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Copyright © 2008 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723) and a registered charity (registered charity number 1073334). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. Dr Michael Cresswell, Director General.
hij
Teacher Resource Bank
GCE Chemistry
AS Scheme of Work
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
klm
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
1
AS
SCH
EME
OF
WO
RK
A
sses
smen
t of A
S C
hem
istr
y Th
e sc
hem
e of
wor
k is
a s
ugge
stio
n on
ly a
nd is
org
anis
ed s
o th
at C
entre
s m
ay e
nter
can
dida
tes
for
the
first
uni
t (Fo
unda
tion
Che
mis
try)
in
Janu
ary
of Y
ear 1
2 fo
llow
ed b
y th
e se
cond
uni
t (C
hem
istr
y in
Act
ion)
in J
une
of Y
ear 1
2. T
he w
ork
of th
e th
ird u
nit (
Inve
stig
ativ
e an
d Pr
actic
al
Skill
s in
AS
Che
mis
try)
sho
uld
be a
n in
tegr
al p
art o
f the
teac
hing
pro
gram
me
rega
rdle
ss o
f the
rout
e to
ass
essm
ent c
hose
n by
the
Cen
tre.
Whe
re a
ppro
pria
te, “
How
Sci
ence
Wor
ks”
(HSW
) sh
ould
be
inco
rpor
ated
into
the
teac
hing
of e
ach
unit
to s
et a
con
text
in w
hich
the
stud
y is
pl
aced
. It
is im
porta
nt fo
r ce
ntre
s to
app
reci
ate
that
the
HS
W c
onte
xts
are
not e
xten
sion
s to
the
spec
ifica
tion,
but
are
des
igne
d to
rep
rese
nt
usef
ul a
reas
of w
ork
whi
ch m
ay fa
cilit
ate
the
stud
y of
the
spec
ifica
tion
cont
ent.
Teac
hers
may
wis
h to
exp
lore
thes
e as
pect
s in
thei
r de
liver
y of
pa
rticu
lar t
opic
s or
hav
e th
eir s
tude
nts
unde
rtake
rese
arch
to b
road
en th
eir u
nder
stan
ding
and
enj
oym
ent o
f the
sub
ject
. T
he o
utco
me
mig
ht b
e a
post
er o
r a P
ower
poin
t pre
sent
atio
n or
a c
lass
dis
cuss
ion.
The
only
exa
min
able
mat
eria
l is
that
whi
ch a
ppea
rs in
the
left
hand
col
umn
entit
led
“Spe
cific
atio
n C
onte
nt”.
C
andi
date
s sh
ould
car
ry o
ut e
xper
imen
tal a
nd in
vest
igat
ive
activ
ities
in o
rder
to d
evel
op th
eir p
ract
ical
ski
lls.
Exp
erim
enta
l and
inve
stig
ativ
e ac
tiviti
es s
houl
d be
set
in c
onte
xts
appr
opria
te to
, and
refle
ct th
e de
man
d of
, the
AS
con
tent
. The
se a
ctiv
ities
sho
uld
allo
w c
andi
date
s to
use
thei
r kn
owle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
Che
mis
try in
car
ryin
g ou
t, an
alys
ing
and
eval
uatin
g th
eir w
ork.
Th
e sp
ecifi
catio
ns fo
r Uni
ts 1
and
2 p
rovi
de a
rang
e of
diff
eren
t pra
ctic
al to
pics
whi
ch m
ay b
e us
ed fo
r exp
erim
enta
l and
inve
stig
ativ
e sk
ills.
The
ex
perie
nce
of d
ealin
g w
ith s
uch
activ
ities
will
dev
elop
the
skill
s re
quire
d fo
r the
ass
essm
ent o
f the
se s
kills
in U
nit 3
. PS
A a
nd H
SW c
onte
xts
are
indi
cate
d in
thi
s sc
hem
e of
wor
k.
Oth
er p
ossi
ble
prac
tical
opp
ortu
nitie
s an
d cl
ass-
base
d ac
tiviti
es a
re a
lso
indi
cate
d; th
ese
may
be
clas
s ac
tiviti
es (E
XPT)
or t
each
er-d
emon
stra
tions
(DE
M).
A g
uide
to th
e te
achi
ng o
bjec
tives
is in
clud
ed a
t the
sta
rt of
eac
h S
ectio
n.
A p
ossi
ble
teac
hing
seq
uenc
e an
d su
gges
ted
timin
g is
giv
en, w
ith a
tota
l num
ber o
f wee
ks a
lloca
ted
at 2
8. T
his
num
ber o
f wee
ks a
llow
s fo
r ear
ly
AS
pap
ers
and
incl
udes
tim
e fo
r int
erna
l tes
ts in
the
Cen
tre.
A li
st o
f res
ourc
es is
incl
uded
with
this
sch
eme
of w
ork.
Thi
s lis
t is
illus
trativ
e an
d A
QA
bea
rs n
o re
spon
sibi
lity
for t
he a
ccur
acy
of th
e co
nten
t ei
ther
of t
extb
ooks
or m
ater
ial o
n w
eb-s
ites.
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
klm
2 Po
ssib
le ti
min
g to
teac
h th
e co
urse
Con
tent
of U
nit 1
(and
the
first
term
) S
ugge
sted
tim
ing
Uni
t 1 F
ound
atio
n C
hem
istr
y
3.1.
1 A
tom
ic s
truc
ture
3.
1.2
Am
ount
of S
ubst
ance
6 w
eeks
: The
se tw
o se
ctio
ns c
ould
be
taug
ht in
par
alle
l to
allo
w th
eory
and
pr
actic
al to
be
deve
lope
d.
3.1.
5
Intr
oduc
tion
to o
rgan
ic c
hem
istr
y 3.
1.6
Alk
anes
4 w
eeks
: Th
ese
two
sect
ions
cou
ld b
e ta
ught
nex
t to
beg
in t
o de
velo
p th
e id
eas
of o
rgan
ic c
hem
istry
.
3.1.
3 B
ondi
ng
3.1.
4 P
erio
dici
ty
4 w
eeks
: Sec
tion
3.1.
