学校编码：10384 分类号 密级

学 号：23320091152773 UDC

硕 士 学 位 论 文

TD-SCDMA Femto 网关资源管理策略的研

究

The Research of Resource Management Strategy Based on

TD-SCDMA Femto Architecture

杜 雷

指导教师姓名：黄联芬 副教授

专 业 名 称：通信与信息系统

论文提交日期：2012 年 月

论文答辩时间：2012 年 月

学位授予日期：2012 年 月

答辩委员会主席：

评 阅 人：

2012 年 5 月

T

D-S

CD

MA

Fem

to

的网关资源管理策略的研究

杜

雷

指导教师

黄联芬

副教授

厦门大学

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

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厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

摘 要

摘 要

随着 3G 网络商用化，3G 的实际部署面临着覆盖、容量和离网率等因素的

挑战，由于 3GHz 频段的无线信号的传输损耗和空间损耗较大，室内覆盖质量往

往不尽人意，因此如何改善 3G 网络的室内覆盖，是目前研究热点问题，另一方

面 Femto 融合了移动、固定和宽带等业务，为拥有固定宽带的室内场所提供移动

业务，具有低成本、即插即用、宽带接入和低功率等优点，能实现现有通信需求，

帮助运营商提高室内覆盖，节省投资，具有广泛应用前景。

本文首先研究了 TD-SCDMA Femto 网络和接入网架构，TD-SCDMA Femto

接入网扁平化，接入网由 Femto终端和 Femto 网关两部分组成，Femto包含NodeB

的全部功能及 RNC 的大部分功能，Femto 网关负责 Femto 的接入、协议的转换

和数据的汇聚及转发，对核心网呈现 RNC 的功能。其次进行了 TD-SCDMA Femto

网关架构的研究和系统设计，根据 Femto 网络架构，提出 TD-SCDMA Femto 网

关的主要性能指标和系统结构，设计并实现了一种基于 Femto 架构的网关单元，

实现了大量 Femto 基站的接入，不同协议的转换，数据的汇聚及转发等功能。同

时对 TD-SCDMA Femto 网关资源分配原理和 HNB-GW 所涉及到的 ATM 资源以

及 IP 资源进行研究，对 ATM 方式和 IP 方式下 RAB 的建立、修改及删除的流程

提出了方案，并对这些流程中所涉及到的资源分配及回收做了简要分析，并根据

Femto架构下HNB-GW资源分配原理提出了分布式及集中式两种资源管理方案，

主要包含资源的分配及释放，然后详细地介绍了方案的分配及释放流程，并用软

件设计实现。最后对如何测试网关处理能力提出了测试模型，并根据此模型对两

种资源管理方案进行测试，通过测试结果对两种方案进行了分析比较，最终得出

集中式资源管理方案更适用于网关系统的资源管理，能够达到负荷分担并且实时

高效的一种资源管理策略。进一步还可针对 LTE 网络架构扁平化的 Femto 网关

系统架构及设计进行研究。

关键词： Femto 网关 资源管理

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

Abstract

Abstract

How to ensure that the effect of indoor wireless coverage is a difficult problem to

solve. Especially in built-up areas, the wireless network planning is a complex project.

The increase of the macrocell transmit power does not solve the problem. Indoor

coverage is more prominent in the 3G era. 3G spectrum mostly allocated on the

high-frequency, walls and other obstructions to the signal attenuation is more

pronounced. We know that the high frequency bands used by the 3G network, the

transmission loss and space loss, weak penetration of the building wall, indoor

coverage quality is not satisfactory, while more than 70% of 3G services is to occur in

the room.

At the same time, the operator's network traffic by bandwidth limitations and a

base station to provide Internet bandwidth is very limited. Due to the rapid growth of

mobile data services demand led to Operator's network networks, especially in the

access network is overburdened. Femtocell integration of mobile, fixed broadband

services, with low-cost, plug and play broadband access, low-power advantages. For a

mobile operator, the attractions of a femtocell are improvements to both coverage and

capacity, especially indoors. Consumers benefit from improved coverage and

potentially better voice quality and battery life. Depending on the carrier they may

also be offered more attractive tariffs e.g. discounted calls from home. The Femtocell

main role is to divert the macrocell data flow, thereby reducing the funds of the

investment and construction of operators’ macrocell.

