis potencialis gansazRvrisaTvis miznad
visaxavT gamoviyenoT SWOT da PEST analizis meTodebi, da maTi
saSualebiT movaxdinoT im Sida da gare faqtorebis
identificireba, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen qveynis
ganviTarebaze.
mTavari kiTxva
mTavari kiTxva gamomdinareobs kvlevis miznidan da
gulisxmobs imas, Tu ra warmoadgens eri-saxelmwifos
konkurentunarianobis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs globalizaciis
epoqaSi da rogoria maTi zemoqmedebis xarisxi.
hipoTeza
winamdebare sadisertacio naSromSi, Cven SevecdebiT
davasabuToT, rom globalizaciis epoqaSi, erovnuli
konkurentulobis mTavar dasayrden da mamoZravebeli Zalas
warmoadgens erovnuli biznesis transnacionalizaciis maRali
13
xarisxi, romelic eqspansirdeba globalur sivrceSi da zrdis
mTlian erovnul Semosavals. konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas xels
uwyobs codnis ekonomikisa da sainovacio politikis principebze
orientirebuli sinergiuli urTierTqmedeba mTavrobas, kerZo
seqtorsa da universitetebs Soris, rac uzrunvelyofs
produqtiulobis maRal xarisxs.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi dominirebs resursebiTa da
investiciebiT marTuli ekonomika, sadac pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebi xels uwyoben mTliani Sida produqtis, da ara
mTliani erovnuli produqtis zrdas. Gamitom Cveni mosazrebiT, es
ver CaiTvleba konkurentunarianobis maxasiaTeblad, vinaidan ucxo
qveynebis transnacionaluri kompaniebi zRudaven adgilobrivi
biznesis ganviTarebas. A Cveni msjeloba koncentrirebulia im
argumentaciaze, rom qveynis konkurentul upiratesobas qmnis
codnis ekonomika, socialuri kapitali da meritokratiuli
faseulobebi, rac warmoadgens aucilebel faqtorebs Tanamedrove
teqnologiebis aTvisebisa da damatebiTi Rirebulebis mqone
konkurentuli produqtis warmoebisaTvis. amitomac, konkurentuli
upiratesobis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT, Zalian didi mniSvneloba
aqvs imas, Tu ramdenad iqmneba qveyanaSi codnis komercializaciisa
da inovaciuri teqnologiebisaTvis aucilebeli garemo, viTardeba
erovnuli warmoeba da biznesi, romelic eqspansirdeba globalur
sivrceSi da zrdis mTlian erovnul Semosavals.
Teoriebi
kvlevis obieqtis farTo konteqstSi ganxilvisa da sakuTari
hipoTezis argumentaluri dasabuTebisTvis, sadisertacio naSromSi
mocemulia globalizaciis, neoliberalizmis, erovnuli
konkurentuli upiratesobis, kompleqsuri
urTierTdamokidebulebis, msoflio sistemis, sainovacio sistemebis
Teoriebis, agreTve proteqcionistuli politikis arsis
kritikuli analizi.
14
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad gvesaxeba devid heldis mier
klasificirebuli sami diametralurad polarizebuli
mimdinareobis—hiperglobalisturi, skeptikuri da
transformacionisturi poziciebis SedarebiTi analizi, vinaidan
hiperglobalistebi (keniSi ome, m. zaCeri) gamoricxaven eri-
saxelmwifos arsebobas globalizaciis epoqaSi, skeptikosebi (p.
hirsti, g. tompsoni, e. kepsteini) ar miiCneven globalizacias
realurad da mas regionalizaciis konteqstSi ganixilaven,
transformacionalistebi (d. heldi, e. maqgrou, i. Solte, e.
gidensi) ki msjeloben procesebis qaoturobaze da raime
konkretuli daskvnebis gakeTebisagan Tavs ikaveben.
unda aRiniSnos, rom eri-saxelmwifos transformaciasa da mis
konkurentul strategiasTan mimarTebaSic Zalze rTulia raime
korelaciis monaxva Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa poziciebs Soris,
vinaidan erTni (jozef nai, robert kioheini, samuel hanTingToni,
zbignev bJezinski, Tomas fridmani da sxvebi) biznesis
transnacionalizacias amerikis erovnuli interesebis konteqstSi
ganixilaven, meoreni (imanuil valerstaini, jozef Stiglici,
daniel beli, devid heldi, entoni gidensi, ian Solte da sxvebi)
transnacionalur kompaniebsa da multierovnul institutebs
saxelmwifos dasustebis ZiriTad mizezad miiCneven. mesameni ki
(maikl porteri, qristofer frimeni, henri eckoviCi, loet
ledesdorfi da sxvebi) xazs usvamen regionuli konkurentulobis
upiratesobas, klasteruli ganviTarebis strategias, erovnul da
regionalur sainovacio sistemebs.
siaxle, samecniero da praqtikuli mniSvneloba
globalizaciis procesisa da eri-saxelmwifos
konkurentunarianobis strategiis sakiTxebis interdisciplinarul
konteqstSi ganxilva, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TavisTavad warmoadgens
sadisertacio naSromis mecnierul Rirebulebas. ufro metic,
globalizaciis epoqaSi saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis
strategiis Tematikis wina planze wamowevas uaRresad didi
15
mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos konkurentuli strategiis
CamoyalibebaSi.
inovaciurad migvaCnia strategiuli kvlevisa da analizis
meTodebis gamoyeneba, vinaidan Cvens xelT arsebuli informaciiT,
saqarTveloSi kvlevebis dros aseTi modelebis gamoyenebas aqamde
adgili ar hqonia.
mecnierul siaxles warmoadgens eri-saxelmwifos
konkurentunarianobis strategiaSi axali damatebiTi faqtorebisa
da parametrebis Semotana, agreTve, erovnuli konkurentulobis,
erovnuli da regionaluri sainovacio sistemebisa da
transnacionalizaciis farTo interdisciplinarul WrilSi
gaanalizeba da axali xedvis Camoyalibeba.
disertaciaSi dasmuli sakiTxebis kvlevas moyva praqtikuli
aRiareba, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise ucxoeTSi. 2007-2008 wlebSi,
germaniis teqnikuri TanamSromlobis sazogadoebis dakveTiTa da
dafinansebiT, Cemi TanaavtorobiT Catarda kvleva da gamoica
naSromi –National Innovation System Strategy Framework for Georgia, sadac
Camoyalibebulia Tanamedrove midgomebi erovnuli
konkurentunarianobisa da mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis,
mTavrobis, universitetebisa da biznesis sinergiuli
urTierTqmedebis konteqstSi.
2008 wels, kembrijis universitetma momaniWa miwveuli
mkvlevaris stipendia, romlis farglebSic kembrijis universitetis
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis centrSi, momzadda Cemi samecniero
naSromi – Implicationas of European Neighbourhood Policy in on National
Competitiveness of Georgia.
2008 wlis ivlisSi, mSvidobis sakiTxebis kvlevis
saerTaSoriso asociaciis (IPRA) miwveviT, spikeris rangSi
vimyofebodi belgiaSi, lovenis universitetSi, globalur
konferenciaze, sadac gavakeTe moxseneba ”globalizaciis zegavlena
evropis samezoblo politikaze.” moxseneba gamoqveynebulia
konferenciis vebgverdze:
http://soc.kuleuven.be/iieb/ipraweb/papers/Implications%20of%20Globalisation%20on%
16
20European%20Security%20Black%20Sea%20Region%20in%20the%20Context%20of
%20Future%20Eastern%20Enlargement.pdf
2008 wlis aprilSi, londonis savaWro palatis mier momeniWa
miwveuli mkvlevaris stipendia, romlis farglebSic Cavatare
kvleva “globalizacia da erovnuli sainovacio sistema”, agreTve
wavikiTxe moxseneba da gavakeTe prezentaciebi merTonis kolejSi
(oqsfordis universiteti).
2008 wlis aprilSi, zalcburgis globaluri seminaris
miwveviTa da dafinansebiT gavakeTe prezentaciebi da wavikiTxe
moxseneba Temaze “inovaciebi da codnaze dafuZnebuli ekonomika”
2007 wels, norvegiis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis institutis
grantis mxardaWeriT, Cavatare kvleva da gamoveci naSromi Analyzing
EU-Georgia Neighbourhood Policy Action Plan: Modern Benchmarking Approaches
to Knowledge Management and Innovations in Georgia.
kvlevis meTodebi
saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis parametrebis gansazRvrisa
da koncefciis SemuSavebisaTvis, saWirod miviCnieT mogvexdina
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, ekonomikis, saxelmwifo marTvisa da
strategiuli marTvis TeoriaTa sinTezi, risTvisac xarisxobrivi
kvlevis, prognozirebisa da SedarebiTi analizis garda
vixelmZRvanelebT benCmarkinguli analizis, SWOT da PEST
analizis meTodebiT, agreTve porteris almasis modeliTa da
sammagi spiralis modeliT.
wyaroebis da literaturis mokle mimoxilva
samecniero literaturis sargeblobisas ZiriTadi aqcenti
gakeTda Tanamedroveobis gamoCenil mecnierTa Sromebsa da
monografiebze: maikl porteris (Porter, Michael L., The Competitive
Advantage of Nations. The Free Press, New York, 1990), qristofer frimenis
(Freeman, C. Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan,
1987,) Carlz edqvistis (Edquist Ch., Systems of Innovation Approaches, 1997),
riCard nelsonis (Richard R. Nelson, (eds), Technology, Learning, and Innovation:
17
Experience of Newly Industrializing Economies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres),
robert kioheinisa da jozef nais (Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye,
Power and Interdependence in the Information Age, 1999, Keohane, R.O., Nye, J.S.
(2000), Globalization: What’s New? What’s Not? (And So What?), Foreign Policy),
enToni gidensis (Giddens, A. (1990), Runaway World: How Globalization is
Reshaping Our Lives, Cambridge, Polity), devid heldis (Held et al., Global
Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture 1999), jozef Stiglicis
(Stiglitz, Joseph e. Global Playing Field: More Level, but It Still Has Bumps; The New
York Times 04-30-2005), ian Soltes (Scholte, J. A., Globalization: A Critical
Introduction (London: McMillan, 1997), samuel hanTingTonis (An interview with
Samuel P. Huntington, BRIAN LAMB / SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON, March 29, 1985),
hans morgenTaus (Morgenthau, Hans. Politics Among Nations. The Struggle for
Power and Peace, N. Y., 4th Ed.), imanuil valerstainis (Wallerstein, Immanuel
M.,Geopolitics and Geoculture: Essays on the Changing World-System, Cambridge
University Press, 1991), Tomas fridmanis (Friedman, L. Thomas., The Lexus and
the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization, Farrar Straus Giroux, New York, 1999),
martin Sous (Shaw, M. (2000), Theory of the Global State: Globality as Unfinished
Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), deni rodrikis (Rodrik, D.
(1997), Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (Washington: Institute of International
Economics), daniel belis (Bell, D., The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of
Political Ideas in the Fifties, with "The Resumption of History in the New Century",
1962), da sxva Sromebi.
garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, sadisertacio naSromSi aqtiurad
aris gamoyenebuli gaeros, evrokavSiris, TanamSromlobisa da
ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso organizaciis, msoflio ekonomikuri
forumis, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis, msoflio bankis,
msoflio savaWro organizaciis, rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis
saerTaSoriso bankis, globalizaciis socialur problemebze
momuSave msoflio komisiis, saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis asociaciis,
sxvadasxva analitikuri centrebis oficialuri dokumentebi,
wliuri angariSebi da statistikuri cnobarebi, agreTve, interneti.
18
Tavi 1. globalizaciis kritikuli analizi
1.1. Tanamedrove globalizaciis gamowvevebi
1990-ian wlebSi, mas Semdeg, rac dasrulda “civi omis” epoqa
da dairRva orpolusiani msofliosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZalTa
balansis saerTaSoriso principi, yofil polarizebul msoflioSi
daiwyo globaluri masStabis integraciuli procesebi, romlebmac
moicves ara marto mezobeli qveynebi da regionebi, aramed mTeli
sakontinetTaSoriso sivrce. teqnologiebis, informatikisa da
komunikaciebis swrafad da dinamiurad ganviTarebam daarRvia
adgilobrivi da erovnuli sazRvrebi da stimuli misca
globaluri kavSirebisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis qselebis
Seqmnas, rasac moyva fundamentaluri politikuri, ekonomikuri,
socialuri da kulturuli cvlilebebi msoflioSi.
ganviTarebulma procesebma cxadyves, rom kapitali, biznesi,
informacia da mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi veRar daeteoda
calkeul saxelmwifoebriv farglebSi, da Tanamedrove msoflio
moiTxovda ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul universalizacias.
Tumca integraciulma procesebma, romlebsac erTi SexedviT
xeli unda SeewyoT msoflio homogenizaciisaTvis, warmoSves mTeli
rigi winaaRmdegobebi politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da
kulturul aspeqtebSi. am winaaRmdegobebma ki ufro metad
gaaRrmaves uTanxmoeba ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad samyaros
Soris.
transnacionaluri kapitalis, inteleqtualuri
Rirebulebebisa da demokratiuli mmarTvelobis balansirebuli
eqspansia multikontinentalur (ramodenime kontinentis momcvel)
sivrceSi, erovnuli teritoriuli sazRvrebis SenarCunebis fonze,
albaT, erTerTi saukeTeso modeli iqneboda winaaRmdegobebiT
aRsavse msoflios harmoniuli ganviTarebisTvis, rom ar
warmoCeniliyo globalizaciis Tanmxlebi ukuefeqtebi, romlebic
seriozul safrTxes uqmnian kacobriobas. transnacionalizacia ar
19
niSnavs homogenizacias. Uufro metic, ganviTarebuli procesebis
fonze aRmoCnda, rom globalizacia ufro metad aRrmavebs
ekonomikur da socialur uTanasworobas da zrdis disbalanss
ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris.
termins ’ekonomikuri globalizacia’ oficialur konteqstSi
gansakuTrebuli datvirTva mieniWa 1986 wels, tarifebsa da
vaWrobaze zogadi SeTanxmebis∗ egidiT urugvaiSi gamarTul
mravalmxrivi savaWro molaparakebebis dros, sadac ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis wevri qveynebi∗∗
sainvesticio pirobebis gaumjobesebaze msjelobdnen (Rupert, M. (2000),
Ideologies of Globalization: Contending Visions of a New World Order (London:
Routledge, p.13).
es iyo is etapi, rodesac msoflio ekonomika ganviTarebis
axali realobebis winaSe idga, rac Tavis mxriv vaWrobisa da
finansebis liberalizaciisaTvis aucilebel qmediTi RonisZiebebis
SemuSavebas moiTxovda.
axali globaluri wesrigisaken swrafvam mniSvnelovani
koreqtivebi Seitana saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa TeoriaSi da
garkveulwilad Seasusta Zveli geopolitikuri koncefcia,
romelic aqtualuri iyo adreuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebis,
imperializmisa da civi omis periodSi. 1992 wels, Tavis naSromSi
”globaluri finansuri integracia”, riCard o’braianma gamoTqva
azri geografiis dasasrulis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove etapze,
marTalia jer ar waSlila adgilis, manZilisa da teritoriuli
sazRvrebis mniSvneloba msoflio politikaSi, magram virtualuri
sivrcis, eleqtromagnituri talRebis meSveobiT damyarebulma
komunikaciis procesma socialur urTierTobebSi geografiis axali
ganzomilebebi warmoaCina. sami wlis Semdeg, o’braianis koncefcia
ganaviTara Tanamedrove amerikelma politologma pol viriliom:
,,sivrce da teritoria aRar arsebobs geografiaSi, maT
∗ zogad SeTanxmebas tarifebsa da vaWrobaze, romelic 1995 wels Caanacvla
msoflio savaWro organizaciam, xeli moewera 1947 wels ∗∗ OECD, oficialurad daarsda 1961 wels da Caanacvla evropis ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis organizacia (OEEC), romelic Seiqmna 1948 wels
20
eleqtronikaSi gadainacvles... geopolitika gadadis
qronopolitikaSi.” (Virilio, P. The Art of the Motor (Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press, 1995), pp. 133-156).
globalizaciis mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawilis azriT,
moZvelda damokidebulebis Teoriac,* vinaidan saerTaSoriso
arenaze gamoCndnen axali Zalebi transnacionaluri korporaciebis,
multierovnuli mmarTveli institutebisa da saerTaSoriso
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis saxiT, romlebmac ara marto
Searyies eri-saxelmwifos sazRvrebi, aramed daiwyes sakuTari
wesebis damkvidreba globalur mmarTvelobaSi. biznesis,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da mTavrobis “globaluri triada”—
rogorc Stanley Foundation-is prezidenti riCard stenli maT
moixseniebs, xdeba mTavari instrumenti axal realobaSi. (Stanley, A.
(1999). Opening Remarks presented at the Stanley Foundation’s 34th United Nations of
the Next Decade Conference. Adare Manor, Adare, Country Limerick, Ireland, June 13-
18, 1999. p.44).
Tavisi farTo da mravalmxrivi datvirTvidan gamomdinare,
socialur mecnierebaSi ar arsebobs globalizaciis erTi
konkretuli da srulyofili definicia. politologebis,
sociologebisa da ekonomistebis ganmartebebi ar aris amomwuravi
da maTi azri xSir SemTxvevaSi emijneba erTmaneTs.
globalizaciis srulyofili ganmarteba erTmaneTTan
mWidrod dakavSirebuli politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da
kulturuli aspeqtebis rTuli da cvalebadi maxasiaTeblebis
gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs, sadac zogierTi faqtori
urTierTTanxvedradia, zogierTi ki urTierTsawinaaRmdego.
ekonomistebisaTvis, globalizacia kapitalis
transnacionalizaciasa da globaluri bazrebis warmoqmnas niSnavs,
istorikosebisaTvis igi globaluri kapitalizmis epoqaa,
sociologebisaTvis socialur-kulturuli Rirebulebebis
SerwymasTan asocirdeba; politologTa mTavar kvlevis obieqts ki
* Dependency Theory, Tezisi, romlis mixedviTac mesame samyaros qveynebs ar SeuZliaT
sakuTari ekonomikis kontroli pirveli samyaros industriuli qveynebis
zegavlenis gamo
21
msoflio politikuri procesebis analizi da eri-saxelmwifos
transformacia warmoadgens.
aqamde arsebul ganmartebaTan me gamovyofdi entoni gidensis
(Giddens, A. (1990), Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives,
Cambridge, Polity. P. 28), robert qioheinisa da jozef nais (Robert O.
Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence in the Information Age, 1999.
p.18) ganmartebebs, da maTze dayrdnobiT, globalizacias
davaxasiaTebdi, rogorc drosa da multikontinentalur sivrceSi
spontanurad ganvrcobil process, romelic iwvevs fundamentaluri
mniSvnelobis realur cvlilebebs Tanamedrove msoflioSi:
politikis, ekonomikis, vaWrobis, finansebis, sainformacio
qselebis, codnisa da socialur-kulturuli Rirebulebebis
integracias, rac qmnis saerTo sakanonmdeblo sivrces, bazarsa da
samomxmareblo kulturas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sityva globalizacia Tanamedrove
terminologiaSi damkvidrebis sul ociode wels iTvlis, misi
ganviTarebis procesi kacobriobis istoriis uxsovari droidan
iRebs saTaves. evoluciur Zvrebs yovelTvis win uZRoda iseTi didi
da farTo masStabis procesebi, rogoricaa dapyrobiTi omebi,
migraciuli dinebebi, religiisa da kulturis gavrceleba, savaWro
urTierTobebis ganviTareba da sxva, da Tavisi etimologiuri
mniSvnelobiT, Tanamedrove globalizacia garkveulwilad
warmoadgens am procesebis, da uwinares yovlisa kapitalizmis
ganviTarebis umaRles stadias. (Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power
and Interdependence in the Information Age, 1999. p24).
cxrili 1. Kkapitalizmis ganviTarebis istoria
periodebi pirveli meore mesame meoTxe
xangrZlivoba 1492-1789 1789-1900 1900-1990-iani 1990-ianidan
epoqa aRmoCenebis,
dapyrobis
epoqa
revoluciebis,
kapitalisa da
imperiis epoqa
imperializmisa
da ‘civi omis’
epoqa
‘informaciisa
da codnis
epoqa’
kapitalizmis
forma
merkanti-
lizmi
industriuli
kapitalizmi
monopolisturi
kapitalizmi
globalizacia
(msoflio
kapitalizmi)
22
simboluri
movlenebi
kolumbis
mier
amerikis
aRmoCena
safrangeTis
revolucia
msoflio omebi
komunizmi da
faSizmi
berlinis
kedlis
dangreva, ‘civi
omis’
dasasruli;
ssrk-s daSla
politikuri
manifestacie
bi
xelosnebis
gamosvlebi
evropaSi
burJuaziis
Camoyalibeba
imperialisturi
omebi
socialisturi
banakis daSla;
anti-
globalist.
gamosvlebi
wyaro: V. Wei-cheng Wang, Globalization and Asian Crisis, 1999
gacilebiT rTulia globalizaciis procesis ontologiuri
analizi, romelic misi aspeqtebis∗ Rrma interdiscipinarul WrilSi
ganxilvas moiTxovs. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos alogikuria
globalizaciasa da eri-saxelmwifos urTierTdamokidebulebaze
saubari, vinaidan es ori fenomeni urTierTsapirispiro
mimarTulebiT viTardeba. maSin, rodesac globalizacia
unifikacias, universalizaciasa da homogenizacias gulisxmobs, eri-
saxelmwifo decentralizaciis, regionalizaciis da
diferenciaciisa procesebis winaSe dgas. Sesabamisad ismis kiTxva:
arian isini urTierTgamomricxavni, Tu qmnian erTian dialeqtikas,
romelic samyaros axali ganviTarebisaken miaqanebs.
globalizaciis uaRresad rTuli bunebidan gamomdinare, am
etapze Zalian rTulia dazustebiT imis Tqma, Tu ra konkretuli
cvlilebebia mosalodneli msoflioSi. (Held et al., Global
Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture 1999. p.37). amjerad mxolod
imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom momavlis prognozirebis xarisxi
damokidebulia Tanamedrove realobis zust analizsa da adeqvatur
RonisZiebebze rogorc erovnuli mTavrobebis, ise sazogadoebisa
da saerTaSoriso institutebis mxridan.
∗igivea rac globalizaciis ganzomilebebi—politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialur-
kulturuli, samxedro, samarTlebrivi, ekologiuri. xSirad gvxvdeba agreTve
terminebi: politikuri globalizmi, ekonomikuri globalizmi, samxedro
globalizmi da a.S.
23
1.2. globalistur SexedulebaTa koncefciebis kritikuli analizi
globalizaciis mkvlevarTa urTierTgammijnavi poziciebi da
Sexedulebebi devid heldma sam kategoriad dayo (Held, D., McGrew, A.,
Goldblatt, D., Perraton, J. 1999, Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and
Culture (Cambridge: Polity) p.44)
1. hiperglobalistebi, romlebic aRiareben transnacionaluri
kapitalisa da msoflio bazrebis hegemonias, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs
denacionalizaciasa da teritoriuli sazRvrebis moSlas (keniSi
ome, m. zaCeri);
2. skeptikosebi, romlebic xazs usvamen saxelmwifoebrivi
institutebis aucileblobas da miaCniaT, rom bazrebis regulireba
da biznesis marTva saxelmwifos prerogativas warmoadgens (p.
hirsti, g. tompsoni, e. kepsteini);
3. transformacionistebi, romlebsac Sualeduri pozicia
ukaviaT am or ukiduresobas Soris, da romlebic msjeloben
procesebis qaoturobaze, globalur uTanabrobaze, eri-
saxelmwifosa da msoflio politikis transformaciaze (d. heldi,
e. maqgrou, i. Solte, e. gidensi).
hiperglobalistebisa da skeptikosebis kamaTs enToni maqgrou
mcdar inteleqtualur SexedulebaTa Widils uwodebs, (McGrew, A.,
(1997). The Transformations of Democracy?, Milton Keynes, Polity/Open University, (p.
9), rasac me nawilobriv ar veTanxmebi. marTalia Cemi pozicia ufro
metad transformacionistebisaken ixreba, magram mravalricxovan
avtorTa SromebSi poziciaTa gulmodgined gaanalizebis Semdeg im
daskvnamde mivdivarT, rom SeuZlebelia am or koncefciaTagan
romelimes calsaxad aRiareba an uaryofa, calkeul sakiTxebSi maTi
damajerebeli Tu aradamajerebeli argumentaciis gamo. am
sakiTxebis kvlevam da Seswavlam saSualeba mogvca gagvekeTebina
sakuTari analitikuri daskvnebi, rogorc hiperglobalisturi da
skeptikuri moZRvrebebis, ise transformacionalisturi Teoriis
Sesaxeb, romlebic qvemoT iqneba Camoyalibebuli.
24
cxrili #2: globalistur SexedulebaTa sami modelis Sedareba
hiperglobalistebi
(keniSi ome)
skeptikosebi
(p. hirsti, g.
tompsoni)
transformacionalistebi (d. heldi, e. maqgrou, e.
gidensi,
ra aris axali? globaluri era
SedarebiT mcire
savaWro blokebi;
ufro susti ze-
erovnuli
mmarTveloba
adrindel
periodebTan
SedarebiT
globaluri
urTierTdamokidebulebi
s istoriulad
uprecendento doneebi
ra aris
globaluri
ekonomikis
mTavari
maxasiaTebeli?
globaluri
kapitalizmi; geografiuli
sazRvrebis moSla;
globaluri kultura;
globaluri
samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba
msoflio ufro
naklebad aris
urTierTdamokidebul
i vidre 1890-ian
wlebSi.
multierovnuli
kompaniebi ar arian
transnacionaluri
"xSiri” globalizacia;
ufro intensiuri da
eqsstensiuri
urTierTdamokidebuleba
ra aris
globalizaciis
mamoZravebeli
Zala?
kapitalizmi da
teqnologia
saxelmwifoebi da
maT mier
regulirebuli
bazrebi
sxvadasxva procesTa
erTianoba: Zalian
uwesrigo
ra emarTeba er-
saxelmwifos ecema da iSleba
Zlierdeba da
izrdeba
icvleba Zalian
uwesrigod
rogor esmiT maT
globalizacia
rogorc pirovnuli
qmedebis struqturis
reorganizacia
internacionalizacia
da regionalizacia
cvlilebebi
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSi
(uwesrigo)
ra aris
mosalodneli
momavalSi?
globaluri
civilizacia
regionuli
aliansebis Seqmna,
civilizaciaTa
Sejaxeba
gaurkvevloba.
Gglobaluri
fragmentacia da
integracia
maTi mTavari
argumenti
eri-saxelmwifos
dasasruli
internacionalizacia
eyrdnoba
saxelmwifoTa
mxardaWerasa da
SeTanxmebas
globalizacia iwvevs
saxelmwifo
Zalauflebisa da
msoflio politikis
gardaqmnas
25
hiperglobalisturi koncefcia
hiperglobalisturi moZRvreba ZiriTadad neoliberalur da
neomarqsistul Sexedulebebs aerTianebs, romlebic globalizacias
kapitalizmis ganviTarebis umaRles stadiad miiCneven, sadac eri-
saxelmwifoebi funqciebis gareSe rCebian da globalur blokebsa da
aliansebSi STainTqmebian. amasTanave, sazogadoebis sul ufro didi
jgufebi xdebian socialuri daucvelobis msxverplni, vinaidan
mTavrobis SesaZleblobebi aRar aris sakmarisi maTi mzardi
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. didi britaneTis yofili
finansTa ministri, denis hili, mianiSnebs agreTve gariyuli da
gaucxoebuli sazogadoebrivi fenebis ukmayofilebaze, saerTaSorio
danaSaulisa da terorizmis problemebze, romelTa mogvareba aRemateba
erovnuli mTavrobis SesaZleblobebs. (A precis of an article in by Dennis Healey,
former Chancellor of the Exchequer and Foreign Secretary in The Sunday Times, 5 March
1995. pp. 64-65).
keniSi omes azriT, bazrebis ganviTareba da ekonomikuri
regionalizmi zRudaven eri-saxelmwifos funqciebs da asusteben mas.
(Ohmae, K., The Borderless World, Rev Ed: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy,
HarperBusiness. pp.8-12). misive azriT eri-saxelmwifo SesaZloa Caanacvlos
qalaqma-saxelmwifoebma, magaliTad honkongma, barselonam, niu-iorkma an
londonma.
hiperglobalistebi umTavresad SeiaraRebulni arian im
argumentaciiT, rom transnacionaluri biznesi, afarToebs ra Tavis
geografiul areals, xdeba eri-saxelmwifos teritoriul sazRvrebSi
arsebuli sakuTrebis—erovnuli sakuTrebis mflobeli.∗
transnacionaluri korporaciebi yiduloben samrewvelo obieqtebs,
uZrav-moZrav qonebas, bunebriv resursebs, qiraoben adgilobriv
muSaxels, ris Sedegadac adgilobrivi simdidre gadadis ucxo kerZo
mesakuTris xelSi.
∗ erovnul sakuTrebas warmoadgens saxelmwifos teritoriul sazRvrebsa da mis
farglebs gareT arsebuli samTavrobo, kerZo Tu arasamTavrobo seqtorebis sakuTrebaSi
myofi qoneba. (avt.)
26
aq xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom nebismieri
transnacionaluri kompania warmoadgens ara raime kosmopolitur
warmonaqmns, aramed igi gamoxatavs konkretuli qveynis biznes interess
globalur sivrceSi. amitom transnacionaluri kompaniis Semosavali da
mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba (iseve, rogorc Tavad es kompania)
warmoadgens im qveynis mTliani erovnuli produqtis∗ Semadgenel
nawils, sadac es kompania aris dafuZnebuli. transnacionaluri
kompania warmoadgens konkretuli qveynis bizness sxva saxelmwifos
teritoriul sivrceSi. Sedegad xdeba adgilobrivi, susti biznesis
STanTqma ufro Zlieri, globaluris mier, rac niSnavs Zlieri
saxelmwifos ufro metad gamdidrebas da sustis ufro metad
gaRaribebas. uazroba iqneboda imis Tqma, rom koka-kolasa da
makdonaldis biznesi ar gamoxatavs amerikul interesebs, an toiotas
transnacionaluri eqspansia xels ar uwyobs iaponiis ekonomikur
mdgradobas.
me veTanxmebi im azrs, rom, Tanamedrove globalizaciis mTavar
mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens ekonomika, romlis drosac erT
calkeul saxelmwifos ar Seswevs transnacionaluri kapitalis,
multierovnuli biznesis, gansakuTrebiT finansebisa da sabanko
sistemebis regulirebis unari. magram unda vaRiaro, rom CemTvis
rTulia hiperglobalistTa ukiduresad xisti Sexedulebebis gaziareba
eri-saxelmwifos aRsasrulTan dakavSirebiT. maTi umravlesoba
globalizaciis procesSi er-saxelmwifos ganixilavs mxolod
kapitalis transnacionalizaciisa da msoflio bazrebis integraciis
konteqstSi, rac Cemi azriT moklebulia damajereblobas.
omes naSromTa gulmodgineT gaanalizebis Semdeg, Cemi yuradReba
miipyro erTma saintereso detalma. igi globalizaciis process
ganixilavs mxolod sabazro ekonomikis WrilSi da koncentrirebas
axdens transnacionaluri biznesis marketingul strategiaze,** xolo
saxelmwifoebriv politikur institutebs mniSvnelovan Zalebad ar
∗ Gross National Product (GNP)— yvelaferi is rac warmoebulia moqalaqeebis, korporaciebis
da mTavrobebis mier qveynis SigniT da mis farglebs gareT erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ** omes 3 C-s strategiuli modeli (company, customer, competition) aRiarebulia Tanamedrove
biznesis erTerT umTavres paradigmad
27
miiCnevs. Cemi azriT, aq aucilebeli xdeba garkveuli sakiTxebis
dazusteba. pirvel rigSi, transnacionaluri biznesi es aris erovnuli
biznesis funqcionireba globalur garemoSi, romelic sayrdens aclis
im susti ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikas, romelSic is operirebs.
magram imavdroulad, igi mdgrads xdis im industriuli saxelmwifoTa
siZlieres, romelTa wiaRSic mas fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli. Zlieri
industriuli qveynebi axerxeben imas, rom politika da biznesi
erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv interesebs dauqvemdebaron, susti
saxelmwifoebi ki gadarCenis mizniT cdiloben sxvadasxva blokebsa da
aliansebs Seafaron Tavi.
skeptikuri koncefcia
skeptikuri poziciis proponenti, gazeT ‘Financial Times’-is
ekonomikuri eqsperti martin vulfi globalizacias miuRwevel
daniSnulebis adgilamde—globalizebul msofliomde mogzaurobas
uwodebs. (Wolf, Martin., Will the Nation-State Survive Globalization? From Foreign
Affairs, January/February 2001. pp3-4.). misi azriT, Tanamedrove etapze Tu raime
mniSvnelovani SeiniSneba, es aris regionalizacia, romelic imarTeba
ganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebis mier, da romelsac araferi aqvs
saerTo farTod aJitirebul globalizaciasTan.
skeptikuri Teoriis yvelaze gamorCeuli warmomadgenlis,
birbekis kolejis (londonis universiteti) profesoris, pol hirstis
ganmartebiT, globalizacia warmoadgens komerciuli liberalizmis
saerTaSoriso sistemis uwyvet ganviTarebas, sadac sistema rCeba
erovnebaTSorisi (inter-national) da ara globaluri, da sadac TamaSis
wesebs karnaxoben ganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebi. (Hirst, P.,
Globalization and the Nation State, SEF-Symposium 2002 pp.9-12). misive azriT,
globalizacia aris miTi da ideologia, rac gulisxmobs dasavleT
evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis hegemonias msoflio
politikaSi. globaluri ekonomika, romelic dafuZnebulia sazRvrebs
gareT arsebul sabazro Zalebze, ar aris ganviTarebuli, da
28
migraciuli procesebic uprecendento erovnul kontrols
eqvemdebarebian.
vfiqrob, rom es koncefcia safuZvels aris moklebuli, vinaidan
mecnierul-teqnikuri progresisa da uaxlesi sakominikacio sistemebis
ganviTarebis Sedegad Tanamedrove msoflio arasdros yofila ise
globalizebuli da urTierTdamokidebuli, rogorc amJamad.
me veTanxmebi profesor hirsts im aspeqtSi, rom ganviTarebuli
industriuli saxelmwifoebi kvlavac did rols TamaSoben globalur
ekonomikur mmarTvelobaSi. agreTve viziareb mis pozicias imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom am qveynebis mier Camoyalibebuli breton-vudsis
institucionaluri sistema maTsave interesebis ganxorcielebisaTvis
iyo gamiznuli. magram saWirod mimaCnia imis aRniSvnac, rom skeptikosebi
gverds uvlian erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, romlis Tanaxmadac
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da msoflio bankis mier
ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis SemuSavebulma neoliberalurma gegmam
(romelsac devid heldi mzakvruls uwodebs) saSualeba misca
ganviTarebul msoflios misTvis sasargeblo, asimetriuli savaWro
sivrcis pirobebSi mieRwia mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri zrdadobisaTvis.