3 pr
ovid
es a
n op
portu
nity
to c
ontin
ue th
eore
tical
wor
k w
hile
3.1
.4 p
rovi
des
furth
er p
ract
ical
wor
k.
C
onte
nt o
f Uni
t 2 (a
nd th
e se
cond
and
third
term
s)
Sug
gest
ed ti
min
g U
nit 2
Che
mis
try
in A
ctio
n
3.2.
1
Ener
getic
s
3.2.
2
Kin
etic
s 3.
2.3
Eq
uilib
ria
4 w
eeks
: Th
ese
thre
e ph
ysic
al
chem
istry
se
ctio
ns
prov
ide
som
e ne
w
conc
epts
for s
tude
nts
and
the
chan
ce to
re-v
isit
idea
s fro
m G
CS
E
3.2.
8
The
halo
alka
nes
3.2.
9
Alk
enes
3.
2.10
Alc
ohol
s 3.
2.11
Ana
lytic
al te
chni
ques
5 w
eeks
: Th
e or
gani
c ch
emis
try s
ectio
n w
ill r
equi
re ti
me
to b
e le
arne
d an
d un
ders
tood
and
may
nee
d a
rela
tivel
y ea
rly s
tart
and
a re
-vis
it la
ter
in t
he
year
.
3.2.
4 R
edox
reac
tions
3.
2.5
Gro
up 7
, the
Hal
ogen
s
2½ w
eeks
: Th
e id
eas
of r
edox
are
rel
ativ
ely
dem
andi
ng,
but
som
e of
the
w
ork
on h
alog
ens
links
to U
nit 1
with
bac
kgro
und
from
GC
SE
.
3.2.
6 G
roup
2, t
he a
lkal
ine
eart
h m
etal
s 3.
2.7
Met
al e
xtra
ctio
n
2½ w
eeks
: the
lear
ning
nec
essa
ry fo
r m
etal
ext
ract
ion
may
be
faci
litat
ed b
y a
late
r stu
dy.
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
klm
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
3
Ove
rvie
w o
f the
ass
essm
ent w
eigh
tings
for t
he c
ours
e A
S E
xam
inat
ion
- 142
1 U
nit 1
– F
ound
atio
n C
hem
istr
y E
xam
inat
ion
pape
r (70
raw
mar
ks/1
00 U
MS
). 4
- 5 s
hort
answ
er q
uest
ions
plu
s 1
long
er q
uest
ion.
1
¼ h
ours
33
⅓ %
of t
he to
tal A
S m
arks
16
⅔ %
of t
he to
tal A
-leve
l mar
ks
U
nit 2
– C
hem
istr
y In
Act
ion
Exa
min
atio
n pa
per (
100
raw
mar
ks/1
40 U
MS
). 6
– 8
shor
t ans
wer
que
stio
ns p
lus
2 lo
nger
que
stio
ns
1 ¾
hou
rs
46 ⅔
% o
f the
tota
l AS
mar
ks
23 ⅓
% o
f the
tota
l A-le
vel m
arks
Uni
t 3 –
Inve
stig
ativ
e an
d Pr
actic
al S
kills
in A
S C
hem
istr
y A
S C
entre
-Ass
esse
d U
nit (
50 ra
w m
arks
/60
UM
S)
Inve
stig
ativ
e S
kills
Ass
ignm
ent (
ISA
– 3
8 ra
w m
arks
) P
ract
ical
Ski
lls A
sses
smen
t (P
SA
– 1
2 ra
w m
arks
) 20
% o
f tot
al A
S m
arks
10
% o
f tot
al A
-leve
l mar
ks
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
klm
4 So
me
poss
ible
reso
urce
s
This
list
is il
lust
rativ
e an
d A
QA
bea
rs n
o re
spon
sibi
lity
for t
he a
ccur
acy
of th
e co
nten
t eith
er o
f tex
tboo
ks o
r mat
eria
l on
web
-site
s Te
xtbo
oks
AS
and
A2
Che
mis
try fr
om N
elso
n-Th
orne
s (A
QA
end
orse
d)
AS
and
A2
Che
mis
try fr
om C
ollin
s
AS
and
A2
Che
mis
try fr
om O
xfor
d U
nive
rsity
Pre
ss
Web
-site
s
ww
w.c
hem
guid
e.co
.uk
ww
w.rs
c.or
g w
ww
.env
ironm
ent-a
genc
y.go
v.uk
w
ww
.dire
ct.g
ov.u
k/en
/Env
ironm
enta
ndgr
eene
rlivi
ng/in
dex.
htm
w
ww
.ec.
euro
pa.e
u/en
viro
nmen
t/ind
ex_e
n.ht
m
ww
w.c
arbo
ntru
st.c
o.uk
w
ww
.nas
.nas
a.go
v w
ww
.roya
lsoc
iety
.org
w
ww
.bgs
.ac.
uk
ww
w.a
-leve
lche
mis
try.c
o.uk
w
ww
.che
msh
eets
.co.
uk
ww
w.c
iec.
org.
uk
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
klm
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
5
AS
Uni
t 1 F
ound
atio
n C
hem
istr
y Th
is u
nit e
xplo
res
the
fund
amen
tal p
rinci
ples
that
form
the
basi
s of
Che
mis
try.
In S
ectio
n 3.
1.1
(Ato
mic
Stru
ctur
e), s
tude
nts
shou
ld g
ain
•
a th
eore
tical
und
erst
andi
ng o
f ato
mic
stru
ctur
e.
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f how
mas
s sp
ectro
met
ry is
use
d to
pro
vide
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
exi
sten
ce a
nd re
lativ
e ab
unda
nce
of is
otop
es.
• an
insi
ght i
nto
how
ele
ctro
ns a
re a
rran
ged
in m
ain
leve
ls, s
ub-le
vels
and
ato
mic
orb
itals
, thr
ough
the
stud
y of
ioni
satio
n en
ergy
.
Spe
cific
atio
n C
onte
nt
Teac
hing
and
Lea
rnin
g op
portu
nitie
s
Pos
sibl
e ex
tens
ion
wor
k 3.
