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Introduction

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Anatomie, physiopathologie, clinique

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1 . E m b r y o l o g i e 6 , 1 7 , 1 8

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3 . P h y s i o p a t h o l o g i e 6 , 1 6 , 1 7

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"5

Bibliographie

A& M)(& N2))3D&CS& TD.&4-2<*& U*.00)& M)(&N2))3D&Q.,+2-)0& V.;*A2.W& *D.&D-<*+2?& )(/&)()*+,?& +R& *.*2)0+3?& +R& 4)00+*S&=%)+/&!60-"2&;"-'+0>"(2&=1-8&?%'+"*-&;"-'&=1-8&3//1&"BB8X&&'W&!8E#7SB& 4)00+*&'S&P+(*2-LA*-+(&Y& 0>)()*+,-.&:)*D+0+3-@A.&/.& 0)& ,)0)/-.&L0.A.&Z;?)(+<.&;)2/-)@A.[S&@"-(%+$$%&@%'& A& !777X&'*W&66E8#\&!#7E!%7\&"B6E""#\&"6BE"75\&#$!E#%$\&$B#E$"BSC& N.22?& V]\& ^.-00& P'\& 4.2.(;O& P\& _`CaP'T& ]+2b-(3& N)2*?& +(S& P+(3.(-*)0& 9.)2*& J-<.)<.W& ?%-(5%2*+>%& +/& ?%'+"*-+2&;"-'+0$087B&C5+'%)+0$087&0D&20/8%/+*"$&6%"-*&'+(%"(%4&*6%&E"$*+)0-%FG"(6+/8*0/&./D"/*&=*1'7&HIJHFJI&'2,+(b\&^cW&4A*A2)X&!88#W##E5"SDE&V+D&T4\&'(3&c9\&]+(3&cd&.*&)0S&4)00+*><&*.*2)0+3?&E&()*A2)0&D-<*+2?S&=+/8"5&@%'&A&!86#X&!$W&!58E!6!SF&G)-00-)2/&4\&'(/.2<+(&C9S&T.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*S&K-56"/%*&A&0D&L"-%&M+(&"BB8X&)W&"SG&U-e-b&_U\&_2.(L.23&4\&f)Db)&dgS&PD):*.2&$#S&T.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*S&J)(<W&'00.(&9J\&J2-<;+00&Jh\&4.0*.<&T4\&.*&)0S\&21/);*.A2<S&Q+<<& )(/& '/),<>& 9.)2*& /-<.)<.& -(& -(R)(*<\& ;D-0/2.(<& )(/& )/+0.<;.(*<W& -(;0A/-(3& *D.& R.*A<&)(<& ?+A(3& )/A0*\& 6.& 1/S&ND-0)/.0:D-)\&N'W&V-::-(;+**&]-00-),<&i&]-0b-(<X&"BB7S&:S&777E8B8SH& Q)./)&h\& c),)3-<D-&9\&Q)*<+Ab)&C\&H<D-D)2)&h\&T+bA,A2)&Q\&4AbA<D-,)&9\&`./)&9\&T)b)D)<D-&_\& c+<D-L)& U\&d+j-,)& cS&42.@A.(*&)<<+;-)*-+(&+R&""@!!S"&/.0.*-+(&e-*D&*.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*S&3)&A&@%'&N%/%*&"BBB\&.'W&"58E"6"S&I&Q;J+()0/EQ;g-((&JQ\&_,)(A.0&GU\&f);b)-&_9S& ""@!!S"& J.0.*-+(&U?(/2+,.S& !888&U.:&"#& k`:/)*./&"BB%&J.;& !5lS& H(W&N)3+(&C'\&G-2/&TJ\&J+0)(&PC\&.*& )0S\&./-*+2<S&N%/%L%>+%O(m&kH(*.2(.*lS&U.)**0.&Z]'[W&`(-=.2<-*?&+R&])<D-(3*+(\&U.)**0.X&!88#ESJ!g-+0-EN.2.-2)&V\&N.2.-2)&'P\&G.23)2)&J\&Q.<@A-*)&U\&V+:.<&''\&d2-.3.2&h_S&42.@A.(;?&+R&""@!!S"&,-;2+/.0.*-+(&-(&<:+2)/-;&(+(E<?(/2+,-;&*.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*&;)<.<S&./*&A&;"-'+0$&"BB7X&&'+W&#6$E#67SAK&PD.e&P\&9)00-/)?& hV\&C-0.?&QQ\&N.((?&JhS&N+:A0)*-+(EL)<./&<*A/?&+R&)(*.()*)0&/.*.;*-+(&+R&;+(3.(-*)0&D.)2*& /-<.)<.&L?&A0*2)<+A(/&.n),-()*-+(S&P$*-"(01/'&K#(*%*&N7/%20$&"BB6X&'.W&5!8E5"$S&AA& dD+<D(++/&G\& J.