TCS-10 / ITOP Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean

in the Pacific

Experimental Plan V4.2 July 31, 2010

www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/itop/

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v1.0July7,2009–D’Asaro,Lee,Chen,Graber,Vincentv1.1Sep.16,2009–edittedbyD’Asaroanddistributedforcommentsv2.1Nov.6,2009–edittedbyD’AsaroanddistributedtoPIsv3.0April9,2010–editedbyD’AsarowithinputfromPIsv4.0July24,2010–edittedbyD’AsarowithinputfromPIsv4.2July31,2010–edittedbyD’AsarowithinputfromPIsUnlimitedDistribution

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TABLEOFCONTENTS1.ITOPExperimentalGoals .................................................................................................5

2.ExperimentalStrategyandResources.........................................................................7

3.ITOPMoorings .....................................................................................................................93.1Long­termTyphoonMoorings ...............................................................................................93.2ASIS­EASIMoorings ................................................................................................................ 11

4.ITOPAircraftOperations............................................................................................... 164.1C130Aircraft............................................................................................................................. 164.2DOTSTARaircraft.................................................................................................................... 174.3Air­deployedFloatsandDrifters ...................................................................................... 174.4Operationsoverview.............................................................................................................. 204.5CatalogofFloatandDrifterDeploymentScenarios .................................................... 214.6CatalogofStormFlights ........................................................................................................ 284.7TypicalFlightSequence ........................................................................................................ 31

5.ITOPShip­basedOperations ........................................................................................ 325.1ShipTasks.................................................................................................................................. 325.2MooringDeployment,March‐April,2010,R.C.Lien .................................................... 325.3ASIS/EASIDeployment,24July‐Aug.12,2010,H.Graber ............................................ 325.4ITOPandIWISECruises,15Aug.–Oct.20VariousPI .................................................. 325.4.1IWISE(M.Alford)August15(orearlier)toSept.10(orearlier). ............................... 325.4.2COLDWAKESCIENCECRUISE(chiefscientist:S.Jayne)............................................... 325.4.3FLOATRECOVERYCRUISE(chiefscientist:TBA)Upto3weeks. .............................. 335.4.4OR‐1Cruises ........................................................................................................................................ 33

5.5FinalRecovery,28Oct‐17Nov.2009–R.C.Lien .............................................................. 336.ITOPSyntheticApertureRadarProgram ................................................................ 347.ITOPOperationsCenter................................................................................................. 367.1 OperationsCenterStaffandFunctions ........................................................................ 367.2 Team­1(T­1) ......................................................................................................................... 367.2.1ScienceDirector................................................................................................................................ 367.2.2OperationsDirector ........................................................................................................................ 367.2.3FacilityStatusCoordinator .......................................................................................................... 367.2.4LeadWeatherForecaster ............................................................................................................. 377.2.5Forecastsupportstaff(2‐3people) ......................................................................................... 377.2.6LeadOceanographer....................................................................................................................... 377.2.7Oceanographicsupportstaff(2people) ................................................................................. 377.2.9ShipCoordinator .............................................................................................................................. 377.2.10CommunicationsSpecialist ....................................................................................................... 38

7.3 Team­2(T­2) ......................................................................................................................... 387.3.1MissionScientist............................................................................................................................... 387.3.2OperationsDirector‐2 .................................................................................................................... 387.3.3AircraftCoordinator ....................................................................................................................... 38

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7.3.4FloatPilot.............................................................................................................................................. 397.3.4RealtimeDataCoordinator .......................................................................................................... 397.3.5LeadNowcaster ................................................................................................................................ 397.3.6Communicationsspecialist .......................................................................................................... 39

7.4 AircraftSupportCenterStaffandFunctions .............................................................. 393.4.1GuamAircraftSupportCenter.................................................................................................... 39

7.5ControlCenterOperations ................................................................................................... 407.5.1 DailyScienceMeeting(DSM)................................................................................................... 40

7.5.2 DailyPlanningMeeting(DPM) .................................................................................... 407.5.3 DailyscheduleandIOPPreparations................................................................................... 417.5.4 MissionUpdate ............................................................................................................................. 427.5.5 Pre‐flightPlanningProcess ..................................................................................................... 427.5.9 AircraftMissionDe‐briefing..................................................................................................... 427.5.10 Forecastpreparation ............................................................................................................... 43

7.6SoftwaresupportforITOPOperations ............................................................................ 438.OperationsandSupportLogistic .......................................................................................... 448.1 ITOPMontereyOperationsCenter............................................................................................ 448.2 GuamOperationsCenter ............................................................................................................... 44

9.Modeling,SimulationandPrediction........................................................................ 459.1ModelingGoals......................................................................................................................... 459.2Models......................................................................................................................................... 45

10. ITOPPrincipalInvestigators .................................................................................. 47

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1.ITOPExperimentalGoals

ITOPaimstostudytheoceanresponsetotyphoonsinthewesternPacificOcean,focusingonthefollowingscientificquestions:

• Howdoesthecoldwakeofatyphoonformanddissipate?Typhoonsproduceacomplexthree‐dimensionalresponseoftheunderlyingoceanincludingstrongsurfacecurrents,upwellingofthethermocline,intensemixingacrossthethermocline,theradiationofnear‐inertialinternalwavesandtheformationofacoldwakebehindthestorm.Thecoldwakepersistsforatleastseveralweeksafterthetyphoonpassage,withacombinationofsolarheating,lateralmesoscalestirring,lateralmixingbybaroclinicinstabilityandcontinuedverticalmixingdeterminingtherateandcharacterofwakedissipation.Thewakeisalsoexpectedtomodifytheatmosphericboundarylayerandthebiologyandchemistryoftheupperocean,particularlypCO2.ITOPseekstomeasuretheoceanresponseindetail,withparticularemphasisonthemechanismsofcoldwakeformationanddissipation,andtocomparethesemeasurementswithmodelresults.

• Whataretheair­seafluxesforwindsgreaterthan30m/s?Tropicalcyclonesdrawtheirenergyfromtheunderlyingwarmocean.Theirintensitydependsontheexchangeswiththeocean;agreaterfluxofheatandmoisturetothestormleadstoastrongerstorm,butalargerdragontheoceanleadstoaweakerstorm.Theseexchangesarepoorlyparameterizedinexistingtyphoonforecastmodelsleadingtoerrorsintheabilityofthesemodelstopredicttyphoonintensity.Thefirstreliableestimatesoftheexchangecoefficientsatthesehighwindspeeds,madeduringthelastdecade,haveshownadramaticdecreaseindragcoefficientrelativetopreviousparameterizations.ITOPseekstomakeadditionalmeasurements,athigherwindspeedsandunderalargervarietyofconditions.

• Howdooceaneddiesaffecttyphoonsandtheresponsetotyphoons?Oceanmesoscaleeddiesareexpectedtomodulatetheoceanresponsetotyphoonsbyvaryingthedepthofthepycnoclineandthustheintensityandlocationofthecoldwake.This,inturn,willchangetheair‐seafluxesandthustheintensityofthetyphoon.Thuswarmeddiesactastyphoonboosters,bylimitingtheamountofcoolinginthewakeandcoldeddiesactastyphoondampers.ITOPseekstostudytheseinteractionsindetail.