1.1
Ato
mic
str
uctu
re
Fund
amen
tal p
artic
les
• be
abl
e to
des
crib
e th
e pr
oper
ties
of p
roto
ns, n
eutro
ns a
nd
elec
trons
in te
rms
of re
lativ
e ch
arge
and
rela
tive
mas
s •
know
that
ear
ly m
odel
s of
ato
mic
stru
ctur
e pr
edic
ted
that
ato
ms
and
ions
with
nob
le g
as e
lect
ron-
arra
ngem
ents
sho
uld
be s
tabl
e
Pro
tons
, neu
trons
and
ele
ctro
ns
• un
ders
tand
the
impo
rtanc
e of
thes
e pa
rticl
es in
the
stru
ctur
e of
th
e at
om a
nd a
ppre
ciat
e th
at th
ere
are
vario
us m
odel
s to
ill
ustra
te a
tom
ic s
truct
ure
M
ass
num
ber a
nd is
otop
es
• be
abl
e to
reca
ll th
e m
eani
ng o
f mas
s nu
mbe
r (A
) and
ato
mic
(p
roto
n) n
umbe
r (Z)
•
be a
ble
to e
xpla
in th
e ex
iste
nce
of is
otop
es
• un
ders
tand
the
prin
cipl
es o
f a s
impl
e m
ass
spec
trom
eter
, lim
ited
to io
nisa
tion,
acc
eler
atio
n, d
efle
ctio
n an
d de
tect
ion
How
the
idea
s of
ato
mic
stru
ctur
e w
ere
deve
lope
d (H
SW
) A
sim
ple
illus
tratio
n of
how
a m
ass
spec
trom
eter
wor
ks u
sing
bal
l be
arin
gs a
nd a
mag
net o
n a
slop
e (D
EM
)
The
uses
of i
soto
pes
in
med
icin
e an
d in
indu
stry
(H
SW
)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
klm
6
• kn
ow th
at th
e m
ass
spec
trom
eter
giv
es a
ccur
ate
info
rmat
ion
abou
t rel
ativ
e is
otop
ic m
ass
and
also
abo
ut re
lativ
e ab
unda
nce
of is
otop
es
• be
abl
e to
inte
rpre
t sim
ple
mas
s sp
ectra
of e
lem
ents
and
ca
lcul
ate
rela
tive
atom
ic m
ass
from
isot
opic
abu
ndan
ce, l
imite
d to
mon
onuc
lear
ions
•
know
that
mas
s sp
ectro
met
ry c
an b
e us
ed to
iden
tify
elem
ents
(a
s us
ed fo
r exa
mpl
e in
pla
neta
ry s
pace
pro
bes)
•
know
that
mas
s sp
ectro
met
ry c
an b
e us
ed to
det
erm
ine
rela
tive
mol
ecul
ar m
ass
Ele
ctro
n ar
rang
emen
t •
know
the
elec
tron
conf
igur
atio
ns o
f ato
ms
and
ions
up
to Z
= 3
6 in
term
s of
leve
ls a
nd s
ub-le
vels
(orb
itals
) s, p
and
d
• kn
ow th
e m
eani
ng o
f the
term
ioni
satio
n en
ergy
. •
unde
rsta
nd h
ow io
nisa
tion
ener
gies
in P
erio
d 3
(Na
– A
r) a
nd in
G
roup
2 (B
e –
Ba)
giv
e ev
iden
ce fo
r ele
ctro
n ar
rang
emen
t in
sub-
leve
ls a
nd in
leve
ls
The
use
of m
ass
spec
trom
etry
in
prov
idin
g ac
cura
te v
alue
s fo
r rel
ativ
e is
otop
ic m
asse
s (H
SW
) Th
e lin
k be
twee
n m
odel
s of
ato
mic
st
ruct
ure
and
expe
rimen
tal i
onis
atio
n en
ergy
dat
a (H
SW
)
The
link
betw
een
elec
tron
ener
gy le
vels
and
lase
rs/
lum
ines
cenc
e (H
SW
)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
klm
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
7
In S
ectio
n 3.
1.2
(Am
ount
of S
ubst
ance
) stu
dent
s sh
ould
gai
n
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
mol
e co
ncep
t.
• an
abi
lity
to a
pply
the
mol
e co
ncep
t in
circ
umst
ance
s w
hich
invo
lve
gase
s, s
olut
ions
and
sol
ids.
•
an a
bilit
y to
app
ly th
e m
ole
conc
ept t
o em
piric
al fo
rmul
a an
alys
is.
• an
abi
lity
to u
se b
alan
ced
equa
tions
. •
a ra
nge
of m
anip
ulat
ive
skill
s in
pra
ctic
al w
ork
asso
ciat
ed w
ith ti
tratio
ns.
S
peci
ficat
ion
Con
tent
Te
achi
ng a
nd L
earn
ing
oppo
rtuni
ties
P
ossi
ble
exte
nsio
n w
ork
3.1.
2 A
mou
nt o
f Sub
stan
ce
• be
abl
e to
def
ine
rela
tive
atom
ic m
ass
(Ar)
and
rela
tive
mol
ecul
ar m
ass
(Mr)
in te
rms
of 12
C. (
The
term
rela
tive
form
ula
mas
s w
ill b
e us
ed fo
r ion
ic c
ompo
unds
) •
unde
rsta
nd th
e co
ncep
t of a
mol
e as
app
lied
to e
lect
rons
, at
oms,
mol
ecul
es, i
ons,
form
ulae
and
equ
atio
ns
• un
ders
tand
the
conc
ept o
f the
Avo
gadr
o co
nsta
nt. (
Cal
cula
tion
not r
equi
red)
•
be a
ble
to re
call
the
idea
l gas
equ
atio
n
pV =
nR
T an
d be
abl
e to
app
ly it
to s
impl
e ca
lcul
atio
ns in
S.I.
un
its, f
or id
eal g
ases
•
unde
rsta
nd th
e co
ncep
t of a
nd th
e re
latio
nshi
p be
twee
n em
piric
al a
nd m
olec
ular
form
ulae
•
be a
ble
to c
alcu
late
em
piric
al fo
rmul
ae fr
om d
ata
givi
ng
perc
enta
ge c
ompo
sitio
n by
mas
s •
be a
ble
to w
rite
bala
nced
equ
atio
ns (f
ull a
nd io
nic)
for r
eact
ions
st
udie
d •
be a
ble
to b
alan
ce e
quat
ions
for u
nfam
iliar
reac
tions
whe
n re
acta
nts
and
prod
ucts
are
spe
cifie
d. (T
his
is a
n im
porta
nt s
kill
that
app
lies
in a
ll m
odul
es)
• be
abl
e to
cal
cula
te re
actin
g vo
lum
es o
f gas
es
Det
erm
ine
the
Mr o
f a v
olat
ile li
quid
or
the
Mr o
f a g
as (P
SA)
e.g.