Sedegad, am asimetriulma savaWro ekonomikurma klimatma da
arajansaRma konkurenciam ufro metad gaaRrmaves globaluri
uTanabroba da ekonomikuri disbalansi am or samyaros Soris.
aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom 1940-iani wlebis bolos, breton-
vudsis institucionaluri sistemis Semqmnel er-saxelmwifoebs
warmodgenac ar SeeZloT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra masStabebs miaRwevdnen
ekonomikuri, samrewvelo, savaWro da sainformacio-teqnologiuri
procesebi. rogorc mogvianebiT aRmoCnda, ganviTarebuli liberalur-
demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi Tavadac dadgnen globaluri—
socialuri, ekologiuri da terorizmis problemebis winaSe.
saerTaSoriso biznesi da transnacionaluri kapitali moiTxoven
sakanonmdeblo sivrcis uzrunvelyofas teritoriul sivrceSi, rac
Tavis mxriv mTavrobis prerogativas warmoadgens. skeptikosi
analitikosebi am realobis safuZvelze ayalibeben koncefcias, rom
vinaidan bazrebs ar SeswevT marTvis unari, saerTaSoriso ekonomika
29
saWiroebs saxelmwifo seqtoris poziciebis ganmtkicebas. profesor
hirstis mosazrebiT, erovnuli kanonmdebloba zegavlenas axdens
saerTaSoriso bazrebze, igi uzrunvelyofs satarifo da sagadasaxado
sistemas, rac xazs usvams saxelmwifos siZlieres. (Hirst, P., Globalization
and the Nation State, SEF-Symposium 2002. p.23.). es pozicia, Cemi azriT, sustad
argumentirebulia Semdegi faqtorebis gamo:
1. globalizacia warmoadgens kapitalizmis ganviTarebis umaRles
stadias, romlis drosac transnacionaluri kapitali da bazrebi
seriozul zegavlenas axdenen erovnul politikaze. amdenad,
saerTaSoriso ekonomika ki ar saWiroebs saxelmwifo seqtoris
ganmtkicebas, aramed igi aviwroebs am ukanasknels. am fonze, kerZo
biznesisaTvis sakanonmdeblo klimatis uzrunvelyofa nebismieri
demokratiuli saxelmwifosaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan sakiTxs
warmoadgens, rac ekonomikuri aucileblobiT aris nakarnaxevi.
saxelmwifo ki ar adgens TamaSis wesebs, is TavisTavad xdeba am
TamaSis monawile.
2. qveynis simdidres qmnis ara gadasaxadebi, aramed warmoeba da
biznesi. mowesrigebuli sagadasaxado sistema xels uwyobs mxolod
biujetis Sevsebas importidan miRebuli SemosavlebiT,
konkurentunarianobis strategia ki damokidebulia eqsportis
moculobaze. Hhirstis pozicias am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT abaTilebs
maikl porteris ‘almasis strategiis’ modeli.
3. globalizacia xels uwyobs integracias, rac Tavis mxriv
warmoSobs da afarToebs regionalur da globalur struqturebs
multierovnuli mmarTvelobiTi institutebis saxiT, romlebic
cdiloben uzrunvelyon saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia da
politikur-samarTlebrivi klimati.
4. Tanamedrove demokratia moiTxovs decentralizacias, romlis
Sedegad, xelisuflebis delegireba xdeba centraluridan adgilobriv
mmarTvel struqturebze, rac seriozulad aZlierebs am ukanasknelis
rols da asustebs centraluri mTavrobis poziciebs. imavdroulad,
sul ufro aSkara xdeba Zalauflebis gadanawileba centraluri
xelisuflebidan kerZo da arasamTavrobo seqtorebze, da
30
saxelmwifoebrivi politika warmoadgens am sami seqtoris erTiani
urTierTqmedebis produqts.
transformacionisturi koncefcia
transformacionistebis azriT, globalizacia warmoadgens
socialuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebis ukan mdgar
centralur mamoZravebel Zalas, romelic iwvevs Tanamedrove
sazogadoebisa da msoflio wesrigis gardaqmnas. (Giddens, A. (1990),
Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives, Cambridge, Polity. P. 42). am
SexedulebaTa proponentebi, globalizaciis Tanamedrove process
miiCneven istoriulad uprecendento movlenad, romlis drosac
mTavrobebi da sazogadoebebi cdiloben Seewyon iseT msoflios,
romelSic ar arsebobs mkveTri sazRvari erovnul da saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSi. entoni gidensisaTvis globalizacia warmoadgens
gigantur matransformirebel Zalas, romelic iwvevs Zireul Zvrebs
ekonomikaSi, mmarTvel institutebSi, msoflio wesrigsa da
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. (Giddens, A. (1990), Runaway World: How Globalization
is Reshaping Our Lives, Cambridge, Polity .p 53).
skeptikuri da hiperglobalisturi poziciebisagan gansxvavebiT,
transformacionistebs ar gaaCniaT momavlis prognozirebis
pretenziebi, vinaidan zemoT aRniSnuli Zireuli Zvrebi qaoturad
mimdinareobs da mraval gaurkvevlobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. isini
arc awmyos ganixilaven erT romelime ‘idealuri’ ganzomilebis
konteqstSi, da amis sanacvlod globalizacias, winaaRmdegobebiT
aRsavse istoriul procesad miiCneven, romelic mravalwaxnagovan
WrilSi gaanalizebas moiTxovs.
virtualurad, msoflios yvela qveyana da sazogadoeba
warmoadgenen didi globaluri sistemis erTian Semadgenel nawilebs,
romlebic ar arian Tanxvedradi da ‘Stormis’ stadiaSi imyofebian.
amasTanave, globalizacia asocirdeba globaluri stratifikaciis axal
modelebTan, romelSic zogierTi saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba kargad
axdens adaptirebas, zogierTi ki izolirebuli rCeba. inkluziuroba da
eqskluziuroba iwveven polarizaciasa da asimetriulobas, ris
31
Sedegadac sustebi da umweoebi globaluri TamaSidan gariyulni
rCebian da ganicdian marginalizacias. mxolod mdgradi industriuli
saxelmwifoebi axerxeben sruli suverenuli Zalauflebis SenarCunebas
da cvalebadi istoriuli realobis mimarT adaptirebas.
unda aRiniSnos, rom garkveul sakiTxebSi SeiniSneba
transformacionistTa da hiperglobalistTa Sexedulebebis Tanxvedra,
magram erovnuli mTavrobis xelisuflebis gardaqmnis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT transformacionistebi ugulebelyofen oponentTa
ritorikas, rom saxelmwifo aRar iarsebebs.
hiperglobalisturi da skeptikuri koncefciebisagan SedarebiT,
transformacionistur koncefcias ufro argumentirebulad miviCnev im
garemoebis gamo, rom dRevandel swrafad cvalebad msoflioSi
aucilebeli xdeba problemebisadmi kompleqsuri midgoma da movlenebis
racionaluri analizi.
1.3. globalizaciis warmmarTveli da mamoZravebeli Zalebi
globalizacia ar iqneboda aseTi intensiuri da dinamiuri, rom
ara misi mTavari warmmarTveli da mamoZravebeli Zalebi, romlebmac igi
Tanamedrove kapitalizmis neoliberalur modelad aqcies. am Zalebs
warmoadgenen sazRvarmkveTi sistemebi, romelTa kontrolic erT,
calkeul saxelmwifos ar ZaluZs. es Zalebia: vaWroba, finansebi,
momsaxureba, sakomunikacio sistemebi, transporti, garemo, media.
proteqcionizmi, romelic saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi meore
msoflio omis Semdeg damkvidrda, gaxda liberalizaciis∗ mTavari
sayrdeni industriuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis. am mizans emsaxureba
msoflio savaWro organizacia, romlis ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgens
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis regulireba.
∗ � liberalizmi (frang. libéralisme) — ideologia, filosofiuri Sexeduleba da
politikuri tradicia, romlis mixedviT Tavisufleba ZiriTadi politikuri
Rirebulebaa.
32
vaWrobis liberalizaciasTan erTad, ganviTarebuli qveynebidan
daiwyo msxvili investiciebis dineba ganviTarebadi qveynebisaken,
romelTa susti ekonomika moiTxovda mniSvnelovan kapitaldabandebebs.
amis ganxorcieleba ki SesaZlebeli iyo transnacionaluri kompaniebis
meSveobiT, romlebmac ara marto Searyies eri-saxelmwifoebis
sazRvrebi, aramed seriozuli gamowveva gamoucxades maT.
Tanamedrove etapze, TandaTanobiT xdeba adgilobrivi samrewvelo
obieqtebis Serwyma transnacionalur biznesTan, romelic moicavs
teqnologiis dizains, mecnierul kvlevebs, produqciis warmoebas,
miwodebasa da distribucias, raSic uaRresad did rols TamaSoben
satelituri kavSirebi, uaxlesi satransporto saSualebebi da media.
urTierTdamokidebuleba am Zalebs Soris sruliad naTelia: vaWrobis
gafarToeba qmnis damatebiT moTxovnas finansebze, transportsa da
komunikaciebze. imavdroulad, internetisa da mobiluri satelefono
sistemebis danergva mkveTrad zrdis produqtiulobas.
eleqtronulma komerciam gadatrialeba moaxdina Tanamedrove
biznesSi. internetis saSualebiTYdamyarebuli kavSiri mwarmoebelsa da
momxmarebels Soris aRar saWiroebs dilerebs, rac mniSvnelovnad
aiafebs momsaxurebas da intensiurs xdis savaWro urTierTobebs
multikontinentalur sivrceSi. eleqtronuli komunikacia saSualebas
aZlevs adamianebs ocdaoTxi saaTis ganmavlobaSi, nebismier dros
gadaricxon Tanxa nebismier adgilze, SeukveTon da SeiZinon maTTvis
sasurveli produqti. adamianebi iswrafvian socialuri komfortisaken,
amitomac isini swraf adaptirebas axdenen teqnologiuri siaxleebis
mimarT da ikmayofileben moTxovnilebebs, ris Sedegadac tradiciul
geografiul sazRvrebSi moqceuli biurokratiuli barierebi maTTvis
ararelevanturi xdeba.
globalizaciis arsis naTlad gaSuqebisaTvis mniSvnelovania
transnacionaluri korporaciebis analizi. transnacionaluri
korporacia, warmoadgens kerZo organizacias, romelic axorcielebs
warmoebasa da bizness im qveynis farglebs gareT, sadac igi aris
dafuZnebuli, sul mcire or qveyanaSi dafuZnebuli filialebis an
adgilobrivi partniori kompaniebis meSveobiT. transnacionaluri
33
korporaciebi deben investiciebs ucxo qveynebis ekonomikaSi, rac
gamoixateba rogorc adgilobrivi kompaniebis SesyidvaSi, ise axali
warmoebis an momsaxurebis saqmianobis ganxorcielebaSi.
transnacionalurma kompanieba sakuTari biznes operaciebis
warmarTva qveynis farglebs gareT jer kidev meore msoflio omamde
daiwyes. maTi mizani iyo daezogaT sakuTari qveynis nedleuli masalebi,
bunebrivi resursebi, da investiciebi CaedoT ganviTarebadi qveynebis
ekonomikaSi. jer kidev 1907 wels vudro vilsoni acxadebda: “vinaidan
vaWroba axdens erovnuli sazRvrebis ignorirebas, mewarme cdilobs
msoflio bazrad aqcios. igi aris erovnuli medroSe, romelsac
sakuTarma saxelmwifom mxari unda aubas, xolo im saxelmwifoTa
karebi, romelic daxSuli iqneba misTvis, unda daimsxvres.” (The Papers of
Woodrow Wilson, Volume 17: 1907-1908). naxevari saukunis Semdeg, 1953 wels
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sxva prezidenti duait eizenhaueri
TiTqmis igives imeorebda: “Cveni sagareo politikis umniSvnelovanes
mizans warmoadgens SevqmnaT xelsayreli sainvesticio klimati ucxour
teritoriul sazRvrebSi”. (Krieg, Joann P. ed. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Soldier,
President, Statesman (1987).
1990-ian wlebSi am investiciebis masStabi gascda konkretul
qveynebsa da regionebs da mTeli sakontinentTaSoriso sivrce moicva.
transnacionaluri kompania warmoadgens msxvil bizness, romelic
dafuZnebulia ganviTarebul qveyanaSi. msoflios 500 ‘iRblian’
multierovnul kompaniaTagan, naxevarze meti dafuZnebulia amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi, 1/6 iaponiaSi, 1/10 ki inglisSi (Forbes International,
2005). 1980-iani wlebidan swrafad izrdeba axal industiuli
ganviTarebadi teritoriebidan wamosuli transnacionaluri biznesi.
maT ricxvs miekuTvneba malaizia, singapuri, samxreT korea, honkongi.
nebismieri transnacionaluri kompania warmoadgens konkretuli
qveynis biznesis eqspansirebas saerTaSoriso da globalur doneze.
amitom transnacionalizacia niSnavs ara mis kosmopolitizacias,
aramed biznes arealis gafarToebas globalur sivrceSi.
transnacionaluri kompaniis Semosavali warmoadgens im qveynis mTliani
erovnuli produqtis Semadgenel nawils, sadac es kompania aris
34
dafuZnebuli. transnacionaluri kompania warmoadgens konkretuli
qveynis bizness sxva saxelmwifos teritoriul sivrceSi. Sedegad xdeba
adgilobrivi, susti biznesis Seviwroeba ufro Zlieris mier, rac
niSnavs Zlieri saxelmwifos ufro metad gamdidrebas da sustis ufro
metad gaRaribebas.
transnacionaluri korporacia klasificirdeba sami kategoriis
mixedviT:
horizontalurad integrirebuli—biznesis marTva sxvadasxva
qveynebSi, romlis mizania igive an msgavsi
produqciis/momsaxurebis warmoeba;
vertikalurad integrirebuli—biznesis marTva konkretul
qveyanaSi an qveynebSi, romlis mizania produqciis/momsaxurebis
warmoeba da damkvidreba im geografiul sivrceSi;
diversificirebuli—biznesis marTva sxvadasxva qveynebSi axali
produqciis/momsaxurebis danergvis mizniT.
konkurencia aiZulebs transnacionalur korporaciebs, rom
imuSaon maqsimalur mogebaze da daipyron bazrebi. es niSnavs imas, rom
maT unda daxarjon minimaluri kapitali da miiRon gacilebiT meti
mogeba. amitomac maT urCevniaT TavianTi saqmianoba warmarTon iseT
qveynebSi, sadac muSaxeli da bunebrivi resursebi gacilebiT iafia.
sakuTari interesebis gansaxorcieleblad,Mes kompaniebi SeiaraRebulni
arian Zlieri ultra-Tanamedrove sakadro, sainformacio da
teqnologiuri resursebiT, romlebsac susti erovnuli mTavrobebi
konkurencias ver uweven. Sedegad, xelisufleba, kvalificirebuli
eqspertebis deficitis, mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis da piradi
dainteresebis gamo, midis mTel rig saxelmwifoebriv daTmobebze da
aformebs kabalur kontraqtebs, raTa miiRos Tundac minimaluri
sargebeli tarifebis, teqnologiuri eqspertizis, teqnikuri
aRWurvilobis, sainvesticio kapitalisa an sxva saxiT.
erovnul mTavrobebi, eqcevian ra transnacionaluri
korporaciebisa da sabanko struqturebis zegavlenis qveS, am
ukanasknelT sTavazoben Tavisufal satarifo sivrces, rac amcirebs
35
Semosavlebs biujetSi da seriozul dartymas ayenebs socialuri
usafrTxoebis politikas.
msoflio bazarze transnacionaluri korporaciebi agreTve
akontroleben saerTaSoriso vaWrobas msoflio bazarze da liderebad
arian miCneulni komerciuli mniSvnelobis mqone inovaciebis warmoebaSi,
romelic moicavs axal teqnologiebs, produqtebs da axal
organizaciul formebs. es maT saerTaSoriso teqnologiebis
gavrcelebis mZlavr berketebs aZlevs. mkvlevarTa nawili miuTiTebs
uaryofiT damokidebulebas pirdapir ucxour investiciebsa da ZiriTadi
erovnuli kapitalis jamur faqtorTa produqtiulobas Soris. Tumca b.
qsum, kvlevaSi, romelic 40 qveyanas moicavda, aRmoaCina pozitiuri
damokidebuleba produqtiulobis zrdasa da pirdapir ucxour
investiciebs Soris. (Xu, B. (2000), ‘Multinational Enterprises, Technology Diffusion
and Host Country Productivity Growth’, Journal of Development Economics, 62: 2, pp. 477–
493).
Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebis zegavlena produqtiulobaze ufro Zlieri da aqtiuria
mowinave qveynebisaTvis, vidre naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis mier pirdapiri ucxouri invesitciebis mozidvis
mizniT, liberalizaciis politikis meSveobiT kontrolis sistemebis
gauqmebas didi daxmareba ar gauwevia maTi sainovacio porencialis
amoqmedebisaTvis.
mxolod pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis arseboba, ra Tqma unda,
sagrZnoblad ver Secvlis teqnologiuri codnis mdgomareobas da
misgan gamomdinare mogebas, sanam ganviTarebadi qveynebi ar miaRweven
teqnologiis aTvisebis, adaptirebis, dauflebis da gaumjobesebis
zrdas. amitomac aris, rom mravali ganviTarebadi qveynis mier
inovaciuri SesaZleblobebisa da unarebis ar qonis SemTxvevaSi
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis iniciativebidan Semosuli mogeba
miedineba ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
36
1.4. globaluri mmarTveloba
amJamad sul ufro xSirad saubroben supra-ordinaruli sistemis
Seqmnaze, romelsac xel-ewifeba daareguliros Tanamedrove globaluri
problemebi, rogoricaa globaluri uTanabroba, ekologiuri
problemebi, ganviTarebadi qveynebis diskriminacia da sxv.
politikuri TvalsazrisiT, globaluri mmarTvelobis koncefciis
Camoyalibebas mravalsaukunovani istoria gaaCnia da mas safuZvlad
udevs kanonis uzenaesoba, saerTaSoriso wesrigi da msoflioSi
mSvidobis damyareba. jer kidev me-17 saukuneSi, ingliseli filosofosi
Tomas hobsi argumentirebulad msjelobda imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebi
unda damorCilebodnen sayovelTao kanonsa da saerTo Zalauflebas,
raTa kacobriobas mSvidobian TanaarsebobaSi ecxovra. mogvianebiT es
idea ganaviTares me-18 saukunis filosofosebma Jan Jak rusom
safrangeTSi da imanuil kantma germaniaSi. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi,
pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, Seiqmna erTa liga, romelic
mowodebuli iyo xeli Seewyo TviTgamorkvevis principebisaTvis,
koleqtiuri usafrTxoebisa da mSvidobisaTvis da SeiaraRebis
SemcirebisaTvis. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis maSindelma prezidentma
vudro vilsonma mouwoda saxelmwifoebs Zalismieri urTierTobebis
dasrulebisaken da amis sanacvlod SesTavaza saerTo principebisa da
ideebis garSemo erTa ligaSi gaerTianeba. Tumca, miuxedavad vilsonis
mcdelobisa, aSS-s kongresma uari ganacxada xelSekrulebis
ratificirebaze.
globalizaciis epoqaSi msoflio politika suverenuli
saxelmwifoebriobis Zireul principebs aRar efuZneba, da vinaidan
transnacionaluri kapitali, bazrebi da komunikaciebi veRar
kontrolirdeba calkeul teritoriul sazRvrebSi, dgeba sakiTxi
zesaxelmwifoebrivi, anu supranacionaluri mmarTvelobis SemoRebis
Taobaze.
jer kidev 1962 wels, harvardis universitetis emeritusi daniel
beli Tavis monografiaSi—“ideologiis dasasruli”, aRniSnavda rom
saxelmwifo metismetad mcirea gaumklavdes did problemebs, da
37
metismetad didi rom SeZlos mcire problemebis gadaWra. (Bell, D., The End
of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties, with "The Resumption of
History in the New Century", 1962. p. 52),
CrdiloeT karolinis universitetis profesori, roi simerli
globaluri mmarTvelobis aucileblobas im Seqmnili saxelisuflebo
vakuumiT xsnis, romelic eri-saxelmwifos araqmediTunarianobis
Sedegad Seiqmna. (Simerly, Roy L. The global economy and the new role of governments.
B>Quest 2000, http://www.westga.edu/~bquest/2000/global.html). supranacionalizmis
ZiriTad koncefcias warmoadgens is faqti, rom saxelmwifoebi uZlurni
xdebian gaumklavdnen Zalebs, romlebic ver eqcevian maT teritoriebSi,
da mxolod gaerTianebisa da erTiani Zalisxmevis Sedegad SeZleben
isini gadaWran globaluri problemebi. amave dros, gaeros msgavs
axal da ukve arsebul msoflio masStabis organizaciaTa amocanebic
gafarTovda. marTlac, maTi iniciativebisa da gavlenis zrdis fonze,
saerTaSoriso organizaciebs SesaZlebelia globaluri mmarTvelobis
uwyebebi ewodos.
Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavisi arsebobis manZilze, gaero
urTulesi problemebis winaSe dgas konfliqtebis mogvarebis
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. Aamas emateba is garemoebac, rom uSiSroebis
sabWoSi mudmivi wevrebisa da vetos uflebis xuT wevrze dayvana, iseve
rogorc kvotebze dafuZnebuli xmis micemis sistema saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondsa da msoflio bankSi, sadac wevr saxelmwifoTa erTi
meoTxedi xmaTa sam meoTxeds akontrolebs, usamarTlo da
arademokratiulia.
zesaxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis zrda Zalian farTo speqtrs
moicavs. magaliTad, makroekonomikuri politikis sferoSi, ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciam (OECD) 1960-iani
wlebidan gamosca gavleniani direqtivebi iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze,
rogoricaa axali sainformacio teqnologiebi, socialuri
keTildReobis saxelmwifos xarjebis Sekveca, samuSao adgilebis Seqmna
da transnacionaluri korporaciebis qcevis kodeqsi. 1979 wlidan
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma da msoflio bankma likvidurobisa da
ganviTarebis Tavis isedac mniSvnelovan funqciebs daumates Sors
38
mimavali stabilizaciis politika da struqturul cvlilebaTa
programebi 100-mde qveyanaSi. ganviTarebul qveynebSi gaigzavnen am
saerTaSoriso institutebis oficialuri warmomadgenlebi. 1995 wels
daarsebuli msoflio savaWro organizacia ufro farTo samoqmedo
aspareziTa da arsebiTad meti ZalauflebiT sargeblobs, vidre misi
winamorbedi "zogadi SeTanxmeba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb.”
imavdroulad, saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis bankma 1970-iani wlebis
Sua xanebidan globalur safinanso bazrebze garkveuli kontroli
daawesa.
rac Seexeba eleqtronul medias, saerTaSoriso
telesakomunikacio kavSiris mier dadgenil teqnikur standartTa
saxelmZRvanelo dReisaTvis 10000 gverds aRwevs. rogorc zemomoyvanili
magaliTebidan Cans, xelisuflebis wevrebma da moqalaqeebma erTnairad
aRiares, rom saxelmwifoTa teritoriul mmarTvelobas ar SeuZlia im
fenomenebis adeqvaturad gakontroleba, romlebic dakavSirebulia
Tanamedrove sainformacio, sakomunikacio da SeiaraRebis
teqnologiebTan, globalur ekologiur cvlilebebTan, globalur
bazrebTan da a.S.
ra Tqma unda, zesaxelmwifoebriv mmarTvelobas sagrZnobi
SezRudvebi gaaCnia. saerTaSoriso samarTali jer kidev dauxvewelia
sxvadasxva sferoSi, maT Soris konkurenciis politikaSi, Sromis
standartebsa da SeiaraRebaze kontrolSi. garda amisa, globaluri
mmarTvelobis institutTa umravlesoba arasaTanado kadrebiTaa
dakompleqtebuli da mudmivad ganicdis dafinansebis naklebobas.
uwyebaTa Soris susti koordinacia da gadawyvetilebaTa aRsrulebis
araefeqturoba problemebs uqmnis globaluri samarTlis reputacias.
Tumca, zesaxelmwifoebrivi regulireba imdenad farTod gavrcelda,
rom dRevandel globalizebul msoflioSi mmarTvelobis umTavres
elements warmoadgens.
Tanamedrove msoflio mmarTvelobaSi, garda zesaxelmwifoebriv
doneze moqmedi oficialuri institutebisa, mniSvnelovan rols
asruleben bazrebi. globalur politikaSi kerZo seqtoris iniciativebi
korporatiuli da eTikuri normebis damkvidrebasac iTvaliswinebs. ase
39
magaliTad, 1971 wels daarsebuli msoflio ekonomikuri forumi amJamad
900-mde msxvil kompanias aerTianebs lozungis qveS: `mewarmoeba
globaluri sazogadoebrivi interesebisaTvis.~ forumis mraval
iniciativas Soris, ramdenime mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoTaSoriso
konfliqtis, maT Soris arabTa da ebraelTa dapirispirebis mogvarebis
mcdelobac aris. msoflio ekonomikuri forumi msoflio savaWro
molaparakebaTa urugvais raundis gamarTvis iniciatoric iyo, romlis
Sedegadac msoflio savaWro organizacia Seiqmna. uamravi kerZo fondi
aqtiurad monawileobs globaluri politikis SemuSavebaSi. am mxriv,
ori TvalsaCino magaliTia: fordis fondi, romelic 1960-iani wlebidan
gansakuTrebiT gavleniani gaxda ganviTarebisaTvis daxmarebis sferoSi,
da sorosis fondi, romelic yofil sabWoTa sivrceSi liberalizaciis
procesis erT-erTi mTavari xelSemwyobia.
1991 wels daarsebulma ~msoflio biznesis sabWom mdgradi
ganviTarebisaTvis~ korporatiuli muxti Seitana globaluri garemos
dacvaSi. gaero-s generaluri asambleis gverdiT mudmivi ~kompaniaTa
palatis~ Seqmnis winadadebac Seitanes. es SemoTavazeba, albaT, ar
iqneba miRebuli, magram, amis miuxedavad, naTelia, rom globaluri
mmarTveloba mxolod sazogadoebrivi seqtoris saqme ar aris.
globalur mmarTvelobas gaaCnia Tavisi formebi da doneebi
(Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence in the Information Age,
1999.-p.79), sadac centraluri xelisuflebis Zalaufleba da
konkurentunarianoba garkveulwilad izRudeba globalurisa da
adgilobrivis Serwymis fonze. am process glokalizaciis procesad
moixsenieben, romelic gulisxmobs uaxlesi sakomunikacio
teqnologiebis meSveobiT adgilobrivi politikis, ekonomikisa da
socialur-kulturuli Rirebulebebis Serwymas globalurTan
erovnuli mmarTvelobis gverdis avliT. es termini warmoadgens globa-
lizaciisa da lokalizaciis procesebis SeTanawyobas. brunvaSi
Semoitana iaponuri transnacionaluri korporaciis xelmZRvanelma akio
moritam g.k). es aris lokaluri kulturebis modernizaciis SeTanawyoba
formirebad multikulturuli civilizaciis miRwevebTan. es termini
naklebad cnobil terminTa rigs ganekuTvneba. `glokalizaciis”
40
gansxvavebul interpretacias gvTavazobs z. baumani. igi Tvlis, rom
`glokalizacia” es aris procesi, romelic efuZneba privilegiebisa da
diskriminaciis gadanawilebas, simdidresa da siRaribes, Zalasa da
uZlurebas, Tavisuflebasa da damokidebulebas. es aris msoflios
restratifikaciis (danawevrebis sawinaaRmdego) procesi.
maSin, rodesac globalizacia warmoadgens zemodan qvemoT
mimdinare calmxriv vertikalur process, glokalizacia
diversificirebiTa da interaqciulobiT gamoirCeva, rac ufro metad
kompleqsurs xdis eri-saxelmwifos transformaciis process.
cxrili 3. Mglobaluri mmarTvelobis formebi da doneebi
kerZo samTavrobo mesame seqtori
supranacionaluri transnacionaluri
korporaciebi
saerTaSoriso
samTavrobo
organizaciebi
saerTaSoriso
NGO-ebi
nacionaluri kerZo firmebi
da kompaniebi
centraluri
mTavroba
NGO-ebi
sub-nacionaluri adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi
wyaro: Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence in the Information Age, 1999
41
1.5. integracia Tu polarizacia?
globaluri uTanabroba Tanamedrove msoflioSi
globalizacia, anu ‘kapitalizmis triumfi’, rogorc mas
mecnierebma uwodes, mravalmxriv sikeTesTan erTad gaxda ukompromiso
politikuri da ekonomikuri brZolis procesi msoflio bazrebze
xelsayreli poziciebisa da sadaveebis mosapoveblad.
kacobriobis istoriaSi pirvelad dadga is dro, rodesac
virtualurad, planetaze mcxovrebi TiToeuli adamiani SeigrZnobs mis
majiscemas. zogierTi maTgani globaluri cvlilebebis msxverpli
xdeba, zogierTi ki mogebas naxulobs am cvlilebebis Sedegad, magram
Zalze mcirea im adamianTa jgufi, romelic xelSeuxebeli rCeba
globalur oromtrialSi. ( Bleifuss, J., Dictatorship or Democracy, In These Times
magazine, May 27, 2002. p.77).
civi omis periodi warmoadgenda kapitalistur da komunistur
ideologiaTa Widils, romelSic es ukanaskneli damarcxda da
liberalur sabazro ekonomikaze dafuZnebuli demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis forma gaxda erTaderTi dominanti alternativa
Tanamedrove msoflioSi. mmarTvelobis es forma dafuZnebulia kerZo
sakuTrebaze da biznesze konkurentunarian garemoSi, sadac arian
mogebulnic da xelmocarulnic. jon neSis uyaimo TamaSis Teoriis
principi∗ gardauvali realoba gaxda globalur sivrceSi, rac
Zalauflebis xelaxla gadanawilebasa da daZabulobis axali kerebis
warmoqmnas uwyobs xels.
msoflio sistema xasiaTdeba uTanabrobiT, romlis mizezs
warmoadgens globaluri asimetriuloba Tavisi inkluziuri da
eqskluziuri procesebiT. imavdroulad, globaluri masStabiT moqmedi
ekonomika Zirs uTxris erovnul ekonomikasa da erovnul-
saxelmwifoebriv safuZvlebs. (Beck, U. (1999), What is Globalization? (Cambridge:
Polity Press. p.83).
jer kidev 1950 wels, cnobili mecnieri da TamaSis Teoriis
fuZemdebeli j. f. neSi, romelic SvedeTis samefo akademiis mier
∗ Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac erTi moTamaSis mogeba meores wagebis tolfasia
42
nobelis premiiT dajildovda ekonomikis dargSi, Tavis naSromSi
“vaWrobis problema”, aRniSnavda, rom ekonomikaSi mTavari aris ara
mogeba, aramed misi ganawileba, da Tu am sakiTxSi ar iqna miRebuli
racionaluri gadawyvetilebebi, SesaZloa warmoiSvas revanSistul
TeoriaTa axali wyeba da istoriis Carxi ukuRma datrialdes.
savaWro SeTanxmebebi xels uwyoben saerTaSoriso vaWrobas, magram
imavdroulad sxvadasxva zegavlenas axdenen, rogorc qveynebsa da
regionebze, ise adamianebze. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da
msoflio bankis proteqcionisturi politika xels uwyobs
tarifebisagan Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis Seqmnas industriuli
saxelmwifoebis eqsportisaTvis, rac zians ayenebs ganviTarebadi
qveynebis ekonomikas da qmnis arajansaR konkurentunarian garemos (nax.