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• Whatisthesurfacewavefieldundertyphoons?Theair‐seaexchangedependscriticallyonthestateoftheoceansurface,mostimportantlycharacterizedbythesurfacewaves.Thewavefieldsbeneathtyphoonsarecomplex,withmultipledominantwavedirectionsvaryingandinteractingacrossthedifferentstormquadrants.Moderncoupledair‐seamodelsoftropicalcyclonesincludeexplicitmodelsofthewavefieldsfromwhichtheair‐seaexchangeratesarecomputed.Morepractically,theenormoussurfacewavesproducedbytyphoonsareofgreatinterestinthemselves.ITOPseekstomeasurethesurfacewavefieldunderneathtyphoons,tocomparethesemeasurementswithmodelsandtoassesstheirimpactonair‐seaexchangeandremotesensingsignatures.

• Howistyphoongenesisrelatedtoenvironmentalfactors?OverthetropicalwesternNorthPacific,themonsoonenvironmentcontainsfavorablelarge‐scaleconditionsrelatedtotropicalcycloneformationandintensification.Themonsoonandtropicalcycloneactivityvaryinresponsetomultiplesynoptic‐scaleandintraseasonalphenomenasuchaswavesinthemonsoontroughandtheMadden‐JulianOscillation.ITOPseekstoexaminehowtheselarge‐scaleenvironmentalfactorsaffecttheformationandintensificationoftropicalcyclones.

• TyphoonforecastingAlthoughtheprimaryaimofITOPistyphoonresearch,muchofthedatagatheredbyITOPwillbeimmediatelyusefulforoperationalforecastingoftyphoons.ITOPseekstomakesuchdataavailabletoallregionalforecastingorganizationsand,asmuchaspossible,workwiththemtoimprovetyphoonforecastingduringtheexperimentalperiod.

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2.ExperimentalStrategyandResourcesITOPwillfocusontyphoonsintheWesternPacificOcean.Theexperimentaldomainisapproximatelytheregionshowninthefigurebelow,excludingtheSouthandEastChinaSeas.Thisisclimatologicallytheregionofhighesttropicalcycloneoccurrenceintheworld.ITOPwilluseavarietyofexperimentalapproachestomeasuretyphoonsandtheocean’sresponsetothem.Theexperimentalmeasurementsbeganin2008,withenhancedmeasurementsthroughtheSpring,SummerandFallof2010andanintensivemeasurementperiodinAugust–Octoberof2010.

Figure1.ITOPResources

Amooredarray,locatedintheregionofmaximumtyphoon,frequencywasdeployedstartingin2008.DuringITOP,itwillbeenhancedwithadditionalmooringsdeployedandrecoveredbyUSandTaiwaneseresearchvessels.Duringtheintensivemeasurementperiod,twoC130softhe53rdAirForceReserveHurricaneHunterSquadronwillbebasedinGuam.Theseaircraftwillmeasurethepropertiesoftyphoonsusingonboardsensorsanddeploydropsondes.TheseeffortswillcomplementthoseoftheexistingDotStartyphoonsurveillanceprogrambasedinTaiwan.TheC130swillalsodeployarraysoffloatsanddriftersinfrontoftyphoonstomeasuretheoceanresponse.Afterthepassageofthetyphoon,

Latitude(oN)

Longitude (oE)

110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 15010

15

20

25

30

35

40

Taiwan

Guam

OkinawaMoored

Array

C130

ITOP 2010 - Resources

DotStar

Pickup

Gliders

Survey

Vessels

US & Taiwan Air-Deployed

Floats, Drifters

Satellites, Models, Forecasts

Philippines

CONTROL CENTER MONTEREY, CA

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additionalfloatsanddrifterswillbedeployedintothewake.AUSresearchvesselwillrapidlydeployintothetyphoon’swake,surveythewake,deployadditionalglidersanddriftersandrecovertheair‐deployedfloatsanddrifters.Theprogramwillbeguidedbysatellitemeasurementsofthestormandtheoceanandbynumericalmodelsoftheatmosphere,oceanandofthecoupledatmosphere‐oceanevolutionofthetyphoons.Duringtheintensiveperiod,operationswillbedirectedandcoordinatedfromacontrolcenterlocatedattheNavalPostgraduateSchoolinMonterey,CaliforniaandanoperationscenterinGuam.

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3.ITOPMoorings

3.1Long‐termTyphoonMooringsThreeATLASsurface‐buoymooringsandtwosubsurfaceADCP‐CTD‐chainmooringshavebeendeployedinthewesternPacificOceansinceMarch2009andwillbemaintaineduntiltheendof2010typhoonseason(Table1).Eachsurfacemooringisequippedwithasuitofmeteorologicalsensorsandaseriesofmorethan10temperaturesensorsintheupper500m(Fig.1).Somehaveconductivitysensors.Eachsubsurfacemooringisequippedwithoneupward‐looking75‐kHzLongRangerandachainof7‐8SBE37CTDsensors(Fig.2).Measurementsofairpressure,airtemperature,seasurfacetemperature,windspeedanddirection,humidity,solarradiation,subsurfacetemperatureandbuoypositionsaretransmittedviaIridiumsatellitesevery2‐6hrs.InAugust2010,onemoresurfacemooringandonesubsurfacemooringwillbedeployed.AtotaloffoursurfaceATLASmooringsandthreesubsurfacemooringswillbeoperationalduringtheITOPIOP.

Table1.ITOPMooringPositionsandDepths

Site Longitude Latitude NominalDepthA2 123o12.54’E 21o07.47’N 5656mSA2 123o16.28’E 21o13.94’N 5640mA1 127o38.24’E 20o20.20’N 5628mSA1 127o32.00’E 20o22.46’N 5685mA3 126o03.32’E 18o54.26’N 5680m

Plotsofreal‐timemeasurementsaredisplayedinTaiwaneseURLhttp://140.112.68.246/~itopandanUSURLhttp://kirin.apl.washington.edu/~itop.Thesewebsitesarepassword‐protected.Password,meteorologydata,andsubsurfacetemperaturedatamaybeprovideduponrequestbyITOPcollaboratorstoDrs.DavidTang,YihYang,orRen‐ChiehLien.

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Figure2.SchematicdiagramofmooringA1andphotoofITOPbuoy.MooringsofA2

andA3aresimilartothatofA1.

Figure3.Schematicdiagramofsubsurfacemooring

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3.2ASIS‐EASIMooringsTheprincipalobjectiveoftheexperimentistoobservetheair‐seainteractionduringthepassageofatyphoon.TwotandemmooringsofanAir‐SeaInteractionSpar(ASIS)andExtremeAir‐SeaInteraction(EASI)buoyswillcontinuouslymeasuretheatmosphericandoceanicpropertiesinresponsetotheforcingbyatyphoon.Thetwosetsofbuoyswillbedeployedinpairs,anASIStetheredtothemooredEASIbuoy. Table2.ASIS/EASIPairLocationsASIS/EASI #1 21 00 N 127 00 E ASIS/EASI #2 19 30 N 127 00 E Thisspacingwillbelargeenoughtopermitabetterchancetocapturetheinfluenceofatyphoonandmeasuredifferentregionsundertheinfluenceofthesametyphoon.Alltwosetsofbuoyswillbeequippedtomeasureair‐seafluxesofmomentum,heatandmomentumaswellasthedirectionaloceanwavespectra.Inaddition,thebuoyswillalsomeasurethemeanmeteorologicalandoceanographicparameters.SomestatisticsoftheASISandEASIdata(meanwindspeed,waveheights,etc)willbeavailableinnear‐realtimeandviaARGOSand/orIridium. Table 3: List of equipment to be deployed on EASI and ASIS buoys