Det
erm
ine
the
Mr o
f hex
ane
or th
e M
r of c
arbo
n di
oxid
e.
The
use
of e
mpi
rical
form
ula
as a
par
t of
che
mic
al a
naly
sis
(HS
W)
.
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
klm
8
• be
abl
e to
cal
cula
te c
once
ntra
tions
and
vol
umes
for r
eact
ions
in
solu
tions
, lim
ited
to ti
tratio
ns o
f mon
opro
tic a
cids
and
bas
es a
nd
exam
ples
for w
hich
the
equa
tions
are
giv
en.
•
know
that
%
ato
m e
cono
my
= (m
ass
of d
esire
d pr
oduc
t ×10
0 )
tota
l mas
s of
reac
tant
s
• be
abl
e to
cal
cula
te re
actin
g m
asse
s,
% y
ield
s an
d %
ato
m e
cono
mie
s fro
m b
alan
ced
equa
tions
.
Mak
e up
a v
olum
etric
sol
utio
n (P
SA)
e.g.
The
pre
para
tion
of a
sta
ndar
d so
lutio
n of
sod
ium
car
bona
te.
Car
ry o
ut a
sim
ple
acid
-bas
e tit
ratio
n (P
SA)
e.g.
Det
erm
ine
the
conc
entra
tion
of
unkn
own
hydr
ochl
oric
aci
d by
titra
tion.
D
eter
min
e th
e pe
rcen
tage
of e
than
oic
acid
in v
ineg
ar (E
XPT)
The
impo
rtanc
e of
the
idea
of
an
atom
eco
nom
y in
the
phar
mac
eutic
al in
dust
ry
(HS
W)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
klm
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
9
In S
ectio
n 3.
1.3
(Bon
ding
), st
uden
ts s
houl
d ga
in
• an
in-d
epth
und
erst
andi
ng o
f bon
ding
ext
endi
ng k
now
ledg
e fro
m G
CS
E.
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f int
erm
olec
ular
forc
es o
f attr
actio
n.
• an
app
reci
atio
n of
the
four
type
s of
cry
stal
lead
ing
to a
stu
dy o
f gia
nt s
truct
ures
. •
an u
nder
stan
ding
of t
he p
rinci
ples
use
d to
det
erm
ine
the
shap
es o
f sim
ple
mol
ecul
es.
S
peci
ficat
ion
Con
tent
Te
achi
ng a
nd L
earn
ing
oppo
rtuni
ties
P
ossi
ble
exte
nsio
n w
ork
3.1.
3 B
ondi
ng
•
unde
rsta
nd th
at io
nic
bond
ing
invo
lves
attr
actio
n be
twee
n op
posi
tely
cha
rged
ions
in a
latti
ce
• kn
ow th
at a
cov
alen
t bon
d in
volv
es a
sha
red
pair
of e
lect
rons
•
know
that
co-
ordi
nate
bon
ding
is d
ativ
e co
vale
ncy
• un
ders
tand
that
met
allic
bon
ding
invo
lves
a la
ttice
of p
ositi
ve
ions
sur
roun
ded
by d
eloc
alis
ed e
lect
rons
•
unde
rsta
nd th
at e
lect
rone
gativ
ity is
the
pow
er o
f an
atom
to
with
draw
ele
ctro
n de
nsity
from
a c
oval
ent b
ond
• un
ders
tand
that
the
elec
tron
dist
ribut
ion
in a
cov
alen
t bon
d m
ay
not b
e sy
mm
etric
al
• kn
ow th
at c
oval
ent b
onds
bet
wee
n di
ffere
nt e
lem
ents
will
be
pola
r to
diffe
rent
ext
ents
•
unde
rsta
nd q
ualit
ativ
ely
how
mol
ecul
es m
ay in
tera
ct b
y pe
rman
ent d
ipol
e–di
pole
, ind
uced
dip
ole–
dipo
le (v
an d
er
Waa
ls’)
forc
es a
nd h
ydro
gen
bond
ing
• un
ders
tand
the
impo
rtanc
e of
hyd
roge
n bo
ndin
g in
det
erm
inin
g th
e bo
iling
poi
nts
of c
ompo
unds
and
the
stru
ctur
es o
f som
e so
lids
(e.g
. ice
) •
be a
ble
to e
xpla
in th
e en
ergy
cha
nges
ass
ocia
ted
with
cha
nges
of
sta
te
• re
cogn
ise
the
four
type
s of
cry
stal
: ion
ic, m
etal
lic, g
iant
cov
alen
t (m
acro
mol
ecul
ar) a
nd m
olec
ular
•
know
the
stru
ctur
es o
f the
follo
win
g cr
ysta
ls: s
odiu
m c
hlor
ide,
m
agne
sium
, dia
mon
d, g
raph
ite, i
odin
e an
d ic
e
The
impo
rtanc
e of
hyd
roge
n bo
ndin
g in
the
stru
ctur
e of
pro
tein
s an
d in
DN
A
(HS
W)
The
natu
re a
nd a
pplic
atio
ns
of ‘m
emor
y m
etal
s’ (H
SW
) Th
e w
ork
of L
inus
Pau
ling
deve
lopi
ng th
e co
ncep
t of
elec
trone
gativ
ity (H
SW
) H
ow s
olve
nts
inte
ract
with
so
lute
s (H
SW
) Th
e st
ruct
ure
and
uses
of
buck
min
ster
fulle
rene
(HS
W)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
klm
10
•
be a
ble
to re
late
the
phys
ical
pro
perti
es o
f mat
eria
ls to
the
type
of
stru
ctur
e an
d bo
ndin
g pr
esen
t •
unde
rsta
nd th
e co
ncep
t of b
ondi
ng a
nd lo
ne (n
on-b
ondi
ng)
pairs
of e
lect
rons
as
char
ge c
loud
s.