1, cxr. 4).
nax 1.
wyaro: Data Source: The World Bank, The IMF
43
cxrili 4 mxardaWeris xvedriTi wili
G-20∗ IMF 182 wevri
IBRD 181 wevri
IFC 174 wevri
IDA 161 wevri
MIGA 151 wevri
argentina 1,01% 1,13% 1,60% 1,09% 1,07% avstralia 1,54% 1,54% 1,98% 1,32% 1,41% brazilia 1,44% 2,08% 1,66% 1,63 1,24% kanada 3,03% 2,80% 3,40% 3,03% 2,34%
CineTi 2,23% 2,80% 1,03% 1,87% 2,47%
safrangeTi 5,11% 4,33% 5,05% 4,24% 3,76%
germania 6,19% 4,52% 5,38% 6,99% 3,92%
indoeTi 1,98% 2,80% 3,40% 3,13% 2,41%
indonezia 0,99% 0,95% 1,20% 0,90% 0,91%
italia 3,36% 2,80% 3,40% 3,03% 2,24% iaponia 6,33% 7,91% 5,89% 10,68% 5,38%
korea 0,78% 1,00% 0,67% 0,42% 0.47%
meqsika 1,23% 1,18% 1,16% 0,75% ---
ruseTi 2,83% 2,80% 3,40% 0,27% 2,47%
saud. arab. 3,32% 2,80% 1,26% 3,52% 2,47%
samx. afrik 0,89% 0,85% 0,67% 0,28% 1,10%
TurqeTi 0,46% 0,47% 0,62% 0,66% 0,48%
didi brit. 5,11% 4,33% 5,05% 4,97% 3,76%
aSS 17,67% 16,49% 23,73% 15,09% 15,44%
evro gaerT. 30,61% 25,49% 29,12% 28,58% 24,58%
wyaro: Data Source: The World Bank, The IMF
IMF: saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi (ssf) IBRD: rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki (rgsb) IDA: saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis asociacia (sga) IFC: saerTaSoriso finansuri korporacia (sfk) MIGA: mravalmxrivi investiciebis mxardaWeris saagento (mims)
industriul wiaRSi aRmocenebuli transnacionaluri
korporaciebi warmoadgenen umsxviles ekonomikur warmonaqmnebs
msoflioSi, romlebic zewolas axdenen mesame samyaros qveynebze. es
ukanasknelni mimarTaven maregulirebel cvlilebebs da iTviseben
ucxour investiciebs biujetis Sesavsebad, rac maTi arsebobisaTvis
erTaderT saSualebas warmoadgens.
qvemoT moyvanili (nax. 2 da cxr. 5) maCveneblebi gviCveneben mkveTr
kontrastebs msoflioSi mTliani Sida produqtis, saqonlisa da
∗ The Group of Twenty (G20)—Seiqmna 1999 wlis 25 seqtembers
44
momsaxurebis eqsportis, ucxouri investiciebisa da internetis
moxmarebis sferoebSi. globaluri asimetriuloba da uTanabroba
iwveven siRatakesa SimSils, rac seriozul safrTxes warmoadgens
msofliosaTvis (nax. 3, cxr. 6).
qveynis siRaribis erTerTi ZiriTadi mizezia gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobis ararseboba, ris gamoc ver xerxdeba bunebrivi resursebisa
da nedleuli masalebis racionalurad gamoyeneba da mza produqciis
eqsporti. centraluri mTavrobebi, imis nacvlad rom Seqmnan moqnili
da efeqturi sagadasaxado sistema erovnuli biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis
xelSewyobis mizniT, asxviseben erovnul simdidres saeWvo warmoSobis
ucxour kompaniebze, rac warmoadgens udides strategiul Secdomas.
nax. 2. Mglobaluri uTanabroba Tanamedrove msoflioSi
simdidris ganawileba 2004w.
wyaro: Human Development Repot, 2004
45
cxrili 5. Mglobaluri uTanabroba Tanamedrove msoflioSi
simdidris ganawileba 2004w.
seqtori msoflio
GDP saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis eqsporti
ucxouri
investiciebi
internetiT
sargebloba
mdidari 20% 86 82 68 93.3
saSualo 60% 13 17 31 6.5
Raribi 20% 1 1 1 0.2
wyaro: Human Development Repot, 2004
nax. 3. SimSilobis krizisis maCveneblebi regionebis mixedviT 2003 w.
wyaro: Human Development Repot, 2004
46
cxrili 6. SimSilobis krizisis maCveneblebi regionebis mixedviT 2003 w.
regioni moTxovnileba
(mln. aSS dol.) deficiti
(mln. aSS dol.) deficiti
%
aRm. afrika
709,3
166,9
23,5
das. afrika 80,1 19,6 24,5
samx. afrika
291.4 65,2 22,4
aRm. evropa
47,6 13,8 29,0
laT. amerika
27,2 5,5 20,2
Sua aRmosavleTi da cent. azia
222,5 15 6,7
azia
241,7 113 46,8
sul 1,61990 399 24,6
wyaro: Human Development Repot, 2004
nax 4. mdidrebi da Raribebi globaluri dajgufebis mixedviT 1997 w.
wyaro: Human Development Repot, 2004
47
cxrili 7. mdidrebi da Raribebi globaluri
dajgufebis mixedviT 2004 w.
instituti msoflio mSp msoflios mosaxleoba
P-5 40,9 30,6
G-7 64 11,8
G-10 67,8 12,5
G-22 81,7 64,8
G-24 8,9 34,6
G-77 16,9 76
wyaro: Human Development Repot, 2004 P-5—uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi
G-7—didi Svideuli
G-10—gafarToebuli didi aTeuli
G-22—dasavleTis ekonomikurad Zlieri saxelmwifoebi da axali
bazrebi
G-24—ZiriTadi ganviTarebadi qveynebi
G-77—ganviTarebadi da gardamavali qveynebi
mravali mkvlevari globalur uTanabrobas da socialur kriziss
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da msoflio bankis usamarTlo
politikas ukavSirebs. Ees problema imdenad SemaSfoTebeli gaxda
msoflio sazogadoebriobisaTvis, rom 2001 wlis noemberSi Seiqmna
globalizaciis socialur problemebze momuSave msoflio komisia,
romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sevidnen fineTis prezidenti t. haloneni,
tanzaniis prezidenti b. mkapa, italiis yofili premier-ministri
juliano amato, toiotas direqtorTa sabWos Tavmjdomare t. naSimuro,
nobelis premiis laureati, profesori j. Stiglici da msoflios sxva
maRali rangis moRvaweebi. Kkomisia aqtiurad TanamSromlobs erovnul
mTavrobebTan, transnacionaluri kompaniebis mmarTvel sabWoebTan da
saerTaSoriso institutebis xelmZRvanelebTan da mouwodebs
civilizebul msoflios universaluri mobilizaciisaken, raTa
samarTlian garemoSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebi gaaCndes yvelas.
zogierTi mkvlevari globalizacias miiCnevs amerikanizaciad, da
amis dasasabuTeblad garkveuli argumentaciac moyavs. Tomas fridmani
fiqrobs, rom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma unda gamoiyenos mis xelT
arsebuli samxedro Zalaufleba nebismieri mowinaaRmdegis mimarT, raTa
SeinarCunos globaluri finansuri institutebis dominantobis statusi:
48
“makdonalds esaWiroeba makdonel-daglasi.” * (Friedman, L. Thomas., The
Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization, Farrar Straus Giroux, New York,
1999. p.64).
jozef nai msoflios samganzomilebian saWadrako dafas adarebs,
sadac ikveTeba sami polusi. dafis zeda nawilSi moqceulia
unipolaruli hegemonia—amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, Sua nawili
moicavs ekonomikur sivrces, sadac Zalaufleba nawildeba aSS-s,
evrokavSirsa da iaponias Soris; mesame qveda nawili ki ukavia erovnuli
mTavrobis kontrols miRma arsebul transnacionalur kerZo da
arasamTavrobo Zalebs. (Nye, Joseph S. The Paradox of American Power: Why the
World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone, Oxford Press, 2003. p. 83).
zbignev bJezinski, Tavis monografiaSi—“didi saWadrako dafa:
amerikuli hegemonia da misi geostrategiuli direqtivebi”, (Brzezinski,
Zbigniew., The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives,
HarperCollins Canada, 1998. p.12.). pirdapir miuTiTebs: “SeerTebuli
StatebisaTvis evraziuli geostrategia damyarebulia sam
umniSvnelovanes principze:
• Tavidan aviciloT konspiraciebi da davicvaT usafrTxoebis
wesrigi Cvens mier kontrolirebad qveynebs Soris;
• SevinarCunoT Cveni vasalebis erTguleba da davicvaT isini
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi;
• ar mivceT barbarosebs** gaerTianebis saSualeba.
mravali eqsperti miiCnevs, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi jerjerobiT kvlavac rCeba erTaderT
supersaxelmwifod, samxedro, ekonomikuri Tu politikuri
TvalsazrisiT. safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri hubert vedrini
mas hipersaxelmwifod, igive zesaxelmwifod moixseniebs (Védrine, Hubert.
France in an Age of Globalization, Brookings Institute, 2001. p.48). aris Tu ara
amerika imdenad imperialistuli, rom misi hegemonia erTpirovnulad
SeiZleba iqnas miCneuli Tanamedrove globalizebur msoflioSi?
* makdonel-daglasi—amerikuli kompania, romelic awarmoebs samxedro TviTmfrinavebs ** islamuri qveynebi
49
Cveni azriT, dRevandel swrafad cvalebad msoflioSi, sakmaod
didia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis zegavlena, Tumca isic aSkarad
SesamCnevia, rom evropuli da aziuri konglomeratuli struqturebi
seriozul gamowvevebs sTavazoben mas. am realobas kargad xedaven
vaSingtonSi da garkveul RonisZiebebsac mimarTaven.
amJamad gansakuTrebuli interesebis sferoSi moqceulia
centraluri evraziis regioni CineTis eqspansiis SesaCereblad. dRes
CineTis ekonomikuri zrdis tempi erTerTi yvelaze maRalia
msoflioSi, rac xels uwyobs mis samxedro siZlieres da zrdis mis
rols msoflio politikaSi. CineTi, rogorc birTvuli iaraRis
mflobeli saxelmwifo da gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevri,
gansakuTrebul fenomens warmoadgens Tanamedrove msoflioSi. Cveni
mosazrebiT, CineTis ekonomikis aseTi swrafi zrda ganpirobebulia sami
umniSvnelovanesi strategiiT:
1. CineTma uari Tqva Sokuri Terapiisa da deregulaciis
politikaze (rac gamaCanagebeli aRmoCnda postsabWoTa qveynebisaTvis)
da airCia qeinsis principi, rac Tavis droze noyier niadags uqmnida
ganviTarebul industriul qveynebs socialuri usafrTxoebisaTvis. amis
Sedegad, privatizacia Seexo mxolod mcire da saSualo bizness, xolo
msxvili bankebi da sxva strategiuli obieqtebi kvlavac saxelmwifos
mflobelobaSi darCa, rac saukeTeso berkets warmoadgens centraluri
xelisuflebisaTvis izrunos qveynis konkurentunarianobaze.
2. CineTma mimarTa sruliad unikalur da originalur
konkurentunarianobis strategias da sakuTari Zalebisa da
SesaZleblobebis efeqturad gamoyenebis Sedegad SeZlo daepyro
msoflio bazrebi. Mman SesaniSnavad gaTvala, rom Tanamedrove maRal
konkurentunarian garemoSi sakuTari brendebis∗ Seqmnasa da maT
transnacionalizacias sakmaod didi dro da resursi dasWirdeboda,
rac Seaferxebda eqsportis warmoebas. amitomac aqcenti gakeTda
patentebis warmoebasa da produqciis dabal TviTRirebulebaze
konkurentunarianobis gazrdis mizniT.
∗ kompaniisa da produqtis samarko niSani
50
3. ganaTlebisa da mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis
prioritetizaciam saSualeba misca CineTs ganeviTarebina da daenerga
uaxlesi teqnologiebi. yovelwliurad swrafi tempiT izrdeba
msoflios wamyvan universitetebSi myofi Cineli studentebisa da
mecnierebis ricxvi, romlebic warmatebiT iTviseben Tanamedrove
miRwevebs da axdenen sakuTari inteleqtualuri resursebis
kapitalizacias.
4. zemoT aRniSnuli faqtorebi daxda safuZveli Tavisufali
ekonomikuri zonebisa, risi SeqmniTac CineTma sagrZnoblad gazarda
sakuTari konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebi. zogierTi avtoris azriT,
arsebuli tendenciebis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi, 2025 wlisaTvis
mosalodnelia, rom mTliani erovnuli produqtis saerTo moculobiTa
da SemosavlebiT es qveyana gauswrebs amerikis SeerTebul Statebs da
SesaZloa msoflios axal hegemonad mogvevlinos.
51
Tavi 2. globalizaciis zegavlena er-saxelmwifoze
2.1. eri-saxelmwifos ontologiuri analizi
eri-saxelmwifos klasikuri modeli warmoadgens erTi mTavrobis
mier kontrolirebad suverenul teritorias, romelic dasaxlebulia
saerTo enis, eTnikuri niSnisa da kulturis mqone mosaxleobiT.
sainteresoa rojersis universitetis profesoris frenk elvelis
ganmarteba, romlis mixedviTac, eri-saxelmwifo warmoadgens
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos, romelSic mTavrobas gaaCnia suverenuli
Zalaufleba gansazRvrul teritoriul farglebSi, romlis
mosaxleobas warmoadgenen moqalaqeebi.
(http://campus.murraystate.edu/academic/faculty/frank.elwell/prob3/glossary/socgloss.htm#N).
unda aRiniSnos, rom mkvlevarTa Soris ar aris mtkice pozicia
imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu calsaxad romeli saxelmwifo SeiZleba iqnas
miCneuli er-saxelmwifod da romeli ara. ufro metic, xSirad maTi
didi nawili er-saxelmwifoSi gulisxmobs Tanamedrove liberalur-
demokratiul saxelmwifos. jorj vaSingtonis universitetis
profesori jeims benqsi er-saxelmwifoebad miiCnevs amerikis SeerTebul
Statebs, kanadas, did britaneTs, avstraliasa da iaponias (Banks, James
A., Educating Global Citizens in a Diverse World, February, 2003.
http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/multicultural/banks2.htm), romlebic sxva
mkvlevarTa azriT, gansxvavebul mizezTa gamo ar miekuTvnebian er-
saxelmwifoTa ricxvs (http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Nation-state). Cemi
kvlevis obieqts ar warmoadgens nacionalizmi da saxelmwifos
erovnuli struqturis analizi, amitom winamdebare naSromSi am
terminis qveS igulisxmeba suverenuli saxelmwifo Tavisi
konceptualuri gagebiT, romelsac gaaCnia saxelmwifosaTvis
aucilebeli yvela atributika—konstitucionaluri sistema, erovnuli
simboloebi, sakuTari jari, policia, sabaJo da sagadasaxado
struqturebi da sxv.
aqve aucileblad mimaCnia, gamovxato Cemi pozicia qarTul
leqsikaSi xSirad gamoyenebuli sityvis—‘erovnuli saxelmwifo’-s
52
Sesaxeb. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom politikur mecnierebaSi ar arsebobs
termini ‘national state’, da Sesabamisad, qarTul terminologiaSi
damkvidrebuli sityva ‘erovnuli saxelmwifo’ inglisuri ‘nation-state’-is
araswor interpretaciad mimaCnia. Tundac Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT
am terminis xmareba aralogikuria, vinaidan saxelmwifo TavisTavad
gulisxmobs erovnulobas da misi arseboba eris an erovnulobis gareSe
warmoudgenelia.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, Tanamedrove globalizaciis procesis
dawyebamde, msoflio politika umTavresad e.w. vestfaliis sistemis
principebze iyo dafuZnebuli. vestfaliis sistema saxelmwifoebrivi
mmarTvelobis struqturas warmoadgenda da igi sazogadoebrivi wesebis
Camoyalibebis, zedamxedvelobisa da aRsrulebis zogad mimarTulebebs
gansazRvravda. mmarTvelobis am formis saTaveebTan
saxelmwifoebriobisa da suverenulobis principebi idga.
saxelmwifoebrioba gulisxmobda evropis teritoriul nawilebad
dayofas, romelTagan TiToeuls calke mTavroba marTavda. es axali
saxelmwifo centralizebuli, sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis
formalurad organizebuli aparati iyo, romelic Tavisi iurisdiqciis
sferoSi SeiaraRebuli Zaladobis saSualebebze kanonier monopolias
flobda. amasTanave, vestfaliuri saxelmwifo suverenuli iyo da Tavis
kuTvnil teritoriul sivrceSi uzenaes SeuzRudav da eqskluziur
kontrols axorcielebda. yovlismomcveli xelisufleba niSnavda imas,
rom suverenuli saxelmwifo yvela saqmianobaze avrcelebda
iurisdiqcias. SeuzRudavi xelisufleba niSnavda imas, rom saxelmwifos
mier sruli iurisdiqciis gavrcelebis ufleba sxva saxelmwifoTa mier
xelSeuxeblad iyo aRiarebuli. da bolos, eqskluziuri xelisufleba
niSnavda imas, rom suverenuli saxelmwifoebi TavianT uflebamosilebas
aravis unawilebdnen.
unda aRiniSnos rom, vestfaliis wesrigi mmarTvelobis erT-erT
struqturas warmoadgenda, romelic konkretul dros, calkeuli
periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli garemoebebis gamo warmoiSva.
globalizaciis procesma seriozuli koreqtivebi Seitana
saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis am sistemaSi da gamoiwvia eri-
53
saxelmwifos transformacia. aRmoCnda, rom teritoriul saxelmwifos
ar Seswevs unari gaakontrolos globaluri masStabiT moqmedi
transnacionaluri kapitali da kompaniebi, Tanamgzavruli distanciuri
marTvis sakomunikacio sistemebi, globaluri vaWroba da ekologiuri
problemebi (Scholte, J. A., Globalization: A Critical Introduction (London: McMillan,
1997. p. 111-112).
zemodCamoTvlili sazRvarTmkveTi Zalebi ar eqcevian erTeul
teritoriul sivrceSi, ris gamoc saxelmwifos Tavisi eqskluziuri
iurisdiqciis ganxorcieleba ar ZaluZs. am procesebis fonze,
saxelmwifoebma garkveuli Tavdacvis meqanizmebi SeimuSaves, magram
procesis SeCereba uWirT. TviT CineTis mTavrobamac ki, romelic
suverenul saxelmwifoebze damyarebuli msoflio wesrigis
SenarCunebisaken iswrafvis, cdilobs globaluri
urTierTdamokidebulebis strategiasac dauWiros mxari.
asustebs Tu ara globalizacia er-saxelmwifosa da mis
institutebs? Ees damokidebulia saxelmwifosa da misi mmarTvelobis
tipebze. albaT, ufro swori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom globalizaciis
procesSi eri-saxelmwifo ganicdis transformacias da gadadis axal
transnacionalur fazaSi, anu xdeba misi integrireba kompleqsur
globalur struqturebSi. amJamad es procesi qaoturad mimdinareobs
da ‘sTormingis’ fazaSia,∗ rac iwvevs sistemaTa Soris arsebul
RirebulebaTa Sejaxebasa da winaaRmdegobebs.
araviTar eWvs ar badebs is garemoeba, rom globalizacia iwvevs
saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomikis transformaciasa da
restruqturizacias, zrdis konkurencias, masStabebsa da siCqares,
razec er-saxelmwifos saTanado reagirebis moxdena uWirs.
∗ Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing—menejmentis TeoriaSi gundis Camoyalibebis fazebi.
Storming-is dros mimdinareobs pirovnuli faqtorebisa da Rirebulebebis adaptirebis
procesi, romelic garkveuli konfliqtebiTa da winaaRmdegobebiT xasiaTdeba.
54
2.2. erovnuli konkurentuli strategia da saxelmwifos Zlierebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi
tradiciulad saxelmwifos Zlierebis fundamentad
centralizebuli politikuri Zalauflebis konsolidacia miiCneoda.
magram stabiluri ekonomikuri klimatis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi
politikuri institutebi sustdebian da enTropias ganicdian. civi omis
periodSi, saxelmwifos Zlierebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis Sesaxeb
hans morgenTaus mier Camoyalibebul koncefcias 1990-ian wlebSi
gamouCnda axali alternativebi maikl porteris erovnuli
konkurentunarianobis strategiis Teoriis saxiT, romlis Tanaxmadac
globalur konkurentunarian garemoSi erovnuli upiratesoba miiRweva
kerZo erovnuli biznesis warmatebuli saqmianobis Sedegad, romelic
dafuZnebulia klasterebze.
erovnuli konkurentunarianobis strategiis Teoria sqematurad
gamosaxulia ‘almasis modelSi’, sadac erovnuli mTavroba, kerZo
biznesi, SesaZleblobebi, moTxovna da konkurencia qmnian erTian
integrirebul struqturas, romelic moqmedebs saxelmwifoebrivi
interesebis Sesabamisad (Porter, Michael L., The Competitive Advantage of Nations.
The Free Press, New York, 1990. p-123-124).
nax. 5 maikl porteris ‘almasis modeli’
wyaro: Michael Porter, “The Competitive Advantage of Nations,” 1990
55
saxelmwifos politikuri da samxedro Zliereba ganisazRvreba
misi ekonomikuri simdidriT, romelsac qmnian moqalaqeebi, samTavrobo
da kerZo seqtorebi, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs gareT.
qveynis SigniT konkurentuli produqtis warmoeba gansazRvravs
eqsportis xvedriT wils, romelic unda aRematebodes importis
moculobas. amitom rac met konkurentunarian produqts awarmoebs
qveyana da gaaqvs saerTaSoriso bazarze, miT ufro mdgradia misi
ekonomikuri potenciali. qveynis farglebs gareT produqtis warmoeba
damokidebulia im biznes operaciebze, romlebic xorcieldeba am
qveynis kompaniebis mier sxva saxelmwifoebSi, rac globalur garemoSi
ufro da ufro intensiuri xdeba.
harvardis universitetis profesori, semiuel hanTingToni,
erovnuli strategiis mniSvnelobas samTavrobo politikaSi xedavs.
misi azriT erovnuli strategia es aris xelisuflebis mier yvela
saxis saxelmwifoebrivi resursis (ekonomikuri, politikuri,
diplomatiuri, teqnologiuri, samxedro) Tavmoyra da maTi mimarTva
mTavrobis miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis sxva mTavrobebTan
konkurenciis warmarTvis mizniT (An interview with Samuel P. Huntington, BRIAN
LAMB / SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON, March 29, 1985).
1985 wels, rodesac hanTingToni erovnuli strategiis sakiTxebze
msjelobda, msoflio jer kidev polarizebuli iyo ori ze-saxelmwifos
garSemo da moqmedebda ZalTa balansis saerTaSoriso principi.
terminologiaSiMmaSin jer kidev ar arsebobda sityva ‘globalizacia’,
xolo erovnuli strategia civi omis politikaze iyo damyarebuli.
globalizaciis epoqaSi centraluri mTavroba aRar warmoadgens
erTaderT dominant Zalas mmarTvelobaSi, vinaidan Tanamedrove
demokratia moiTxovs decentralizacias, romlis Sedegad,
xelisuflebis delegireba xdeba centraluridan adgilobriv mmarTvel
struqturebze, rac seriozulad aZlierebs am ukanasknelis rols da
asustebs centraluri mTavrobis poziciebs. imavdroulad, sul ufro
aSkara xdeba Zalauflebis gadanawileba centraluri xelisuflebidan
kerZo da arasamTavrobo seqtorebze, da saxelmwifoebrivi politika
warmoadgens am sami seqtoris erTiani urTierTqmedebis produqts.
56
eri-saxelmwifoebis globalur doneze integracia Tavis mxriv
iwvevs adgilobriv doneze maT decentralizacias. rodesac vsaubrobT
eri-axelmwifos transformaciaze, unda gamovkveToT is Sida da gare
faqtorebi, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen masze da zRudaven da
iTavseben centraluri xelisuflebis Zalauflebas.
Sida faqtorebi: decentralizacia; interesTa jgufebi da
korporatiuli mmarTveloba; kerZo da arasamTavrobo seqtorebis
gaZliereba.
gare faqtorebi: politikuri globalizaciiis Sedegad
warmoqmnili regionuli da globaluri mmarTveli institutebi;
transnacionaluri korporaciebi, kapitali da bazrebi; sazRvarTmkveTi
sistemebi, romelTa kontrolic erT calke aRebul teritoriul
saxelmwifos ar ZaluZs: telekomunikaciebi, informatika, transporti,
finansebi, bunebrivi resursebi, garemo, media; saerTaSoriso
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi.
eri-saxelmwifosa da centraluri xelisuflebis Zalauflebis
transformacia globalizaciis procesSi naCvenebia nax. 6.
tradiciulad dasavleT evropaSi saxelmwifo zrunavda
mosaxleobis socialur dacvaze, magram globalizaciis Sedegad
ganxorcielebulma neoliberalurma revoluciam garkveulwilad
Secvala misi es roli. meore msoflio omis Semdeg eri-saxelmwifoebi
dadgnen im aucileblobis winaSe, rom daeregulirebinaT ekonomika,
rasac liberalur-demokratiulma qveynebma enTuziazmiT dauWires mxari.
garkveuli saxelmwifoebi wlebis manZilze atarebdnen qeinsis
politikas∗, raTa mieRwiaT sabazro da makroekonomikuri
stabilizaciisTvis da SeeqmnaT socialuri usafrTxoebis garantiebi
Tavisi moqalaqeebisaTvis. es modeli kargad muSaobda da igi xels
uwyobda dasaqmebas, ekonomikur zrdasa da fasebis stabilizacias.
∗ jon merilend qeinsi, amerikeli ekonomisti, romelmac ekonomikuri krizisis dros 1930-
ian wlebSi, Tavis naSromSi ‘dasaqmebis, interesisa da fulis zogadi Teoria’, SesTavaza
mTavrobas subsidirebis meSveobiT daebalansebina ekonomikuri cvalebadoba
57
nax. 6. eri-saxelmwifosa da centraluri xelisuflebis Zalauflebis
transformacia globalizaciis procesSi
Zlierma ganviTarebulma qveynebma, wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis
mizniT, Seqmnes saerTaSoriso sistema da asparezi, romelzec TviTon
dominirebdnen. eri-saxelmwifos siZlieres gansazRvravda
neomerkantiluri politika,∗ romelic proteqcionistur strategiaze
∗∗
iyo damyarebuli. Tanamedrove etapze es politika Secvala globalurma
Laissez-faire-is∗∗∗ politikam, romelic saxelmwifos mxridan Caurevlobas
gulisxmobs.
Tanamedrove globalizaciam sagrZnoblad Seasusta qeinsis
modeli, vinaidan globaluri bazrebisa da mzardi moTxovnilebebis
mqone mosaxleobis pirispir damdgarma saxelmwifom igrZno, rom veRar
asrulebda Tavis funqcias da yuradReba erovnuli ekonomikis
∗ ekonomikuri politika evropaSi, romlis meSveobiTac erovnuli mTavroba
axorcielebda kontrols mrewvelobasa da vaWrobaze, raTa moexdina eqsportis zrda
importis Semcirebis xarjze ∗∗ ekonomikuri politika, romlis mizania erovnuli warmoebis dacva ucxouri
intervenciisagan, importze maRali tarifebis dawesebiT ∗∗∗ Laissez-faire-erovnuli mTavrobis Caurevloba vaWrobasa da bazrebis regulirebaSi
transnacionaluri korporaciebi
regionuli da globaluri mmarTveli institutebi
kerZo biznesi
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi
adgilobrivi mmarTveloba
58
regulirebidan msoflio ekonomikaSi integrirebisaken miapyro.
globalizaciam mniSvnelovnad Secvala TamaSis wesebi saerTaSoriso
arenaze da misi zegavlena imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom erovnulma
mTavrobebma veRar SeZles daeregulirebinaT erovnuli ekonomika. jer
kidev 60-iani wlebis bolos hans morgenTau aRniSnavda, rom
“Tanamedrove teqnologiebma eri-saxelmwifo dromoWmulad aqcia da mas
aRar Seswevs unari Seasrulos is elementaruli funqcia, romelsac
asrulebda aqamde: daicvas sakuTar moqalaqeTa socialuri
usafrTxoeba.” (Morgenthau, Hans. Politics Among Nations. The Struggle for Power and
Peace, N. Y., 4th Ed. P. 32).
kanada, iaponia inglisi, norvegia, germania, dania, SvedeTi,
agreTve taivani, malaizia, singapuri, samxreT korea ganicdian bazrebis
zemoqmedebas, magram maTi socialuri usafrTxoebis politika mainc
myaria, radgan mTavrobebis efeqturi politika da Zlieri menejmenti
aregulireben bazars da subsidirebas uweven strategiuli
daniSnulebis samrewvelo obieqtebsa da prioritetul seqtorebs. es
Sedegia imisa, rom avtoritetuli saeqsperto da analitikuri kvlevis
centrebi intensiurad muSaoben globalur problematikur sakiTxebze
da rekomendaciebs awvdian centralur xelisuflebas.
xolo is qveynebi ki, romlebsac aqvT susti saxelisuflebo
institutebi, ver uZleben bazrebis zewolas, ris SedegadacKkapitalis
transnacionaluri dineba da uaxlesi teqnologiebi kidev ufro
asusteben maT ekonomikas. rogorc robert kioheini Tavis naSromSi
‘Zalaufleba da urTierTdamokidebuleba’ aRniSnavs: “istoriuli an
kulturuli mizezebis gamo, zogierT naklebad ganviTarebul qveyanas
gaaCnia iseTi susti saxelisuflebo institutebi, rom maTi liderebi
uZlurni arian alRo auRon globalizaciis axal Semotevebs (Keohane,
R.O., Nye, J.S. (2000), Globalization: What’s New? What’s Not? (And So What?), Foreign
Policy, 118 (Spring), pp. 104).
xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac ganviTarebadi qveynebis erovnuli
mTavrobebi cdiloben aqciebis 51%-is miRebas im operaciebidan,
romlebic maTi teritoriebis sazRvrebSi unda ganxorcieldes, magram
ver Rebuloben sakontrolo pakets. miuxedavad kabaluri pirobebisa,
59
maT mainc uxdebaT xelSekrulebebze xelis mowera, ris Sedegadac
saSualeba eZlevaT transnacionalur korporaciebs gaakontrolon
mTeli warmoeba. es naTlad adasturebs devid heldis mosazrebas imis
Sesaxeb, rom gadawyvetilebis mimRebi mmarTveli elita globalizaciis
procesSi xdeba gadawyvetilebis Semsrulebeli (“decision makers are
becoming decision takers”). (Held, D., McGrew, A. (2000), The Great Globalization Debate:
An Introduction, In D. Held and A. McGrew, eds., The Global Transformations Reader: An
Introduction to the Globalization Debate (Cambridge: Polity), pp. 1-45).
me sruliad viziareb Fjon hopkinsis universitetis profesoris
frensis fukuiamas azrs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom Tanamedrove
samyaroSi Tavisufali erebi sabazro ekonomikuri cxovrebisaken
iswrafvian. socialurma inJineriam,∗ romelic manipulirebda idealuri
sazogadoebis Seqmnis motiviT, didi xania rac kraxi ganicada ara
marto imitom rom sazogadoeba skeptikurad aris ganwyobili mTavrobis
mimarT, aramed imitomac, rom xelisuflebis Zalaufleba mniSvnelovnad
Sesustda da mas naklebad Seswevs unari daakmayofilos moqalaqeTa
mzardi moTxovnilebani.
