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TCP over OBS
Joint Work with F. Baccelli, D. Hong, G. Petit, F. Poppe
Julien Reynier
Article available at http://www.eleves.ens.fr/home/jreynier/
Capacity requirements of common services — 2 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Overview
> Introduction
> Optical Burst Switching (OBS) : description
> FDL
> Optimization problem
> The formula
> Conclusion
Capacity requirements of common services — 3 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Goal
> Understand the interaction between TCP and physical layers for data transmission over OBS
> OBS : Optical Burst Switching
TCP layer
IP layer
OBS layer
optical electricalelectrical
Capacity requirements of common services — 4 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Overview
> Introduction
> Optical Burst Switching (OBS) : description
> FDL
> Optimization problem
> The formula
> Conclusion
Capacity requirements of common services — 5 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
SituationOptical Burst Switching : Optimize burst size
Burstification of IP packets into Data Bursts
(DBs)IP router
OBSedge
routerOBS core
router
DWDM link
Electronic processing of Burst Header Packets (BHPs)
IP packets
BHP
BHPBHP
Channel Group (CG)
control (CCG)
data (DCG)
Capacity requirements of common services — 6 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
SituationOptical Burst Switching
IP router
OBS Ingress
edge routerOBS core
router
DBs are routed in the optical domain
IP packets
DB
DBDB
Bursts disassemb
ly
Capacity requirements of common services — 7 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Specificity of OBS
> At the ingress edge router, IP packets are assembled in lrager processing units, namely the Data Bursts (DBs).• The loss of a single DB is the loss of many TCP-IP packets at
the same time.
> In the core routers, bursts wait in a queue implemented with optical fibers : the Fiber Delay Lines (FDLs).• Bursts are not released as soon as the link becomes ready.
– “Classical” queuing models do not work.• Certain methods as Void Filling mitigate this effect.
– The drawback is a complex architecture and a possible reordering of bursts, therefore of IP packets.
Classical queue FDL length D
Capacity requirements of common services — 8 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Overview
> Introduction
> Optical Burst Switching (OBS) : description
> FDL
> Optimization problem
> The formula
> Conclusion
Capacity requirements of common services — 9 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
FDL and a classical queue :
> Without FDL :
> With FDL :
> The Void size is :
),0max(1 nnnn WW
),0max(1 nnnnn VWW
DV nnn mod
Capacity requirements of common services — 10 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Voids
DV nnn mod Tn Tn+1
Tn+kD Tn+1+k’D
input :
output :
n Vn
Capacity requirements of common services — 11 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Load factor for an FDL with infinite capacity
Capacity requirements of common services — 12 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Example of an FDL workload
Workload distribution of an FDL queue and for an M/M/1 queue with the same equivalent load
D=0.1 hpkt
=7.8 1/hpkt
=1 hpkt/s
1 hpkt=100 IP-packets
’=95%
Capacity requirements of common services — 13 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Loss rate due to buffer overflow with FDL
b=1/
B=8D
=1/b’
B:buffer
D:delay line
b:burst size
b’:burst size + void size
The loss rate at a “congestion epoch” is affine for a large range of values.
Capacity requirements of common services — 14 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Overview
> Introduction
> Optical Burst Switching (OBS) : description
> FDL
> Optimization problem
> The formula
> Conclusion
Capacity requirements of common services — 15 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Notation
N sourcesTCP-
controlled
Link capacity C
Queue size B
RTT R
Bottleneck router
> N users share a bottleneck router with capacity C (Mb/s) with queue size B (byte), their RTT being R (ms).
Capacity requirements of common services — 16 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Small bursts or large bursts ?
> For large bursts• Lower bandwidth waste due to guard bands
– OBS needs time to reconfigure its switching array
• Lower processing time inside nodes
> For small bursts• Lower synchronization between sources due to TCP• Lower burst formation time
Capacity requirements of common services — 17 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Synchronization - AIMD
> TCP is AIMD : Additive Increase, Multiplicative decrease
> The proportion of sources that lose packets at that time is the synchronization
X(t)
t
X(t) = throughput seen by a user
Ti = congestion epochs in the network
TiTi-2T2 TET1TS
Congestion avoidance: additive increase, multiplicative
decrease
T3 Ti-1Ti-3
Slowstart
Additive Additive IncreaseIncrease
Multiplicative Multiplicative DecreaseDecrease
Capacity requirements of common services — 18 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Overview
> Introduction
> Optical Burst Switching (OBS) : description
> FDL
> Optimization problem
> The formula
> Conclusion
Capacity requirements of common services — 19 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
AIMD framework
Gb
bDbp
N
C
'4
),(4
The goodput is :
The synchronization p(b,D) is : ),(/1),( DbLNCReDbp
The AIMD framework models the impact of losses on the TCP-bandwidth.• AIMD : “The AIMD model” : Infocom ‘02 by F. Baccelli et
D. Hong
Capacity requirements of common services — 20 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Formula
> The study of FDL allows one to deduct the ratio of lost busts from the bandwidth.
> This leads to a simple formula :
CR
NBD
G
bopt
22
2
YD
bXDbL ),(
For X=B/2 and Y=1/2
Capacity requirements of common services — 21 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Overview
> Introduction
> Optical Burst Switching (OBS) : description
> FDL
> Optimization problem
> The formula
> Conclusion
Capacity requirements of common services — 22 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Our results
> Model FDL
> Determine impact of burst size on aggregate TCP throughput• the impact of FDL on synchronization of TCP sources• the AIMD model allows one to find the bandwidth.
> Determine the optimal burst size• maximize the bandwidth.• minimize the bandwidth waste due to OBS (Burst Header
Packets, voids, guard bands).
Capacity requirements of common services — 23 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
Further research
> A better representation of the increase of RTT due to burstification
> Model Void Filling
> Core routers with wavelength converters
www.alcatel.com
Capacity requirements of common services — 25 All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel
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