• be
abl
e, in
term
s of
ele
ctro
n pa
ir re
puls
ion,
to p
redi
ct th
e sh
apes
of,
and
bond
ang
les
in, s
impl
e m
olec
ules
and
ions
, lim
ited
to 2
, 3, 4
, 5 a
nd 6
co-
ordi
natio
n •
know
that
lone
pai
r/lon
e pa
ir re
puls
ion
is g
reat
er th
an lo
ne
pair/
bond
ing
pair
repu
lsio
n, w
hich
is g
reat
er th
an b
ondi
ng
pair/
bond
ing
pair
repu
lsio
n, a
nd u
nder
stan
d th
e re
sulti
ng e
ffect
on
bon
d an
gles
Test
ele
ctric
al c
ondu
ctiv
ities
of
etha
nol,
deio
nise
d w
ater
, sal
t sol
utio
n,
suga
r sol
utio
n,C
aCO
3 stir
red
with
w
ater
(EXP
T)
Use
bal
loon
s to
illu
stra
te th
e sh
apes
of
sim
ple
mol
ecul
es (D
EM
)
In S
ectio
n 3.
1.4
(Per
iodi
city
), st
uden
ts s
houl
d ga
in
• an
ove
rvie
w o
f the
blo
cks
in th
e P
erio
dic
tabl
e.
• an
app
reci
atio
n of
the
trend
s in
pro
perti
es o
f the
ele
men
ts a
cros
s P
erio
d 3.
Spe
cific
atio
n C
onte
nt
Teac
hing
and
Lea
rnin
g op
portu
nitie
s
Pos
sibl
e ex
tens
ion
wor
k 3.
1.4
Perio
dici
ty
•
be a
ble
to c
lass
ify a
n el
emen
t as
s, p
or d
blo
ck a
ccor
ding
to it
s po
sitio
n in
the
Per
iodi
c Ta
ble
• be
abl
e to
des
crib
e th
e tre
nds
in a
tom
ic ra
dius
, firs
t ion
isat
ion
ener
gy, m
eltin
g an
d bo
iling
poi
nts
of th
e el
emen
ts N
a –
Ar
• un
ders
tand
the
reas
ons
for t
he tr
ends
in th
ese
prop
ertie
s
How
new
ele
men
ts a
re
disc
over
ed (H
SW
) H
ow th
e ch
arac
teris
tics
of
s-bl
ock
and
d-bl
ock
elem
ents
influ
ence
thei
r use
(H
SW
)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
klm
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
11
In S
ectio
n 3.
1.5
(Intro
duct
ion
to O
rgan
ic C
hem
istry
), st
uden
ts s
houl
d ga
in
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f how
org
anic
com
poun
ds a
re re
pres
ente
d th
roug
h fo
rmul
ae.
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
con
cept
of a
n ho
mol
ogou
s se
ries.
•
an in
trodu
ctio
n to
the
met
hod
used
to n
ame
orga
nic
com
poun
ds.
• an
ove
rvie
w o
f stru
ctur
al is
omer
ism
.
Spe
cific
atio
n C
onte
nt
Teac
hing
and
Lea
rnin
g op
portu
nitie
s
Pos
sibl
e ex
tens
ion
wor
k 3.
1.5
Intr
oduc
tion
to O
rgan
ic C
hem
istr
y
• kn
ow a
nd u
nder
stan
d th
e te
rms
empi
rical
form
ula,
mol
ecul
ar
form
ula,
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
a, d
ispl
ayed
form
ula,
hom
olog
ous
serie
s an
d fu
nctio
nal g
roup
•
be a
ble
to a
pply
IUP
AC
rule
s fo
r nom
encl
atur
e to
sim
ple
orga
nic
com
poun
ds, l
imite
d to
cha
ins
with
up
to 6
car
bon
atom
s lim
ited
in th
is m
odul
e to
alk
anes
, alk
enes
and
hal
oalk
anes
•
know
and
und
erst
and
the
mea
ning
of t
he te
rm s
truct
ural
is
omer
ism
•
be a
ble
to d
raw
the
stru
ctur
es o
f cha
in, p
ositi
on a
nd fu
nctio
nal
grou
p is
omer
s.
Use
of m
olec
ular
mod
els
(EXP
T an
d H
SW
)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
klm
12
In S
ectio
n 3.
1.6
(Alk
anes
), st
uden
ts s
houl
d ga
in
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f wha
t is
mea
nt b
y a
satu
rate
d hy
droc
arbo
n.
• an
app
reci
atio
n of
the
proc
esse
s in
volv
ed in
refin
ing
crud
e oi
l inc
ludi
ng fr
actio
nal d
istil
latio
n an
d cr
acki
ng.
• an
app
reci
atio
n of
the
purp
ose
and
econ
omic
sig
nific
ance
of t
he p
roce
sses
und
erta
ken
in re
finin
g cr
ude
oil.
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
em
issi
ons
prod
uced
in th
e bu
rnin
g of
fuel
s an
d ho
w c
hem
ists
are
wor
king
to m
inim
ise
the
impa
ct o
f the
se o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t.
Spe
cific
atio
n C
onte
nt
Teac
hing
and
Lea
rnin
g op
portu
nitie
s
Pos
sibl
e ex
tens
ion
wor
k 3.