&M-3)(& P\& M+/+=)2& M\& g+Aj)2/& h\& VD+,,.&'\& G+((.*& J\& g+o(.*& 4S& T2.(/<& -(&:2.()*)0& /-)3(+<-<\&:2.3()(;?& *.2,-()*-+(\& )(/& :.2-()*)0& ,+2*)0-*?& +R& (.eL+2(<&e-*D& ;+(3.(-*)0& D.)2*& /-<.)<.& -(& 42)(;.\& !87#E"BBBW& )&:+:A0)*-+(EL)<./&.=)0A)*-+(S&?%'+"*-+2(&"BB%X&&&*W&8%E!B!SAB& G.2*2)(+A& _g\& G0);b<*+(.& _9\& 9)O.02-3&hG\& TA2(.2& Q_\& d-2b0-(&h]S& V-R.&.n:.;*)(;?& e-*D+A*& <A23.2?& -(& *.*2)0+3?& +R&4)00+*S&3)&A&;"-'+0$&!867X&)'W&$%7E$55SAC& P),:L.00& QS& ^)*A2)0& D-<*+2?& +R& ;?)(+*-;& ,)0R+2,)*-+(<&)(/& ;+,:)2-<+(& +R& )00& ;+,,+(&;)2/-);&,)0R+2,)*-+(<S& E-&Q%"-*&A&!86"X&()W&#E7SAD& U*)22&hNS&T.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*W&c.<*.2/)?&)(/&T+/)?\&G0-$'&A&=1-8&"B!BX&()W&5%7E557SAF& V)2<.(&]hS&_,L2?+0+3-.&DA,)-(.\&".&1/S&G2An.00.<W&J.&G+.;bX&"BB#S&:S&!%6E!8!SAG& JA:A-<& P\& d);D)(.2& h\& 42../+,& CQ\&N)?+*&Q\&J)=-3(+(&'S&P)2/-+0+3-.&:1/-)*2-@A.S& ".&1/S& N)2-<W&Q1/.;-(.EU;-.(;.&40),,)2-+(X&!88!S&:S&#"6E#$5SAH& d+A;D+Ab+<&^T\& G0);b<*+(.&_9\& 9)(0.?&4V\&d-2b0-(&hdS& d-2b0-(pG)22)**EG+?.<&P)2/-);&UA23.2?W&,+2:D+0+3?\&/-)3(+<*-;&;2-*.2-)\&()*A2)0&D-<*+2?\&*.;D(-@A.<\&2.<A0*<\&)(/&-(/-;)*-+(<S&$.&1/S&ND-0)/.0:D-)\&N'W&U)A(/.2<X&"B!"S&:S&8$6E!B!"SAI& N++(& VPc\& 9A33+(& HP\& f-/.2.& M& .*& '00)(& VJS& T.*2)0+3?& +R& 4)00+*& -(& *D.&R.*A<& -(&*D.&;A22.(*& .2)S& P$*-"(01/'& K#(*%*&N7/%20$&"BB6X&'.W&5"%E5"6S&AJ& G0)0+;b&'\&T)A<<-3&9GS&TD.&<A23-;)0&*2.)*.,.(*&+R&,)0R+2,)*-+(<&+R&*D.&D.)2*&-(&eD-;D&*D.2.&-<&:A0,+()2?&<*.(+<-<&+2&:A0,+()2?&)*2.<-)\&A3@3&!8$%X&&'-W&!78E"B"SBK&^+00.2*& g\& 4-<;D0.-(&T\& G+A*.2e.b& U\& G+D,.2&P\&d0-((.2&]\& C.-;D)2*&GS& V+(3E*.2,& <A2=-=)0& -(& :)*-.(*<&e-*D& 2.:)-2& +R&*.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*W&#5E?.)2& R+00+eEA:&+R& $8B&<A2=-=+2<&+R&*D.&K2<*& ?.)2& )R*.2&<A23-;)0&2.:)-2S&A&3)& ;0$$&;"-'+0$&!886X&(/W&!#6$E!#7#S&BA& QA2:D?&hg\&g.2<D&Gh\&Q)-2&JJ\&.*&)0S&V+(3E*.2,&+A*;+,.&-(&:)*-.(*<&A(/.23+-(3&<A23-;)0&2.:)-2&+R&*.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*S&R&C/8$&A&@%'&!88#X&('.W&%8#E%88SBB& g.=)& TS& H(/-;)*-+(<& )(/& *-,-(3& +R& :A0,+()2?& =)0=.& 2.:0);.,.(*& )R*.2& *.*2)0+3?& +R& 4)00+*& 2.:)-2S& =%)+/& !60-"2&;"-'+0>"(2&=1-8&?%'+"*-&;"-'&=1-8&3//&"BB5X&.W&!!E""SBC& J-<;-3-0&G\& J.)2)(-&h'\&NA3)&4h\& U;D)I&9M\& 9)30.2& Jh\&])2(.<&P'\& J)(-.0<+(&gdS& V)*.&:A0,+()2?& =)0=.&2.:0);.,.(*&)R*.2&2.:)-2&+R&*.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*S&A&!60-"2&;"-'+0>"(2&=1-8&"BB!X&&'&W&#$$E#%!SBD&':-*O&P\&].LL&gJ\&C./-(3*+(&'^S&T.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*S&S"/2%*&"BB8X&(,)W&!$5"E!$6!S