Sensors Measurement Comments EASI: Solent R2A sonic anemometer 3D wind, virtual temp. Pressure sphere anemometer 3D wind K-Gill anemometer Wind (u,w) LICOR LI-7500 CO2/H2O analyzer CO2/H2O fluctuations CLASP aerosol spectrometer Sea spray aerosol Columbia Res Lab SA-307HPTX Linear acceleration Precision Navigation TCM-2 Compass angle (yaw) Systron Donner GC1-00050-100 Angular motion (rates) Rotronic MP101A Humidity, air temperature Brancker TL/Huygrun Seamon Water temperature, depth WOTAN (ambient noise) Wave breaking Setra 278 barometer Pressure ASIS: Wave staff system Surface elevation, MSS SonTek Dopbeam current meters 1D current, turbulence SonTek acoustic Doppler

velocimeter 3D current, turbulence

Brancker TL/Huygrun Seamon Water temperature Columbia Res Lab SA-307HPTX Linear acceleration Precision Navigation TCM-2 Compass angle (yaw) Systron Donner GC1-00050-100 Angular motion (rates) Gill anemometer vane Wind speed

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Air-Sea Interaction Spar (ASIS) Buoy

Description:

The Air Sea Interaction Spar buoy is a surface measurement platform that was developed by the

University of Miami, Environment Canada, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in the mid 1990’s

to make directional wave and air-sea interaction measurements with a minimal drag profile. A typical

instrument payload includes a capacitive wave wire array, wind, temperature and current sensors and a

variety of other meteorological and oceanographic sensors with an ARGOS satellite uplink for mean

measurements. The aluminum framework consists of multiple spar sections in a pentagonal shape (max

width approximately 8 ft (2.4 m), length -including tapered section- of 15.5 ft (4.7 m ) which contains 8

capacitive wave wires – the directional wave array- that taper down to a single main pipe that is 12 in

(0.30 m) diameter and 14 ft (4.3 m) long. At the other end, a meteorological tower rises 10 ft (3.1 m)

above the wave array section, giving the buoy a total length of about 40 ft (12 m) in the current

configuration. The overall weight, with a full battery and electronics load is roughly 3300 lbs (1495 kg) and

can vary by a few hundred pounds depending on the instrument loading.

Contacts:

Dr. Hans C. Graber

hgraber@rsmas.miami.edu,

305.421.4952

Dr Neil J. Williams

nwilliams@rsmas.miami.edu,

305.421.4656

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For ITOP the goal will be to deploy the EASI and ASIS buoys in tandem

with the ASIS buoy tethered to the EASI hull and the EASI hull moored to

the bottom with an inverse catenary type mooring. Above is an image of the

buoys tethered during a recent deployment in the Atlantic.

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4.ITOPAircraftOperations

4.1C130AircraftTwoUSAFC‐130JaircraftwillbeoperatedfromGuamduringtheintensiveoperationsperiod.Thesearedeployedfromafleetofseveralsimilaraircraftfromthe53rdWeatherReconnaissanceSquadronatKeeslerAFB,MS.Aircraft,datasystem,dropwindsondeandSFMRsystemspecificationsareprovidedinthefollowingTable. Table 4. General Specifications Aircraft type WC-130H, J Model Aircraft Powerplant Allison Turboprop (4), 4000+ horsepower Aircraft size 132’ 7” wingspan, 99’ 6” length, 38’ 6” height Speed >350 mph Ceiling >33,000 ft. Maximum Range >4000 miles Maximum takeoff weight 155,000 lbs. Crew 6 (pilot, copilot, navigator, flight engineer,

aerial reconnaissance officer, dropsondes system operator)

Flight level Data System Specifications Improved Weather Reconnaissance System Temperature Rosemount thermistor Dewpoint Edgetech 137-C3 dewpoint hygrometer Altitude Radar altimeter Pressure AirResearch Pressure altimeter Winds Multiple pressure and navigation parameters Position Global Positioning System (GPS) Sampling rate 1, 10 second selectable archive rates. Dropwinsonde System Specifications Sonde system AVAPS-II, Vaisala RD-94 Sonde expendable size 16” x 2.75” (diameter), 323g Sonde fall rate 10.5 m/s, 2100 ft/min (depending on altitude) Sonde position GPS triangulation – 2Hz Sonde winds GPS derived with drift – 4Hz Other measurements Pressure, temperature, humidity – 2Hz Data system Relay to aircraft. Edited and formatted message

to ground following end of each drop via satcom.

SFMR system Specifications Frequency 4.6-7.2 GHz Channels 8 Mounting Wing Pod Output Wind Speed and Rain Rate

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Data system Formatted message to ground via satcom AXBT System Specifications Frequencies Sonobuoy - UHF Channels 3 AXBT, 1 AXCTD Storage Digital and backup analog tape Data System Post-flight processing and distribution via GTS TheC130’stobeoperationalfromAugust20toOctober20,2010.Atotal300flighthoursavailable,200uptoOctober1and100afterOctober1.About800dropsondesandAXBTwillbeavailable.

4.2DOTSTARaircraftITOPoperationswillbecoordinatedwiththeTaiwaneseDOTSTARprogramwhenappropriate.DOTSTARusesanASTRA‐SPXaircraftwiththefollowingspecifications:Table5

Flight time: 6 hours Flight height: 43,000 feet

Flight speed: 720 km/hr AIDC crews: 3 persons

On-board scientists: 3 persons Instrument: Airborne Vertical Atmosphere Profiling System (AVAPS), Flight level data, satellite phone

ContactinformationforDOTSTAR

Chun‐ChiehWu,ProfessorandChairmanDepartmentofAtmosphericSciencesNationalTaiwanUniversityNo.1,Sec.4,RooseveltRd.Taipei10673,TaiwanTELandFAX:886‐2‐2363‐2303Email:cwu@typhoon.as.ntu.edu.tw

4.3Air‐deployedFloatsandDriftersLagrangianfloats–PIEricD’Asaro

Atotalof10Lagrangianfloatswillbeair‐deployedfromtheC‐130aircraftin‘L‐size’boxes.Afterdeployment,thefloatswillmakeashortprofile,surfacetorelaytheirpositionandthenslowlyprofileandsettleontoadeeplayerforabout12hours,inordertoequilibratetothewater.Theythenmoveupwardintothesurfaceboundarylayerandfollowthethree‐dimensionalmotionofthewaterparcels.Afteraboutadaytheysurfacetosendpreliminarydataandapositionandthenresumetheirboundarylayermission.Afterthestormhaspassedtheyrepeatedlyprofileanddriftintheboundarylayer,surfacingaboutonceadayasshowninthefigurebelow.

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Allfloatsmeasurepressureattwopositionsalongthefloatat1Hz(toinferfloatdepthandsurfacewavespectra)andtemperatureandsalinityatthefloatbottomevery30seconds.Therewillbe3variants:

• 4Gasfloats–alsomeasurebroadband(30Hz‐50kHz)sound,oxygenandgastension.Label‘LGxx.’