1.6
Alk
anes
• kn
ow th
at a
lkan
es a
re s
atur
ated
hyd
roca
rbon
s •
know
that
pet
role
um is
a m
ixtu
re c
onsi
stin
g m
ainl
y of
alk
ane
hydr
ocar
bons
•
unde
rsta
nd th
at d
iffer
ent c
ompo
nent
s (fr
actio
ns) o
f thi
s m
ixtu
re
can
be d
raw
n of
f at d
iffer
ent l
evel
s in
a fr
actio
natin
g co
lum
n be
caus
e of
the
tem
pera
ture
gra
dien
t •
unde
rsta
nd th
at c
rack
ing
invo
lves
the
brea
king
of C
–C b
onds
in
alka
nes
• kn
ow th
at th
erm
al c
rack
ing
take
s pl
ace
at h
igh
pres
sure
and
hi
gh te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd p
rodu
ces
a hi
gh p
erce
ntag
e of
alk
enes
(m
echa
nism
not
requ
ired)
•
know
that
cat
alyt
ic c
rack
ing
take
s pl
ace
at a
slig
ht p
ress
ure,
hi
gh te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd in
the
pres
ence
of a
zeo
lite
cata
lyst
and
is
used
mai
nly
to p
rodu
ce m
otor
fuel
s an
d ar
omat
ic h
ydro
carb
ons
(mec
hani
sm n
ot re
quire
d)
• un
ders
tand
the
econ
omic
reas
ons
for t
he c
rack
ing
of a
lkan
es
(e.g
. eth
ene
used
for p
oly(
ethe
ne);
conv
ersi
on o
f hea
vy
fract
ions
into
hig
her v
alue
pro
duct
s)
The
mai
n pr
oces
ses
in a
n oi
l ref
iner
y an
d th
e su
pply
and
dem
and
of
diffe
rent
frac
tions
(HS
W)
The
rang
e of
use
s fo
r the
diff
eren
t pr
oduc
ts fr
om o
il re
finer
ies
(HS
W)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
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13
• kn
ow th
at a
lkan
es a
re u
sed
as fu
els
and
unde
rsta
nd th
at th
eir
com
bust
ion
can
be c
ompl
ete
or in
com
plet
e an
d th
at th
e in
tern
al
com
bust
ion
engi
ne p
rodu
ces
a nu
mbe
r of p
ollu
tant
s (e
.g. N
Ox,
C
O a
nd u
nbur
ned
hydr
ocar
bons
) •
know
that
thes
e po
lluta
nts
can
be re
mov
ed u
sing
cat
alyt
ic
conv
erte
rs
• kn
ow th
at c
ombu
stio
n of
hyd
roca
rbon
s co
ntai
ning
sul
fur l
eads
to
sul
fur d
ioxi
de th
at c
ause
s ai
r pol
lutio
n an
d un
ders
tand
how
su
lfur d
ioxi
de c
an b
e re
mov
ed fr
om fl
ue g
ases
usi
ng c
alci
um
oxid
e •
know
that
the
com
bust
ion
of fo
ssil
fuel
s (in
clud
ing
alka
nes)
re
sults
in th
e re
leas
e of
car
bon
diox
ide
into
the
atm
osph
ere
• kn
ow th
at c
arbo
n di
oxid
e, m
etha
ne a
nd w
ater
vap
our a
re
refe
rred
to a
s gr
eenh
ouse
gas
es a
nd th
at th
ese
gase
s m
ay
cont
ribut
e to
glo
bal w
arm
ing
The
harm
ful e
ffect
s th
at th
ese
pollu
tant
s co
uld
have
on
the
envi
ronm
ent a
nd h
ow c
hem
istry
is
used
to re
duce
thei
r rel
ease
(HS
W)
The
chem
istry
of c
atal
ytic
con
verte
rs
(HS
W)
How
coa
l-fire
d po
wer
sta
tions
hav
e ap
plie
d ch
emis
try to
redu
ce th
e em
issi
on o
f sul
fur c
ompo
unds
but
that
th
is m
ay c
onfli
ct w
ith C
O2 e
mis
sion
s (H
SW
) D
iscu
ss c
ritic
ally
the
issu
es w
hich
su
rrou
nd th
e ro
le o
f H2O
, CH
4 and
C
O2 a
s gr
eenh
ouse
gas
es (H
SW
)
Oct
ane
num
bers
and
‘k
nock
ing’
(HS
W)
The
econ
omic
s of
cat
alyt
ic
conv
erte
rs (H
SW
)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
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opyr
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klm
14
AS
Uni
t 2 C
hem
istr
y in
Act
ion
This
uni
t int
rodu
ces
mor
e of
the
prin
cipl
es th
at u
nder
pin
chem
istry
and
look
s at
the
appl
icat
ions
of t
hese
prin
cipl
es a
nd th
ose
that
hav
e be
en
deve
lope
d in
Uni
t 1.
In S
ectio
n 3.
2.1
(Ene
rget
ics)
, stu
dent
s sh
ould
gai
n •
an a
ppre
ciat
ion
of w
hat i
s m
eant
by
the
idea
of e
ntha
lpy
chan
ge.
• an
app
reci
atio
n of
the
way
in w
hich
ther
moc
hem
ical
mea
sure
men
ts a
re ta
ken.
•
an u
nder
stan
ding
of t
he p
robl
ems
asso
ciat
ed w
ith m
easu
ring
enth
alpy
cha
nges
in th
e la
bora
tory
. •
an u
nder
stan
ding
of H
ess’
s la
w a
s a
spec
ial c
ase
of th
e fir
st la
w o
f the
rmod
ynam
ics.
•
an a
ppre
ciat
ion
of th
e w
ay in
whi
ch m
ean
bond
ene
rgy
valu
es c
an b
e us
ed to
info
rm, f
or e
xam
ple,
the
choi
ce o
f fue
l.
Spe
cific
atio
n C
onte
nt
Teac
hing
and
Lea
rnin
g op
portu
nitie
s
Pos
sibl
e ex
tens
ion
wor
k 3.