Tavisufal sabazro ideologiaze dafuZnebulma komunikaciisa da
satransporto teqnologiis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia produqtis,
momsaxurebisa da kapitalis uprecedento mobiluroba. ganviTarebuli
industriuli qveynebi cdiloben, gaxsnan da gaafarTovon msoflio
bazrebi sakuTari produqtis realizaciisaTvis da gamoiyenon
ganviTarebad qveynebSi arsebuli iafi muSa xeli da bunebrivi
resursebi. isini iyeneben saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebs da
regionalur savaWro SeTanxmebebs, imisaTvis, rom aiZulon Raribi
qveynebi tarifebis SemcirebasTan, saxelmwifo sawarmoebis
privatizebasTan dakavSirebiT. amis Sedegad investorebi naxuloben
kolosalur mogebas, xolo ganviTarebadi qveynebi zaraldebian.
∗ politikuri an ekonomikuri elitis mier manipulirebis meSveobiT sazogadoebrivi
xasiaTisa da qcevis marTva
60
cxrili 8. globalizaciis indeqsi
ganzomileba
Eekonomikuri integracia pirovnuli kontaqti
teqnologiuri kavSirebi politikuri integracia
Kklasifikacia
qveyana
vaWroba
FDI
telefoni
mgzacroba
fuladi gadaricxva
interneti
internet
hosTingi
daculi
serverebi
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi
gaeros samSvidobo
Zalebi
blokebi
samTavrobo transferi
2005 wlis monacemebi
1 singapuri 1 1 1 4 49 10 12 13 33 10 42 47 1 2 Sveicaria 17 7 2 6 2 17 15 5 33 9 42 10 3 3 aSS 62 36 18 33 52 6 1 1 1 25 58 38 4 4 irlandia 4 5 3 3 9 26 20 8 11 1 31 23 2 5 dania 20 6 6 16 16 12 3 7 11 13 6 8 7 6 kanada 30 12 4 20 57 7 14 2 2 14 6 32 6 7 niderlandebi 11 52 8 11 40 9 2 11 5 17 6 6 5 8 avstralia 55 3 14 32 50 3 5 4 33 18 31 37 12 9 avstria 15 18 10 2 29 19 7 14 11 3 6 7 8
10 SvedeTi 21 16 11 9 39 1 9 9 25 8 6 15 10 11 ax.zelandia 41 26 5 23 54 8 8 3 33 22 6 26 11 12 didi britaneTi 48 10 12 15 42 4 17 6 5 7 6 20 13 13 fineTi 33 30 19 12 45 5 4 12 11 6 31 18 9 14 norvegia 29 46 17 24 30 24 6 10 25 16 6 29 14 15 osraeli 19 20 7 27 12 16 16 17 48 4 61 4 17 16 CexeTi 5 14 31 1 27 14 22 26 11 43 31 11 15
61
17 slovenia 10 28 22 7 22 18 25 20 11 19 6 16 20 18 germania 32 45 15 21 48 20 23 15 2 12 31 13 21 19 malaizia 2 11 29 10 18 23 39 34 33 45 42 49 19 20 ungreTi 7 13 41 5 34 29 19 27 11 32 1 24 23 21 panama 8 2 35 39 32 42 44 21 48 55 1 31 24 22 xorvatia 13 19 21 8 7 27 33 25 33 49 1 22 16 23 safrangeTi 50 24 16 13 38 22 21 19 2 5 6 9 18 24 portugalia 34 17 23 17 20 28 18 23 5 11 6 5 22 25 espaneTi 45 9 26 18 33 25 29 18 5 21 6 19 26 26 slovakia 3 29 28 34 37 21 28 33 11 28 1 54 25 27 italia 51 40 13 22 47 15 24 24 5 15 6 12 27 28 iaponia 61 57 42 44 59 13 11 16 33 2 6 46 29 29 samxreT korea 26 41 25 38 24 2 13 29 33 27 31 58 28 30 rumineTi 22 8 37 30 10 32 43 43 11 46 1 36 35 31 filipinebi 14 50 47 51 1 52 47 45 11 47 31 28 33 32 saberZneTi 49 55 20 14 41 33 26 37 5 20 31 3 30 33 poloneTi 23 34 34 19 25 31 35 31 11 38 6 14 31 34 Cile 31 4 40 40 51 30 32 30 11 39 6 25 34 35 taivani 9 32 9 31 62 11 10 22 62 62 62 55 36 36 uganda 52 25 62 58 3 61 56 60 48 61 6 1 32 37 tunisi 16 39 33 26 14 45 60 59 33 31 31 41 37 38 botsvana 18 23 30 25 36 56 46 62 48 57 6 2 39 39 ukraina 12 38 44 28 19 47 42 48 48 40 31 30 38 40 maroko 28 43 38 41 4 39 52 49 48 37 52 34 40 41 senegali 37 54 36 47 11 55 58 53 33 23 6 21 41 42 meqsika 39 35 27 36 28 36 31 38 11 44 6 60 42 43 argentina 53 31 48 45 53 34 27 36 25 24 6 39 47 44 saudis arabeTi 24 59 24 29 13 50 48 44 48 36 52 53 45 45 tailandi 6 56 53 42 31 41 38 40 25 56 52 43 46
62
46 Srilanka 25 48 50 50 5 59 55 47 58 48 42 44 43 47 ruseTi 43 22 51 37 44 40 37 46 25 26 42 40 52 48 nigeria 40 27 61 59 23 58 61 58 25 41 6 62 44 49 samxreT afrika 47 51 45 43 55 48 34 28 25 33 6 27 48 50 peru 56 37 32 48 35 38 41 39 33 54 6 59 53 51 Cile 27 21 56 52 43 49 54 54 33 29 52 57 54 52 brazilia 60 15 52 56 56 37 30 35 11 42 31 56 57 53 kenia 42 60 58 55 21 54 50 56 48 30 6 33 49 54 kolumbia 54 33 39 54 17 43 40 42 48 52 42 35 51 55 egvipte 35 42 49 46 15 53 59 50 33 51 58 17 59 56 pakistani 59 53 54 62 6 60 51 55 48 34 52 42 50 57 TurqeTi 38 47 46 35 61 35 36 32 33 50 42 45 56 58 bangladeSi 57 58 57 60 8 62 62 61 58 35 42 52 58 59 venesuela 44 44 43 53 58 44 45 41 33 53 42 51 55 60 indonezia 36 61 59 57 46 51 49 52 25 60 42 48 60 61 indoeTi 58 49 60 61 26 57 53 51 58 59 52 50 61 62 irani 46 62 55 49 60 46 57 57 58 58 58 61 62
wyaro: Globalization Index, 2006
63
A.T. Kearney/FOREIGN POLICY∗
yovelwliurad aqveynebs monacemebs
msoflios yvelaze ufro globalizebuli qveynebis Sesaxeb ekonomikuri
integraciis, pirovnuli kontaqtebis, teqnologiuri kavSirebisa da
politikuri integraciis maCveneblebis mixedviT. bolo 2007 wlis
monacemebis (cxr. 6) Tanaxmad pirvel adgilze dgas singapuri, rac
ganpirobebulia gaeroSi misi samSvidobo misiis gafarToebiTa da
ormxrivi savaWro SeTanxmebis dadebiT amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan.
unda aRiniSnos, rom singapuri miekuTvneba im saxelmwifoTa ricxvs,
romlebic mxars uWeren Tanamedrove Ria ekonomikas, magram mTavroba
aregulirebs Sida bazars da akontrolebs strategiul seqtorebs.
Tundac am faqtze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom
saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobaze zegavlenas axdens ara
globalizaciis maRali xarisxi, aramed misi moqnili da efeqturi
politika waaxalisos erovnuli biznesi da uzrunvelyos jansaRi
ekonomikuri klimati.
∗ avtoritetuli sakonsultacio kompania globaluri marTvis sferoSi
64
2.3. Tanamedrove msoflio sistema
Tanamedrove msoflio sistemis Teoretikosi, imanuil valerstaini
msoflio sistemas miiCnevs rogorc erTian socialur organizms,
romelsac gaaCnia sakuTari maxasiaTeblebi—sazRvrebi, struqturebi,
interesTa jgufebi, kanonmdebloba, kavSirebi. misi ganmartebiT,
saukuneebis manZilze ganviTarebuli globalizaciis procesi axali
aTaswleulis mijnaze sruldeba kapitalizmis krizisiT. igi wers:
“ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi, kapitalisturi ekonomika aRmoCnda
seriozuli krizisis winaSe, da globalizaciis triumfi gedis
simRerasaviT Caismis Cvens istoriul epoqaSi.” (Wallerstein, Immanuel M.,
Utopistics,. New York: Academic Press. 1998. p.23).
valerstainis ganmartebiT, msoflio sistemas warmoadgens
urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebisagan Semdgari istoriulad
ganviTarebuli socialuri sistema, romelic ayalibebs sazRvris mqone
struqturas da funqcionirebs sakuTari wesebis Sesabamisad
mravalferovan kulturul garemoSi (Wallerstein, Immanuel M.,Geopolitics and
Geoculture: Essays on the Changing World-System, Cambridge University Press, 1991). es
aris kapitalisturi msoflio ekonomika, romlis mamoZravebel Zalas
warmoadgens kerZo kapitali, warmoeba da vaWroba, da romelsac ar
gaaCnia erTi konkretuli politikuri centri. Tanamedrove msoflio
sistema XVI-saukunis evropis wiaRidan iRebs fesvebs, rodesac
feodalizmis krizisma da burJuaziis ganviTarebam warmoebisa da
vaWrobis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli.
msoflio sistema warmoadgens erTian msoflio bazars, sadac
samuSao Zala da saxelmwifoebi qmnian integrirebul
stratificirebul sistemas. samuSao Zala klasificirdeba profesiuli
codnis, funqcionaluri ierarqiisa da geografiuli adgilmdebareobis
mixedviT, qveynebi ki iyofian birTv-saxelmwifoebad, naxevrad-
periferiul saxelmwifoebad da periferiul mxareebad.∗
∗ valersteini ’periferiuli qveynebis’ nacvlad iyenebs termins ’periferiuli mxareebi’,
rac misi ganmartebiT, aixsneba garkveuli teritoriuli erTeulebis
arasaxelmwifoebrivi statusiT
65
birTvi-saxelmwifoebi dafuZnebulni arian Tanamedrove codnasa
da uaxles teqnologiebze, gaaCniaT Zlieri politikuri institutebi da
samxedro potenciali, orientirebulni arian gadamuSavebuli
produqciis eqsportze da kerZo biznesis transnacionalizaciaze,
floben maRal xvedriTi wils msoflio ekonomikaSi. maT ricxvs
miekuTvneba Crdilo-dasavleT evropis qveynebi, amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi, kanada da iaponia.
periferiuli mxareebi xasiaTdebian codnis dabali doniT,
damokidebulni arian birTv-saxelmwifoebze, maTi Semosavlis ZiriTad
wyaros warmoadgens gadasaxadebi importze da bunebrivi resursebisa da
nedleuli masalebis eqsporti, gaaCniaT dabali samxedro potenciali
da susti saxelisuflebo struqtura. aseTi qveynebis SemadgenlobaSi
Sedian aziis didi nawili, afrika, laTinuri amerika da post-sabWoTa
sivrcis qveynebis umravlesoba.∗∗
naxevradperiferiuli qveynebi naklebad damokidebulni arian
centr-saxelmwifoebze da xasiaTdebian mdgradi saxelmwifoebrivi
struqturiTa da stabiluri da mzardi ekonomikuri potencialiT. aseT
saxelmwifoebs warmoadgenen centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis,
xmelTaSua zRvispira qveynebi, agreTve meqsika, samxreT korea, malaizia,
taivani, singapuri, honkongi.
birTvi-saxelmwifoebi, eyrdnobian ra Zlier samxedro da
ekonomikur potencials, gamoxataven socialuri ierarqiis maRal
safexurze myofi klasebis interesebs da cdiloben SeinarCunon
periferiebze dominirebis statusi. valerstainis azriT, kapitalizmis
krizisi gamowveulia swored misi imperialisturi bunebiT, rac mogebis
araTanabar ganawilebas uwyobs xels. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
uTmobs naxevrad periferias da mis arsebobas msoflio ekonomikis
normaluri funqcionirebisTvis aucilebel atributad miiCnevs. misi
azriT, msoflio ekonomika naxevradperiferiis gareSec kargad
ifunqcionirebda, magram politikuri TvalsazrisiT is naklebad
stabiluri da balansirebuli iqneboda.
∗∗ am SemadgenlobaSi ar Sedis centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi
66
Cveni kvlevis mizans warmoadgens, Tu ra transformacias
ganicdian saxelmwifoebi globalizaciis zegavlenis Sedegad da
rogoria maTi konkurentunarianobis strategiebi globalur sivrceSi.
cxadia, TiToeuli maTgani gamoirCeva rogorc specifiuri politikur-
ekonomikuri mmarTvelobis sistemebiT, ise damoukidebeli
konkurentunarianobis strategiebiT.
valerstainis Teoria asaxavs msoflios, rogorc erTiani
socialuri sistemis qronologiuri ganviTarebis process da adgens
kapitalisturi sistemis krizisis gamomwvev mizezebs, magram igi ver
iZleva eri-saxelmwifos transformaciisa da axali geostrategiuli
koncefciis analizs.
msoflio sistemis Teoria warmoadgens Teorias, romelic asaxavs
Tanamedrove globalur uTanabrobas dasavleTis politikuri da
ekonomikuri dominantobis zrdis fonze. am Teoriis mimdevrebi
amtkiceben, rom Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sistema aferxebs
ganviTarebas da zrdis ufskruls ekonomikur, socialur da politikur
konteqstSi ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris.
67
Tavi 3. erovnuli sainovacio sistema
da misi Teoriuli aspeqtebi
3.1. erovnuli sainovacio sistemis koncefcia
1982 wels kristofer frimenma, Tavis gamouqveynebel naSromSi
"teqnologiuri infrastruqtura da saerTaSoriso
konkurentunarianoba", romelic ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da
ganviTarebis organizaciis (OECD) kvlevis, teqnologiisa da
konkurentunarianobis sferoebis eqspertTa jgufisaTvis momzadda,
pirvelma axsena erovnuli sainovacio sistemis koncefcia da xazi
gausva sainovacio infrastruqturis gaumjobesebis procesSi
saxelmwifos aqtiur rols.
frimeni iyo pirveli, romelmac 1987 wels Semoitana erovnuli
sainovacio sistemis koncefciis Tanamedrove ganmarteba da gaaanaliza
kompaniebs Soris arsebuli maxasiaTeblebi, korporaciuli marTvis,
ganaTlebis sistemisa da saxelmwifos roli.
erovnuli sainovacio sistemis koncefcia dafuZnebulia neo-
Sumpeterianul ekonomikur Teoriaze, romelic aqcents akeTebs
inovaciebsa da mewarmeobaze. frimenis naSromebis amosavali wertili
iyo Sumpeteris mier Camoyalibebuli inovaciebis Teoria. Sumpeteris
Tanaxmad, inovacia SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc "axali kombinacia" da
ganvasxvaoT igi gamogonebisagan - gamogoneba iqceva inovaciad mxolod
maSin, rodesac mewarme mas bazarze gaitans da moaxdens mis
komercializacias.
sainovacio sistemis Teoriis mixedviT, inovacia da teqnologiis
ganviTareba sistemis aqtorebs Soris kompleqsuri urTierTobebis
Sedegia. es urTierTobebi moicavs sawarmoebs, universitetebsa da
saxelmwifo kvleviT institutebs.
literaturaSi ar arsebobs erovnuli sainovacio sistemis
calmxrivi ganmarteba. qvemoT moyvanili gansazRvrebebi citirebulia
OECD-is publikaciidan erovnuli sainovacio sistemis Sesaxeb:
68
"... siaxlis komerciuli an sawarmoo gamoyeneba. siaxle SeiZleba
gulisxmobdes axal produqts, warmoebis process an meTods; axal
bazars an miwodebis wyaroebs; komerciuli biznesis axal formas an
finansur organizacias" (Schumpeter, Joseph. History of Economic Analysis. Oxford
University Press, 1954. p.6)
"... procesi, romlis meSveobiTac eri qmnis da gardaqmnis axal
codnasa da teqnologiebs sasargeblo produqtebad, momsaxurebad da
procesebad erovnuli da msoflio bazrebisaTvis - rac iwvevs
rogorc aqcionerebisaTvis faseulobis Seqmnas, aseve zogadad
cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas" (XXI saukunis inovaciaze
momuSave jgufi, 2004, aSS)
"... sajaro da kerZo seqtorebis dawesebulebaTa qseli, romelTa
aqtivobebi da urTierTqmedeba axdens axali teqnologiebis
inicirebas, importirebas, modificirebasa da gavrcelebas" (Freeman, C.
(1987), Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan, London:
Pinter.. p.8.)
"... elementebi da urTireTobebi, romlebic urTierTqmedeben axali da
ekonomikurad sasargeblo codnis Seqmnis, gavrcelebisa da
gamoyenebis procesSi... da ganlagebulni an dafuZnebulni arian
erovnuli saelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT" (Lundvall, B-A. (ed.) (1992),
National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning,
London: Pinter.p.5)
"... dawesebulebaTa kompleqsi, romelTa urTierTqmedeba gansazRvravs
erovnuli firmebis inovaciuri saqmianobis maCvenebels" (Nelson, R.R.
(ed.) (1993), National Systems of Innovation: A Comparative Study,Oxford: Oxford
University Press. P.5 )
"... erovnuli sainovacio sistema Sedgeba im dawesebulebebisa da
ekonomikuri struqturebisagan, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen
sazogadoebaSi teqnologiuri cvlilebis donesa da mimarTulebaze"
(Edquist Ch., Systems of Innovation Approaches, 1997.p.13)
"... sajaro da kerZo firmebis (rogorc msxvili aseve mcire),
universitetebisa da samTavrobo saagentoebis urTierTqmedebis
69
sistema, romlis mizania erovnuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT
mecnierebisa da teqnologiis warmoeba. interaqcia am seqtorebs Soris
SeiZleba iyos teqnikuri, komerciuli, sakanonmdeblo, socialuri da
finansuri, imdenad, ramdenadac am urTierTqmedebis grZelvadiani
mizania axali mecnierebisa da teqnologiis ganviTareba, dacva,
dafinanseba da regulireba” (J. Niosi (editor): Technology and National
Competitiveness, Montreal and Kingston, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991. P. 23).
"... erovnuli dawesebulebebi, maTi mastimulirebeli struqturebi da
kompetenciebi, romlebic gansazRvraven qveyanaSi teqnologiuri
swavlebis donesa da mimarTulebas (an cvlilebis warmomqmneli
aqtivobebis moculobasa da Semadgenlobas" (Patel, P. and Pavitt, K. (2000),
‘National Innovation Systems. Why They are Important, and How They Might be Measured
and Compared’, in Charles Edquist. p.14)
"... kompleqsi calkeuli dawesebulebebisa, romlebsac erToblivad da
individualurad SeaqvT wvlili axali teqnologiebis ganviTarebasa
da gavrcelebaSi da romlebic warmoadgenen CarCos, sadac
saxelmwofoebi qmnian da axorcieleben inovaciis procesze
zemoqmedebis polisebs. amgvarad, es aris erTmaneTTan SekavSirebul
dawesebulebaTa sistema, romelmac unda Seqmnas, Seinaxos da
gardaqnas is codna da unarebi, romlebic gansazRvraven axal
teqnologiebs" (metkalfi, 1995).
rogorc zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebidan Cans, sainovacio
sistemis ganxorcieleba damokidebulia codnis nakadis mimoqcevaze
sawarmoebs, universitetebsa da kvleviT institutebs Soris. orive -
faruli codna, araoficialuri arxebiT gacvlili nou-hau, da
kodirebuli codna, anu publikaciebSi, patentebsa da sxva wyaroebSi
kodirebuli informacia Tanabrad mniSvnelovania. codnis meqanizmi
moicavs mrewvelobis dargis erTobliv kvlevas, kerZoO da saxelmwifo
seqtorebis partniorobas, teqnologiis gavrcelebasa da sakadro
gadanacvlebas.
70
inovaciebis koncefciis funqciaa monacemTa Segroveba da
inovaciisa da miRwevebis ZiriTadi ganmapirobebeli faqtorebis
analizis warmarTvis xelSewyoba. inovaciis koncefcia ayalibebs
mniSvnelovan urTierTobebs inovaciis Semaval faqtorebs, strategias,
processa da gardamaval da saboloo Sedegebs Soris.
erovnuli sainovacio sistemis Teoriis Tanaxmad, teqnologiisa
da informaciis sinTezi pirovnul resursebs, sawarmoebsa da
dawesebulebebs Soris inovaciuri procesis gasaRebs warmoadgens.
inovaciisa da teqnologiis ganviTareba sistemis aqtorebis
kompleqsuri urTerTobebis Sedegia da moicavs sawarmoebs,
universitetebs da saxelmwifo kvleviT institutebs.
es koncefcia tradiciul sworxazovan jaWvur models cvlis
dinamiuri inovaciuri procesiT da afarToebs mas sazogadoebis yvela
aspeqtis gaerTianebis gziT, raTa Seqmnas farTo da mravalmxrivi
"erovnuli sainovacio ekosistema". erovnuli masStabis miuxedavad, is
inarCunebs fokuss mrewvelobis doneze da ajgufebs inovaciis yvelaze
mniSvnelovan faqtorebs momdevno eqvs ganzomilebad:
1. inovaciuri wvlilis faqtorebi - samewarmeo strategia,
codna, kapitali, pirovnuli resursebi, patentebi, samecniero
publikaciebi.
2. inovaciuri procesis ganxorcieleba - formulireba, warmoeba,
organizaciuli kultura da barierebi komercializaciisaTvis.
3. sajaro politikis garemo faqtorebi - kvlevisa da
ganviTarebis politika, gadasaxadebi, inteleqtualuri sakuTreba,
standartebi da bazris xelmisawvdomoba.
4. inovaciis infrastruqturis pirobebi - kvlevis xarisxi
universitetebSi, saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul laboratoriebSi da
pirovnuli resursebis arseboba.
5. momxmareblis Rirebuleba/Sedegebi - fasis Semcireba,
sargebeli, mogeba.
6. Sedegebi erovnul doneze – zrda, dasaqmeba,
konkurentunarianoba da vaWroba.
71
es ganzomilebebi, individualurad da ekologiuri sistemis
saxiT, Seadgenen garemos, romelSic erovnuli sawarmoebi qmnian
inovacias. es faqtorebi mocemulia qvemoT moyvanil naxazebze:
es koncefcia scildeba codnis marTvis Teorias da xazs usvavs
im faqtors, romelic marTavs codnis gardaqmnis process sasargeblo
produqtebad da momsaxurebad. koncefcia dabalansebulia da aRiarebs
orives - teqnologiur impulss (wvlili) da moTxovnis gavlenas
(Sedegebi).
maSin, rodesac inovaciuri sawarmoebi gvevlinebian codnis
gardaqmnisa da komercializaciis mTavar warmmarTvel faqtorebad,
inovacia xdeba msoflio doneze interaqciuli xasiaTis matarebeli,
romelic aerTianebs momxmarebels, saxelmwifos, samecniero
sazogadoebas, finansur seqtorsa da kvleviT centrebs da aviTarebs
maT Soris partniorul urTierTobebs. koncefcia did yuradRebas
uTmobs saxelmwifo politikis garemos atributebsa da inovaciis
infrastruqturas, rogorc erovnuli inovaciuri saqmianobis
mniSvnelovan ganmapirobebel faqtors.
Nnax. 7 erovnuli sainovacio sistema
wyaro: OECD
72
nax. 8. erovnuli inovaciuri sistema (amerikuli modeli)
wyaro: OECD
strategiuli marTvis wamyvani specialistebis azriT, aSS-i
warmoebis faqtoris jamuri produqtiulobis zrda ganapiroba
teqnologiurma progresma da samuSao Zalis unarma da gamocdilebam.
qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevebis SedarebiTi analizi
gviCvenebs, rom erovnuli inovaciuri aqtivobis intensiuroba pirdapir
kavSirSia produqtiulobis zrdasTan da cxovrebis pirobebis
gaumjobesebasTan.
axali produqtebiTa da momsaxurebiT warmodgenili warmatebuli
inovaciis Sedegebi warmoSobs axal bazrebs, qmnis xelsayrel garemos
sawarmoebis ganviTarebisTvis, amasTanave xels uwyobs produqtiulobis
gazrdas, fasebis dawevas, mogebasa da dasaqmebas. kompaniebi, romlebic
gvTavazoben inovaciebs, floben msoflio bazris met wils, ganicdian
ufro swraf zrdas, aqvT meti mogeba da meti sabazro Rirebuleba.
inovacias aseve gaaCnia dagrovebis efeqti, radgan konkurenti
organizaciebi iTviseben axal teqnologiebs. inovaciuri produqtebis
momxmareblebi iReben met mogebas, meti arCevanis, ukeTesi momsaxurebis,
ufro dabali fasebisa da gaumjobesebuli produqtiulobis saxiT.
73
rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, inovaciis gavrceleba xels uwyobs
eris "codnis maragis" akumulirebas, rac qmnis safuZvels bazris
zrdisaTvis, grZelvadiani faseulobebis warmoqmnis da cxovrebis
pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
saxelmwifo politikis SemmuSaveblebs erovnuli inovaciis
sistemis Secnoba daexmareba aTvlis wertilis dadgenaSi inovaciuri
saqmianobis maCveneblisa da mTlianad konkurentunarianobis
gasazrdelad. mas aseve SeuZlia daxmarebis gaweva sistemaSi arsebuli
im cdomilebebis amocnobaSi, romlebic xels uSlian teqnologiebis
ganviTarebasa da inovaciis danergvas. is politika, romelic emsaxureba
sistemis SigniT arsebul dawesebulebebsa da aqtorebs Soris
urTierqmedebis gaumjobesebas da miznad isaxavs kompaniebis inovaciuri
SesaZleblobebis gazrdas mocemul garemoSi, yvelaze Rirebuls
warmoadgens.
3.2. erovnuli sainovacio sistemis mTavari aqtorebi
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis
monacemebiT, erovnul inovaciur sistemaSi moqmedi dawesebulebebi
viwro konteqstSi ganxilviT SeiZleba davyoT xuT ZiriTad kategoriad:
mmarTveloba - (adgilobrivi, regionuli, erovnuli,
globaluri - gansxvavebuli zegavleniT qveyanaze) romelic ZiriTad
rols TamaSobs politikis mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi.
damakavSirebeli institutebi - kvleviTi sabWoebi da
asociaciebi, romlebic gvevlinebian mTavrobisa da kvlevis
mwarmoebelTa damakavSirebel xidad.
kerZo sawarmoebi da kvleviTi institutebi, romlebsac isini
afinanseben.
universitetebi da sxva saswavlo dawesebulebebi, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen ZiriTadi codnisa da unarebis Seqmnas.
74
sxva sajaro da kerZo organizaciebi romlebic TavianT rols
TamaSoben erovnuli sainovacio sistemis SeqmnaSi, (saxelmwifo
laboratoriebi, teqnologiebis gardamqmneli organizaciebi, erToblivi
kvleviTi institutebi, sapatento samsaxurebi, sakonsultacio
organizaciebi da a.S.)
zemoT moyvanili sainovacio infrastruqtura xels uwyobs kerZo
sawarmoebis mier wvlilis Setanas, da Cveni azriT igi SeiZleba daiyos
Semdeg kategoriebad:
samecniero da kvleviTi dawesebulebebi romlebic
gvevlinebian codnis mTavar wyarod da moicaven universitetebsa da
kvleviT institutebs, laboratoriebsa da arakomerciul kvleviT
organizaciebs, kvlevisa da ganviTarebis asociaciebs, teqnologiis
gardaqmnisa da teqnologiis saukeTeso gamocdilebis centrebs.
kapitaliT uzrunvelyofis organizaciebi da bazrebi
romlebic afinanseben inovaciasa da axali produqtebis da
momsaxurebis mowodebas. riskis (venCoruli) kapitali da saxelmwifo
kvleviTi programebi TamaSoben gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovan rols
teqnologiaze dafuZnebuli sawarmoebis ganviTarebaSi. sainvesticio
bazrebi iZlevian mniSvnelovan stimuls inovaciisaTvis.
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi - skolebi, kolejebi da
universitetebi, aseve kerZo seqtoris satreningo organizaciebi,
romlebmac unda Seqmnan mowinave mecnierTa, inJinerTa, menejerTa da
teqnikuri samuSao Zalis Zlieri nakrebi. pirovnuli resursis kapitali,
elastiuroba da moqniloba, inovaciis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli
faqtoria, rogorc inovaciis SemqmnelTa, ise maTi momxmarebelTaTvis.
sainformacio infrastruqtura amaragebs sawarmoebs
inovaciisaTvis saWiro mniSvnelovani instrumentebiTa da sakomunikacio
platformiT. Mglobalur doneze TanamSromloba da Ria sainovacio
sistemebi damokidebulia kompiuteruli teqnologiis winsvlaze,
programuli uzrunvelyofis gamoyenebasa da sainformacio qselebze.
regionuli inovaciuri klasterebi warmoadgens konkretul
sferoSi urTierTdakavSirebuli biznesis, mimwodebeli kompaniebisa da
damakavSirebeli institutebis geografiul koncentracias, romlebic
75
iziareben saerTo codnas, samuSao Zalas, bazrebsa da sadistribucio
arxebs.
erovnuli sainovacio sistemis analizis Sedegad gakeTebuli
daskvnebis safuZvelze, xazi unda gaesvas inovaciuri aqtivobis
sargebelsa da Sedegebs:
samrewvelo warmatebis wvlili. wvlili finansur warmatebaSi
SegviZlia gavzomoT axali produqtebis/momsaxurebis gayidvidan
Semosuli mogebiT, sabazro wilis cvlilebiT da inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis licenzirebis Sedegad miRebuli mogebiT. aramaterialuri
Senatani - kompaniis codnis maragis zrda da mopovebuli kompetenciebi
inovaciis marTvaSi, organizaciuli codna da adaptaciis unari ufro
subieqturia da maTi raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvrac
rTulia. Tumca, es subieqturi faqtorebi strategiulad mniSvnelovania
grZelvadiani konkurentunariani warmatebisTvis.
momxmarebelTaTvis faseulobis Seqmnis wvlili. es Senatani
SeiZleba iyos produqti, momsaxureba, an procesualuri zegavlena.
produqtis zegavlena kavSirSia inovaciis funqcionalurobasTan,
donesTan da saqmianobis maCvenebelTan momxmareblisaTvis gamoyenebisa
da warmatebis gaumjobesebis sakiTxSi. produqtma SeiZleba gavlena
moaxdinos saqonlis an momsaxurebis doneze, axali bazris Seqmnasa da
xarisxis gaumjobesebaze. procesualuri gavlena exeba fasebis dawevas,
faqtorebi ki - ufro aramaterialur sakiTxebs, rogoric aris drois
ganawileba da miwodebis dagegmva, teqnikuri mxardaWera, treningi,
brendis imiji, usafrTxoeba, garemos gavlenebi da maregulirebel
normebTan Sesabamisoba.
erovnuli Sedegebi. realuri mTliani Sida produqtisa da
mTliani Sida produqtis erT sul mosaxleze zrda, inovaciis mTliani
wvlilisa da mogebis tradiciuli sazomia. sxva sazomebi moicaven:
Sromis da jamuri faqtorebis produqtiulobas, Semosavals erT sul
mosaxleze, seqtorul savaWro balanss, inovaciasTan dakavSirebul
korporatiul Semosavlebs, safondo bazris Rirebulebebs, sabazro
wils da bazrebis SeRwevadobas.