E+#$+08-"56+%&

"6

BF& G+AO)<&G\&d-0(.2&Nh\&g)*O+A0-<&Q'S&NA0,+()2?&2.3A23-*)*-+(W&(+*&)&L.(-3(&0.<-+(S&C1-05%"/&Q%"-*&A&"BB%X&'+W&$##E$#8SBG&d-2b0-(&hd\&d-2b0-(&h]\&G0);b<*+(.&_9\&Q-0)(+&'\&N);-K;+&'JS&_I.;*&+R&*2)(<)((A0)2&:)*;D-(3&+(&+A*;+,.&)R*.2&2.:)-2&+R&*.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*S&3//&!60-"2&=1-8&!878X&)-W&67#E68!SBH& g.(3<)bA0& '\& 9)22-<& V\& G2)/0.?& Th\& ].LL& gJ\& ]-00-),<& ]g\& U-A& UP\& Q.2;D)(*& ^\& Q;P2-(/0.& G]S& TD.& -,:);*& +R&:A0,+()2?&=)0=.&2.:0);.,.(*&)R*.2&*.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*&2.:)-2W&)&,)*;D./&;+,:)2)-<+(S&C1-&A&;"-'+0*60-"2&=1-8&"BB6X&('W&$5"E$57SBI&P.<(j.=)2&C\&9)2-3&4\&C)L.2&'\&U*2.;b.2&T\&4-<;D0.-(&T\&d+;D&'\&].?)(/&Q\&NR.-I.2&US&V)*.&:A0,+()2?&=)0=.&2.:0);.,.(*&)R*.2&;+22.;*-+(&+R&4)00+*><&*.*2)0+3?S&!60-"2&;"-'+0>"(2&=1-8&"BB$X&*'W&"#E"7SBJ!42-3-+0)& '\&T<)(3&M\& ^+2/,.?.2& h\&VA2O&N\&=)(&J++2(&P\&T)?0+2&'Q\&G+(D+.I.2& N\& /.&V.=)0&QS&PA22.(*&)::2+);D.<&*+&:A0,+()2?&2.3A23-*)*-+(S&C1-&A&;"-'+0*60-"2&=1-8&"BB7X&()W&%65E%7BSCK&J+A3D)(&'C\&Q;P+((.00&Q_\&V?0.&T'\&G++b&]QS&_I.;*<&+R&:A0,+()2?&=)0=.&2.:0);.,.(*&+(&qCU&/A2)*-+(&)(/&2-3D*&=.(*2-;A0)2&;)=-*?&<-O.&0)*.&)R*.2&2.:)-2&+R&2-3D*&=.(*2-;A0)2&+A*r+e&*2);*&+L<*2A;*-+(S&3)&A&;"-'+0$&"BB%X&.*W&!%!!E!%!$SCA& TD.22-.(&h\& U-A&UP\& 9)22-<&V\&J+2.&'\&^-e)&d\& h)(+A<.b&h\&]-00-),<&]g\&].LL&g\& g)*O+A0-<&Q'S&H,:);*&+R&:A0,+()2?&=)0=.&2.:0);.,.(*&+(&)22D?*D,-)&:2+:.(<-*?&0)*.&)R*.2&2.:)-2&+R&*.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*S&;+-21$"*+0/&"BB!X&&/(W&"$78E"$8$SCB& g)*O+A0-<& Q'\& T-00& h'\& U+,.2=-00.& h\& C./-(3*+(& '^S& Q.;D)(+.0.;*2-;)0& -(*.2);*-+(& -(& *.*2)0+3?& +R& 4)00+*S& qCU&:2+0+(3)*-+(& 2.0)*.<& *+& 2-3D*& =.(*2-;A0)2& <-O.& )(/& :2./-;*<& ,)0-3()(*& =.(*2-;A0)2& )22D?*D,-)<& )(/& <A//.(& /.)*DS&;+-21$"*+0/&!88%X&.'W&"#!E"#6SCC& Q)D0.&]T\&N)2b<&]h\&4?R.&J'&.