2.1
Ene
rget
ics
E
ntha
lpy
chan
ge (HΔ
) •
know
that
reac
tions
can
be
endo
ther
mic
or e
xoth
erm
ic
• un
ders
tand
that
ent
halp
y ch
ange
(HΔ
) is
the
heat
ene
rgy
chan
ge m
easu
red
unde
r con
ditio
ns o
f con
stan
t pre
ssur
e •
know
that
sta
ndar
d en
thal
py c
hang
es re
fer t
o st
anda
rd
cond
ition
s, i.
e. 1
00 k
Pa
and
a st
ated
tem
pera
ture
(e.g
. 29
8HΔ
) •
be a
ble
to re
call
the
defin
ition
of s
tand
ard
enth
alpi
es o
f
com
bust
ion
(−
Δo c
H) a
nd fo
rmat
ion
(−
Δo f
H)
Cal
orim
etry
•
be a
ble
to c
alcu
late
the
enth
alpy
cha
nge
from
the
heat
cha
nge
in a
reac
tion
usin
g th
e eq
uatio
n q
= m
cTΔ
Inve
stig
ate
the
com
bust
ion
of
alco
hols
(PSA
) e.
g. U
se a
cal
orim
etric
met
hod
to
mea
sure
the
enth
alpi
es o
f com
bust
ion
in a
n ho
mol
ogou
s se
ries
of a
lcoh
ols.
‘Han
d w
arm
ers’
and
‘col
d pa
cks’
(HSW
)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
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ight
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15
Sim
ple
appl
icat
ions
of H
ess’
s La
w
• kn
ow H
ess’
s La
w a
nd b
e ab
le to
use
it to
per
form
sim
ple
calc
ulat
ions
for e
xam
ple
calc
ulat
ing
enth
alpy
cha
nges
for
reac
tions
from
ent
halp
ies
of c
ombu
stio
n or
ent
halp
ies
of
form
atio
n.
Bon
d en
thal
pies
•
be a
ble
to d
eter
min
e m
ean
bond
ent
halp
ies
from
giv
en d
ata
• be
abl
e to
use
mea
n bo
nd e
ntha
lpie
s to
cal
cula
te a
val
ue o
f HΔ
for s
impl
e re
actio
ns
Det
erm
ine
an e
ntha
lpy
of
neut
ralis
atio
n by
reac
ting
sodi
um
hydr
oxid
e so
lutio
n w
ith d
ilute
hy
droc
hlor
ic a
cid
(EXP
T)
Test
the
valid
ity o
f Hes
s’s
Law
by
mak
ing,
for e
xam
ple,
sod
ium
chl
orid
e so
lutio
n by
diff
eren
t rou
tes
(EXP
T)
Mea
sure
an
enth
alpy
cha
nge
(PSA
) e.
g. U
se H
ess’
s la
w to
find
an
unkn
own
enth
alpy
cha
nge,
suc
h as
th
e re
actio
n of
anh
ydro
us c
oppe
r(II)
su
lfate
with
wat
er to
pro
duce
hyd
rate
d cr
ysta
ls.
Use
dat
a to
est
imat
e th
e en
ergy
that
di
ffere
nt fu
els
wou
ld b
e ex
pect
ed to
re
leas
e du
ring
com
bust
ion
(HS
W)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
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opyr
ight
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klm
16
In S
ectio
n 3.
2.2
(Kin
etic
s), s
tude
nts
shou
ld g
ain
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
way
in w
hich
col
lisio
n th
eory
can
be
used
to e
xpla
in th
e w
ay in
whi
ch re
actio
ns ta
ke p
lace
. •
an u
nder
stan
ding
of h
ow th
e ra
te o
f a c
hem
ical
reac
tion
is a
ffect
ed b
y ch
ange
s in
con
ditio
ns.
S
peci
ficat
ion
Con
tent
Te
achi
ng a
nd L
earn
ing
oppo
rtuni
ties
P
ossi
ble
exte
nsio
n w
ork
3.2.
2 K
inet
ics
Col
lisio
n Th
eory
•
unde
rsta
nd th
at re
actio
ns c
an o
nly
occu
r whe
n co
llisi
ons
take
pl
ace
betw
een
parti
cles
hav
ing
suffi
cien
t ene
rgy
• be
abl
e to
def
ine
the
term
act
ivat
ion
ener
gy a
nd u
nder
stan
d its
si
gnifi
canc
e •
unde
rsta
nd th
at m
ost c
ollis
ions
do
not l
ead
to re
actio
n M
axw
ell-B
oltz
man
n D
istri
butio
n •
have
a q
ualit
ativ
e un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e M
axw
ell–
Bol
tzm
ann
dist
ribut
ion
of m
olec
ular
ene
rgie
s in
gas
es
• be
abl
e to
dra
w a
nd in
terp
ret d
istri
butio
n cu
rves
for d
iffer
ent
tem
pera
ture
s E
ffect
of t
empe
ratu
re o
n re
actio
n ra
te
• un
ders
tand
the
qual
itativ
e ef
fect
of t
empe
ratu
re c
hang
es o
n th
e ra
te o
f rea
ctio
n •
unde
rsta
nd h
ow s
mal
l tem
pera
ture
incr
ease
s ca
n le
ad to
a
larg
e in
crea
se in
rate
E
ffect
of c
once
ntra
tion
• un
ders
tand
the
qual
itativ
e ef
fect
of c
hang
es in
con
cent
ratio
n on
ra
te o
f rea
ctio
n C
atal
ysts
•
know
the
mea
ning
of t
he te
rm c
atal
yst
• un
ders
tand
that
cat
alys
ts w
ork
by p
rovi
ding
an
alte
rnat
ive
reac
tion
rout
e of
low
er a
ctiv
atio
n en
ergy
Inve
stig
ate
how
the
rate
of a
re
actio
n ch
ange
s w
ith te
mpe
ratu
re
(PSA
) e.
g. In
vest
igat
e th
e ra
te o
f rea
ctio
n of
so
dium
thio
sulfa
te w
ith a
cid
at
diffe
rent
tem
pera
ture
s.
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
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opyr
ight
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right
s re
serv
ed.
17
In S
ectio
n 3.
2.3
(Equ
ilibr
ia),
stud
ents
sho
uld
gain
•
an u
nder
stan
ding
of w
hat i
s m
eant
by
the
idea
of a
reac
tion
in e
quili
briu
m.
• an
app
reci
atio
n th
e fa
ctor
s th
at a
ffect
the
posi
tion
of e
quili
briu
m.