In Femto architecture, the access network to flatten. The access network is

composed of two parts by Femto and Femto gateways. The Femto contains most of

the functionality of the RNC and full functionality of the NodeB. The gateway is

responsible for Femto access, protocol conversion, data aggregation and forwarding.

For the core network, the gateway is the RNC.

Based on the Femto network architecture, in this paper，we designed and

implemented a Femto gateway unit to realize a large number of Femto base station

access, protocol conversion, data aggregation and forwarding. At the same time, we

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

Abstract

study the resource management of the gateway. Resource management includes

resource allocation and release. We propose two resource management strategies, and

analyzed and compared two kinds of resource management strategies. We finally

arrive at a resource management program, which can achieve load sharing and

real-time and efficient.

Key words: Femto；Gateway；Resource Management

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

目 录

目 录

第一章 绪论 ····································································· 1

1.1. 论文研究背景 ········································································· 1

1.2. 国内外现状及发展趋势 ····························································· 6

1.3. 论文的研究内容和章节安排 ······················································· 8

第二章 TD-SCDMA Femto 网关系统设计 ······························· 10

2.1 TD-SCDMA Femto 接入网结构 ···················································· 10

2.1.1 网元功能...................................................................................................... 11

2.2 TD-SCDMA Femto 接入网通用协议功能 ········································ 12

2.2.1 Iu 口协议栈 ................................................................................................. 12

2.2.4 Iuh 协议结构 ............................................................................................... 15

2.3 TD-SCDMA Femto 接入网协议栈分析 ··········································· 16

2.3.1 Ranap 协议 .................................................................................................. 16

2.3.2 Iu UP 协议 ................................................................................................... 17

2.3.3 HNBAP 协议 ............................................................................................... 18

2.3.4 RUA 协议 .................................................................................................... 19

2.3.5 Sctp 协议 ..................................................................................................... 19

2.3.6 M3UA 协议 ................................................................................................. 19

2.3.7 SCCP 协议 ................................................................................................... 19

2.3.8 MTP3B 和 SAAL 协议 ............................................................................... 20

2.3.9 RTP 和 RTCP 协议 ...................................................................................... 20

2.3.10 GTP-U 协议 ............................................................................................... 20

2.4 HNB-GW 的主要性能指标 ··························································· 20

2.5 HNB-GW 原理及系统结构 ··························································· 21

2.5.1 IP 接入及数据处理模块 ............................................................................. 22

2.5.2 信令模块..................................................................................................... 23

2.5.3 管理模块..................................................................................................... 23

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

目 录

2.5.4 Femto 网关 LMT ........................................................................................ 23

2.5.5 ATM 网关 .................................................................................................... 23

2.6 硬件平台 ················································································· 25

2.7 软件结构 ················································································· 27

第三章 TD-SCDMA Femto 架构的网关资源分配原理 ················ 30

3.1 HNB-GW 资源概述 ···································································· 30

3.1.1 ATM 概述 ·············································································· 30

3.1.2 ATM 原理 .................................................................................................... 30

3.1.3 ATM 虚连接 ................................................................................................ 32

3.1.4 ATM 信元 .................................................................................................... 33

3.1.5 ATM 协议参考模型 .................................................................................... 34

3.1.6 ATM 信令 .................................................................................................... 35

3.1.7 ATM 主要资源 ............................................................................................ 35

3.2 IP 概述 ···················································································· 35

3.2.1 TCP/IP 协议体系结构 ................................................................................. 36

3.2 2 SCTP 协议 ................................................................................................... 37

3.2.3 IP 安全 ......................................................................................................... 40

3.2.4 IP 主要资源 ................................................................................................. 41

3.3 RAB 建立及释放流程 ································································· 41

3.3.1 ATM 方式 RAB 的建立 .............................................................................. 42

3.3.2 ATM 方式 RAB 的修改 .............................................................................. 43

3.3.3 ATM 方式 RAB 的释放 .............................................................................. 46

3.3.4 IP 方式 RAB 的建立 ................................................................................... 47

3.3.5 IP 方式 RAB 的修改 ................................................................................... 48

3.3.6 IP 方式 RAB 的释放 ................................................................................... 50

3.4 本章小结 ················································································· 51