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3.3. regionuli sainovacio sistemebis analizi
regionuli sainovacio sistema (RIS) regionuli ganviTarebis
axali modelia, romelic SesaZloa iqces qveynis dabalansebuli
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axal saSualebad. igi SeiZleba ganisazRvros
rogorc sistema, romelic axdens regionSi arsebuli kompaniebis
inovaciuri unaris stimulirebas imgvarad, rom gaaZlieros regionis
zrdis potenciali da regionuli konkurentunarianoba.
regionuli sainovacio sistemas Cveulebriv upirispireben
erovnul sainovacio sistemas da globalur (GIS) sainovaciur
sistemebs. TiToeuli sistemis aqtorebi da maT Soris damokidebuleba
mocemulia naxazSi #9
nax. 9. globaluri, erovnuli da regionuli inovaciis sistemebi
77
nax. 10. regionuli inovaciuri garemos Seida da gare faqtorebi
wyaro: OECD
cxrili 9. sainovacio sistemebi - Semajamebeli cxrili
wyaro: OECD
inovaciis erovnuli sistemebi inovaciis regionuli sistemebi
sistemis
elementebi
masobrivi warmoebis ekonomikuri
procesis inovacia
codnaze dafuZnebuli ekonomika.
produqtis inovacia
kompaniis Sida
urTierTobebi
bazari saxelisuflebo urTierTobebi
aqcenti konkurenciaze mimwodebelTa urTierTobebi
sauniversiteto kvleva
axali produqtis kvleva da
ganviTarebaze codnis gare wyaroebi
adgilobrivi kvlevisa da
ganviTarebis (RD) nakleboba sazogadoeba da
sajaro seqtori
aqcenti samTavrobo doneze partnioruli urTierTobebi
maregulirebeli normebi
aqcenti regionalur doneze
sajaro da kerZo TanamSromlobebi
sazogadoeba, TanamSromloba da ndoba
firmebis Sida
struqtura
inovaciisa da warmoebis meqanikuri da avtoritaruli
gancalkeveba
mraval-filialiani kompaniebis
ierarqia
sistematizirebuli organizacia
uwyveti inovacia matriculi organizacia
finansuri
seqtoris
dawesebulebebi
formaluri danazogebi da
investicia
formaluri finansuri seqtori
riskis kapitali
araformaluri finansuri seqtori
materialuri da
sakomunikacio
infrastruqtura
erovnuli orientacia
materialuri infrastruqtura
msoflio orientacia
informaciis eleqtronuli gacvla
firmis strategia,
struqtura da
konkurencia
axali firmebis Camoyalibebis
sirTule
axali codnis xelmisawvdomobis
ar qona
mewarmeobis dabali done, an
sruliad ar arseboba
axali firmebis Camoyalibebis
simartive
codnis xelmisawvdomobis siiafe
gamomgonebloba gadamwyveti faqtoria
codnis
infrastruqtura
kvlevisa da ganviTarebis
laboratoriebi
kvlevisa da ganviTarebis
procesze fokusireba
centraluri kvlevisa da
ganviTarebis laboratoriebi
Tavdacvaze fokusireba
sauniversiteto kvleva
fokusireba axali produqtis
kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze
codnis gare wyaroebi adgilobrivi kvlevisa da
ganviTarebis gavrceleba
78
maikl porterma Tavis monografiaSi - "erebis konkurentuli
upiratesobebi", aCvena, rom aSS-s wamyvani konkurentuli pozicia
inovaciebSi ganpirobebuli iyo klasterebze dafuZnebuli regionuli
da adgilobrivi inovaciuri sistemebis arsebobiT. axali aTaswleulis
dasawyisSi mowinave ekonomikis mqone praqtikulad yvela saxelmwifo
xels uwyobda erovnuli konkurentulobis zrdaze orientirebuli
regionuli sainovacio sistemisa da klasterebis Camoyalibebis
politikis ganviTarebas, rogorc saSualebas. amgvari midgomis erT-erT
yvelaze TvalsaCino SemTxvevas adgili hqonda germaniaSi 1995 wels,
rodesac mTavrobam gamoacxada bioregionuli konkursi, romelic
miznad isaxavda regionuli organoebidan ganacxadebis miRebas, raTa
maTTvis finansuri mxardaWera gaewia inovaciuri, regionuli
bioteqnologiuri klasterebis mSeneblobaSi, romlebic daexmarebodnen
germanias bioteqnologiis komercializaciaSi arsebuli susti
konkurentuli poziciis gaumjobesebaSi. gamarjvebuli regionebi
gaxdnen miunxeni bavariaSi, kiolni da diuseldorfi CrdiloeT rain-
vestfaliaSi da heidelbergi baden-vurtembergSi. gaerTianebul
samefoSi mTavrobis samewarmeo politika 1998 wlidan aSenebs codnaze
dafuZnebul ekonomikas, igi aZlierebs regionuli ganviTarebis
organoebs da axdens inovaciis zrdis Tanadafinansebas, uWers ra mxars
regionuli klasterebis mSeneblobis strategias.
aRniSnuli magaliTebi naTels xdian, rom regionuli sainovacio
sistemebi amJamad miCneulia, rogorc mniSvnelovani rolis mqone
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis berketi. saqme exeba rogorc bazris kerZo
aqtivobiT inovaciis mxardamWer sistemebSi mTavrobis mxridan Carevas,
ise im gzebs, romlebSic kargad funqcionirebad sistemas da
klasterebs eqnebaT sakuTari formaluri Tu araformaluri
mmarTveloba. ganviTarebul qveynebSi mimdinareobs xelisuflebis mier
miRebuli rigi strategiebis ganxilva, romelTa mizania naklebad
privilegirebuli regionebis magaliTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mxardaWera
gauwion klasterebisa da inovaciebis zrdasa da gaZlierebas.
imisTvis, rom teritoriebi kompaniebisaTvis mimzidvelni gaxdnen,
maTze SeiZleba Seiqmnas specifikuri dawesebulebebi, rolebic mxars
79
dauWeren maT inovaciur strategiebs. regionebi, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
Tu maT ukve ganaviTares klasterebi da Sesabamisi administraciuli
mowyoba inovaciuri sawarmoebis mxardasaWerad, warmoadgenen
ekonomikuri interesis ufro mniSvnelovan gaerTianebebs, ganapirobeben
ra ekonomikuri aqtivobebis swor dinebas da floben jansaRi
urTierTkavSiris damyarebis upiratesobas ekonomikis aqtorebs Soris.
bunebrivia, rom regionebma, romelTac gaaCniaT resursi, maT Soris
institucionaluri da samTavrobo, unda moipovon SedarebiTi
upiratesoba maTi mobilizebiT, xolo im regionebma, romelTac amgvari
resursi ar gaaCniaT, unda Seqmnan igi.
rogorc vxedavT, mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu rogor
gardaqmnis kompaniebis, bazrebis, TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis,
kvleviTi institutebis, satreiningo dawesebulebebis, socialuri
partniorebis erTmaneTTan morgebis process sainovacio sistemis
elementebis Seqmna, romelsac SeuZlia moicvas yvela zemoT
CamoTvlili seqtori da moaxdinos maTi stabilizacia. zemoaRniSnuli
aSkaras xdis im programebis mniSvnelobas, romelTac SeuZliaT
adgilobrivi kontaqtebis damyarebisa da adgilobrivi liderobis
gaZliereba ekonomikis zrdis mizniT warmoebuli menejmentis
unarianobis ganviTarebaSi. es gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas sZens im
qsels, romelic akavSirebs agentebs sajaro da kerZo seqtorebSi, iseve,
rogorc agentebs am or seqtors Soris.
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3.5. klasteruli ganviTarebis aspeqtebi
regionuli klasterebi, specifikur sferoSi sxvadasxva
urTierTkavSirebis gziT SeerTebuli ekonomikuri moqmedebis
geografiuli koncentrireba, TandaTan ufro aqtualuri ganxilvis
sagani xdeba regionis konkurentunarianobis an ekonomikuri siZlieris
gamosakveTad. bolo wlebSi, am Tvalsazrisma moaxdina ufro da ufro
meti politikis SemmuSaveblisa Tu ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtoris
motivacia, klasterebze dafuZnebuli koncefciis, rogorc regionuli
produqtiulobis gaZlierebis axali instrumentis, gamoyenebis
mimarTulebiT.
klasterebi regionuli da erovnuli konkurentunarianobis
mamoZravebeli Zalebis gamosakveTad ufro farTo struqturis nawils
warmoadgenen. es struqtura uzrunvelyofs kavSirs korporaciul
doneze qcevasa da mikro da makroekonomikur doneze saxelmwifo
politikas Soris. Aaq Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom CavwvdeT im
mamoZravebel Zalebs, romlebic kompaniis doneze gavlenas axdenen
faseulobis Seqmnasa da inovaciaze. unda ganvasxvaoT faqtorebis ori
mimarTuleba: pirveli mimarTuleba moicavs mTlianad makroekonomikas,
kanonmdeblobas, socialur da politikur garemoebas. es is sferoa,
romelSic bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze Teoria da praqtika
konsensuss aRwevs imis Taobaze, Tu romeli praqtikaa saukeTeso.
evropaSi didi Zalisxmeva daixarja ufro stabiluri makroekonomikuri
pirobebis SeqmnaSi, Sesabamisi savaluto (sakredito) da safinanso-
sabiujeto politikisaTvis grZelvadiani miznebis dasaxvis gziT. Tumca
stabiluri garemo mniSvnelovania ara mxolod evropisaTvis. sxva
qveynebis gamocdilebam aCvena, rom es ar aris sakmarisi. stabiluri
garemo kompaniebisaTvis qmnis produqtiulobis, inovaciisa da
Rirebulebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobebs, magram ara Tavad faseulobas.
swored amitom mniSvnelovania faqtorebis meore mimarTuleba,
romelsac ekonomikis mikroekonomikuri SesaZlebloba ewodeba. igi
moicavs rogorc kompaniebis daxvewilobis (profesionalizmis) xarisxs
konkurenciis procesSi, ise mikroekonomikuri biznesis garemos,
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romelic maT gars akravs. mikroekonomikuri biznesis garemo, romelic
moixsenieba rogorc konkurentunarianobis "almasi", aerTianebs
perspeqtivebis mTel wyebas:
pirvel rigSi Setanili wvlilis faqtoris pirobebi mocemul
adgilmdebareobaze, mag. infrastruqturis xarisxi, samuSao
Zalis unarebis baza da kapitalis xelmisawvdomoba
mniSvnelovania produqtiulobis im donisaTvis, romlis
miRwevac kompaniebs adgilze SeuZliaT.
meore, am adgilmdebareobaze konkurenciis bunebaSi arsebuli
kanonebi da maregulirebeli normebi: konkurenciis kanonebi,
savaWro politika, gadasaxadebis mastimulirebeli efeqti,
iseve rogorc strategia, romliTac kompaniebi erTmaneTs
konkurencias uweven, maTi korporatiuli mmarTvelobis
gamWvirvaloba da wamyvani biznes-jgufebis arseboba
gadamwyveti Zalebia imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebloba miscen da
ubiZgon kompaniebs saukeTeso gziT gamoiyenon arsebuli
saxsrebi da wvlilis faqtorebi.
mesame, klasterebi - konkretuli specializaciis mqone
saqonlisa Tu momsaxureobis mimwodeblebis arseboba
adgilobriv doneze, efeqtur zemoqmedebas axdens kompaniebze
da aZlevs maT moqmedebis motivacias. klasterebis
erToblioba, romlebic moqmedeben konkretul adgilze, qmnian
unikalur SesaZleblobebs axali aqtivobebis wamowyebisaTvis
klasterebis urTierTkveTis wertilze.
meoTxe, adgilobrivi moTxovnis pirobebi, maTi daxvewiloba,
kidev erTi mamoZravebeli Zalaa, romelic ubiZgebs kompaniebs
ukeTesi Sedegebis miRwevisaken, da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania,
qmnis xelsayrel garemos axali ideebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
82
nax. 11. maikl porteris “almasis” modeli
wyaro: Porter, Michael L., The Competitive Advantage of Nations. The Free Press, New York, 1990
klasterebSi nebismieri sargebeli da upiratesoba vrceldeba
kavSiris yvela mimarTulebiT:
_ sxva dargebidan mosuli axali mwarmoeblebi aCqareben TavianT
ganviTarebas, stimuls aZleven samecniero_kvleviT samuSaoebs
da uzrunvelyofen axali strategiebis danergvas saWiro
saxsrebiT;
_ xdeba informaciebis Tavisufali gacvla da siaxleebis swrafad
gavrceleba mimwodebelTa an momxmarebelTa arxebiT,
romlebsac mraval konkurentTan kontaqtebi gaaCnia;
_ klasteris SigniT urTierTkavSirebi xSirad absoluturad
moulodnelia, isini avlenen konkurentunarianobis axal gzebs
da saxaven sruliad axal SesaZleblobebs;
_ pirovnuli resursebi da ideebi warmoSoben axal kombinaciebs.
83
klasterebze saubris dros, SeiZleba gamovyoT erTmaneTis
Semavsebeli 2 strategia:
_ strategiebi, romlebic mimarTulia arsebul klasterebSi
codnis gamoyenebis amaRlebaze;
_ strategiebi, romlebic mimarTulia klasterebis SigniT
TanamSromlobis axali qselebis Seqmnaze.
droTa ganmavlobaSi efeqturad moqmedi klasterebi xdebian
msxvili kapitaldabandebebis da mTavrobis daZabuli yuradRebis
mizezi, anu klasteri gvevlineba raRac ufro did da mniSvnelovnad,
vidre calkeuli misi nawilebis martivi jami. klasteris centrad
yvelaze xSirad gvevlineba ramdenime mZlavri kompania, amasTan, maT
Soris SenarCunebulia konkuretuli urTierTobebi. amiT klasteri
gansxvavdeba kartelisgan an finansuri jgufisgan. konkurentebis, maTi
myidvelebisa da mimwodeblebis koncentracia xels uwyobs warmoebis
efeqtur specializacias. amasTan, klasteri aZlevs dasaqmebis
SesaZleblobas mravalricxovan mcire firmebs da patara sawarmoebs.
garda amisa, organizaciis klasterul midgomas mivyavarT inovaciis
gansakuTrebul formasTan _ ~erTobliv inovaciur produqtTan~.
vertikaluri integraciis safuZvelze organizaciebis klasterSi
gaerTianeba Tavis mxriv ayalibebs sxvadasxvagvari samecniero da
teqnologiuri gamogonebebis ara ~spontanur~ koncentracias, aramed
axali codnisa da teqnologiebis gavrcelebis garkveul sistemas.
amasTan, gamogonebebis inovaciaSi gadasvlis, xolo inovaciebis
konkurentul upiratesobaSi efeqturi transformaciis mniSvnelovan
pirobas warmoadgens klasteris yvela monawiles Soris mdgradi,
damakavSirebeli qselis formireba.
amgvarad, TanamSromloba sul ufro aucilebeli xdeba, magram is
Tavis TavSi atarebs garkveul safrTxes _ damoukideblobis dakargvis
SesaZleblobas (bazarze saTanadod moqcevis, axali teqnologiebisa da
a.S. aTviseba).
ai amitom gaxda rig qveynebSi aseTi mniSvnelovani ukanaskneli
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi efeqturi ~klasteruli strategiebi~,
romlebic daSenebulni arian saqmiani aqtivobis centrebze da
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warmoaCenen sakuTar Zalasa da konkurentunarianobas msoflio bazarze.
bevri qveynis mTavrobebi Zalisxmevas ar iSureben arsebuli
klasterebis mxardaWerisTvis da axal kompaniaTa qselis SeqmnisTvis,
romlebic adre erTmaneTTan ar TanamSromlobdnen. am dros,
saxelmwifo ara marto xels uwyobs klasterebis formirebas, aramed
TviTonac xdeba am qselis monawile.
klasteruli strategiebi farTod gamoiyeneba yvela ganviTarebul
qveyanaSi. did britaneTSi mTavrobam edinburgis, oqsfordis da
samxreT_aRmosavleT inglisis garSemo gansazRvra raionebi, rogorc
bioteqnologiuri firmebis ZiriTadi ganTavsebis regionebi. norvegiaSi
mTavroba stimuls aZlevs ~sazRvao meurneobis~ klasterSi firmebs
Soris TanamSromlobas. fineTSi ganviTarebulia ~satyeo meurneobis~
klasteri, sadac Sedis xis merqnis damzadeba da xe_tyis produqtebis,
qaRaldis, avejis, poligrafiuli da masTan dakavSirebuli
mowyobilobebis warmoeba. mocemuli klasteris kompaniaTa mier codnis
gavrcelebaSi mWidro TanamSromloba maTTvis uzrunvelyofs
konkurentul upiratesobas ZiriTad savaWro metoqeebTan. eqspertebis
SefasebiT, fineTi iTvleba liderad rogorc samecniro kvleviTi
aaqtivobiT, ise teqnologiuri TanamSromlobis doniT (amas mowmobs
msoflio ekonomikuri forumis monacemebic).
amgvarad, sxvadasxva midgomebs Soris gansxvavebis miuxedavad,
evropis umetesma qveynebma TavianTTvis SeimuSaves konkretuli
klasteruli strategiebi. qveynebi da regionebi, romlebic yvelaze
aSkara formiT axorcieleben aseT strategias arian dania, fineTi,
niderlandebi, flamandiis raioni belgiaSi, kvebekis provincia kanadaSi,
aseve samxreT afrika (axali mmarTvelobis pirobebSi). safrangeTi da
italia SeiZleba gamodges im qveynebis magaliTad, sadac odiTganve
gamoiyeneba Taviseburi klasteruli strategia, Tumca sxva
saxelwodebiT _ ~sawarmoo raionebi~.
amJamad, eqspertebis mier aRwerilia klasterebis 7 ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebeli, romelTa kombinaciebs efuZneba esa Tu is klasteruli
Teoria:
85
geografiuli: sadac ekonomikuri aqtivobis sivrculi
klasterebis Camoyalibeba xdeba, adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis (magaliTad,
mebaReoba niderlandebSi) donidan dawyebuli, sruliad globaluramde
(aerokosmosuri klasteri);
horizontaluri: ramodenime dargi/seqtori SeiZleba Sevides ufro
msxvil klasterSi (magaliTad, megaklasterTa sistema niderlandebis
ekonomikaSi);
vertikaluri: klasterebSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes sawarmoo procesis
momijnave etapebi. amasTan, mniSvnelovania, Tu qselis zustad romeli
monawile warmoadgens iniciators da inovaciis saboloo
Semsrulebels klasteris farglebSi;
lateraluri: klasterSi erTiandebian sxvadasxva seqtorebi,
romlebsac SeuZliaT masStaburobis xarjze uzrunvelyon ekonomia,
rasac Tavis mxriv mivyavarT axal kombinaciamde (magaliTad,
multimediur klasteramde);
teqnologiuri: dargebis erToblioba, romlebic iyeneben erTi da
imave teqnologiebs (rogoricaa magaliTad, bioteqnologiuri
klasteri);
fokusuri: firmebis klasteri, romlebic Tavmoyrilni arian erTi
centris _ sawarmos, samecniero_kvleviTi institutis an saswavlo
dawesebulebis garSemo:
xarisxobrivi: aq ara marto mniSvnelovania is, rom firmebi
marTlac TanamSromloben Tu ara, aramed isic, Tu rogor axorcieleben
isini am TanamSromlobas. qseli yovelTvis unda axdendes inovaciebis
ganviTarebis stimulirebas.
amgvarad, klasterulma midgomam, romelic sawyis etapze
mimarTuli iyo konkurentunarianobis sakiTxebis kvlevaze, droTa
ganmavlobaSi gamoyeneba hpova sul ufro farTo amocanebis
gadawyvetaSi, kerZod:
_ saxelmwifos, regionis, dargis konkurentunarianobis analizis
dros;
_ rogorc saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi sawarmoo politikis
safuZveli;
86
_ regionuli ganviTarebis programebis SemuSavebisas;
_ rogorc inovaciuri saqmianobis stimulirebis safuZveli;
_ rogorc didi da mcire biznesis Tanamoqmedebis safuZveli.
klasteri xasiaTdeba gansakuTrebuli inovaciuri garemoTi,
horizontaluri kavSirebis ganviTarebiT da firmebs Soris
gaZlierebuli sinergiuli urTierTqmedebiT, rac zrdis
konkurentunarianobas. mcire qveynebi gadaiqcnen konkurentunarianobis
gazrdis klasteruli politikis pionerebad. amisaTvis, mcire qveynebis
mTavrobebma winaswar Seiswavles mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis
klasterizaciis problemebi. isini iTvaliswinebdnen eqspertebis
mosazrebebs, iyenebdnen specialur indikatorebs, gamokiTxvebs, vaWrobis
da inovaciuri saqmianobis gamocdilebis Seswavlas.
klasteruli politikis gatarebisas mniSvnelovani rolis
Sesruleba SeuZlia regionul xelisuflebas an mewarmeTa adgilobriv
gaerTianebebs. evropis mcire qveynebis klasterebis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebia:
samecniero klasterebi, romlebic ZiriTadad warmoadgenen
teqnologiaTa generatorebs, xasiaTdebian droebiTi koaliciiT da
kavSirebis orientirebul bazarze TanamSromlobas axorcieleben
kvleviT institutebTan da saxelmwifo organizaciebTan;
tradiciuli klasterebi, romlebSic dominirebs firmebs Soris
grZelvadiani TanamSromloba. adgilobrivi TanamSromloba emyareba
urTierTqmedebebs adgilobriv momwodeblebsa da saxelmwifo
organizaciebTan. sainovacio saqmianobisaTvis ZiriTadad iyeneben ukve
arsebul teqnologiebs.
amrigad, klasterizacia warmoadgens postfordistuli warmoebis
organizaciis meTods, romelmac dominireba daiwyo 1970 wlebidan.
saxelmwifo klasteruli politika gadaiqca gadamwyvet instrumentad
RonisZiebaTa saerTo kompleqsSi, romelic mimarTulia mcire qveynebis
konkurentunarianobis gazrdisaTvis. qveyanisTvis maRali
konkurentunarianobis miRweva da mis SigniT sivrculi orientaciiT
warmoebis axali formebis Seqmna pirdapir dakavSirebulia ganaTlebis
donesTan. klasteruli politikis meSveobiT konkurentunarianobis
87
amaRlebis mcire evropuli qveynebis warmatebuli gamocdileba
damajereblad amtkicebs am midgomis maRalefeqturobas.
88
Tavi 4. sainovacio strategiis aspeqtebi
4.1. institucionaluri wyoba
ra SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT ganviTarebad qveynebs imisaTvis, rom
aiTvison adekvaturi erovnuli sainovacio sistemis ganviTarebisTvis
saWiro codna? saswavlo procesis gaumjobeseba da individebsa da
jgufebs Soris urTierTqmedebis gazrda win uZRvis inovaciis sistemis
ganxorcielebas. am maxasiaTeblebis analizs mivyavarT im daskvnamde,
rom ekonomikis institucionaluri wyoba dadebiT zegavlenas moaxdens
inovaciis procesze. aqedan gamomdinare, ganviTarebadma qveynebma unda
moaxdinon TavianTi uwyebebis specializacia, radgan es wamyvan rols
TamaSobs inovaciuri aqtivobis ganviTarebaSi.
gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva erovnul inovaciur modelebs Soris,
rogorc minimum, am erebis politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da
kulturul faqtorebs Soris gansxvavebis Sedegia. imisaTvis, rom es
erovnuli gansxvaveba mivusadagoT erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis
midgomas, unda amovicnoT is faqtorebi, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen
eris ekonomikur struqturaze. me-12 naxazze ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
maxasiaTeblebis sami faqtoria warmodgenili - industriuli
ganviTareba, faqtoruli wvlili da istoriuli garemo.
qveynis industriuli ganviTareba gansazRvravs teqnologiis
statuss, mis xarisxsa da konkurentunarianobis parametrebs. es faqtori
aZlevs mimarTulebas erovnul ekonomikur sistemas teqnologiuri
ganviTarebis mimarTulebidan da specializaciidan gamomdinare, amitom
qveynebis codnis baza gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, da Sesabamisad,
moiTxovs sxvadasxva institucionalur wyobas da swavlebis process.
faqtoruli wvlili moicavs qveynis yvela Sesabamis bunebriv,
adamianur da infrastruqturul resursebs. eris faqtoruli wvlilis
raodenobidan da xarisxidan gamomdinare warmoebis sxvadasxva
struqturaa saWiro. magaliTisaTvis, Tu ers surs, rom iyos
konkurentunariani saerTaSoriso doneze, xolo qveyanas ar gaaCnia
bunebrivi resursebis sakmarisi raodenoba, ekonomika damokidebuli
89
xdeba am resursebis importze da unda ganaviTaros eqsportze
orientirebuli manufaqturuli ekonomika. gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri
aqcentebis gamo, romlebic gamomdinareobs faqtoruli wvlilidan,
yvela eri aviTarebs misTvis specifiur inovaciur sistemas.
istoriuli garemo mesame faqtoria, romelic gavlenas axdens
ekonomikur struqturaze. misi istoriuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare,
mag. omebi, cvalebadi politikuri garemoebebi, an geo-strategiuli
mdebareoba, yoveli qveyana aviTarebs misTvis specifiur socialur
normebs da saxelmwifoebrivi reJimis Taviseburebebs.
geografiuli da politikuri struqturis Sedegebidan
gamomdinare, warmoebis gansxvavebuli struqturebi viTardeba. amdenad,
swavlebis procesi da inovaciuri sistema sxvadasxva safuZvelze igeba
da erovnuli istoriis gamoxatulebis individualur formebs
warmoadgens.
am faqtorebs axal inovaciur warmatebamde mivyavarT, romelic
izomeba imis mixedviT, Tu ra xarisxis faseuloba iqmneba
momxmareblebisTvis im kompaniebis mier, romlebic gardaqmnian codnasa
da teqnologiebs momgebian produqtad da momsaxurebad rogorc
erovnuli, ise msoflio bazrebisaTvis. inovaciis maRali done
ganapirobebs meti bazrebis Seqmnas, ekonomikur zrdas, samuSao
adgilebis Seqmnas, qonebis dagrovebas da cxovrebis donis
gaumjobesebas. es gansazRvreba ufro srulyofils xdis inovaciis
Sesaxeb Cvens warmodgenas, imaze ufro metis Seqmnis meSveobiT, vidre
ideebi, kvleva, teqnologiis ganviTareba da gadacemaa. erma unda
warmoqmnas ara mxolod saRi ideebi da inteleqtualuri sakuTreba,
aramed saTanadod unda gamoiyenos isini da komerciulad warmatebuli
gaxados.
90
nax. 12. Sida urTierTobebi ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da
institucionalur wyobas Soris
erovnuli sainovacio sistemis modelSi umniSvnelovanes rols
asrulebs sami institucionaluri sfero (saxelmwifo, kerZo da
samecniero/saganmanaTleblo seqtori), romelic “sammagi spiralis
modelis” saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. Aam modelis analizis Sedegad
ikveTeba sinergiul urTierTqmedebis kavSirebze agebuli spiralisebri
sqema, romlis Semadgeneli faqtorebic Tavs iCenen inovaciis procesis
sxvadasxva etapebze da moicaven sam ganzomilebas:
pirveli, es aris Sida transformacia TiToeul spiralSi, mag.
kompaniebs Soris gverdiTi kavSirebis ganviTareba
strategiuli aliansebis, an sauniversiteto sistemebis
resurs-bazaSi cvlilebebis Setanis meSveobiT.
meore, es aris erTi spiralis zegavlena meoreze, mag.
saxelmwifos roli iseTi politikisa da programebis
91
SemuSavebaSi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs universitetebs
samrewvelo kavSirebis CamoyalibebaSi.
mesame ganzomilebaa sammxrivi qselis da organizaciebis
axali fenis Seqmna sami faqtoris urTierTqmedebis
safuZvelze, romelTa misiac aris axali ideebisa da sqemebis
warmoSoba maRalteqnologiuri ganviTarebisaTvis.
universitetebi axdenen tradiciuli sazRvrebis gadalaxvas
mrewvelobis dargebTan axali kavSirebis ganviTarebis mizniT, raTa
SeimuSaon Sesabamisi sqemebi mravalmxrivi miznebis erTmaneTTan
SesaTavseblad. Mme-13 da me-14 naxazebzee warmodgenili “sammagi
spiralisa” da sainovacio sistemis modelebis mixedviT, universiteti
axdens sinergiul partniorul urTierTqmedebas kerZo seqtorTan
inovaciebis Seqmnisa da axali teqnologiebis danergvis mizniT, xolo
mTavroba ki axdens efeqtur samarTlebriv da institucionalur
mxardaWeras.
amdenad, garda kvalificiuri kadrebis momzadebisa, universitetis
misias biznes seqtorTan urTierTobaSi warmoadgens, samecniero
kvlevebis SesaZleblobis ganviTareba da Sesabamisi codnis,
mrewvelobisTvis ekonomikuri mogebis momcem codnad gardaqmna.
nax. 13. 'sammagi spiralis modeli
wyaro: Leydesdorff & Etzkowitz 1996; "Emergence of a Triple Helix of Univeristy-Industry-Government Relations", Science and Public Policy
92
nax.14. inovaciis sistema
wyaro: International Organisation for Knowledge Economy and Enterprise Development
4.2. saxelmwifo da sajaro politikis roli
erovnuli sainovacio sistemis Seqmnis mizniT, ganviTarebuli
saxelmwifoebi cdiloben SeimuSavon samecniero da teqnologiuri
politika. warmoebis agentebs Soris sinergiuli urTierTqmedebisaTvis
da saerTaSoriso bazarze maTi konkurentunarianobis gasazrdelad
mTavari aqcenti keTdeba dawesebulebaTa qselze.
istoriulad, saxelmwifom Seasrula fundamenturi roli
erovnuli sainovacio sistemis evoluciaSi, da, aseve teqnologiuri
progresis mimarTulebiTac. aSS-s mrewvelobis konkurentuli
upiratesoba federaluri mTavrobis mier gaweuli strategiuli
mxardaWeris Sedegia.
93
saxelmwifom iTamaSa mniSvnelovani roli aSS-s TiTqmis yvela im
mrewvelobis dargis teqnologiur ganviTarebaSi, romelic
konkurentuli gaxda msoflio masStabiT. “saxelmwifom xeli Seuwyo
soflis meurneobis teqnologiis ganviTarebas biologiuri kvlevebis
meSveobiT, saavtomobilo mrewvelobas - saavtomobilo magistralebis
infrastruqturis dizainiTa da mSeneblobiT, kompiuterizaciis
ganviTarebas samxedro Sesyidvebis saSualebiT, da bioteqnologiuri
industriebis zrdas fundamenturi biologiuri kvlevis CatarebiT."
(rutani, 2001).
aRsaniSnavia, rom biznesSi Cadebuli kvlevisa da ganviTarebis
danaxarjebi bolo wlebSi inovaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovan indikatorad
gvevlineba. qveynebi gansxvavdebian kerZo seqtorSi kvlevisa da
ganviTarebis danaxarjebis mixedviT, magram umetes qveynebSi biznes
seqtorSi Cadebulma kvlevam da ganviTarebam saxelmwifos mxridan
soliduri mxardaWera miiRo mastimulirebeli zomebisa da
gadasaxadebis Semcirebis saxiT. saxelmwifos mxridan Carevam ganicada
seriozuli transformacia, rac gamoixateba pirdapiri monawileobidan
arapirdapir monawileobaze gadasvlaSi, es, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs
komerciaze orientirebuli kvlevis xelSewyobas sajaro-kerZo
seqtorebis monawileobis gziT da aseve subsidiebiTa da sagadasaxado
stimulebiT uzrunvelyofiT.
fineTis premier ministri esko eiho pirveli maRalCinosani
politikosi iyo, romelmac jer kidev 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
gamoiyena aRniSnuli koncefcia fineTis inovaciuri sistemis
gaZlierebis saWiroebasTan mimarTebaSi. fineTis magaliTi gaiziares
kanadam da samxreT afrikam. aTiode wlis Semdeg CineTis prezidentma
hiu zintaom wamoiwyo msgavsi reformebi CineTis sainovacio sistemis
SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. es magaliTebi xazs usvamen saxelmwifo
moRvaweTa xedvisa da politikuri gamWriaxobis rols qveyisaTvis
mniSvnelovani iniciativebis SemuSavebaSi.
qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi warmodgenilia sajaro polisebis
farTo speqtri, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen inovaciaze, agreTve
94
sxvadasxva gzebi, romelTa meSveobiTac aRniSnul politikas SeuZlia
inovaciis stimulireba an dabrkoleba.
cxrili 10. sajaro politikis gavlena inovaciebze
sajaro politika inovaciuri zegavlenis magaliTebi
kvlevisa da
ganviTarebis
dafinanseba
gavlenas axdens samecniero mimarTulebaze (mag.
nanoteqnologia, mowinave sainformacio teqnologiebi) da
mecnierTa da inJinerTa gamozrdaze, xels uwyobs
universitetebis, samecniero centrebis, saxelmwifo
laboratoriebis, industriis kvlevis, specializirebuli
programebis, inovaciis infrastruqturas. mikro-ekonomikuri
politika mxars uWers mcire mewarmeobas da axal
teqnologiebze dafuZnebul damwyeb firmebs. amave dros,
sajaro kvlevisa da ganviTarebis miznebi da administraciuli
procedurebi SeiZleba konfliqtSi movidnen kerZo seqtoris
miznebTan, molodinTan da menejmentis moTxovnasTan.
makrosabiujeto da
fulad-sakredito
politika
inovaciisaTvis saWiro kapitalis Rirebuleba da erovnuli
ekonomikuri zrdis done zegavlenas axdenen sainvesticio
gadawyvetilebebze, xelmisawvdom mogebaze, inovaciur
sawarmoTa safondo bazris Rirebulebaze da a.S., xolo
savaluto politika (ucxouri da erovnuli) zegavlenas
axdens saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobaze.
teqnologiis
gadacemis polisi
saxelmwifo teqnologiebis transferis aqtebi gavlenas
axdenen industriis, universitetebisa da laboratoriebis
TanamSromlobaze, aseve inovatortaTvis miwodebuli codnis
nakadis doneze da odenobaze. adamianuri
resursebis
politika
saxelmwifo ganaTleba da treining-programebi,
universitetebis mxardasaWeri subsdiebi da kvlevisaTvis
gamoyofili finansebi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebia samecniero
kvlevis, ganviTarebis da inovaciis komercializaciisaTvis
saWiro kvalificiuri kadrebis maragis Sesaqmnelad.
sagadasaxado
polisi
uzrunvelyofs kvlevisa da ganviTarebis waxalisebas da
gavlenas axdens axal kapitalSi Cadebuli codnis gadacemaze.
amave dros is waaxalisebs momxmareblebs, SeiTvison inovacia. standartebi aiolebs sabazo teqnologiebis (mag. interneti, kompiuteruli
sistemebi, programuli uzrunvelyofa). amasTan maT SeuZliaT
teqnikuri cvlilebis barierebad qceva da bazrebis SezRudva.