• 4Vectorfloats–alsomeasuretemperatureandsalinityatthetopofthefloat(1.4mabovethebottomsensors)andvelocityrelativetothefloatandpressureat16Hz,0.5mbelowthefloatbottom,andbroadband(30Hz‐50kHz)sound.Label‘LVxx.’

• 2Wakefloats–alsomeasuredownwellingPARanddownwellingE490,chlorophyllfluorescenceandopticalbackscatter.Label‘LWxx.’

Muchofthedatawillbetransmittedinnear‐realtime.However,thefloatswillneedtoberecoveredtoobtainthehigh‐frequencypressure,shearandsounddata.Contact:EricD’Asaro(dasaro@apl.washington.edu)orMichaelOhmart(ohmart@apl.washington.edu)206‐543‐1300

Figure4.MissionsofLagrangianandEM­APEXfloats.

EM‐APEXfloats–PIThomasSanfordandRen‐ChiehLienAtotalof14EM‐APEXfloatswillbeair‐deployedfromtheC‐130

aircraftin‘L‐size’boxeslabeled‘LExx’.Thesefloatsrepeatedlyprofilefromthesurfaceto200mwithoccasionaldeeperprofilesataspeedofabout1m/s.Theymeasuretemperature,salinityandvelocityalongtheprofileswitharesolutionofaboutameter,resultinginthewell‐resolvedevolutionofthesequantitiesshownintheaboveFigure.Thefloatsreportdataandapositionatthetopofeachprofile,innear‐realtime.Mostofthedataistransmittedinnear‐realtime.RecoveryofmostoftheunitsisdesirableforuseinfutureONRprograms.Contact:sanford@apl.washington.edulien@apl.washington.edu(206)543‐1300

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TyphoonDrifters–PI:PeterNiilerandLucaCenturioni Atotalof65drifterswillbeair‐deployedfromtheC130in45boxes(42”cubesonpallets).AllwillbetrackedbyArgos,measureseasurfacetemperature(65),airpressure(45)andprovidethesedatainnearrealtime(2hourdelay)totheGTSsystembyServiceArgos.Therewillbe3variants,allwithadditionalmeasurements:

•InfrontofTyphoondeployment:(ADOS/SVP‐B–20boxeswith2unitseach).ADOS(“SonicT‐Chain”schematicdrifterbelow)alsomeasureswindspeedanddirectionandsubsurfacetemperatureevery15mto150m.Expendable•Wakedeployment:(SVP‐T(z)–20boxeswith1uniteach).Measuretemperatureat11mand19m.Expendable.•Wakedeployment:(Super‐drifters–5boxeswith1uniteach)Super‐driftersalsomeasurewindspeedanddirection,downwellingradiation,temperatureand3‐dvelocityinvariableresolutionat30locationsto150.SubsurfacedatawillbereturnedviaIRIDIUMsatellitephoneandstoredwithindrifter.Superdrifterswillneedtoberecovered.

InadditiontotheGTSsitefordatathatismaintainedbyServiceArgos,SST,airpressure,windand15mresolutionsubsurfacetemperaturewillbedisplayedinnearrealtimeontheMBARIwebsite.

TheC130aircraftcancarry14drifterboxesor10boxesifAXBT’sarealsobeingdeployed(JangmideploymentinTCS‐2008).Theaircraftcannotpenetrateastormwiththeboxesonboard.AXBT’scannotbelauncheduntilaftertheboxeshavebeendeployed. Contact:PeterNiiler(pniiler@ucsd.edu.858‐534‐4100)orLucaCenturioni(lcenturioni@ucsd.edu.858‐534‐6182)

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4.4OperationsoverviewTheaircraftoperationswillhavethefollowinggoals:

1. Conductsurveillanceondevelopingstorms2. Deployoceanographicfloatsanddriftersaheadofstorms3. Conductreconnaissanceintostormspassingovertheoceanographicarray4. Deployoceanographicfloatsanddriftersintothestormwake5. Studyocean‐storminteractionsusingAXBTsanddropsondes6. Makedetailedmeteorologicalstudiesofstorms

Thetypicalsequenceofstormflightsisshowninthefigurebelow

Figure5.Typicalsequenceofaircraftoperations:A.Surveillanceflightsaremadeaheadofthestorm.B.Floatsanddriftersaredeployedaheadofthestorm.C.Reconnaissanceismadeintothestorm.D.Floatsanddriftersaredeployedintothewake.

Asasuitablestormentersordevelopsintheoperationsarea,aseriesofsurveillanceflightswillbetargetedtobettercharacterizethestormandtoimproveforecastsofitstrackandintensity.IfthestormisnearTaiwan,thiswillbedone

Target Area

Track Error

C130

DotStar

Survellience of Developing or Approaching Storms

GoalsSurvey stormand environment

TasksPenetrate stormSurvey environmentDropsondesSFMRAXBT

A Float and Drifter Deployments

0 -1 day

DriftersEM-APEX

Lagrangian

GOALSDeploy floats and/or driftersabout 1 day ahead of stormand outside gale force winds

Storm mini-reconaissance

34 kt winds

TasksDeploy floats and driftersStorm penetration Dropsondes SFMRAXBT

B

Storm Reconnaissance

0 -1 dayGoal

Measure storm structureas it passes over thefloat and drifter array

COLD WAKE

TasksStorm penetrationDropsonde dropsSFMRAXBT

C Wake Float and Drifter Deployments

COLD WAKE

Lagrangian WakeDrifter Wake

Wake Survey Ship

GoalsDeploy floats/driftersSurvey wake

TasksDeploy floats and driftersDropsonde/AXBT deploymentsCoordinate with ship

D

21

cooperativelywiththeTaiwaneseDOTSTARaircraft.Adecisiontodeployoceanographicsensorsintothestormwilltriggerthefollowingsequenceofflights.

OneormorelinesoffloatsanddrifterswillbedeployedacrosstheexpectedtrackbyaC130.Thelineswillprovidemeasurementsonbothsidesofthestormandallowfortheexpecteduncertaintyinthepredictedstormtrack.Deploymentswillbemade24‐26hourhoursaheadofthestormpassageoverthedeploymentareaandinwindsbelowgaleforce.

Oncethedeploymentismade,oneormorereconnaissanceflightsmeasuringthestructureofthestormasitpassesovertheoceanographicarrayarerequired.Someofthesemeasurementscanbemadeonthereturnflightfromthedeployment,asshowninFig.5B.Themainreconnaissancemissions,however,willbedoneondedicatedmissionusingabutterflyorsimilarlydensepatternsoverthestorm(Fig.5C).

Thetyphoonwillmixtheunderlyingoceancreatingaregionofcolderwatercalledthe“coldwake”typicallyformingtotherightofthestormtrack.Additionalflightswillfocusonmeasuringthisregion.Floatsand/ordrifterswillbedeployedintothewake,mostlikelynearthepreviouslydeployedarray.OneormoreadditionalflightsmaysurveypartsofthewakenotsampledbythefloatsanddriftersusingAXBTs.TheseflightsmaybecoordinatedwithsurveyworkbytheR.V.Revelleinthecoldwake.

Dedicatedmeteorologicalandstorm‐oceanflightswillalsobeconducted,particularlyonstormsinwhichfloatsanddriftersarenotdeployed.Theseflightswillusedropsondes,AXBTandSFMRmeasurements.