第四章 Femto 架构的网关管理策略研究 ································· 52

4.1 分布式资源管理 ········································································ 52

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

目 录

4.1.1 分布式资源分配.......................................................................................... 52

4.1.2 软件设计...................................................................................................... 55

4.2 集中式资源管理 ········································································ 57

4.2.1 集中式资源分配.......................................................................................... 58

4.2.2 集中式资源释放.......................................................................................... 59

4.2.3 软件设计...................................................................................................... 60

4.3 两种资源管理策略的分析 ···························································· 61

4.4 本章小结 ················································································· 62

第五章 总结与展望 ··························································· 63

5.1 总结 ······················································································· 63

5.2 展望 ······················································································· 63

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

Contents

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction ························································ 1

1.1. Research Background ······························································· 1

1.2. Research status and development trends ······································· 6

1.3. Main Contents and Framework of Thesis ······································ 8

Chapter 2 . The Design of Gateway on TD-SCDMA Femto system 10

2.1. The Architecture of TD-SCDMA Femto ······································· 10

2.1.1. Element Function ······························································· 11

2.2. Femto access network architecture and the generic protocol model ···· 12

2.2.1. Iu- Interface Protocol Stack ··················································· 12

2.2.2. Iuh- Interface Protocol Stack ·················································· 15

2.3. Analysis of the protocol stack ···················································· 16

2.3.1. Ranap Protocol ·································································· 16

2.3.2. Iu UP Protocol ··································································· 17

2.3.3. HNBAP Protocol ································································ 18

2.3.4. RUA Protocol ···································································· 19

2.3.5. Sctp Protocol ···································································· 19

2.3.6. M3UA Protocol ································································· 19

2.3.7. SCCP Protocol ··································································· 19

2.3.8. MTP3B and SAAL Protocol ·················································· 20

2.3.9. RTP and RTCP Protocol ······················································· 20

2.3.10. GTP-U Protocol ································································· 20

2.4. The role and performance requirements of the HNB-GW················· 20

2.5. The working principle and structure of the HNB-GW ····················· 21

2.5.1. IP Access and Data Process Unit ············································· 22

2.5.2. Signaling Unit ··································································· 23

2.5.3. Management Unit ······························································· 23

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

Contents

2.5.4. Femto Gateway LMT ·························································· 23

2.5.5. ATM Gateway ··································································· 23

2.6. Hardware platform ································································· 25

2.7. Software architecture ······························································ 27

Chapter 3 . Principles of resource allocation on TD-SCDMA Femto

gateway ·························································· 30

3.1. Overview of the HNB-GW Resource ··········································· 30

3.1.1. Overview of the ATM ·························································· 30

3.1.2. ATM principle ··································································· 30

3.1.3. ATM virtual connection ························································ 30

3.1.4. ATM cells ········································································ 32

3.1.5. ATM protocol reference model ··············································· 33

3.1.6. ATM Signaling ·································································· 34

3.1.7. ATM main resource ····························································· 35

3.2. Overview of the IP ·································································· 35

3.2.1. The structure of the TCP / IP protocol ······································· 36

3.2.2. SCTP protocol ··································································· 37

3.2.3. IP security ········································································ 40

3.2.4. IP main resource ································································ 41

3.3. The establishment and release processes of RAB ···························· 41

3.3.1. The establish process of the RAB on ATM ································· 42

3.3.2. The modify process of the RAB on ATM ··································· 43

3.3.3. The release process of the RAB on ATM ···································· 46

3.3.4. The establish process of the RAB on IP ····································· 47

3.3.5. The modify process of the RAB on IP ······································· 48

3.3.6. The release process of the RAB on IP ······································· 50

3.4. Summary ············································································· 51

Chapter 4 Management Strategy of Femto architecture Gateway

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

Contents

···································································· 52

4.1. Distributed Resource Management ············································· 52

4.1.1. Distributed resource allocation················································ 52

4.1.3. Software design ································································· 55

4.2. Centralized resource management ··································· 57

4.2.1. Centralized resource allocation ··············································· 58

4.2.2. Centralized resource release ··················································· 59

4.2.3. Software design ································································· 60

4.3. Analysis of the two kinds of resource management strategies ············ 61

4.4. Summary ············································································· 63

Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future Work ······························· 64