Sesyidva saxelmwifos SeuZlia bazrisa da standartebis ganviTarebis
stimulireba farTo masStabiani agregaciiT, Tumca
specifikaciis SemuSavebam SeiZleba gaarTulos axali
teqnologiebis danergvis procesi. antimonopolia
SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos mrewvelobis inovaciur
TanamSromlobas da bazarze axal Semomsvlelebs, amave dros
aferxebs inovaciis wardgenas. inteleqtualuri
sakuTreba
warmoadgens stimuls inovatorTaTvis da SeuZlia
konkurentTa bazarze Sesvlis SezRudva. inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis dacvis sisuste msoflio doneze, inovaciis mcdelobebis Semaferxebel garemoebad gvevlineba.
bazris
xelmisawvdomoba
ucxouri bazrebis xelmisawvdomoba, kargi saeqsporto
pirobebi da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis gavlena bazris
potencialis zrdaze, radgan eqsportis kontrolma SeiZleba
95
Seaferxos konkurentunarianoba.
ekonomikis
maregulirebeli
kanonmdebloba
gavlenas axdens inovaciis investiciebze safaso kontrolis,
mogebis amoRebis siswrafis, sabazro wilis SezRudvebis da
konkurentTa bazarze Semosvlis gziT.
socialuri da
garemos
maregulirebeli
kanonmdebloba
SeiZleba iqces inovaciis stimulad da gavlena moaxdinos
inovaciis Seqmnis parametrebze. maregulirebeli
kanonmdeblobis tipi gavlenas axdens industriis fasebze,
mimwodeblebTan urTierTobaze da dasaqmebis pirobebze.
Jandacvis
politika
biznesis operaciuli xarjebis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala,
demografiis da janmrTelobaze zrunvaze zrdadi moTxovna
qmnis SesaZleblobas axali produqtebis, momsaxurebis, da
produqtiulobis gamaZlierebeli teqnologiebis SeqmnisaTvis. konfidencialuroba sazogadoebis ukmayofileba qmnis qonebis da informaciis denis
damatebiT moTxovnas.
erovnuli
usafrTxoeba
qmnis inovaciisaTvis saxelmwifo bazars, da qmnis damatebiT
ekonomikur moTxovnebs ekonomikuri seqtoris umetesi nawilis
riskebis (sainformacio industria, finansuri industria,
wyali, eleqtroenergia, miwodebis jaWvi qarxnebisaTvis da
a.S.) samarTavad.
dasaqmeba da
samrewvelo
iniciativebi
politikuri zewola gavlenas axdens proteqcionizmis riskze,
globaluri investiciebis SezRudvebze, dasaqmebis
transaqciebis xarjebze da unaris gaumjobesebaze. wyaro: OECD
saxelmwifo seqtors Zlieri da Rrma kavSiri aqvs inovaciur
procesTan. saxelmwifo seqtoris mier kvlevasa da ganviTarebaSi
Cadebul finansebs erovnuli kvlevisa da ganviTarebis investiciis
soliduri procenti ukaviaT. saxelmwifos mier samecniero sferos
mxardaWeraze arCevanis gakeTeba (nanoteqnologia, kompiuteruli
teqnologia) inovaciuri aqtivobis mimarTulebaze axdens gavlenas.
Tumca, kvleva da ganviTareba sajaro politikis mxolod erTi nawilia,
romelic inovaciasTan aris kavSirSi.
saxelmwifom inovacia unda miiCnios Tavisi programis ZiriTad
faqtorad qveynis progresisaTvis, aqedan gamomdinare Camoayalibos
sainovacio sistemis Semdegi elementebi:
1. sainovacio politikis kabineti, romelic unda warmoadgendes
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis momzadebis, koordinirebis da Sefasebis
saTaTbiro sabWos.
sabWos miznebs unda warmoadgendes:
96
saxelmwifos aqtivobis koordinacia inovaciis, kvlevisa da
ganviTarebisa da teqnologiis politikasTan dakavSirebiT;
saxelmwifo SeTanxmebis momzadeba ekonomikaSi inovaciis
gamoyenebis miznebis Sesaxeb, aseve, maTi dafinansebis wliuri
biujetSi gasaTvaliswineblaT da misi ganxorcielebis
Sesafaseblad;
inovaciuri politikis Tanamedrove sakiTxebis da
problemebis Sesaxeb sajaro informaciis regularul
gavrcelebaSi monawileoba;
SeTavazebis gakeTeba sakanonmdeblo bazis momzadebis Sesaxeb.
2. erovnuli inovaciebis saagento
saagento unda funqcionirebdes, rogorc sajaro samarTlis
iuridiuli piri, romlis mizania xeli Seuwyos sainovacio sistemas
Semdeg sferoebSi:
regionuli (gubernatorebisaTvis) da ekonomikuri politikis
(mTavrobisaTvis) sferoSi rCevebis micema;
im samTavrobo obieqtebs Soris koordinaciis xelSewyoba,
romlebsac zegavlena gaaCniaT inovaciebis xelSewyobaze
(regionuli ganviTareba, garemos dacva, sainformacio
teqnologiebi, soflis meurneoba, mcire da saSualo biznesis
stimulireba, SromiTi bazari da saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi).
inovaciis transferis stimulireba ekonomikis sxvadasxva
sferoebSi. regionuli inovaciis sistemis ganviTareba da
koordinacia (inovaciis qselis ganviTareba, inovaciis
aTvisebis unarisa da SesaZleblobis gaZlierebiT sxvadasxva
struqturul safinanso fondebze orientirebuli
inovaciisaTvis momzadeba;)
inovaciis satendero sistemis marTvis amoqmedeba da
saerTaSoriso donis kvlevisa da ganviTarebis sistemis
Seqmna;
97
kvlevisa da ganviTarebis aqtivobebis zegavlenis monitoringi
da analizi. (strategiuli dagegmareba, gavlenis analizi,
inovaciis monacemTa bazis ganviTareba da marTva);
komunikacia.
4.3. erovnuli sainovacio sistema ganviTarebad qveynebSi
xSirad gamoiTqmeba mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, rom ganviTarebis
procesis yvelaze arsebiTi aspeqti aris kursi, romliTac mimdevars
SeuZlia mibaZos ucxour teqnologias. mibaZvis saSualebiT qveyana
aviTarebs industrializaciis process. teqnologiuri mibaZva
gulisxmobs ufro mets, vidre mxolod ganviTarebis imave xazis
gayolas, romelsac ufro ganviTarebuli qveynebi miyvebian. ufro
zustad, is moicavs gadamwyvet stadias industrializaciis
ganviTarebis procesSi da amrigad unda ganvixiloT am konteqstSi.
fiqroben, rom ucxouri teqnologiis iafad da efeqturad SeZena da
maTi adgilobriv pirobebTan misadageba ganviTarebadi qveynebis
teqnologiuri strategiis sakvanZo elementia. ucxouri teqnologiebis
importireba ara ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Semcvlel, aramed Semavsebel
nawilad gvevlineba. mibaZvis doneze gavlenas axdens teqnologiuri
unari, politikuri zomebi, organizaciuli RonisZiebebi, teqnologiuri
sistemebis buneba, bazris struqtura da saerTaSoriso savaWro wesebi.
termini "teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi" moicavs teqnologiis
SeZenis, asimilaciis, gamoyenebis, morgebisa da SeqmnisaTvis saWiro
codnas da unars. rac ufro met zemoT CamoTvlil unars flobs
konkretuli qveyana da rac ufro ukeT axerxebs igi maT dagrovebas,
miT ufro warmatebuli iqneba dagegmili winsvlis procesi. es
Sexeduleba fokusirebas axdens teqnologiuri cvlilebis kumulaciur
aspeqtebze, radgan pirveladi unari mniSvnelovania momavali kursisa da
mimarTulebisaTvis. kerZo kompaniebi teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebis
koncentrirebis ZiriTadi adgilia. isini ufro metad Sesaferisebi arian
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ucxouri teqnologiebis SesaZenad, vidre saxelmwifo kompaniebi, radgan
isini dainteresebulni arian ucxouri teqnologiebis aTvisebisaTvis
saWiro treningebis CatarebaSi, rac konkurentunarianobis SenarCunebaSi
daexmarebaT. amitom, kerZo kompaniebi eris konkurentuli upiratesobis
sakvanZo wertilia. kompaniis teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebis
dagrovebaze gavlenas axdens misi urTierTobebi sxva aqtorebTan,
radgan isini funqcionireben konkurentulobiTa da TanamSromlobiT
gajerebul kompleqsur samewarmeo qselSi. Sedegad inovacia da
teqnologiuri cvlileba ara mxolod teqnologiuri, aramed
oficialuri da araoficialuri komunikaciis qselis arsebobiT
gamowveuli socialuri procesia.
teqnologiuri ganviTarebis sakvanZo aspeqti iseTi
organizaciebisa da organizaciuli RonisZiebebis Seqmnaa, romlebic
gaaioleben am process. inovaciuri kerZo firmebis arseboba aseT
garemoSi ar aris sakmarisi. erTi mxriv, firmebis inovaciuri
aqtivobebis ganxorcielebis unari damokidebulia bazris garemoze da
SeTavazebul stimulebze. aqedan gamomdinare, samTavrobo-samewarmeo
urTierTobebs mniSvnelovani roli ukaviaT teqnologiuri progresis
arsebuli pirobebis win wawevaSi. saWiroa, rom teqnologiuri
cvlilebis gaiolebisaTvis ganxorcieldes erTiani erovnuli politika
teqnologiis sferoSi (mag. codnis garcelebis winsvlis, an
teqnologiuri niSebis SeqmnaSi firmebis mxardaWeris gziT). es e.w.
"teqnologiuri Sesabamisobaa" - mowinave teqnologiebis warmatebuli
mibaZvisaTvis, mimbaZveli qveyana ekonomikuri, politikuri da
socialuri faqtorebiT Zlierad ar unda gansxvavdebodes im
qveynisagan, romelsac baZavs. amitom, Tu SesaZlebelia, saxelmwifom
unda uzrunvelyos Sesabamisi garemos Seqmna politikuri da
ekonomikuri stimulebis sistemis mimarTulebiT. meore mxriv, saTanado
yuradReba unda mieqces pirovnuli resursis rolis ganviTarebas,
radgan ganaTleba teqnologiuri ganviTarebis centraluri wertilia.
qveynebis saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebi gansxvavdeba maTi ganviTarebis
donidan gamomdinare. ganviTarebul industriul qveynebSi ZiriTadi
aqcenti keTdeba umaRlesi ganaTlebis reformaze da profesiul
99
gadamzadebaze treningebis meSveobiT. Raribi qveynebi ki fokusirebas
axdenen dawyebiT da saSualo ganaTlebaze, rogorc adamianis
ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtze. winsvlis procesi damokidebulia
imaze, Tu rogor axdenen qveynebi balansirebas Semdeg or dones Soris:
saSualo ganaTleba - yvelasaTvis, da umaRlesi ganaTleba –
koncentrirebuli konkretul specialobebze. saganmanaTleblo
politikis zomebi imgvarad unda iyos Camoyalibebuli, rom SeZlon
gaamartivon xarisxze dafuZnebuli principebisa da codnis
kapitalizaciis ganxorcielebis procesi.
erovnul sainovacio sistemaSi Sesuli elementebi winsvlis
warmatebuli procesisaTvis umniSvnelovanes atributebs warmoadgenen.
sxvadasxva dawesebulebebis efeqturi kombinacia, maTi interaqtiuloba
da aqcenti codnis mniSvnelobasa da mis gavrcelebaze erovnuli
inovaciuri sistemis Semadgeneli elementebia. amave dros, isini
teqnologiuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs warmoadgenen. amas
garda, termini "socialuri SesaZleblobebi" ganuyofelia erovnuli
sainovacio sistemis koncefciisagan, radganac is gansazRvravs
faqtorebs, romlebic ganapirobeben qveynis teqnologiur progresSi
CarTvis SesaZleblobebs.
winsvlis procesSi warmatebis miRwevis SesaZleblobis sakiTxi
erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis ufro axlodan Seswavlas moiTxovs.
aseve mniSvnelovania davsvaT sakiTxi, ra gziT da ra saxiT SegviZlia
gamoviyenoT es midgoma, ra gavlenas axdenen erovnuli faqtorebi
inovaciis procesze da ra gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT maT momaval
Sedegebze. nebismieri warmatebuli ganviTarebis strategiis gadamwyveti
elementi adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebaa.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi mikro-inovaciuri potenciali
izolirebuli da Caketili rCeba. aseve, ar arsebobs bevri
dawesebuleba, romelTa arsebobac inovaciuri aqtivobebisaTvis
mniSvnelovania. garda amisa, samewarmeo inovacia ganviTarebad qveynebSi
ar aris ganviTarebuli (mag. ar aris oficialurad formulirebuli
kvlevisa da ganviTarebis aqtivobebis Sedegad Seqmnili produqtebi).
garda amisa, am qveynebis kulturaSi da mentalitetSi saTanadod ar
100
fasdeba samecniero codna da teqnologiuri inovacia. amitom, Tu
erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis koncefcia gamoyenebadia ganviTarebadi
qveynebisaTvis, is unda moergos am qveynebis specifikur maxasiaTeblebs.
ramdenad morgebadia erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis argumentacia
gardamaval fazaSi myofi qveynebisaTvis? termini "gardamavali faza"
SeiZleba avxsnaT, rogorc institucionaluri gardaqmna sabazro
ekonomikis mimarTulebiT, rogorc es xdeboda da dResac xdeba
centralur da aRmosavleT evropisa da postsabWoTa sivrcis qveynebSi.
erovnuli sainovacio sistemis ganviTareba aucilebelia - is
gonivrulad unda miesadagos qveynis specifikur maxasiaTeblebs da
moTxovnebs, raTa uzrunvelyos winsvlis warmatebuli procesis
ganxorcieleba. SeiZleba gamovTqvaT azri, rom gardamaval fazaSi
myofi qveynebi imyofebian winsvlis procesis Sua stadiaze, magram,
ganviTarebadi qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, gardamaval fazaSi myofma
qveynebma ukve airCies ganviTarebis gza da gayvnen mas. sakiTxi
mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba industrializaciisa da
winsvlis es gza qveynis specifikur maxasiaTeblebs. magram orive
SemTxvevaSi winsvlis perspeqtiva damokidebuli iqneba qveynebis unarze,
ganaxorcielon samewarmeo, teqnikuri da institucionaluri
cvlilebebi.
erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis midgoma fokusirebas axdens
sistemis Sedegebsa da im wvlilze, romelsac miiReben moqalaqeebi da
sazogadoeba. es gulisxmobs sistemis yvela im elementisa da
urTierTkavSiris harmoniul urTierTqmedebas efeqturi da mdgradi
Sedegebis misaRwevad, romlebic mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgenen
qveynisaTvis:
yvela ers aqvs inovaciis "de faqto", met-naklebad efeqturi
sistema;
eris mier sainovacio sistemis gasaZliereblad dagegmili
aqtivobebis ganxorcielebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia
resursebis xelmisawvdomoba da erovnuli sainovacio
sistemis arsebuli mdgomareoba;
101
amasTanave, yovel qveyanas unda hqondes gansxvavebuli da
mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli politikis struqtura,
romelic moemsaxureba mis interesebs.
aRmosavleT aziis gamocdileba da misi analizi
aRmosavleT aziis qveynebi 1970 wlidan zrdisa da gardaqmnis
swraf process ganicdidnen. axlad industrializebulma qveynebma
samxreT aRmosavleTSi TavianTi inovaciuri Zalisxmevis Sedegad ufro
maRal safexurze gadainacvles da axali teqnologiebis ganviTarebaSi
mniSvnelovani rolis Semsruleblebad iqcnen. teqnologiuri progresi
da saerTaSoriso vaWroba struqturuli gardaqmnis sakiTxSi or
fundamentur faqtors warmoadgens. mecnierebaze dafuZnebuli
maRalteqnologiuri eqsportis wili aRmosavleT aziisa da wynari
okeanis auzis qveynebis mTlian samrewvelo eqsportSi 2000 wels
saSualod 30%-s Seadgenda.
magaliTisaTvis, taivani msoflio ekonomikaSi me-2 adgilzea aSS-s
Semdeg saerTaSoriso teqnologiuri indeqsis mixedviT. koreis
respublikas ki 2001 wels me-9 adgili ekava. singapuri da malaizia
aRmosavleT aziis kidev ori qveyanaa, romlebic teqnologiuri
miRwevebis sakiTxSi maRal poziciebze imyofebian saerTaSoriso
teqnologiuri indeqsis mixedviT.
arsebobs teqnologiuri ganviTarebis ori aSkarad gamokveTili
Strixi, romelTa danaxvac SegviZlia aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis
erovnuli sainovacio sistemebis analizis Sedegad. pirvel rigSi,
teqnologiuri miRwevebi maRalteqnologiuri eqsportis sakiTxebSi da
ekonomikuri zrdis maRali done damokidebuli iyo pirdapir ucxour
investiciebze (malaizia, tailandi, indonezia da filipinebi). Tumca,
rogorc teqnologiuri saqmianobis wvlilisa da Sedegis
indikatorebidan Cans, gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebs aqvT susti
teqnologiuri da konkurentuli SesaZleblobebi. vinaidan ucxouri
kapitali kvlavac wamyvan rols TamaSobs teqnologiiT momaragebis
sakiTxSi, am qveynebSi kvlavac sawyis stadiazea erovnuli sainovacio
sistema.
102
aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, meore
Strixi exeba erovnul sainovacio sistemaze dafuZnebul teqnologiuri
ganviTarebis im gzas, romelic mcire doziT, an saerTod ar aris
damokidebuli pirdapir ucxour investiciebze, rogorc es taivanisa da
koreis respublikis (samxreT korea) SemTxvevaSi gvevlineba. orive
qveyanam gamoiyena importis Canacvlebisa da eqportis winsvlis
strategiis SesaZleblobebi, aseve Sida inovaciuri sainvesticio
Zalisxmeva, raTa CamoeyalibebinaT teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi
sawarmos doneze. es qveynebi warmatebulad miiwevdnen teqnologiuri
simaRleebisaken swavlisadmi interaqtiul midgomasTan erTad.
Tavdapirvelad maT Seqmnes maRali donis saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebi, sadac saTanadod amzadebdebdnen industriuli
seqtoris axali SesaZleblobebis gansaxorcieleblad saWiro SromiT
Zalas. isini gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebdnen mecnierebasa da
sainJinro teqnologiebze dafuZnebul umaRles saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebze. aman Seqmna SemoqmedebiTi, imitaciuri da adaptirebadi
saswavlo SesaZleblobebi produqtebis sainJinro analizisa da
mowinave teqnologiebis aTvisebisaTvis. taivanisa da samxreT koreis
mTavrobebma Seqmnes mecnierebasa da teqnologiaze dafuZnebul
dawesebulebaTa qseli, romelic daexmara maT teqnologiuri
inovaciebis kompleqsuri procesis gamokveTaSi. maT aseve wamyvani
poziciebi daikaves axali teqnologiebis iol xelmisawvdomobaSi da im
stimulebis SeqmnaSi, rac kerZo sawarmoebs sWirdebaT inovaciis risk-
faqtoris Sesamcireblad.
amgvarad, mTavrobebis aqtiurma rolma msoflio konkurentul
garemoSi drois mcire monakveTSi SesaZlebeli gaxada biznesis
gardaqmna mimbaZvelobidan inovaciis Seqmnamde. amasTan taivanisa da
koreis mTavrobebma gamoiyenes inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebis
sistema, raTa sawarmoebisaTvis, teqnologiuri codnis inJineruli
analizis aqtorebis gamoyenebiT, miecaT ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier
warmoebuli teqnologiuri codnis aTvisebis SesaZlebloba.
is warmateba, romelsac taivanma da koream miaRwies, viTardeba
mimbaZvelobidan novatorobamde da sagulisxmoa im qveynebisaTvis,
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romelTac surT am gamocdilebidan TavianTTvis sasargeblo
gakveTilis miReba. pirvel rigSi, mTavrobis aqtiuri roli damxmare
organizaciuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebaSi, aseve kvlevisa da
ganviTarebis dafinansebaSi, gadamwyvet faqtorad iqca sawarmoTa
inovaciuri Zalisxmevis stimulirebasa da gaZlierebaSi.
meore, mTavrobam Tavis Tavze unda aiRos inovaciur aqtivobebSi
CarTuli sawarmoebisa da sajaro dawesebulebebis
angariSvaldebulebis meqanizmebis SemuSavebis da ganxorcielebis
valdebuleba.
mesame, pirdapiri ucxouri inesticiebi manamde ver uzrunvelyofen
teqnologiuri codnis gaRrmavebas, sanam adgilobrivi sawarmoebi mis
minimalur dones ver miaRweven. bolos, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis
ufleba inovaciaSi mTavari SezRudvaa msoflio savaWro organizaciis
(WTO) regulaciebis Tanaxmad. naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis
es met sirTules Seqmnis aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis gamocdilebis
gamoyenebaSi, romlebmac warmatebas miaRwies inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis uflebis susti sistemis xarjze. Tumca, naklebad
ganviTarebul qveynebs aqvT SesaZlebloba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis
uflebis mosapoveblad gansazRvruli vadis dadgenisTvis ibrZolon.
maT aseve SeuZliaT moiTxovon kompensacia im danaklisisaTvis,
romelsac inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebis mkacri sistema iwvevs,
gamoiyenon es finansuri resursi qveyanaSi myari inovaciuri bazis
Camosayalibeblad da gaaZlieron TavianTi konkurentuli upiratesoba.
4.4. inovaciurobis gazomvis indikatorebi
"msoflio inovaciis monacemTa cxrilis" angariSi adarebs
evrokavSiris 25 saxelmwifos inovaciur saqmianobas kvlevisa da
ganviTarebis mwarmoebel sxva mTavar qveynebs (argentina, avstralia,
brazilia, kanada, CineTi, hongkongi, indoeTi, israeli, iaponia, axali
104
zelandia, koreis respublika, meqsika, ruseTis federacia, singapuri,
samxreT afrika da aSS).
cxrili 11. kvlevisa da ganviTarebis xarjebi 160 qveyanaSi 2006
wlisaTvis (aT. aSS dolari)
aSS 26655154 36.69% ukraina 41536 0.06% evropa25 16595544 22.85% luqsemburgi 33527 0.05% iaponia 14829645 20.41% tailandi 32167 0.04% germania 4777706 6.58% slovenia 31001 0.04% safrangeTi 3056595 4.21% islandia 26618 0.04% gaerTianebuli samefo 2802347 3.86% xorvatia 22647 0.03% CineTi 1540417 2.12% egvipte 19216 0.03% samx. korea 1439710 1.98% pakistani 17138 0.02% kanada 1433170 1.97% rumineTi 15456 0.02% italia 1218205 1.68% tunisi 13056 0.02% SvedeTi 1032620 1.42% slovakeTi 12654 0.02% niderlandebi 707220 0.97% kolumbia 8638 0.01% Sveicaria 632105 0.87% litva 8628 0.01% brazilia 625919 0.86% belarusi 7793 0.01% espaneTi 609127 0.84% quveiTi 7123 0.01% avstralia 599692 0.83% bulgareTi 6741 0.01% israeli 580228 0.80% kosta-rika 6176 0.01% belgia 517285 0.71% peru 5741 0.01% fineTi 428217 0.59% uganda 5067 0.01% avstria 426419 0.59% urugvai 4776 0.01% dania 409286 0.56% estoneTi 4646 0.01% indoeTi 386570 0.53% panama 4464 0.01% ruseTis federacia 356553 0.49% nepali 3830 0.01% norvegia 290499 0.40% latvia 3770 0.01% meqsika 228914 0.32% kviprosi 2967 0.00% singapuri 198692 0.27% bolivia 2414 0.00% TurqeTi 132131 0.18% madagaskari 2322 0.00% irlandia 114103 0.16% azerbaijani 1932 0.00% hongkongi 102365 0.14% saqarTvelo 969 0.00% portugalia 100925 0.14% makedonia 895 0.00% poloneTi 100102 0.14% trinidadi da tobago 851 0.00% argentina 94134 0.13% paragvai 746 0.00% samxreT afrika 90872 0.13% somxeTi 599 0.00% saberZneTi 75783 0.10% hondurasi 316 0.00% CexeTi 71020 0.10% yirgizeTi 286 0.00% malaizia 65253 0.09% monRoleTi 282 0.00% axali zelandia 62661 0.09% seiSeli 65 0.00% venesuela 54457 0.07% sen-vinsenti da grenadini 52 0.00% ungreTi 51392 0.07% kape-verde 26 0.00% Cile 42090 0.06% serbeTi 11 0.00%
wyaro: " globaluri sainovacio indeqsi” 2006
105
zemoaRniSnul siaSi rom moxvedriliyo, ganviTarebad qveyanas
Sida produqtis minimum 0.1% inovaciebze unda daexarja. am siaSi
saqarTvelos 149 adgili ukavia, xolo erT sul mosaxleze gaweuli
xarjebis odenobiT daax. 500-jer CamorCeba saqarTvelos zomis fineTs,
140-jer saqarTveloze 5-jer patara slovenias, 40-jer Cvenze 10-jer
patara kvipross da boloswina aTeulSia moqceuli nepalTan da
seiSelis kunZulebTan erTad.
inovaciuri politikis ZiriTadi yuradReba fokusirebulia
novatorobis unarsa da warmoebis iseT faqtorebze, rogoric aris
investicia kvlevasa da ganviTarebaSi, samecniero dawesebulebebi,
pirovnuli resursebi da ZiriTadi kapitali. aseTi Semavali faqtorebi
xSirad gvevlinebian inovaciurobis safuZvlebad da
urTierTdakavSirebulni arian iseT Sualedur SedegebTan, rogoric
aris mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze.
erovnuli inovaciis sitemis indikatorebi vrceldeba 5
kategoriaze, romlebic moicavs inovaciuri saqmianobis sxvadasxva
sakvanZo ganzomilebebs:
inovaciis mamoZravebeli Zalebi zomaven inovaciuri
potencialisaTvis saWiro struqturul pirobebs;
codnis mopoveba zomavs investiciebs kvlevisa da ganviTarebis
aqtivobebSi;
inovacia da mewarmeoba zomavs inovaciisaTvis gaweul
Zalisxmevas korporatiul doneze;
codnis gamoyeneba zomavs Sromisa da biznesis aqtivobebis
sakiTxebSi gamoxatul saqmianobas da maT damatebiT
Rirebulebas inovaciur seqtorebSi;
inteleqtualuri sakuTreba zomavs miRweul Sedegebs
warmatebuli nou-haus sakiTxebSi.
inovaciis SeqmnisaTvis aucilebeli wvlilis faqtorebi moicavs 3
ganzomilebas:
inovaciis mamoZravebeli Zalebi (5 indikatori), romlebic
zomaven inovaciuri potencialisaTvis saWiro struqturul
pirobebs;
106
codnis mopoveba (4 indikatori), igi zomavs investiciebs
kvlevisa da ganviTarebis aqtivobebSi, romlebic miCneulni
arian codnaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis sakvanZo elementebad;
inovacia da mewarmeoba (6 indikatori), romlebic zomaven
inovaciisaTvis gaweul Zalisxmevas korporatiul doneze.
inovaciis Sedegebi moicavs 2 ganzomilebas:
gamoyeneba (5 indikatori) romelic zomavs Sromisa da biznesis
aqtivobebis sakiTxebSi gamoxatul saqmianobas da maT
damatebiT Rirebulebas inovaciur seqtorebSi;
inteleqtualuri sakuTreba (5 indikatori), romelic zomavs
miRweul Sedegebs warmatebuli nou-haus sakiTxebSi.
cxrili 12. evropis inovaciis monacemTa indikatorebi
warmoebis wvlilis faqtorebi - inovaciis mamoZravebeli Zalebi 1.1 20-29 asakis mecnierTa da inJinerTa raodenoba 1000 sul mosaxleze
1.2 25-64 asakis umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone mosaxleoba 100 sul mosaxleze
1.3 SeRwevadobis farTo diapazoni 1000 sul mosaxleze 1.4 25-64 asakis pirTa monawileoba swavlaSi sicocxlis manZilze 100 sulze
1.5 codnis done (20-24 asakis %-s miRebuli aqvs minimum saSualo ganaTleba)
warmoebis wvlilis faqtorebi - codnis mopoveba 2.1 kvlevasa da ganviTarebaSi Cadebuli sajaro danaxarjebi (% GDP) 2.2 biznesis kvlevasa da ganviTarebaSi Cadebuli danaxarjebi (% GDP) 2.3 saSualo da maRali teqnologiebis kvlevis da ganviTarebis wili
2.4 im sawarmoebis wili, romlebic iReben sajaro dafinansebas inovaciisaTvis
2.5 sauniversiteto kvleva-ganviTarebisaTvis biznesis mier gaRebuli xarjebis wili
warmoebis wvlilis faqtorebi - inovacia da mewarmeoba 3.1 mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis inovacia sakuTari danaxarjebiT (yvela mcire/saSualo
sawarmos %)
3.2 inovaciuri mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis %, romlebic erTmaneTTan TanamSromloben
3.3 inovaciaze danaxarjebi (mTliani brunvis %)
3.4 adreuli stadiis venCoruli kapitali (mTliani Sida produqtis %) 3.5 Sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebze danaxarjebi (mSp-is %) 3.6 yvela mcire/saSualo sawarmos %, romlebic ar iyenebs teqnologiur cvlilebebs
Sedegebi - gamoyeneba 4.1 dasaqmeba maRal-teqnologiur momsaxureobaSi (mTliani samuSao Zalis %)
4.2 maRal-teqnologiuri produqcis eqsporti, rogorc mTliani eqsportis wili
4.3 axali produqtis bazarze realizacia (mTliani danaxarjebis %) 4.4 dasaqmeba saSualo-maRal da maRal teqnologiur warmoebaSi (samuSao Zalis %)
107
Sedegebi -inteleqtualuri sakuTreba 5.1 evropuli standartis patentebi milion sul mosaxleze 5.2 amerikuli standartis patentebi milion sul mosaxleze 5.3 triaduli standartis milion sul mosaxleze 5.4 evrosabWos savaWro niSani milion sul mosaxleze
5.5 axali dizainebi milion sul mosaxleze
wyaro: evrosabWos statistikuri samsaxuri (Eurostat), CIS, OESD, OHM
108
Tavi 5. saqarTvelos konkurentulobis strategia
5.1. saqarTvelo globaluri gamowvevebis pirispir
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciis
yovlismomcvelma procesebma gamoiwvia fundamentaluri cvlilebebi
sagareo urTierTobebsa da msoflio ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi.
aRniSnuli viTareba gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad aisaxeba saqarTvelos
gardamaval, formirebis procesSi myof ekonomikaze, miT ufro, rom
qveyanas ar gaaCnia sistemuri marTvis grZelvadian perspeqtivebze
gaTvlili, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli erovnuli konkurentuli
strategia. amasTan istoriuli memkvidreobisa da postsocialisturi
transformaciis ganvlil periodSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis
(samxedro gadatrialeba, eTnokonfliqtebi, ekonomikuri krizisis
gaRrmaveba da samamulo warmoebis ganadgureba) Sedegad mkveTrad daeca
qveynis ekonomikuri konkurentunarianoba. Sesabamisad, riskis winaSe
dadga qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis
SenarCunebis perspeqtivebi.
mcire, Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis mqone saxelmwifoebisaTvis
umniSvnelovanes amocanas warmoadgens swrafi adaptireba makro garemo
faqtorebisa da globaluri cvlilebebis mimarT, codnis ekonomikisa
da meritokratiuli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac Tavis mxriv
moiTxovs maRali donis profesionalizms, Tanamedrove codnas,
liderobis unar-Cvevebs, strategiuli azrovnebis farTo diapazons,
analitikur azrovnebasa da zneobriv-eTikur normebs saxelmwifo
marTvis sferoSi.
es prioritetebi dafuZnebuli unda iyos maRal patriotul
suliskveTebaze, kanonis uzenaesobaze, efeqtur mmarTvelobaze,
gamWvirvaleobasa da angariSvaldebulebaze, sazogadoebis
monawileobaze gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesebSi, pirovnul
ganviTarebaze, mdgradi ganviTarebis strategiaze, rac gulisxmobs
momavali Taobebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebas.