Dependingonthestormlocation,itmaybeappropriateforsomeflightstorecovertoKadenaAFBonOkinawaratherthanrecoveringtoGuam.Forexample,theaircraftconductingthebuoydeploymentflight(Fig.5B)mightrecoverytoGuamandthenconductastormreconnaissanceflight(Fig.5C)thefollowingday.

4.5CatalogofFloatandDrifterDeploymentScenariosThefollowingpagesshowsomeoftheexpectedfloatanddrifterdeploymentscenarios.Actualdeploymentsmaydifferindetailfromthoseshown.Othervariations,notshownheremayalsoberequired.

22

Figure6

23

Figure7

24

Figure8

25

Figure9

26

Figure10

27

Figure11

28

4.6CatalogofStormFlightsThefollowingpagesshowseveralstormpenetrationflights.Actualdeploymentsmaydifferindetailfromthoseshown.Othervariations,notshownheremayalsoberequired.

Figure12

29

Figure13

30

Figure14

31

4.7TypicalFlightSequence

Figure15

Theabovefigureshowstheflightsequencedevelopedduringa‘dryrun’exerciseinOctober,2009forTyphoonMelor.The6daysequencebeginswith2surveillanceflights,oneperdayusingaircraftAandthenaircraftB.AlineofdriftersisthendeployedbyaircraftBwithashortstormreconnaissanceonthesameflight(i.e.Fig.9B).Thenextdayincludestwoflights,areconnaissancebyaircraftBoverthepreviouslydeployedlineanddeploymentofasecondlinebyaircraftA.Twoflightsalsooccuronthefollowingday,reconnaissanceoverthesecondlinebyaircraftBandawakeflightbyaircraftA.

Thissequenceofflightsusesabout78flighthoursabouthalfthefloatsanddrifters,andaboutonethirdofthedropsondesandAXBTs.Atotalof2‐3suchdeploymentsareexpected.Itislikelythatstormflightsequenceswillincludeseveralmoresurveillanceflightsandthatsomeofthestormsinvestigatedbytheseflightswillnotbesuitableforfloatanddrifterdeployments.

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5.ITOPShip‐basedOperations

5.1ShipTasksTheITOPshipsneedtoaccomplishthefollowingtasks:

• Deploythe3long‐termmoorings• DeploytheASIS/EASImoorings• Surveyoneormorecoldwakes• Deployregularandmicrostructureglidersintooneormorecoldwakes• Recoverupto29air‐deployedfloatsanddrifters• Recoverthelong‐termandASIS/EASImooring

Thefollowingsectionsdescribecurrentlyscheduledcruisesandadditionalneeds.

5.2MooringDeployment,March‐April,2010,R.C.LienTheR/VRevelleservicestheTaiwanesemooredarray

5.3ASIS/EASIDeployment,24July‐Aug.12,2010,H.GraberTheR/VRevellewilldeploytwoASIS/EASImoorings.

5.4ITOPandIWISECruises,15Aug.–Oct.20VariousPIThisblockofR/VRevelletimewillbesharedbetweenITOPcoldwake

surveysandIWISEpilotworkwiththedetailedscheduledependingontheoccurrenceoftyphoons.

5.4.1IWISE(M.Alford)August15(orearlier)toSept.10(orearlier).InternaltidestudyinLuzonStrait(27days).Interruptedifthereisa

typhoon.Ifthecruiseisinterruptedearly(withmorethan2weeksofshiptimeleft),theIWISEgroupwillprobablyreturnaftertheITOPoperations(6weeks).

5.4.2COLDWAKESCIENCECRUISE(chiefscientist:S.Jayne).Thiscruisefocusesonmeasuringtheevolutionofthecoldwakeofatyphoon.

Thegoalistogettothewakeassoonaspossibleandsampleforaslongaspossible(upto3weeks).Thiscruisewilloccurduringtheaircraftperiod,betweenAug20andOct23.Startingon8/20,thetwobasicscenariosare:

1. Ifthereisastormbefore9/25,theshipwillsailassoonasasuitablestorm

occurs,returningafter3weeks.Afloatanddrifterrecoverycruisewillfollow.

2. Ifthereisnotyphoonbefore9/25,theshipwillsailon9/25andconductmeasurementsoftheKuroshioandinternaltidesnearLuzonStrait.Whenastormoccurs,itwillpositionitselftoavoidthestormandenterthewakeassoonaspossible.

33

Shipoperationsincludeunderway‐CTD,gliderdeployments,micro‐structureprofiles,CTD/LADCPstations,watersamplingandfloat,drifterandgliderrecoveriesasconvenient.

5.4.3FLOATRECOVERYCRUISE(chiefscientist:TBA)Upto3weeks.Thenon‐expendablefloatsanddriftersair‐deployedneartyphoonswillbe

recoveredduringtheColdWakeSciencecruiseifitdoesnothinderthescienceoperations,butotherswillneedtoberecoveredonasecondcruisewithalimitedscienceparty.ThiscruisewillrecoverthemostvaluableassetswiththeprioritiessetbytheITOPcontrolcenter.

5.4.4OR‐1Cruises SeveralOR‐1cruisesduringthisperiodwillservicetheTaiwanesemooredarrayandperhapsconductadditionalcoldwakesurveys.Thesemaypresentadditionalopportunitiestorecoveryfloatsandgliders.

5.5FinalRecovery,Nov.6‐Nov.26,2010–R.C.LienThisR/VRevellecruisewillrecoverallfixedassetsandasmanyremainingmobileassets,floats,driftersandgliders,asispossible.

34

6.ITOPSyntheticApertureRadarProgramTheSARprogramwillhavethefollowinggoals:

1. ImagingofstormswithSAR2. GeneratewindandwavefieldsaswellaspressurefieldsfromSARdata3. Derivestormmorphologicparameters4. Collectadditionalsatellitedataforenvironmentalparameterssuchas

scatterometer,altimeter,passivemicrowave,EOsensorsetc.5. CollecthighresolutionSARimagesofstormcenterstostudysurface

roughnessanddetailsofstormcenter6. Collectmarineradardatafromshipofwindsandwavesawayfromstorm

center7. CollectallavailablesatellitedataforSSTfields

Figure1showsanominalsatellitecollectionplan(carpetplanning)tocoverthedifferentdevelopmentstagesoftyphoons.

Figure16

Nominalsatellitecollectionplan.

A satellite collection plan will be developed in advance to cover the ITOP

regionwithnearlycontinuousSARandEOimagingduringtheintensiveobservationperiod. As storms develop we plan to make also special collects using highresolutionimagingmodesandmultipolarizationtodeterminemoredetailsofstormcharacteristics,especiallyneartheeyeandeyewall.

35

The satellite datawill be directly downlinked to different ground stations,someintheITOPregionlikeUSAFEagleVisioninGuamand/orgroundstationsinTaiwan and Singapore for near real time acquisitions. For somewhat delayeddownlinksusingstore&forwardorrelayservices,CSTARSwillacquireandprocessdata togeneratewindandwave fields formodelers,aircraftandshipresearchers.AlldatawillbearchivedandprocessedatCSTARS.