*&)0S&T2-;A<:-/&2.3A23-*)*-+(&-(&:)*-.(*<&e-*D&2.:)-2./&T.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*&)(/&-*<&2.0)*-+(&*+&2-3D*&=.(*2-;A0)2&/-0)*)*-+(S&3)&A&;"-'+0$&"BB#X&.'W&"#!E"#6SCD&g)*O+A0-<&Q'\& G)0)j-& U\& ].LL.2&U'\& .*& )0S& C-<b& R);*+2<& R+2& )22D?*D,-)& )(/&<A//.(& ;)2/-;& /.)*D& 0)*.& )R*.2& 2.:)-2& +R&*.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*W&)&,A0*-;.(*2.&<*A/?S&S"/2%*&"BBBX&(*+W&86%E87!SCF& g.=)&T\&U)(/e.-<<&GQ\&g)A=2.)A&d& .*& )0S& 4);*+2<&)<<+;-)*./&e-*D&-,:)-2./& ;0-(-;)0&<*)*A<& -(& 0+(3E*.2,& <A2=-=+2<&+R&*.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*&2.:)-2&.=)0A)*./&L?&,)3(.*-;&2.<+()(;.&-,)3-(3S&A&3)&;0$$&;"-'+0$&"BB$X&)(W&!B57E!B6$SCG&g)*O+A0-<&Q'\&_00-+**&hT\&gA2A&M&.*&)0S&C-3D*&)(/&0.R*&=.(*2-;A0)2&<?<*+0-;&RA(;*-+(&0)*.&)R*.2&2.:)-2&+R&*.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*S&3)&A&;"-'+0$&"BBBX&-+W&!#%"E!#%6SCH& c.,.*<&HQ\&]-00-),<&]g\&].LL&gJ\&9)22-<+(&J'\&Q;V)A3D0-(&NC\&T2A<0.2&g'\&.*&)0S&NA0,+()2?&=)0=.&2.:0);.,.(*&0)*.&)R*.2&2.:)-2&+R&*.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*S&3//&!60-"2&=1-8&!886X&+)W&%"5E%#BSCI&G+2+e<b-&'\&gD+<-O)/&'\&V-*,)*D.&h\&V)e2.(O&]\&U;D,-/*&dg\&g),<&_S&U.=.2.&:A0,+()2?&2.3A23-*)*-+(&0)*.&)R*.2&*+*)0&2.:)-2&+2&*.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*W&<A23-;)0&;+(<-/.2)*-+(S&?%'+"*-&;"-'+0$&"BB$X&'*W&$55E$6!SCJ&TD.22-.(&h\&U-A&UP\&Q;V)A3D0-(&NC\&V-A&NN\&]-00-),<&]g\&].LL&gJS&NA0,+()2?&=)0=.&2.:0);.,.(*&-(&)/A0*<&)R*.2&2.:)-2&+R&*.*2)0+3?&+R&4)00+*W&)2.&e.&+:.2)*-(3&*++&0)*.s&A&3)&;0$$&;"-'+0$&"BBBX&(+W&!56BE!56%SDK&G+A;D)2/?&h\& 9AL.2&P\&Q.-jL++,&_h\& =+(&U.3.<<.2& Vd\&U.b)2<b-&^S& T1*2)0+3-.&/.&4)00+*W& 0.<&<A-*.<&/>A(&<A;;t<SSSS&L%>&@%'&=1+((%S&"BB5&Q)?&"$X&'&Z56[W&!#65E8SDA! 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E+#$+08-"56+%&

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