109
politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri sferoebi moicavs
marTvis procesebis mTel wyebas, romelic gulisxmobs, Tu ra saxis
reformebi xorcieldeba qveyanaSi, da rogoria normebi, standartebi da
`TamaSis wesebi~, romlebic oficialurad an araoficialurad
moqmedebs.
reformebi yvela sferoSi upirveles da saswrafod
gansaxorcielebel prioritets warmoadgens, magram samwuxarod,
kadrebis arakvalificiurobisa da arakompetenturobis gamo ver
xerxdeba riskebisa da SesaZleblobebis srulyofili Seswavla da
analizi, prioritetebis gansazRvra, strategiuli gegmis Camoyalibeba.
Sedegad miiReba araefeqturi gadawyvetilebebi, rac safrTxes uqmnis
rogorc qveynis politikur, ekonomikur da socialur stabilurobas,
ise mTavrobis ndobasa da reputacias sazogadoebaSi.
dRevandel swrafad cvalebad msoflioSi, gardamavali
demokratiis mqone postsabWoTa qveynebs gansakuTrebiT esaWiroebaT
axali strategiebisa da koncefciebis SemuSaveba, raTa alRo auRon
globalizaciis gamowvevebs. globaluri procesebis sworad aRqma da
analizi qarTul realobaSi moiTxovs meritokratiul azrovnebas, raTa
transnacionaluri ekonomikis politikuri da sazogadoebrivi
paradoqsebi mecnierul Seswavlasa da kritikul gaazrebas
daeqvemdebaros.
msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi Cveni qveynis
ganviTarebisaTvis, ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da
erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
iseTi ekonomikuri politikisa da struqturuli cvlilebebis
ganxorcielebas, romelic qveyanas SesaZleblobas miscems ganaviTaros
prioritetuli dargebi da am gziT moipovos konkurentunariani
upiratesoba Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi.
sakuTari niSis dakaveba globalur arenaze warmoadgens
saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis umTavres winapirobas, rac, Tavis
mxriv, xels Seuwyobs sazogadoebriv keTildReobas da pirdapir
kavSirSia siRaribis daZlevasTan. aRniSnul SesaZleblobaTa Soris,
upirveles yovlisa, unda dasaxeldes Crdilo atlantikur sivrceSi
110
qveynis integracia da evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi
miRebuli valdebulebebis drouli Sesruleba. sakuTari adgilis Ziebis
procesSi saqarTvelom, upirveles yovlisa, unda gaiTvaliswinos
geopolitikuri konteqsti, kerZod, evropuli arealisadmi kuTvnileba
da transatlantikuri integracia. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTuli
politikis mier aRebuli evrokavSirTan integraciis kursi
ualternativoa, rac gulisxmobs evropuli standartebis Sesaferisi
sistemis Camoyalibebas da yvela im meqanizmis srulad amoqmedebas,
romelic qveyanas gamowvevebis daZlevaSi Seuwyobs xels.
mzardi konkurenciis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos stabiluri
ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia axali gzebis gamonaxva, romelic
inovaciur midgomebsa da TanamSromlobis axali formebis danergvas
iTvaliswinebs. zemoT aRniSnuli mkveTri kontrastebis fonze,
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania iseTi politikuri, mikro- da
makroekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcieleba, romlebic xels Suwyoben
qveynis mdgrad ganviTarebasa da konkurentunarianobis gazrdas
globalur sivrceSi.
yvelaze sasurvelia, rodesac qveyanis konkurentuli upiratesoba
ganpirobebulia memkvidreobiT miRebuli progresuli formebis
gamoyenebiT, misi Tanamedrove, uaxlesi teqnologiebiT aRWurviT,
maRalkvalificiuri samuSao Zalis arsebobiT, samecniero_kvleviTi
potencialis ganviTarebiTa da misi Sedegebis warmoebaSi danergvis
maRali xarisxiT, rac mas maRalteqnologiuri dargebis ganviTarebisa
da teqnologiurad rTuli da Sesabamisad, ZviradRirebuli produqciis
warmoebis saSualebas aZlevs. es ki Sromis saerTaSoriso
danawilebidan maqsimaluri sargeblis miRebis garantiaa. samwuxarod,
saqarTveloSi am faqtorebis arsebobis TvalsazrisiT, arasaxarbielo
mdgomareobaa.
saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi, DjerjerobiT, SedarebiTi
upiratesobebis gamovlenis procesi da Sesabamisad, dargobrivi
struqturis cvlilebebi praqtikulad TviTdinebazea miSvebuli, anu
saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi mimdinare struqturuli cvlilebebi
mTlianad damokidebulia bazris uxilavi xelis moqmedebaze. Usruliad
111
aSkaraa, rom gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi, ultra neoliberalur
principebze agebuli deregulaciis politika miuRebelia saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisaTvis, miTumetes sagareo_ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis sruli liberalizaciisa da gaurkveveli warmoSobis
ucxouri (xSir SemTxvevaSi rusuli) kompaniebis dominanturi
poziciebis pirobebSi.
5.2 siRaribis daZlevis strategia da ganviTarebis prioritetebi
maRali riskis maCveneblebi da arastabiluroba gansakuTrebiT
SesamCnevia post-sabWoTa sivrceSi, sadac ekonomikuri vardnisa da
stagnaciis ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezebia korufcia, politikuri
kulturis deficiti, ararefeqturi mmarTveloba da susti sakadro
menejmenti.
jozef Stiglici didi xnis manZilze ikvlevda gardamavali
sabazro ekonomikis politikas pistsabWoTa sivrceSi. igi mxars uWers
Tanmimdevrul gardaqmnebs da reformebs, da winaaRmdegia e.w. ‘Sokuri
Terapiisa’, romelmac Zalian cudi Sedegebi gamoiwvia ruseTsa da sxva
postsabWoTa qveynebSi (Stiglitz, Joseph e. Global Playing Field: More Level, but It Still
Has Bumps; The New York Times 04-30-2005). saqarTvelosaTvis, upirveles
strategiul prioritets warmoadgens mmarTvelobisa da centraluri
dawesebulebebis kompetenturobisa da moqmedebis unaris gaumjobeseba,
romlis mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba
etapobrivi mdgradi ganviTarebis meSveobiT.
me-13 cxrilSi naCvenebia, rom ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da
siRaribis daZlevis programa koncentrirebulia zrdaze, romelmac
unda Seqmnas samuSao adgilebi da warmoqmnas sabiujeto Semosavlebi
siRaribis mdgradi klebis misaRwevad. zrda, Tavis mxriv,
makroekonomikur stabilurobasa da kerZo seqtoris gafarToebazea
damokidebuli. es siRaribis Sesaxeb msoflio bankis uaxlesi
monacemebis erT-erTi umTavresi daskvnaa. Tumca saqarTvelos
112
mTavrobam ganacxada reformebisadmi Tavisi erTgulebis Sesaxeb,
uzarmazari problemebi kvlavac rCeba.
cxrili 13:
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa
wyaro: Canadian International Development Agency, Country Development Programming
Framework: Georgia, 2003
ergb-sa∗ da msoflio bankis mier wels Catarebul biznes-garemosa
da mewarmeobis mimoxilvaSi xazgasmulia iseTi prioritetebi,
rogoricaa pirovnuli kapitalis gaZliereba kapitalis gaZliereba
jandacvisa da ganaTlebis sferoebSi politikisa da momsaxurebis
xarisxis gaumjobesebis gziT. amisaTvis aucilebelia, rom saqarTvelos
samTavrobo dawesebulebebma, kompetenturobis, gamWvirvaleobisa da
angariSgebis principebis safuZvelze dauWiron mxari sabazro da
demokratiul politikas.
reformebis kidev erTi prioritetuli sakiTxi, romelic
seriozuli yuradRebis mipyrobas saWiroebs, saqarTveloSi kerZo
seqtoris gafarToebisaken mimarTuli politikaa. Cveni azriT,
politikur mmarTvelobasTan dakavSirebuli rTuli sakiTxebis
∗ evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki
113
gadawyvetaze muSaoba ufro nayofieri da farTomasStabiani iqneba, Tu
ekonomikur zrdasTan erTad mTels qveyanaSi moxdeba dasaqmebisa da
sainvesticio SesaZleblobebis zrdac. es ki SesaZlebeli iqneba Semdegi
RonisZiebebis gatarebiT:
• mesakuTris uflebebis gaZliereba da saxsrebisa da aqtivebis
gazrdili kapitalizacia;
• saxelmwifo sakuTrebis marTvis efeqturobis gazrda da
privatizaciis xelSewyoba;
• finansuri infrastruqturis ganviTareba;
• samrewvelo, energetikisa da komunikaciebis infrastruqturis
ganviTareba;
• samecniero miRwevebis, axali teqnologiebisa da informatikis
rolis gazrda;
• samewarmeo saqmianobaSi dabalSemosavliani jgufebis
monawileobis gazrda;
• Sromis bazris efeqturobis gazrda;
• sapensio sistemis gaumjobeseba.
farTomasStabiani zrda samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis perspeqtivebiT
unda warimarTos da es safuZvlad unda daedos mTlianad konkretul
seqtorSi siRaribis Semcirebis strategias. garda samuSao adgilebis
Seqmnisa, kerZo seqtoris gafarToeba xels Seuwyobs sagadasaxado
sabiujeto Senatanebis gazrdas, Tu saxelmwifo gaatarebs
gadasaxadebis akrefis gaumjobesebisaken mimarTul zomebs.* sapasuxod,
kerZo seqtors dasWirdeba mTavrobis gazrdili angariSgeba da zomebi,
romlebic xels Seuwyobs zrdis gagrZelebas.
* mravali eqsperti iziarebs im mosazrebas, rom gadasaxadebi saqarTveloSi Zalian
maRalia da maTi srulad gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi sawarmo sicocxlisuunaro gaxdeba,
xolo, Tu gadasaxadebi Semcirdeba, es stimuls miscems investiciebs da gazrdis
gadasaxadebis amoRebis dones: dabali gadasaxadebi xels Seuwyobs maTi gadaxdis donis
amaRlebas, maTgan Tavis aridebis stimulaciis Semcirebis gziT.
114
5.3. erovnuli sainovacio sistemis Seqmnis SesaZlobloba
saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi inovaciebis kvlevis da damuSavebis sferoSi
mimdinare saqmianoba regulirdeba ori sakanonmdeblo aqtiT "kanoni
mecnierebis, teqnologiebis da maTi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb" da kanoni
"umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb". Tavis mxriv, amJamad moqmedi
"inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis" sakanonmdeblo baza moicavs
mecnierebisa da inovaciebis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro yvela elements.
saqarTvelos kanoni N#603 "mecnierebis teqnologiebis da maTi
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb" 1994 wlis 22 noembers aris miRebuli da
warmoadgens inteleqtualur da teqnologiuri progresis sferoSi
saxelmwifo politikis iuridiul safuZvels. kanoni gansazRvravs
saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTad miznebs da principebs mecnierebaSi da
teqnologiur ganviTarebaSi; saxelmwifos uflebamosilebas am
politikis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel StoebSi; mecnierTa
saqmianobis SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas da pasuxismgeblobas da am
saqmianobisTvis saxelmwifo garantiebis wesebs. kanonis me-2 nawili
gansazRvravs saxelmwifos monawileobas mecnierebis da teqnologiebis
ganviTarebaSi: punqti 13. iTvaliswinebs samecniero prioritetebis
gansazRvras; punqti 14. eTmoba saxelmwifo samecniero da teqnologiuri
programebis (proeqtebis) ganxorcielebas; punqti 15. qmnis safuZvels
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis - fondebis SeqmnisTvis; punqti
18. ayalibebs inteleqtualur da samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvasTan
dakavSirebul moTxovnebs. punqti 21. gansazRvravs ramodenime gzas,
romlis meSveobiT saxelmwifos SeuZlia qveyanaSi sainovacio
saqmianobis mxardaWera:
yvela im dawesebulebas da organizacias romelic saqmianobs
mecnierebis da taqnologiebis ganviTarebis sferoSi,
saxelmwifo aZlevs sainovacio saqmianobis dacvis garantias,
sakuTrebis formis miuxedavad.
saministroebi, saxelmwifo departamentebi da inspeqciebi, sxva
saxelmwifo uwyebebi qmnian mecnierebis da teqnologiebis
115
ganviTarebis dargobriv fondebs, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
adgilobrivi organoebi, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, -
regionalur fondebs. Aam fondebis debulebas amtkicebs
saxelmwifo organizacia.
saxelmwifo sainovacio politikis gatarebas xels uwyoben
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT Seqmnili
iuridiuli pirebi.
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebi, fizikuri da
iuridiuli pirebi uflebamosili arian Seqmnan mecnierebis
ganviTarebisa da mecnierebTa mxardamWeri kerZo samarTlis
arasamewarmeo (ara-komerciuli) iuridiuli pirebi.
kanonSi warmodgenili es zomebi warmoadgenen mTliani sainovacio
suraTis calkeul fragmentebs. AamJamad, TviT es fragmentebic ki
Zalian sustad, an saerTod ar xorcieldeba. AamasTan erTad cxadia,
rom mxolod kerZo sakuTrebis dacvis kanonmdeblobas da mis mkacr
Sesrulebas, SeuZlia investorebis mozidva saqarTveloSi, miRebuli
kvleviTi produqciis komercializaciis saqmeSi investiciebis
Casadebad.
kanonis 51 muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
uwyebebi pasuxismgebelni arian mecnierebis da teqnologiebis
ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis SemuSavebaze, magram dRemde
kvlevisa da sainovacio saqmianobis regulirebis sakiTxSi CarTulia
mxolod ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro. amavdroulad, am
saqmianobaze pasuxismgebeli unda iyvnen sxva saministroebic, upirveles
yovlisa - ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro.
1999 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni "patentebis da
savaWro niSnebis Sesaxeb", xolo imave wels - kanoni “saqonlis
adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebisa da geografiuli aRniSvnis Sesaxeb”,
romelTac Seqmnes saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovani saqmianobis
samarTlebrivi dacvis safuZveli. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvas
ukavia saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris TanamSromlobis
xelSekrulebis mniSvnelovani adgili. calkeul kanonebs Soris
zogierTi Seusabamobis miuxedavad, Seqmnilia xelSemwyobi
116
sakanonmdeblo baza saqarTvelos samecniero inovaciuri saqmianobis
warmatebiT ganviTarebisTvis.
garda sakanonmdeblo bazisisa, saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2008 -2012
w.w. programaSi - "erTiani saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe" - gamoCnda
metad sayuradRebo mimarTulebebi, romlebic aucileblad moiTxoven
inovaciurobis sitemaze dafuZnebuli xedvis da strategiis
Camoyalibebas.
saqarTvelos mTavroba Tavis xuTwlian gegmaSi ambiciur amocanas,
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso safinanso centrad gadaqcevas isaxavs. am
mimarTulebiT gadaidga pirveli nabiji da saqarTvelos parlamentma
ukve miiRo saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier Semotanili kanonebis paketi
"saqarTvelos kanoni safinanso seqtoris globaluri
konkurentunarianobis Sesaxeb". igi orietirebulia foTis Tavisufali
industriuli zonis Seqmnis, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso safinanso
centrad gadaqcevis, sagadasaxado reformebis axali fiskaluri
paradigmis da efeqturi finansuri zedamxedvelobis ganviTarebisken.
TiTeuli mimarTuleba Tavis TavSi moicavs inovaciebis sistemis
ganviTarebis aucileblobas da yvela erTad dakavSirebulia aramarto
finansuri, aramed globaluri konkurentunarianobis problemasTan,
sadac inovaciuroba da misi gazomva erT-erTia im Tormeti indeqsidan,
romeliTac davosis msoflio ekonomikur forumze sami welia
saqarTvelos parametrebi, msoflios sxva 131 qveyanasTan erTad, izomeba.
sagulisxmoa, rom am indeqsis mixedviT 2006-2007 w.w-Si saqarTvelo 83-e
adgilze iyo, xolo 2007-2008 w.w. monacemebiT man 90-e adgilze
gadainacvla, calke aRebuli inovaciurobis indeqsiT 110-e adgilzea.
saintereso monacemebs moicavs am mimarTulebiT msoflio bankis codnis
Sefasebis meTodologiis (KAM) indeqsi*, ris mixedviTac saqarTvelos
poziciebi arc Tu ise saxarbielod gamoiyureba:
* (KAM) Knowledge Assessment Methodology—SemuSavebulia msoflio bankis mier
117
cxrili 14. codnis Sefasebis meTodologiis
indeqsebis SedarebiTi analizi
qveyana
codnis
ekonomikis
indeqsi
ekonomikuri
stimulebi da
institucionaluri
reJimi
inovacia
ganaTleba
sainformacio da
sakomunikacio
teqnologiebi
axali 1995 axali 1995 axali 1995 axali 1995 axali 1995
germania 8.54 8.75 8.38 8.41 8.93 9.08 8.08 8.74 8.79 8.75
estoneTi 8.07 7.76 8.07 8.2 7.42 6.59 8.29 8.07 8.49 8.18
somxeTi 5.36 4.61 5.71 2.25 6.06 5.63 6.03 5.98 3.64 4.58
saqarTvelo 4.4 4.5 2.46 1.25 5.27 5.38 6.4 7.17 3.45 4.19
azerbaijani 3.56 3.46 3.03 0.89 2.65 4.84 5.04 5.75 3.53 2.36
wyaro: KAM Index by the World Bank, 2006
saqarTvelo codnis ekonomikis indeqsiT, ekonomikuri
stimulirebiT da institucionaluri reJimiT, inovaciurobiT da
sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis mxriv,
CamorCeba ara Tu evrokavSiris wevr, aramed Tavis uaxloes mezobel
qveynebsac. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom codnis ekonomikaze
dafuZnebuli qveynis konkurentunariani upiratesobis grZelvadiani
ganviTarebis klasteruli, inovaciuri strategia Seqmnilia da muSaobs
Cvens uSualo mezoblebTan somxeTSi, ruseTSi da yazaxeTSi, strategiis
Seqmnis proceSi arian ukrainelebi da Turqebi.
meore mxriv, igive msoflio bankis angariSis Tanaxmad "biznesis
warmoeba 2007 wels", saqarTvelo aris "msoflioSi pirveli ekonomikuri
reformatori", vinaidan biznesis warmoebis simartivis TvalsazrisiT
man erT weliwadSi gaaumjobesa Tavisi maCvenebeli da gadainacvla 112-e
adgilidan 37-e adgilze (175 Seswavlil qveyanas Soris). ucxouri
pirdapiri investicia, qveynis biznesis klimatis liberalizaciisa da
gadasaxadebis da sabaJo politikis gaumjobesebis Sedegad, gaormagda.
2006 -2007 ww laris inflacia 10%-is midamoebSi meryeobda, Tumca
inflaciis maRali done dabalansda investiciebis maRali doniT (2006
wlis mSp 30%) da qveyanam SeinarCuna sruli ndoba saerTaSoriso
bazarze. A
118
m fonze saqarTveloSi maRalia umuSevrobis done, oficialuri
statistikiT - 12,6% (2006) da evropul qveynebTan SedarebiT, sakmaod
dabalia nominaluri mSp erT sul mosaxleze, romelic Tumca 2005 wels
36%-iT gaizarda 2003 wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT, magram kvlavac ver
uZlebs kritikas (1415,6 aSS dolari).
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2008-2012 wlebis programis kidev erTi
RirsSesaniSnavi iniciativa, romelic pirdapir kavSirSia saqarTveloSi
inovaciuri sistemis, codnis ekonomikis da codnis komercializaciis
damkvidrebasTan, aris programa - "Tbilisi codnis qalaqi". Pprograma
jer kidev xedvis saxiT aris Camoyalibebuli da ar miuRia gawerili
strategiis forma, amdenad misi Camoyalibeba strategiul dokumentad
da Semdeg implementacia sakmaod mniSvnelovani etapi SeiZleba
aRmoCndes inovaciurobis dasavluri xedvis Camosayalibeblad qarTul
sauniversiteto, saxelmwifo da biznes azrovnebaSi.
2007 wels evrokavSiris mier dafinansebul proeqtis
"rekomendaciebi saqarTvelos mecnierebis politikis
SemumuSavebisaTvis" angariSSi, estoneli eqspertebis mier metad
sagulisxmo momentebia gaTvaliswinebuli, saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso
standartebis donis inovaciuri saxelmwifo politikis SesamuSaveblad
da dasamkvidreblad. rekomendaciebis mTavar mizans Seadgenda qveynis
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mxardamWeri mecnierebisa da inovaciebis
politikis SemuSavebis xelSewyoba. mTlianad angariSi da
gansakuTrebiT me-3 TavSi, mrewveloba - universiteti - kvleviTi
dawesebulebebis partniorobis stimulireba, SemuSavebulia mTeli rigi
rekomendaciebi, romlebic mniSvnelovani safuZveli unda gaxdes
saqarTveloSi inovaciebis da codnis gadacemis politikis
strategiuli ganviTarebis, menejmentis da kvlevis Sedegebis
komercializaciisa da inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis politikis
ganviTarebisa da Semdgomi srulyofisaTvis.
zemoT aRwerili biznesis - akademiuri - sajaro seqtoris
urTierTqmedebis modeli, msoflioSi cnobilia e.w. 'The Triple Helix
Model' (sammagi spiralis) modelis saxiT, romlis mixedviT sawyis
etapze sociumi, moqalaqeebi, bazari da momxmareblebi, warmoqmnian
119
mravalspiraliani CarCo sistemis codnis wyaros (multipli-heliqsi).
informaciis marTva da benCmarkingi, winaswar ganWvretis meTodebiT,
xels uwyoben sainformacio sammagi qselis Seqmnas, romelic warmoqmnis
codnis procesis samspiralian models.
“sammagi spiralis modelis” bazaze, qveynis konkurentuli
upiratesobis amaRlebis mizniT, saqarTveloSi xelisuflebam, kerZo
seqtorma da universitetebma xeli unda Seuwyon codnis
komercializaciis ideis ganxorcielebas da mrewvelobis dargebis
klasterebis qselis ganviTarebas.
gaeros mier organizebuli aTaswleulis deklaraciis
ganviTarebis mxardasaWerad saqarTvelos mTavrobam, msoflios sxva
qveynebTan erTad, 2005 wlis 2 marts xeli moawera e.w. parizis
deklaracias, romelic mimarTulia aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebis
daCqarebuli miRwevisaTvis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegebis
marTvisken da siRaribisa da uTanasworobis Semcirebis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli zemoqmedebis gaZlierebisaken.
am deklaraciis mTavari gzavnili partniori qveynebis mimarT aris
is, rom partniori qveynebi valdebulebas iReben Seqmnan ganviTarebis
erovnuli strategia, romelTac eqnebaT wliur biujetebSi asaxuli,
saSualovadian danaxarjebTan dakavSirebuli zusti strategiuli
prioritetebi. deklaraciis moTxovnebis Seusrulebloba saqarTvelos
2010 wlisTvis im qveyanaTa rigSi moaqcevs, romlebic donori
organizaciebis daxmarebis gareT, ganviTarebad qveyanaTa ukanasknel
eSelonSi moeqceva.
sxva programebidan aRniSvnis Rirsia 2002 wels msoflio bankis
dafinansebiT Seqmnili organizaciis "sawarmoTa restruqturizaciisa
da menejmentis daxmarebis centris" (CERMA) saqmianoba. axal
zelandieli eqspertebis daxmarebiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi soflis
meurneobis mrewvelobis dargSi, kerZod Txilis da Cais samrewvelo
biznesis ganviTarebis mizniT, Seiqmna am dargebis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis klasteruli strategiis konceptualuri dokumenti.
samwuxarod, gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo, am precendents saqarTveloSi
ar moyolia strategiis aqtiuri SemuSaveba da misi implementireba.
120
2004 wels aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos egidiT
momzadda "saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis iniciativa - moxseneba
sawyisi pirobebis da SezRudvebis klasterul Sefasebaze" mrewvelobis
dargebis klasterebis prioritetuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, sadac
yvelaze potenciur klasterad saqarTveloSi turizmi iqna miCneuli.
2008 wlis gazafxulze amerikeli eqspertebis mier mzaddeba
saqarTvelos turizmis ganviTarebis strategia, sadac wamyvani adgili
eTmoba turizmis ganviTarebis klasterul strategiul xedvas.
5.4. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegma
pirvelad mosazreba evrokavSiris wevr da mezobel qveynebs Soris
urTierTobis gasaumjobeseblad 2003 wlis martSi gamoiTqva. am
dokumentSi SemuSavda evrokavSiris programa urTierTobebis
gafarToebis Sesaxeb. is gamoyofda prioritetebs, romelic moicavda
saerTo SeTanxmebebs, SemuSavebuliyo evrokavSirsa da mis mezobel
qveynebs Soris urTierTobis Camoyalibebis politika.
evropis samezoblo politika evrokavSiris 2007-2013 wlis
lisabonis strategiis Sedegia, romelic xazs usvams iseT ZiriTad
sakiTxebs, rogoricaa mecnieruli kvleva, inovaciebis xelSemwyobi da
biznesis ganviTarebis politika. es faqtorebi mniSvnelovania ara
marto im qveynebisTvis, romlebic mudmivad anaxleben teqnologias,
aramed im qveynebisTvisac, romlebic Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikisaze
gadadian. maT unda SeimuSaon iseTi politika, romelic waaxalisebs da
stimuls miscems ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas, mecnieruli kvlevebis
gaZlierebas, inovaciebis danergvasa da ganviTarebas, produqtis da misi
warmoebis gaumjobesebas. is investiciebi, romlebic gamoyofilia am
moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad, mniSvnelovania kvlevebisa da
ganviTarebisTvis, maRalkvalificiuri kvleviTi institutebis Seqmnisa
da gaZlierebisaTvis, urTierTTanamSromlobis CamoyalibebisaTvis
121
institutebisa da kerZo industriul seqtors Soris da saxelmwifos
mxridan inovaciebis xelSewyobisTvis.
lisabonis strategiis analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT,
rom Sromis produqtiulobis zrdis 40%-ze meti kvlevisa da
ganviTarebis xarjebidan modis. arsebobs Zlieri Tanmxlebi efeqtebi
ekonomikis sxva sferoebSi, romlebic damokidebuli arian imaze, Tu ra
mimarTulebiT ixarjeba fuli. saqarTvelos samomavlo ekonomikuri
ganviTareba mniSvnelovnad iqneba damokidebuli mis SesaZleblobaze,
Seqmnas da gaaZlieros maRali Rirebulebis mqone, inovaciuri da
kvlevaze dafuZnebuli seqtorebi.
am moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad strategia, axali politikis
saxiT, Camoyalibda 2006 wlis maisSi. is ZiriTadad moicavs sakiTxebs,
Tu rogor unda moxdes evrokavSirsa da mis mezobel saxelmwifoebs
Soris urTierTobis gaumjobeseba, rasac Sedegad maTi Semosavlebisa
da mogebis zrda moyveba. amJamad evrokavSiri awarmoebs saqarTvelosa
da evropas Soris ormxrivi urTierTobis Sefasebas, romelic asaxavs
arsebuli partniorobisa da urTierTTanamSromlobis SeTanxmebis
progress da aRwers amJamindel situacias sxvadasxva sferoebSi iseTi
ekonomikuri da socialuri reformebis CaTvliT, romlebic Seqmnian
axal SesaZleblobebs ganviTarebisa da konkurentuanarianobisaTvis.
evropis partniori, evrokavSiris evropis samezoblo politikis
damfinansebeli instrumenti, (ENPI), romelmac funqcionireba daiwyo
2006 wlis 14 noembers, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs saqarTveloSi axali
inovaciis politikis ganviTarebaSi. ENPI-s prioriteti gamoxatavs
inovaciuri sistemis rols qveynis ganviTarebaSi. sxva prioritetebs
Soris Eigi miznad isaxavs saqarTveloSi stabiluri kvleviTi da
inovaciuri politikis ganviTarebas, rac qveyanas daexmareba mdgradi
ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevasa da SenarCunebaSi. garda amisa, ENPI-s
ramdenime sxva prioritetic arapirdapir kavSirSia erovnuli
inovaciuri sistemisa da strategiis ganviTarebasTan. kerZod, isini
miznad isaxaven biznes garemos gaumjobesebas, reformis strategiis
sistematiur gadaxedvasa da gaumjobesebas, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis
122
menejmentis sistemis reformas, da statistikur monacemTa xarisxis
gaumjobesebas.
am prioritetebis garda, Tavi regionuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
Seicavs qveTavs saqarTvelos potencialis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
teqnologiuri kvlevisa da inovaciis sferoSi, romelic daexmareba
qveyanas ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebaSi da Semdeg Temebs
moicavs:
teqnologiuri kvlevisa da inovaciis gaumjobesebisaTvis
saWiro pirovnuli, materialuri da institucionaluri
resursebis gaZlierebis zomebi;
samecniero da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa integracia,
Sedegze orientirebuli kvleviTi da inovaciuri proeqtebis
xelSewyoba;
saqarTvelos momzadeba evropis samecniro-kvleviT sistemasa
da evrokavSiris samecniero-kvleviT da inovaciur
programebSi integraciisaTvis, specifiur sferoebSi
samecniero miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
saqarTveloSi evropis samezoblo politikis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani mizani aris qveynisaTvis baltiis, Savi zRvis da kaspiis
regionebSi mravalganzomilebian TanamSromlobasa da integraciis
procesSi monawileobis gamartiveba da am sferoSi eqskluziuri,
regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli strategiis SemuSaveba.
warsulidan momavlisaken saqarTvelom unda ganvlos
ganviTarebisa da qveynis konkurentunarianobis gaumjobesebis
strategiis ganxorcielebis gza. saqarTvelos Zlieri strategiuli
mizani sWirdeba - cvlilebisa da inovaciis strategia - raTa SeZlos
msoflio konkurentulobis donemde miRweva. saqarTvelos
strategiuli ganviTarebis farTo mravalkomponentiani gegma
mizanmimarTuli unda iyos qveynis, ekonomikuri, politikuri da
socialuri standartebis amaRlebisaken evro-atlantikuri qveynebisa
da evrokavSiris normebis Sesabamisad. qvemoT CamoTvlili etapebi
gadamwyvetia problemis gadawyvetisa da saqarTvelos strategiuli
ganviTarebis zemoT moyvanili gegmis ganxorcielebisaTvis:
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qveynis yvela saswrafo problemis aRmofxvrisaken mimarTuli
codnis ekonomikisa da inovaciis sistemebis ganviTareba,
integracia da ganxorcieleba;
klasterebis strategiis grZelvadiani programis SemuSaveba
da specifikur sferoebSi qveynis konkurentunarianobis
ganmtkicebisaTvis saWiro teritoriuli, ekonomikuri da
socialuri integraciis miRweva.
evrokavSirma SeimuSava modeli, Tu rogor unda SemuSavdes da
dainergos inovaciebi saganmanaTleblo sistemasa da mecnierul
kvlevebSi. Tu saqarTvelos surs gazardos Tavis SesaZleblobebi
inovaciebsa da konkurentunarianobis sferoSi, maSin man unda
gaaZlieros ganaTlebis sistema da misi sasicocxlo cikli.
saqarTvelos universitetebi saWiroeben ekonomikuri, kulturuli da
socialuri insturmentebis gaaZlierebas, amasve moiTxovs
saganmanaTleblo institutebi, da saxelmwifosa da kerZo seqtors
Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi.
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5.5 saqarTvelos konkurentulobis SWOT analizi:
sadisertacio naSromSi erT-erT umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda
imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad axdens globalizacia zegavlenas
saqarTveloze da mis SesaZleblobaze, Camoayalibos konkurentulobis
strategia. am miznis misaRwevad aucileblad migvaCnia SWOT analizis
gakeTeba, romelic saSualebas mogvcems SevafasoT arsebuli Sida
Zlieri da susti mxareebi, agreTve SesaZleblobebi da safrTxeebi, da
gavakeToT racionaluri daskvnebi saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis
strategiis SemuSavebisTvis grZelvadian periodSi.