SatelliteAssets

SARsensors

RadarSat­1 (C­band,microwaveSAR–ScanSARmode)ERS­2 (C­band,microwaveSAR–StripMapmode)ENVISAT­ASAR (C­band,microwaveSAR–WideSwathmode)ALOS/PALSAR (L­band,hi­resoptical&microwaveSAR)RadarSat­2 (C­band,veryhi­resmicrowaveSAR) TerraSAR­X (X­band,veryhi­resmicrowaveSAR) Cosmo­SkyMed (X­band,veryhi­resmicrowaveSAR)

EOsensors

SPOT­4 (hi­reselectro­opticalvisible)SPOT­5 (veryhi­reselectro­opticalvisible)ENVISAT­MERIS (med­reselectro­opticalvisible)FormoSat­2* (veryhi­reselectro­opticalvisible)MODIS­TERRA/AQUA (med­reselectro­opticalvisible)

36

7.ITOPOperationsCenter

7.1 OperationsCenterStaffandFunctions ITOP operations can require up to 24 hour per day support in the MontereyOperations Center (MOC) during Intensive Operations Periods (IOPs). It isnecessarytohavetwoteamsofkeystaffintheMOCtosupportoperations.Team1(T‐1) will be the daily shift of people to handle typical support operationswhenthereareno IOPsplannedorunderway. Team2 (T‐2)willbe the special shift tosupportactivitiesduringIOPsorotherspecialoperationalperiods,asrequired.Itisimportant to note that in some casesmore than one of the key functionsmay behandledbyasingleindividual.

7.2 Team‐1(T‐1)

7.2.1ScienceDirectorResponsibilitiesasamemberoftheOCTare:

• Maymakego/no‐godecisionsforday’smission;• Can be responsible for real time coordination of aircraft, depending on

thetimingofoperations;• Mayparticipateinaircraftpost‐flightdebriefing.

7.2.2OperationsDirector• Convenesandco‐chairstheDailyPlanningMeeting;• ProvidesStatusReportsummarytoDailyPlanningMeeting;• ResponsibleforformandcontentofDailyOperationsSummary;• Communicatesmissionplanstofacilitymanagers;• Communicates notification requirements to airspace agencies (civilian

andmilitary)incoordinationwithaircraftfacilitystaff;• ImplementsthedailyITOPOperationsPlan;• AssignsdutiestoOCTpersonnel;• Coordinatesaircraftpost‐flightdebriefings;• May have an operations support assistant to help complete the duties

describedabovewithincriticaltimingconstraintsoftheprojectplanningprocess.

7.2.3FacilityStatusCoordinator• Monitors the status of all ITOP facilities, including the use of all

expendableresources;

37

• Provides daily (or more frequent) updating of the ITOP Field Catalogstatusreport;

• PresentsasummarystatusbriefingattheDailyPlanningMeeting;• Maintains an allocation/utilization account of flight hours and

expendablesfortheSSC.

7.2.4LeadWeatherForecaster• Responsible for the preparation and presentation of planning forecast

information for the PIs,MPT and operations staff for the Daily ScienceMeetingandtheDailyPlanningMeeting;

• Responsible for scheduling forecasting and nowcasting support for theMOC;(incoordinationwiththeOperationsDirector);

• ResponsiblefortheformandcontentofthedailyforecastsummarytobeincludedintheFieldCatalog.

7.2.5Forecastsupportstaff(2‐3people)Thesepeoplewillassisttheleadforecasterwiththepreparationofallforecasts,documentationandimageryduringtheshift. Thissupportwillalsoincludetheuploading of products and imagery to the ITOP Field Catalog for usewith theElluminatesoftwareduringthedailyplanningprocess.

7.2.6LeadOceanographer• Responsible for the preparation and presentation of oceanographic

environmentandpredictionsat theDailyScienceMeetingandtheDailyPlanningMeeting;

• Responsible for scheduling oceanographic support for the MOC;(incoordinationwiththeOperationsDirectorandleadforecaster);

• Responsible for the formandcontentof thedailyoceansummary tobeincludedintheFieldCatalog.

7.2.7Oceanographicsupportstaff(2people)These people will assist the lead oceanographer with the preparation of allforecasts, documentation and imagery during the shift. This supportwill alsoincludetheuploadingofproductsandimagerytotheITOPFieldCatalogforusewiththeElluminatesoftwareduringthedailyplanningprocess.

7.2.9ShipCoordinator• ActsasarepresentativeoftheshipoperationsgroupattheMOC.• Attendsdailybriefing,perhapsviaElluminate

38

• Responsible for ensuring that ship group is aware of upcoming andongoingaircraftoperationsthatmightrequireshipsupport.

• Responsible for ensuring requirements for float and buoy recoveriesplaced on the ship group by proposed aircraft operations can beaccomplishedbytheshipgroup.

7.2.10CommunicationsSpecialist• Establishes, monitors and maintains telecommunications (utilizing

Elluminate software, chat or other tools) between MOC and othercoordinationsitesduringDSM,DPMandotherspecialmeetings;

• Supports exchange of special operational data products between MOCandothercoordinationsites.

7.3 Team‐2(T‐2)

7.3.1MissionScientist• Monitorsmissionoperations;• Supports onboardFlight Scientists via chat and image (wherepossible)

updating;• Considersandapprovesmissionchangesandmodificationsthatmaybe

requiredduringflightoperations;• PositionmayrotateonanIOPbasis.

7.3.2OperationsDirector‐2• ResponsibletocarryouttheresearchmissionprescribedbytheMPT;• CoordinatesalloperationalaspectsofIOPassuringefficient,effectiveand

safeutilizationoffacilitiesinadynamicweatherenvironment;• Orchestratesaircraftmissionsandiscognizantoffacilitylimitationsand

operational constraints especially when alterations to original missionplans are requested or required by weather conditions or equipmentfailure;

• Leadspreflightbriefings;• Theremaybeassistantsonhandtoaidinthecompletionofkeytasksby

theoperationsdirectorduringIOPs;• PositionmayrotateonanIOPbasis.

7.3.3AircraftCoordinator• PrimarypointofcontactbetweenMOCandon‐boardflightscientists;

• Providesupdatedinformationtoaircraftduringflightoperations;

39

• Participatesinpre‐flightbriefingsanddebriefings.

7.3.4FloatPilot• ResponsibleformonitoringoperationofEM‐APEXandLagrangianfloats• Modifiesfloatsamplingprogramstoreflectchangesindeploymentplans

orstormchanges• Taskmaybe sharedbymultiplepersons, someofwhommaybeoffsite

andparticipateviaElluminate.

7.3.4RealtimeDataCoordinator• Responsible for coordinating the special observations from all field

system including dropsondes from aircraft and data from floats anddrifters

• Responsible for relaying any special driftsonde launch requests to theDriftsondeCoordinationCenter.

7.3.5LeadNowcaster• Responsible for the preparation of preflight briefing packages for all

aircraftparticipatingintheIOP;• Monitors weather conditions and short term forecasts during IOP

operations, providing continuing updates to the Mission Scientist andOperationsDirector;

• Provides reports and products for the aircraft Flight Scientists, asappropriate;

• May have additional assistants to the nowcaster to assure that keydeadlinesandinformationflowaremaintainedduringtheIOPs.

7.3.6Communicationsspecialist• Setsup,maintainsandmonitorschat linkswithallaircraftduring flight

operations;• Assures timely and complete upload and download of data products

betweenMOCandaircraftduringflightoperations;• AssistsAircraftCoordinator,especiallyduringmulti‐aircraftoperations.

7.4 AircraftSupportCenterStaffandFunctions

3.4.1GuamAircraftSupportCenterTherearekeyfunctionsthatwillbesupportedonGuam.Thesepositionsaresupported throughout the deployment period but not on a 24 hour a daybasis.