5.1. Summary ············································································· 64

5.2. Expectation · ········································································· 64

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

第 1 章 绪论

1

第一章 绪论

1.1. 论文研究背景

1.1.1 Femto 概念的提出

目前移动通信主要商用技术正从 2G、2.5G、3G、HSPA 到 LTE 过渡，业务

类型也随着无线接入速率的不断提高，逐渐从单纯的语音和短消息业务向丰富的

数据业务演变，移动数据业务占业务总量的比率也越来越高。据不完全统计[1]，

移动通信 70%以上的业务发生在室内，3G 网络中超过 80%的数据业务发生在室

内，显然，实现高质量的室内覆盖已越来越重要。

随着 3G 网络在全世界的铺开，一方面，3G 的实际部署面临着覆盖、容量

和离网率等因素的挑战。3GHz 频段的无线信号的传输损耗和空间损耗较大，对

建筑物墙体的穿透能力较弱，室内覆盖质量往往不尽人意。而大量的高速数据与

多媒体业务，如视频电话、流媒体、游戏等业务一般都发生在室内环境，这些业

务都需要较大的系统容量和良好的网络质量，因此如何改善 3G 网络的室内覆盖，

将是 3G 能否成功部署的关键。另一方面，直接通过建设更多的宏基站来增加网

络容量的做法成本很高。包括站址的选取，设备的采购、安装、调试和维护都要

耗费大量的人力、财力、物力和时间。因此用单纯的宏蜂窝网络来兼顾室内室外

的覆盖显然不是一个明智的选择。正是由于面临上述挑战，业界提出了 Femto

以解决部署高速数据业务时面临的室内覆盖问题。

Femto 又称为 Femtocell（家庭基站 Home Node Basestation,HNB），最初叫接

入点基站（Access Point Base Station），是一个小型的蜂窝基站，“Femto”本意是

指 10 的负 15 次方，又称为毫微微蜂窝基站。如图 1-1 所示，它通过固定宽带接

入（如 DSL，有线电缆，光纤）到 3G 核心网，为拥有固定宽带的室内场所提供

移动业务，可整合 2G、3G 和 WiFi 于一机,一般被设计为在家庭室内或小的商业

机构中使用。应用场景如图 1-1 所示。

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图 1-1 Femto 与终端及网络连接图

2006 年度 3GSM 全球大会上，朗讯科技率先推出基站路由器 (Femto BSR)，

将 3G 移动网络的关键组件集成为一个支持移动宽带业务的单一网元，从而使原

本复杂的分级架构变得扁平化，并由此荣获 2006CTIA 无线新兴技术(E-tech)大

奖，“最创新室内解决方案”的称号。2008 年 Mobile World Congress；MWC 首

次展出 Femto 技术，得到 Orange 和 T-Mobile 青睐。家庭基站最早在欧洲流行，

是一种超小型手机基站设备，相比 Microcell 基地台(指通常覆盖范围 2 公里以内)

以及 Picocell 微型基地台（指通常覆盖范围 200 米以内）更小型，Femto 的覆盖

范围通常在 40 英尺，大约 12 米。部分情况下，Femto 可以提供更大范围的覆盖，

以满足办公环境的需要。

Femto 的解决方案是针对室内家庭通信的特点设计，是对宏基站覆盖盲区的

补充。该方案通过放置在用户家中的 Femto 设备实现以家庭为单位的室内覆盖，

Femto 基站可提供可靠室内无线信号的覆盖，有利于手机、PC 等多元终端的室

内宽带应用，促进了固定和移动的融合，使得用户可放心使用手机作为首要的通

讯工具。

目前即使在无线信号良好的室内，用户如果要进行重要的通话，还是倾向于

使用固定电话，以避免掉话的可能。目前高层住宅越来越多。住在高层的用户更

容易碰到无线信号薄弱的问题。在有些地广人稀的国家，如果某个区域的人口密

度很小，甚至根本就没有无线信号。因为在这些地方部署基站的成本很高，但收

益很低。以上这些问题都可通过部署 Femto 基站来解决。良好的无线信号覆盖可

让用户更加依赖手机作为首选通讯工具。

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Femto 技术能使运营商和终端用户双方受益。对运营商而言，Femto 技术可