PEST analizisa (politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da
teqnologiuri faqtorebi) da porteris almasis modelebze dayrdnobiT
dadginda is faqtorebi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben erovnuli da
regionuli sainovacio sistemebis Camoyalibebas da qveynis
konkurentulobis gazrdas globalur sivrceSi:
winapirobebi - universitetebSi ganaTlebisa da kvlevis
infrastruqtura; saWiro unarebis mqone samuSao Zalisa da
dasaqmebis Seqmnis potencialis xelmisawvdomoba. saWiroa
pasuxi gaices kiTxvaze, moipoveba Tu ara qveyanaSi warmoebis
funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro unarebis mqone samuSao Zala?
vinaidan inteleqtualuri sakuTreba, kreatiuloba da
teqnikuri SesaZleblobebi inovaciuri sistemis sakvanZo
Zalebs warmoadgenen.
moTxovnis pirobebi - daxvewili da momTxovni momxmarebeli
rogorc Sida ise gare bazarze;
urTierTdakavSirebuli da mxardamWeri sawarmoebi -
qmediTunariani adgilobrivi mimwodeblebisa da
urTierTdakavSirebuli kompaniebis arseboba.
maRalganviTarebul qselis SeuZlia seriozulad gazardos
ekonomikuri aqtivoba, danergos inovacia da SesaZlebeli
gaxados strategiuli aliansebis Camoyalibeba.
125
zrdis potenciali - ramdenad eqneba klasters momavali
zrdis potenciali, romelic saWiroa saqarTvelos
produqtiul sawarmoebSi investiciebis mosazidad.
institucionaluri infrastruqtura - saxelmwifos
maregulirebeli normebis siZliere, iseve rogorc sajaro-
kerZo urTierTobebi kompaniaTa Soris, dawesebulebebi da
mTavroba regionsa da mis gareT. es moicavs sakanonmdeblo
normebs da am saxis aqtivobisa da momsaxurebis xarisxis
mxardamWer politikas, romliTac sajaro administracia
uzrunvelyofs bazars. aq SeiZleba Sevides antimonopoliuri
kanoni, maregulirebeli normebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben
bazarze Sesvlis pirobebs, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis
SesaZleblobebi, klasterebis ganviTarebis mxardaWeris
survili da a.S.
teqnikuri infrastruqtura - biznesis keTebisaTvis saWiro
sivrcis xelmisawvdomoba, transporti, interneti, tele da
sakomunikacio SesaZleblobebi, eleqtromomarageba da
sabaziso urbanuli infrastruqturis arseboba.
istoriuli foni da sxva specifikuri faqtorebi - eTnikuri,
kulturuli da istoriuli faqtorebis farTo speqtri, aseve
myari gamocdileba, upiratesobad SeiZleba iyos miCneuli.
arCevanis gakeTebis Semdeg, yoveli faqtori Sefasda imis
safuZvelze, SeuZliaT Tu ara maT konkurentuli potencialis Seqmna da
istoriulad ramdenad mniSvnelovanni arian qarTuli ekonomikisaTvis.
klasterebis sxvadasxva elementebis Sefaseba da maTi Sesabamisi
moqmedeba mniSvnelovani nabijia imis dadgenaSi, Tu ra Zlieri an susti
wertilebi SeiZleba hqondeT am klasterebs da sad SeiZleba gaxdes
saWiro Semdgomi Careva. qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi warmodgenilia SWOT
(Sida faqtorebi-Zlieri da suti mxareebi, gare faqtorebi-
SesaZleblobebi da safrTxeebi) analizis Sejamebuli Sedegebi:
126
cxrili 15. saqarTvelos kunkurentunarianobis SWOT analizi
Sida faqtorebi
qula
0-7
Zlieri mxareebi
1 qveynis prodasavluri kursi 7
2 evro-atlantikuri struqturebis mxardaWera 6
3 demokratiuli mmarTveloba da Ria sabazro ekonomika 6
4 mdidari istoriuli da kulturuli memkvidreoba 6
5 bunebrivi resursebi 5
6 stabiluri sabanko sistema 5
7 mdgradi erovnuli valuta 5
8 mTliani Sida produqtis zrda 5
9 mowesrigebuli sakanonmdeblo baza 4
10 satranzito potenciali* 4
11 klasteruli ganviTarebis potenciali 4
12 ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebis potenciali 4
sisusteebi
1 eTnikuri konfliqtebi 7
2 susti ekonomikuri politika 7
3 susti sainovacio politika 7
4 araefeqturi sakadro politika 7
5 konkurentuli kadrebis deficiti 7
6 Tanamedrove menejeruli unar-Cvevebis nakleboba 7
7 susti koheziuroba kvleviT institutebsa da biznes seqtors 7
8 ganaTlebisa mecnierebis dafinansebis dabali done 7
9 araefeqturi saprivatizacio politika 6
10 ucxour investiciebze damokidebuleba 6
11 susti gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba 6
12 eqsportis mcire moculoba 6
13 mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa mxardaWeris dabali done 6
14 mecnierebis kvlevebis dabali done 6
15 mTavrobis kompetenturobis xarisxi 6
16 susti institucionaluri sistema 6
17 susti urbanuli politika 6
18 mouwesrigebeli regionuli infrastruqtura 6
19 myife Sida politikuri klimati 6
20 susti erovnuli biznesi 6
21 siRatake da socialuri stratifikaciis maRali xarisxi 6
22 emigraciis maRali done da Brain Drain-i 6
23 araefeqturi sagadasaxo politika 5
24 samewarmeo unarebis nakleboba 5
25 marketinguli da promouteruli unarebis nakleboba 5
27 xarisxis marTvis sistemis dabali done 5
28 internetis moxmarebis dabali done 5
* rogorc Sida faqtori, satranzito potenciali warmoadgens Zalas tarifebis miRebis
TvalsazrisiT, magram rogorc gare faqtori, tranziti safrTxis matarebelic aris
iaraRis ukanono vaWrobis, trefikingis, ekologiuri dainZurebis, Sidsis virusisa da
sxva daavadebebis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT
127
gare faqtorebi
qula
0-7
SesaZleblobebi
1 evroatlantikuri struqturebis gawevrianeba 7
2 evrokavSiris samezoblo iniciativebSi CarTva 7
3 bazris zrdis potenciali 7
4 saerTaSoriso donorebis keTilganwyoba 5
5 teqnologiis transferis gaumjobeseba 5
ganaTlebis sistemis boloniis procesTan mierTeba 4
safrTxeebi
1 myife geopolitikuri klimati da eTnikuri konfliqtebi 7
2 globaluri konkurenciis maRali tempi 7
3 emigraciis tempis zrda da Brain Drain-i 7
4 susti koheziuroba kvleviT institutebsa da biznes seqtors 7
5 ganaTlebisa mecnierebis dafinansebis dabali done 7
6 ucxour investiciebze damokidebuleba 6
7 importze damokidebuleba 6
8 Sida politikuri krizisis safrTxe 5
9
konsaltingisa da satreningo kursebis xelmisawvdomobis
nakleboba 5
10 venCoruli kapitalis nakleboba 5
rogorc SWOT analizi gviCvenebs, saqarTvelos konkurentulobis
dabali donis ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezebia saxelmwifo struqturebSi
profesionalizmisa da kompetenciis nakleboba, ararefeqturi marTva da
sakadro menejmenti, romlebic avaldebuleben xelisuflebas
SeimuSavos qmediTi RonisZiebebi warmatebuli reformebis
gasatareblad.
analizis procesSi gamoikveTa Semdegi problemebi:
• mediis dafarvis zona da PR-RonisZiebebi Zalian SezRuduli da
danawevrebulia da xSir SemTxvevaSi isini ar moicaven farTo
auditoriebs;
• SezRudulia komunikacia da sustia koheziuroba mTavrobas,
biznes seqtorsa da universitetebs Soris;
• dabalia eqspertuli codnisa da unarebis done, da Sesabamisad
”sammagi spiralis” yvela seqtorSi kvlevisa da ganviTarebis
mniSvneloba sustad aRiqmeba;
• maRalia interesi konkurentulobis, evropis samezoblo
politikisa da erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis sakiTxebis
128
mimarT da savaraudod kidev ufro gaizrdeba, rac qmnis
moTxovnas informaciaze;
• safrTxis wyaroebad miCneuli sakiTxebi kavSirSia eTnikur
konfliqtebTan, politikur arastabilurobasTan, siRatakesTan,
qveynis ekonomikis dabal maCveneblebTan, finansur
arastabilurobasa da araadekvatur investirebasTan kvlevasa
da ganviTarebaSi;
• seriozul problemas warmoadgens emigraciisa da
inteleqtualuri resursis qveynidan gadinebis maRali done;
• ganviTarebis procesSi mniSvnelovan safrTxes warmoadgens
agreTve regionebis araTanabari CarTuloba da socialuri
uTanasworoba.
RonisZiebebis siZlieris reitingis gansazRvrisas yvelaze meti
mniSvneloba eniWeba socialuri partniorobis zrdis aucileblobas
saqarTveloSi erovnuli sainovacio sistemis ganxorcielebis mizniT,
risTvisac saWiroa Zalisxmevis fokusireba procesebSi mTavrobis,
universitetebis, biznes seqtorisa da mediis CarTvis mizniT.
amave dros aucilebelia administraciuli da sakanonmdeblo
dabrkolebebis moxsna kvlevisa da ganviTarebis politikis
gaumjobesebis, konkurentunarianobis da inovaciurobis procesis
miznobrivi gaZlierebis, socialuri koheziurobis ganviTarebis
xelSewyobiTa da Sesabamisi unaris naklebobis Semcirebis gziT.
saqarTvelos amJamindeli poziciebi evropis samoqmedo gegmasTan
mimarTebaSi arc Tu ise mimzidvelia, Tumca arsebuli situacia bolo
ori aTwleulis manZilze qveynis uunaro da korufciuli mmarTvelobis
pirdapiri Sedegia. transformacia saWiroebs efeqtur menejments
cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis, rTuli amocanebis gadalaxvis da
resursebis efeqtianad gamoyenebis mizniT.
saqarTveloSi inovaciuri sistemebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis
Sefasebisas, saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis sasargeblo iqneboda
ganviTarebis SesaZlo scenarebis modelireba, romlebic safuZvels
daudebs strategiis monaxazis da strategiuli mimarTulebebis
ganmtkicebisaTvis saWiro xedvebis Camoyalibebas.
129
rogorc erovnul, ise regionalur doneebze Sesabamisi
strategiebis Sesaqmnelad kargi iqneboda pozitiuri da negatiuri
ganviTarebis scenarebis Seqmna. es ori scenari unda pasuxobdes Semdeg
kiTxvebs:
rogori iqneba erovnul da regionalur doneebze ekonomikuri
ganviTareba 2012 wlisaTvis da misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi?
rogori iqneba mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa ganviTareba 2012
wlisaTvis da misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi?
rogori iqneba saqarTvelos kvlevisa da ganviTarebis
seqtoris zrdis done 2012 wlisaTvis da misi ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi?
rogori iqneba urTierTobebi kvlevisa da ganviTarebis
seqtors, warmoebasa da bizness da maT xelSemwyob
dawesebulebebs Soris 2012 wlisaTvis?
saqarTvelos grZelvadiani konkurentunarianobis miRweva SeiZleba
mxolod arsebiTi struqturuli reformebis ganxorcielebiT, romelic
Seqmnis erovnuli da regionuli sainovacio sistemebis ganxorcielebis
pirobebs. Tavis mxriv, reformis momzadebis mTavar mimarTulebad unda
iqces saqarTveloSi erovnuli da regionuli inovaciuri sistemebis
ganxorcielebis strategiis formulireba.
strategia warmatebuli iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas eqneba farTo
sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera. farTo sazogadoebrivi konsensusis miRweva
SeTavazebuli strategiis Taobaze mniSvnelovania imisTvisac, rom is
gaTvaliswinebul iqnas mTavrobis momaval samoqmedo programaSi.
strategiis efeqturi ganxorcieleba moiTxovs Sesabamis Tanxebs,
maT Soris saxelmwifo da kerZo dafinansebasa da saerTaSoriso
donorebis mxardaWeras. mniSvnelovania, rom resursebis investireba
unda moxdes saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobisa da mTlianad
ekonomikis zrdis mizniT. 2008-2012 wlebis periodSi saqarTvelos
mTavrobis mier inovaciis politikis SemuSaveba da mis
gansaxorcieleblad saWiro finansuri instrumentebi saqarTvelos
ekonomikis grZelvadiani konkurentunarianobis mosapoveblad saWiro
mTavari komponenti unda gaxdes.
130
Cvens mier gakeTebuli analizi aCvenebs, rom yvela monawile
mxarem - sajaro xelisuflebam, universitetebma da biznesma TavianT
Tavze unda aiRos pirovnuli kapitalSi investirebis donisa da
efeqturobis amaRlebis pasuxismgeblobis wili.
am procesSi mxolod mTavrobis, samecniero wrisa da biznes
seqtoris mier gamoCenili keTili neba an iniciativa ar aris sakmarisi,
Tu srulad ar iqna gamoyenebuli TiToeuli aqtoris, da pirvel rigSi
saxelmwifos xelT arsebuli potenciali.
sabazro ekonomikis zrdaSi saxelmwifos Tavisi wvlilis Setana
SeuZlia iseTi pirobebis SeqmniT, romlebic gaaZliereben ekonomikis
konkurentunarianobas. es mosazreba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas rogorc
saqarTvelos konkurentulobis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi komponenti,
romelic xels Seuwyobs saxelmwifos strategiuli prioritetebis
safuZvlis formirebas.
am mimarTulebiT gansaxorcielebel RonisZiebaTa Soris
saqarTvelos mTavrobas vTavazobT Semdeg rekomendaciebs:
inovaciis procesis gagebis gamokveTa, saqarTveloSi
inovaciuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebisa da inovaciis
xelSewyobis mizniT saukeTeso saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis
Seswavla da gamoyeneba;
kvlevisa da inovaciis politikis SemuSaveba, romelic srul
SesabamisobaSi iqneba saqarTvelos mdgrad da samarTlebriv
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikis miznebTan;
inovaciisa da konkurentunarianobis xelSewyobis mizniT
samTavrobo programis momzadeba;
sainovacio politikisa da saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis
Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis miReba, mis miRebamde ki monaxazis
gakeTeba da diskusia. kanonmdeblobam xeli unda Seuwyos
inovaciis infrastruqturis ganviTarebas da erovnuli
sainovacio sistemis ganxorcielebas;
saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis Sesaxeb kanonis gaumjobeseba
inovaciuri produqciisa da momsaxurebis SeZenis
xelSewyobisa da korufciis Semcirebis mizniT;
131
kvlevis aqtivobebis xelSewyobaSi universitetebis rolis
gazrdis mizniT ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis gaumjobesebis
gziT saganmanaTleblo reformis gagrZeleba;
saqarTvelos aRWurva maRali ganaTlebis mqone, kreatiuli da
moqnili pirovnuli resursiT, ise, rom sakmao raodenobis
axalgazrdebi amTavrebdnen umaRles saswavleblebs
Sesabamisi unariT dinamiur, maRali Rirebulebisa da
sasurveli niSis mqone seqtorebSi samsaxuris mopovebis
SesaZleblobiT;
qarTveli mecnierebisa da studentebis monawileobis gazrda
saerTaSoriso da gacvliT programebSi;
mkvlevarTa interesis mipyroba universitetebisken,
dafinansebis problemis saswrafo mogvarebis gziT;
inteleqtualuri potencialis gadinebis procesis SeCerebis
mizniT maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis motivaciebis gazrdis
realisturi politikis warmoeba;
SesaZleblobis - swavla sicocxlis manZilze - xelSewyoba da
ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da treningebis sferoSi reformis
gagrZeleba pirovnuli resursebisa da kapitalis myari
ganviTarebis xelSewyobis mizniT;
sajaro mosamsaxureTa ganaTlebis specialuri programebis
ganviTareba (pirvel rigSi samoqalaqo integraciis mizniT);
mecnierebis marTvis sistemis reforma Sesabamisi
maregulirebeli struqturis, safinanso modelis, samecniero
ostatobaze dafuZnebuli mmarTvelobis, SesaZleblobebis
Seqmnis da saerTo iniciativebis gziT;
klasterebis ganviTarebis danergva da zrdis xelSewyoba
ganxorcielebisaTvis myari safuZvlis mqone strategiis
gansazRvris gziT, romelic saWiroa klasterebis
konkurentunarianobis gasaZliereblad maTi ganviTarebis da
zrdis dasaCqareblad;
132
administraciuli struqturisa da procedurebis gaZliereba
strategiuli dagegmvisa da Sesabamis aqtorebs Soris
koordinaciis ganmtkicebis mizniT;
xarisxis marTvis centrebis Camoyalibeba codnis gaziarebisa
da komercializaciis daCqarebis mizniT, saerTo gamoyenebis
mqone mowyobilobebis qselisa da warmoebis srulyofis
kavSiris CaTvliT;
saqarTveloSi inovatorTa da saukeTeso gamomgonebelTa
moZieba da "momavali Taobis novatorTa" gamovlena;
saqarTvelos samrewvelo SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba da
samewarmeo ekonomikis amoqmedeba.
dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad saWiroa aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis egidiT calke struqturis (savaraudod sajaro
samarTlis piris) Camoyalibeba, romelsac eyoleba eqspertTa sabWo.
saqmianoba gaTvlil uqnda iyos Sualedur periodze - savaraudod
2008-12 welze da SesabamisobaSi unda modiodes saqarTveloSi moqmed
saerTaSoriso programebTan da pirvel rigSi - evropis samezoblo
politikasTan.
saqmianobis pirvel etapzeve gadaudebel aucileblobas
warmoadgens:
samuSao jgufis Camoyalibeba - miznobriv jgufebTan
partnioruli nabijebis gansazRvra.
mefingi - arsebuli informaciis Tavmoyra da sistematizireba.
analizi - pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis kvleva sainovacio
sistemis xedvebis, ganviTarebis etapebis dagegmvisa da
samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebis mizniT.
strategiul dokumentebze muSaoba - partniorTa gansazRvra
(mobilizacia - diagnostika - TanamSromloba).
rekomendaciebisa da xedvebis SemuSaveba - ekonomikis sakvanZo
seqtorebSi (klasterebSi) inovaciurobis sistemis
damkvidrebisaTvis aucilebeli qmedebebis ganmsazRvreli
dokumentis Seqmna.
133
sapiloto programebis ganzorcieleba - ZiriTad monawileebis
(saxelmwifo, biznesis seqtori da akademiuri sistema)
informireba da urTierTSeTanxmeba. TanamSromlobis Semdgomi
mimarTulebebis gansazRvra.
Sefaseba unda ganxorcieldes benCmarkingis principiT. yoveli
ciklis Sefaseba momdevno ciklis samoqmedo gegmad unda
transformirdes.
calke unda SemuSavdes informaciis gavrcelebis sistema
perspeqtivaSi yvela miznobrivi jgufebis CarTvis mizniT.
calkeuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebis umTavres mizans
warmoadgens sazogadoebis ndobisa da socialuri kapitalis
zrda.
Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos mTavrobas esaWiroeba dasavluri
gamocdilebis gaziareba strategiuli marTvisa da demokratiuli
principebis ganxorcielebis sakiTxebSi. am codnisa da gamocdilebis
gaziareba xels Seuwyobs rogorc institucionaluri sistemis
qmediTunarianobis gaumjobesebas, ise qveynis strategiuli
prioritetebis gansazRvrasa da mmarTveli struqturebis
angariSvaldebulebis gazrdas sazogadoebis winaSe.
imis aRiareba, rom mmarTvelobis gaumjobeseba umTavres
saSualebas warmoadgens qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis, qmnis
safuZvels saerTaSoriso donorebis mxridan daxmarebis Tanmimdevruli
programebis Sesaqmnelad. aseTma programebma unda uzrunvelyos, rom
samTavrobo struqturebi, kanonebi da debulebebi kompetenturobis,
gamWvirvaleobisa da angariSvaldebulebis pirobebSi uWerdnen mxars
Tavisufal bazarsa da demokratiul principebs.
134
daskvna
disertaciaSi dasmuli amocanebis gadaWram saSualeba mogvca
migveRwia kvlevis miznisaTvis da pasuxi gagveca mTavari kiTxvisaTvis,
Tu ra warmoadgens eri-saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis
ganmazRvrel faqtorebs globalizaciis epoqaSi da rogoria maTi
zemoqmedebis xarisxi. kvlevis Sedegad saxezea mecnieruli siaxleebi,
romlebsac Cveni azriT, aqvT rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli
Rirebuleba. kvlevis obieqtis farTo interdisciplinarul konteqstSi
gaanalizebam SesaZlebeli gaxada axali xedvis Camoyalibeba
transnacionalizaciis, transnacionaluri kompaniebis, erovnuli da
regionuli sainovacio sistemebis, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis,
mTliani erovnuli produqtis sakiTxebis Teoriul gaazrebaSi.
dadginda, rom globalizaciis erTerTi mTavari warmmarTveli da
mamoZravebeli Zala, erovnuli biznesis transnacionalizacia
warmoadgens eri-saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis umTavres
maxasiaTebels, romelic eqspansirdeba globalur garemoSi da xels
uwyobs mTliani erovnuli Semosavlis zrdas. Eam mecnieruli siaxlis
safuZvelze Cven viZleviT rekomendacias, rom globaluri
konkurentunarianobis indeqsSi mocemuli Sefasebis indikatorebi
moicavdes mTlian erovnul produqts, rogorc saxelmwifos
konkurentunarianobis erTerT umniSvnelovanes komponents.
xazi unda gaesvas kvlevaSi danergil meTodologiur inovacias
strategiuli marTvis analitikuri modelebis saxiT, ramac saSualeba
mogvca farTo speqtrSi gagveanalizebina kvlevis obieqti, migveRwia
kvlevis miznisaTvis da dagvesabuTebina Cvens mier dasmuli hipoTeza.
kerZod, porteris almasis modelisa da sammagi spiralis modelis
gamoyenebis Sedegad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom konkurentunarianobis
amaRlebas xels uwyobs codnis ekonomikisa da sainovacio politikis
principebze orientirebuli sinergiuli urTierTqmedeba mTavrobas,
kerZo seqtorsa da universitetebs Soris, rac Tavis mxriv iZleva
teqnologiuri inovaciebis danergvis SesaZleblobas da uzrunvelyofs
erovnuli produqtiulobis maRal xarisxs.
135
globalizaciis epoqaSi, yvela ers aqvs konkurentulobis
ganviTarebis Teoriuli SesaZlebloba, romelic damokidebulia
rogorc gare, ise Sida faqtorebze. gare faqtorebi moicavs regionuli
da globaluri mmarTveli institutebis politikas, globaluri
politikur-ekonomikuri klimatis asinqronulobisa da asimetriulobis
xarisxs, breton vudsis institutebis politikas, transnacionaluri
kompaniebis zemoqmedebis xarisxs, Sida faqtorebi ki erovnuli biznesis
transnacionalizaciis dones, mTliani erovnuli produqtis zrdas,
maRalteqnologiuri, damatebiTi Rirebulebis Semcveli produqciis
warmoebas, codnis ekonomikisa da meritokratiul faseulobebze
orientaciis xarisxs, erovnuli da regionuli sainovacio klimatis
arsebobas, erovnul kulturul mentalitets da socialuri kapitalis
ganviTarebis dones. amitomac, konkurentuli upiratesobis mopovebis
TvalsazrisiT, Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ramdenad
iqmneba qveyanaSi codnis komercializaciisa da inovaciuri
teqnologiebisaTvis aucilebeli garemo, viTardeba erovnuli warmoeba
da biznesi, romelic eqspansirdeba globalur sivrceSi da zrdis
mTlian erovnul Semosavals.
vinaidan globalizaciis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens
ekonomika, romlis drosac erT calkeul saxelmwifos ar Seswevs
transnacionaluri kapitalis, multierovnuli biznesis, gansakuTrebiT
finansebisa da sabanko sistemebis regulirebis unari,
konkurentunarianobis xarisxi damokidebulia ara mxolod gare Zalebis
zegavlenaze, aramed TviT saxelmwifoTa politikur da ekonomikur
siZliereze.
globalizaciis, neoliberalizmis, erovnuli konkurentuli
upiratesobis Teoriis, kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis, msoflio
sistemis, sainovacio sistemebis Teoriebis kritikuli analizis Sedegad
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom globalizacia warmoadgens kapitalizmis
ganviTarebis umaRles stadias, romlis drosac transnacionaluri
kapitali da bazrebi sxvadasxvagvar zegavlenas axdenen Zlieri da susti
qveynebis konkurentunarianobaze. Tanamedrove etapze Laissez-faire-is
politika ararelevanturia da Cveni prognozirebiT igi unda Caanacvlos
136
institucionaluri regulirebis politikam, rogorc ganviTarebad, ise
ganviTarebul qveynebSi, vinaidan globalizaciis gamowvevebi da
msoflio ekonomikuri krizisebi ganviTarebul qveynebsac uqmnian
problemebs ekonomikuri da socialuri usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis erovnuli mTavrobebi, eqcevian ra
transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da sabanko struqturebis zegavlenis
qveS, am ukanasknelT sTavazoben Tavisufal satarifo sivrces, rac
amcirebs Semosavlebs biujetSi da seriozul dartymas ayenebs
socialuri usafrTxoebis politikas. am fonze, kerZo biznesisaTvis
sakanonmdeblo klimatis uzrunvelyofa nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens, rac ekonomikuri
aucileblobiT aris nakarnaxevi. qveynis simdidres qmnis ara
gadasaxadebi, aramed warmoeba da biznesi. mowesrigebuli sagadasaxado
sistema xels uwyobs mxolod biujetis Sevsebas importidan miRebuli
SemosavlebiT, konkurentunarianobis strategia ki damokidebulia
eqsportis moculobisa da vaWrobis gafarToebaze;
qveynis SigniT konkurentunariani produqtis warmoeba gansazRvravs
eqsportis xvedriT wils, romelic unda aRematebodes importis
moculobas. amitom rac met damatebiTi Rirebulebis Semcvel produqts
awarmoebs qveyana da gaaqvs saerTaSoriso bazarze, miT ufro mdgradia
misi ekonomikuri potenciali.
globalistur SexedulebaTa kritikuli analizis Sedegad
mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom transnacionaluri kompania gamoxatavs
konkretuli qveynis biznes interess globalur sivrceSi, amitom
Semosavali da mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba (iseve, rogorc Tavad
es kompania) warmoadgens im qveynis mTliani erovnuli simdidris
Semadgenel nawils, sadac es kompania aris dafuZnebuli.
transnacionaluri kompania warmoadgens konkretuli qveynis bizness
sxva saxelmwifos teritoriul sivrceSi. Sedegad xdeba adgilobrivi,
susti biznesis STanTqma ufro Zlieri, globaluris mier, rac niSnavs
Zlieri saxelmwifos ufro metad gamdidrebas da sustis ufro metad
gaRaribebas.
137
globalizacia warmoadgens kapitalizmis ganviTarebis umaRles
stadias, romlis drosac transnacionaluri kapitali da bazrebi
seriozul zegavlenas axdenen erovnul politikaze. am fonze, kerZo
biznesisaTvis proteqcionisturi politikis ganxorcieleba da
sakanonmdeblo klimatis uzrunvelyofa nebismieri demokratiuli
saxelmwifosaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens, rac
ekonomikuri aucileblobiT aris nakarnaxevi. saxelmwifo ki ar adgens
TamaSis wesebs, is TavisTavad xdeba am TamaSis monawile.
qveynis simdidres qmnis ara gadasaxadebi, aramed warmoeba da
biznesi. mowesrigebuli sagadasaxado sistema xels uwyobs mxolod
biujetis Sevsebas importidan miRebuli SemosavlebiT,
konkurentunarianobis strategia ki damokidebulia eqsportis
moculobis gafarToebaze. H
demokratiis poziciebi Tanamedrove globaluri mmarTvelobis
yvela sferoSi aramdgradia, vinaidan maRalia asinqronulobisa da
asimetriulis done. dRevandel globalizebul msoflioSi, politikuri
procesebi ZiriTaTad elitebis konkurenciis fonze mimdinareobs, da maT
susti Sexeba aqvT warmomadgenlobiT demokratiasTan. aqedan
gamomdinare, aucilebelia globaluri institutebis mxridan aqamde
arsebuli paradigmebis gadaxedva da axali strategiebis dasaxva.
dasaruls, unda aRvniSnoT, rom naSromSi wamodgenili
rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswineba xelisuflebis mier sasargeblo
iqneboda qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi strategiis SemuSavebasa da
politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. saqarTvelos
konkurentunarianobis strategia globalizaciis procesSi Cveni azriT,
damokidebulia Semdeg RonisZiebebze, romlebsac rekomendaciebis saxiT
vTavazobT:
mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis prioritetizacia da
meritokratiuli principebis damkvidreba;
saxelmwifo politikis miznebis gansazRvra im politikuri
procesebis Sesabamisad, romlebic mniSvnelovania codnis
ekonomikisa da socialuri kapitalis Sesaqmnelad;
138
umTavresi sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi unda aisaxebodes
realur politikur qmedebebSi, maT ganxorcielebasa da
politikur meqanizmebSi;
mmarTveli elita pasuxismgebeli unda iyos dasaxuli miznebisa
da maT Sesabamisad gatarebuli koordinirebuli politikis
SeTavsebadobaze;
unda ganxorcieldes efeqturi sakadro politika maRali
zneobis, profesionalizmisa da kompetenciis mqone
adamianebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis Sesabamisad;
xelisuflebam uari unda Tqvas ultra neoliberaluri e. w.
‘Sokuri Terapiis’ politikaze da SeimuSavos regulirebis
principebze agebuli institucionaluri politikis strategia;∗
bunebrivi resursebi da nedleuli masalebi racionalurad
unda iqnas gamoyenebuli; unda dawesdes moratoriumi maT
eqsportze an ucxour investorisTvis gadacemaze da
gamoyenebul iqnas isini erovnul gadamamuSavebel
mrewvelobaSi;
Camoyalibdes SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado sistema mcire da
saSualo biznesis xelSewyobisaTvis;
moxdes makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis miRweva socialurad
daucveli fenebisaTvis riskebis Semcirebis mizniT;
SemuSavdes strategiebi erovnuli gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobis aRorZinebisaTvis da eqsportis moculobis
gazrdisaTvis;
dawesdes maRali aqcizebi gansazRvruli saxis importze
erovnuli warmoebisa da biznesis prioritetizaciis mizniT;
xeli Seewyos qarTuli biznes-seqtoris gaZlierebas da
globalur sivrceSi mis transnacionalizacias;
∗ jozef Stiglici didi xnis manZilze ikvlevda gardamavali sabazro ekonomikis
politikas pistsabWoTa sivrceSi. igi mxars uWers Tanmimdevrul gardaqmnebs da
reformebs da winaamRdegia e.w. balceroviCiseuli ‘Sokuri Terapiisa’, romelmac
marTalia gaamarTla poloneTSi, magram Zalian cudi Sedegebi gamoiwvia ruseTsa da
sxva postsabWoTa qveynebSi.
139
politikuri gadawyvetilebebis socialuri Sedegebi gadaiqces
reformebis dros arsebuli konkurentuli prioritetebis
Sefasebis kriteriumad.
am moTxovnebis fonze saqarTvelos mTavrobas esaWiroeba
dasavluri gamocdilebis ufro farTod gaziareba siRaribis daZlevis,
eqsportis moculobis zrdisa da ekonomikuri mravalferovnebis
CamoyalibebisaTvis.
codnisa da informaciis epoqaSi, individualur Tu
saxelmwifoebriv doneze konkurencia moiTxovs ganaTlebisa da
mecnieruli kvlevebis maRal standartebze orientirebas, rac
Tanamedrove qarTul realobaSi seriozul deficits warmoadgens.
saxelmwifos esaWiroeba axali strategiebis SemuSaveba
institucionalur struqturebSi maRali donis profesionalebis
dasaqmebisaTvis.
amrigad, globalizacia gansxvavebul efeqts axdens TiToeul
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaze da imisaTvis rom alRo auRos
msoflioSi mimdinare globalur procesebs, gardamaval etapze myof
saqarTvelos, globalur garemoSi konkurentunarianobisaTvis
esaWiroeba maRal codnasa da profesionalizmze orientirebul
msoflio TanamegobrobaSi integrireba. amisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom
saxelmwifom ganaxorcielos swori reformebi efeqturi
konkurentunarianobis strategiis dasaxvisa da samoqmedo gegmis
ganxorcielebisaTvis.
140
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