40

FacilityandCenterSupportCoordinator• Actsas liaisonbetweenEOL facilities support staff andNRLP‐3

operations;• Primary point of contact between GuamAircraft Support Center

andMOCformissionplanningandoperationssupport;• ActsasliaisonbetweenEOLstaffandAndersenAFB.

GroundMissionSupportScientist• ActsasLiaisonbetweenUSAF53rdWeatherWing,MOCandother

projectscientistsduringmissionplanningandflightoperations;• ProvidesrealtimetexttotheUSAFC‐130duringflightoperations

viaUSAFcommunicationssystem.InFieldDataManagementSpecialist

• Provides ground support for processing of ELDORA radar dataincludingQuick‐lookdatasets, analysis, andELDORA imagery fortheITOPFieldCatalog.

InFieldFloatandDrifterSpecialist• Prepares floats and drifters for deployment in cooperation with

the53rdWeatherWing.

7.5ControlCenterOperations

7.5.1 DailyScienceMeeting(DSM)TherewillbeaninformalmeetingattheMOCofinterestedScienceGroupmembersbeginning each day at approximately 2100 UTC to discuss potential missionobjectivesfortheneworcontinuingIntensiveObservingPeriod(IOP). Amemberoftheforecastteamwillprovideabriefweatherandoceanupdatecoveringthenextoperational period. All project participants are encouraged to participate in thisDailyScienceMeeting(DSM).Remoteparticipationviaconferencecall,usingweb‐basedElluminatesoftwareandtheEOLFieldCatalogtoolsarealsoencouraged.TheDSMmaybecancelledifnooperationsarelikelyforthenextday.ThekeyresultsfromtheDSMshouldbeasetofprimaryandsecondaryscienceobjectivesthatwillbediscussedandfinalizedintheDailyPlanningMeeting(DPM).

7.5.2 DailyPlanningMeeting(DPM)The ITOP field programwill have a generalmeeting each day to discuss relevantissues, remaining resources and status, science objective status, current weather,synoptic situations and outlook as well as PI science mission proposals. Thismeetingwillinvolveparticipantsfromallnationsinvolvedintheproject.TheITOPDaily Planning Meeting will be convened at 2300 UTC (1600 Local Time [LT] inMonterey,CA,0900LTinGuamand0800LTinTokyo,Japan)bytheITOPMonterey

41

OperationsCenterandsupportingcentersinGuam,Japan,KoreaandChina(seeFig.4.1). This time was chosen to allow participation of as many groups as possibleacross10 timezones. TheDPMwillbeheldsevendaysperweek throughout thefieldseasonbeginning17Augustandconcluding20October2010.The Daily Planning Meeting will be co‐chaired by the ITOP Science Director andOperationsDirector. The agenda for themeetingwill be consistent eachday andincludethefollowingitems:• Statusofaircraft,ship,floatanddriftersystems;

• Datamanagementandcommunicationsstatusreport;

• Forecastdiscussionfrom24‐36hours,specialproducts;outlookto72hours;

• Report on the status of scientific objectives and results of the last mission

and/orupdateonthestatusofanon‐goingmission;

• Missionselection,staffassignment,andscheduleofoperations;

• Logisticsoradministrativematters;

• Otherannouncements.

7.5.3 DailyscheduleandIOPPreparations

ThetypicalschedulefordailyprojectplanningwillincludeonsetactivitiesofanIOPin ITOP. In addition to the scientificplanningandpriority settingduring theDSMand DPM and priority decisions by the MPT, it is important that key personnelassignmentsbemadefortheupcomingIOP.Theseinclude:

• Lead mission scientist(s) (located in the MOC). These will be selected tomatchscienceobjectivesandrequiredfacilities;

• On‐board flight scientist(s), air reconnaissance weather officer, missionobserverforeachaircraft;

• Otherscientificpersonneloneachaircraft

• Key operations center staff (i.e. Operations Director‐2, Nowcaster, AircraftCoordinator).

Notifications will be made directly to all flight, ship and float/drifter facilitiesimmediately at the end of theMPTmeeting. Notificationswill be provided to allparticipants and collaborating international participants via the preparation andtimely distribution of the Daily Operations Summary under control of theOperationsDirector(usuallyavailableby0100UTC). Thisdocumentwillbemadeavailablevia the ITOPFieldCatalogandwillbeopenlyaccessiblebyall interestedprojectparticipants.TheDailyOperationsSummarywillbepreparedatleastoncea

42

dayfollowingtheDPMbutwillbeupdatedbytheOperationsDirectoraschangingplanswarrant.Contentwillinclude:

• SummaryofongoingandplannedITOPoperationsanddatacollection;

• ProposedmissionobjectivesfortheupcomingornextphaseofanIOP;

• Schedule details for all aircraft and other special observations asappropriate;

• Facilitystatus;

• Otherschedulehighlightsforthenext24hours.

The preparation of aircraft flight tracks, dropsondes, AXBT and float/drifter droplocations (if required) for submission to controlling air traffic agencies will beaccomplished immediately following the daily planning process described above.Each aircraft facility andmission scientists at the aircraft support centerswill beresponsibleforpreparingtheflightplans.Theseflightplanswillthenbesubmittedtotheairtrafficagenciesasrequired.Theadvancenotificationwilltypicallybe24hoursaheadoflaunchtimewiththeprovisionforupdatingifrequired.AdvancednotificationofMTSAT rapid scan satellite datawill typically need tobemadeseveraldaysinadvanceofanevent.TheserequestswillbethroughtheJMAusingagencychannelsestablishedpriortothefieldseason.

7.5.4 MissionUpdateDuringrapidlychangingoruncertainweathersituationsaspecialweatherupdatewillbeprovidedatapproximately1800UTCfortheScienceDirectorandOperationsDirectortoconfirmormodifythenextday’smissionplan.

7.5.5 Pre‐flightPlanningProcessTypically,apre‐flightbriefingisheldabout2hoursaheadofthescheduledaircrafttake‐off These briefings are meant to provide any update in facility status,adjustmentstoflightplan,ifpossible,currentobservations,andshorttermweatherforecastfortheareaofinterest.Thecontentwillbesimilarforallfacilities.

7.5.9 AircraftMissionDe‐briefingAircraft flight crew and scientists will participate in a de‐briefing following eachresearch flight. This will include aircraft facility and instrument status, a briefsummaryofflightoperationsandmissionhighlights,andaircraftavailabilityforthenextmission. Any operational or in‐flight coordination issueswill be brought upand discussed at this time. Typically, the Operations Director and ScienceDirector/MissionScientistintheMOCwillfacilitatethismeeting.

43

7.5.10ForecastpreparationThe T‐PAC Forecasting Team will be organized to support all aspects of projectplanning and operations. The Lead Forecasters will reside at the MOC and willdevelop a support staff to provide forecasting and nowcasting expertise on alloperationaldaysoftheprojectsaswellasbeforeandduringIOPs.