以改善室内覆盖和减轻宏基站的负担，也即减轻了运营商对宏基站的维护和优化

成本[2]。对用户而言，Femto 技术能够改善室内通话质量，使用户享受与固网一

样的速度；其次，由于小型化基站放置在家中，运营商可能给予相应的套餐优惠，

可以得到更经济的服务，同时由于其覆盖范围小，接入的手机会降低其发射功率，

从而节省手机电池，减少对人体的辐射。因此，对 Femto 系统的研究具有十分重

要的意义以及应用价值。

1.1.2 Femto 网络架构简介

图 1.2 Femto 网络架构

Femto 是运营商现有无线网络在室内的扩展。从普通用户的角度看，Femto

与无线路由器没有什么区别，然而 Femto 无缝引入到运营商现有的网络需要做很

多的工作。

由于 Femto 产品比相应的规范更早出现，各个厂家的解决方案、网络架构都

不完全一样。因此 3GPP/3GPP2 [3]在 R8 里定义了 Iuh 接口规范，各个厂家研发

应支持标准接口的 Femto 系统。

根据 Femto 的演进和集成的网元功能，目前有以下三种主流的网络架构：

1.Iub-over-IP

这种架构的 Femto 集成了 Node-B 的功能，Femto 通过 IP 网络与运营商宏基

站的无线网络控制器RNC(Radio Network Controller)进行通讯。这种类型的 Femto

实现的功能相对简单。

2.RAN（Radio Access Network）网关

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基于 RAN 网关的 Femto 网络架构如图 1-3 所示，又称为 GAN（通用接入网）

网关结构。它集成了无线基站 NodeB 和大部分 RNC 的功能。Femto 通过 IP 网络

与运营商的 RAN 网关通讯，RAN 网关通过标准 IuCS/IuPS 接口与运营商的核心

网连接。

CNRAN GW

HNB

HNB

HNB

ISP网络

ADSL

ADSL

ADSL

GANC信信

VOIP

VOIP

VOIP

图 1-3 基于 RAN 网关的 Femto 网络架构

3.全 IP

这种架构的 Femto 集成了 NodeB、RNC、业务支撑点 SGSN（Serving Gprs

Support Node）和通用分组无线业务网关支持节点 GGSN（Gateway GPRS Support

Node）的功能。Femto 实现了 IMS/SIP 接口，通过 SIP 协议与运营商的媒体网关

进行通讯。

CNSIP GW/IMS

汇聚服务器

HNB

HNB

HNB

ISP网络

ADSL

ADSL

ADSL

SIP 信令

VOIP

VOIP

VOIP

图 1-4 全 IP 的 Femto 网络架构

从基本功能上来看，Femto 与 Wifi 接入点是相同的，都是为了将数据从无线

网络路由到固定网络。为了提高数据传输的效率，Femtocell 的架构是向着扁平

化的方向演进的。扁平化意味着 Femtocell 需要集成多个传统网络中的网元，从

而减少网络复杂度，降低网络延迟。理想的 Femtocell 的网络架构如图 1-2 所示。

Femto 的主要特征是借助固定宽带接入为室内环境提供大宽带的移动数据

业务。由于具有自动配置和自动优化功能，因此也不需要无线规划[3]。Femto 解

决方案提供标准的空中接口，因此 Femto 允许任何符合标准的终端通过 Femto

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

Degree papers are in the “Xiamen University Electronic Theses and

Dissertations Database”.

Fulltexts are available in the following ways:

1. If your library is a CALIS member libraries, please log on

http://etd.calis.edu.cn/ and submit requests online, or consult the interlibrary

loan department in your library.

2. For users of non-CALIS member libraries, please mail to etd@xmu.edu.cn

for delivery details.

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库