7.6SoftwaresupportforITOPOperationsITOPoperationswillbesupportedbyinteractivedatabasesbasedatNCAREarthObservingLaboratory(EOL),attheMontereyBayAquariumResearchInstitute(MBARI)andattheNavalResearchLaboratory,Monterey(NRL).AllofthesecanbeaccessedthroughtheITOP‘FrontPage’atwww.eol.ucar.edu/projects/itop/. EOLwillhaveprimaryresponsibilityforcollectinganddistributingatmosphericdataandmodeloutputandinsupportingtheformsandtablesusedtospecifyflightoperations. MBARIwillhaveprimaryresponsibilityforcollectinganddistributingoceanographicdataandmodeloutput. NRLwillhaveprimaryresponsibilityforcollectinganddistributingremotesensinginformation.

44

8.OperationsandSupportLogistic

8.1 ITOPMontereyOperationsCenterThe ITOPMontereyOperationsCenter(MOC) is locatedat theNavalPostgraduateSchool(NPS)inMontereyCA.TheMOChasoverallresponsibilityfortheconductofoperations during the field phase of ITOP. TheDaily ScienceMeeting (DSM) andDPMbothoriginatefromtheMOCandareopentoallprojectparticipantsusingtheElluminate® real‐time Internet video teleconferencing system. Daily operationssummaries are generated at the MOC as well as Science Summaries and otherupdatesasrequired.

8.2 GuamOperationsCenterTwoUSAF C‐130ReconnaissanceAircraftwith dropsondes, deployable floats andbuoysandSFMRwillbebasedatAndersenAFBontheislandofGuam.BothaircraftwillnormallyconductoperationsinthevicinityofGuam(approximately1000nmiradius)tosupporttropicalcycloneformationmissions.ortheycanflyamissionandrecoverinOkinawa,Japan,atKadenaAFB.

TheGuamoperationscenteraswellaslodgingforprojectparticipantswillbeat theGuamMarriott in thehotel areaonTumonBay inwest centralGuam. It isapproximately a 30‐minute drive from Tumon Bay to theMain Gate at AndersenAFB. Participants will need to clear security and vehicle inspection beforeproceeding into the base. Foreign nationals may need to be escorted by a U.S.citizeninordertogainaccesstothebase.

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9.Modeling,SimulationandPrediction

9.1ModelingGoalsOneoftheprimarygoalsoftheITOPprogramistoimprovetheunderstandingofhowtyphoonsandtheupperoceaninteractsinordertoimprovetyphoonandupperoceanmodels.ModelsandsimulationswillbeusedinITOPto:

1) ProvideaccuratestateestimationoftheWesternPacificOceanandoverlyingatmospherethroughdataassimilatingoceanandatmospherepredictionsystems

2) Provideforecastoftyphoonformation,track,intensitytoassistinselectingindividualstormsforstudyinthefieldprogram

3) Provideestimatesoftheimpactofthetyphoonontheocean(stratification,currents,waves)toassistinselectingstormsforstudyinthefieldprogram

4) Provideestimatesoftheinteractionofthetyphooncoldwakewithoceanmesoscalefeatures

5) Providesimulationsoftheevolutionofthetyphooncoldwake6) Provideestimatesofcriticaloceanandatmosphericparametersrealtimeor

inpost‐stormanalysesthatcanbecomparedtoobservationsmadeinthefieldprogramtovalidatemodelpredictions,toprovideerrorestimatesandtolookforconsistentvariationsthatmayhelppointtoimprovedmodelphysicsorparameterizations.

9.2ModelsThetyphoonmodelswillincludeallgenerallyavailableoperationaltyphoonpredictionmodelsrunsmadebythemajorweatherpredictioncenters(ECMWF,JMA,NCEP,FNMOC,JTWC)andavarietyofnewR&Dcoupledatmosphere‐oceanmodelscurrentlyunderdevelopment.HighresolutionLEStypemodelsoftheupperoceanwilllookatoceanicprocessesonthescaleofasubsectionacrossthetyphooncoldwake.Someofthecoupledatmosphere‐oceanmodelswillincludeasurfacewavecomponent.Thefollowingtableprovidesacurrentlistofmodelsexpectedtobeusedorrunduringtheexperiment.ThecurrentaimistohaveallresearchmodelsoperationalfortheIntensiveOperationalPeriodwithoutputgoingtotheOperationsCenter.ItisexpectedthatafterthefieldprogramaseriesofreanalyseswillbemadeincorporatingnewphysicsorparameterizationsarisingfromtheITOPprogram.Model Type Lead OutputtoNOGAPS Operational EOL OperationsCenterHWRF Operational EOL OperationsCenterECMWF Operational EOL OperationsCenterJMA Operational EOL OperationsCenter

46

GFS Operational EOL OperationsCenterUKMet Operational EOL OperationsCenterGNCOM Operational Allard OperationsCenterfrom

NRL‐SEASNFS Op/R Ko/Chao OperationsCenterfrom

NRL‐SHycom OP/R WHO? OperationsCenterfrom

NRL‐SCoupledMM5/PWP/WW3“UMCM”

R ShuyiChen OperationsCenterfromUMiami

CoupledWRF/ARW/PWPCWRF

R ShuyiChen OperationsCenterfromUMiami

COAMPS/SWAN/NCOM(ESMF)

R Allard/Cook OperationsCenterfromNRL‐S/M

COAMPS‐TCNowaves

R Hao/WangS.Chen/Doyle/Jin

OperationsCenterfromNRL‐M

COAMPS‐TC+Swan/WW3

R Hao/WangS.Chen/Doyle/Jin

OPERATIONSCENTERfromNRL‐M

COAMPS‐Adjoint R Hao/WangS.Chen/Doyle

OPERATIONSCENTERfromNRL‐M

WakeLESUW R Harcourt OperationsCenterfromUW

WakeLESNCAR R Sullivan OperationsCenterfromNCAR

PWP3D R Price OperationsCenterTheResearchModelsexpecttogetinitialandboundaryconditionsfromoneormoreofGFS,NOGAPS,JMA,ECMWFandGNCOM,HYCOMandNRL‐MWWIII.Inpostfieldcampaignreanalyses,agreementsmaybereachedonconsistentconditionsforinitiationandforcing.

47

10. ITOPPrincipalInvestigators

PI MOORING

AIRCRA

FT

SHIPS

REMOTESEN

S

Mod

els

OpsCen

ter

preiop

prestorm

storm

post‐storm

analysis

Allard x x Black x x x x x x x x xCenturoni x x x x x x xChao x xChen x x x x x x x xSueChen x x x x x x x xD'Asaro x x x x x x x x xDoyle x x x x x x x xElsberry x x x x x Foster x x x x x x x Graber x x x x x x x x xHarcourt Harr x x x x x x x x xJayne x x x x xKo x x x x x x x xLien x x x x x x xLee x Sanford x x x x x x x Rainville x x x Price x x x x x x St.Laurent x x x x xSullivan x x x x Velden x x x x xWackerman x x x x x xWalker x x x x x xWang x x x x x x x

48

PI MOORING

AIRCRA

FT

SHIPS

REMOTESEN

S

Mod

els

OpsCen

ter

preiop

prestorm

storm

post‐storm

analysis

Tang,TY x x x x x x x xWu,CC x x x x x x x xChang,MH x x x x x x x xChern,CS x x x x x xLin,II x x x x x x x xWang,J X X X X X X XJan,S x x x x x x XHuang,CF x x x x XHo,CR x x x x x x XChien,H x x x x x XLiang,WD x x x x x xShiah,FK x x x x x XYang,Y x x x x x x x XLee,YH x x x x XYang,YJ X x x x x x x x