• an
app
reci
atio
n of
the
impo
rtanc
e of
equ
ilibr
ium
in in
dust
rial p
roce
sses
and
why
com
prom
ise
cond
ition
s ar
e of
ten
used
. •
an o
verv
iew
of s
ome
indu
stria
l pro
cess
es w
hich
lead
to th
e pr
oduc
tion
of fu
els
S
peci
ficat
ion
Con
tent
Te
achi
ng a
nd L
earn
ing
oppo
rtuni
ties
P
ossi
ble
exte
nsio
n w
ork
3.2
.3
Equi
libria
Th
e dy
nam
ic n
atur
e of
equ
ilibr
ia
• kn
ow th
at m
any
chem
ical
reac
tions
are
reve
rsib
le
• un
ders
tand
that
for a
reac
tion
in e
quili
briu
m, a
lthou
gh th
e co
ncen
tratio
ns o
f rea
ctan
ts a
nd p
rodu
cts
rem
ain
cons
tant
, bot
h fo
rwar
d an
d re
vers
e re
actio
ns a
re s
till p
roce
edin
g at
equ
al ra
tes
Qua
litat
ive
effe
cts
of c
hang
es o
f pre
ssur
e, te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd
conc
entra
tion
on a
sys
tem
in e
quili
briu
m
• be
abl
e to
use
Le
Cha
telie
r’s p
rinci
ple
to p
redi
ct th
e ef
fect
s of
ch
ange
s in
tem
pera
ture
, pre
ssur
e an
d co
ncen
tratio
n on
the
posi
tion
of e
quili
briu
m in
hom
ogen
eous
reac
tions
•
know
that
a c
atal
yst d
oes
not a
ffect
the
posi
tion
of e
quili
briu
m
Impo
rtanc
e of
equ
ilibr
ia in
indu
stria
l pro
cess
es
• be
abl
e to
app
ly t
hese
con
cept
s to
giv
en c
hem
ical
pro
cess
es
• be
abl
e to
pre
dict
qua
litat
ivel
y th
e ef
fect
of t
empe
ratu
re o
n th
e po
sitio
n of
equ
ilibr
ium
from
the
sign
of Δ
H fo
r the
forw
ard
reac
tion
• un
ders
tand
why
a c
ompr
omis
e te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd p
ress
ure
may
be
use
d
• kn
ow a
bout
the
hydr
atio
n of
eth
ene
to fo
rm e
than
ol a
nd th
e re
actio
n of
car
bon
mon
oxid
e w
ith h
ydro
gen
to fo
rm m
etha
nol a
s im
porta
nt in
dust
rial e
xam
ples
whe
re th
ese
prin
cipl
es c
an b
e ap
plie
d •
know
the
impo
rtanc
e of
thes
e al
coho
ls a
s liq
uid
fuel
s.
Con
side
r CrO
42-/C
r 2O
72- in
aci
d an
d al
kali
(DE
M)
Con
side
r iro
n(III
) ion
s an
d th
iocy
anat
e io
ns (D
EM
) Th
e N
O2/N
2O4 eq
uilib
rium
at d
iffer
ent
tem
pera
ture
s (D
EM
) A
tom
eco
nom
y ap
plie
d to
e.g
. the
H
aber
pro
cess
(HS
W)
The
hydr
atio
n of
eth
ene
as a
rout
e to
et
hano
l (H
SW
)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
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opyr
ight
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008
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and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
klm
18
In S
ectio
n 3.
2.4
(Red
ox R
ecat
ions
), st
uden
ts s
houl
d ga
in
• a
clea
r app
reci
atio
n of
wha
t is
mea
nt b
y ox
idat
ion
and
redu
ctio
n.
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f wha
t is
mea
nt b
y th
e id
ea o
f oxi
datio
n st
ate.
•
an a
bilit
y to
con
stru
ct o
vera
ll re
dox
equa
tions
from
hal
f-equ
atio
ns.
S
peci
ficat
ion
Con
tent
Te
achi
ng a
nd L
earn
ing
oppo
rtuni
ties
P
ossi
ble
exte
nsio
n w
ork
3.2.
4 R
edox
Rea
ctio
ns
Oxi
datio
n an
d re
duct
ion
•
know
that
oxi
datio
n is
the
proc
ess
of e
lect
ron
loss
•
know
that
oxi
disi
ng a
gent
s ar
e el
ectro
n ac
cept
ors
•
know
that
redu
ctio
n is
the
proc
ess
of e
lect
ron
gain
•
know
that
redu
cing
age
nts
are
elec
tron
dono
rs
Oxi
datio
n st
ates
•
know
and
be
able
to a
pply
the
rule
s fo
r ass
igni
ng o
xida
tion
stat
es in
ord
er to
wor
k ou
t the
oxi
datio
n st
ate
of a
n el
emen
t in
a co
mpo
und
from
its
form
ula
• un
ders
tand
oxi
datio
n an
d re
duct
ion
reac
tions
of s
and
p b
lock
el
emen
ts
Red
ox e
quat
ions
•
be a
ble
to w
rite
half-
equa
tions
iden
tifyi
ng th
e ox
idat
ion
and
redu
ctio
n pr
oces
ses
in re
dox
reac
tions
whe
n th
e re
acta
nts
and
prod
ucts
are
spe
cifie
d •
be a
ble
to c
ombi
ne h
alf-e
quat
ions
to g
ive
an o
vera
ll re
dox
equa
tion
Rus
ting
and
sacr
ifici
al
prev
entio
n as
redo
x pr
oces
ses
(HS
W)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
klm
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
19
In S
ectio
n 3.
2.5
(Gro
up 7
, the
Hal
ogen
s), s
tude
nts
shou
ld g
ain
• an
app
reci
atio
n of
som
e of
the
mai
n tre
nds
in th
e ch
emis
try o
f the
hal
ogen
s an
d of
the
halid
e io
ns.
• an
app
reci
atio
n of
the
way
s in
whi
ch th
e ha
lide
ions
can
be
iden
tifie
d th
roug
h si
mpl
e ch
emic
al te
sts.
•
an u
nder
stan
ding
of t
he b
enef
its o
f usi
ng c
hlor
ine
in w
ater
trea
tmen
t.
Spe
cific
atio
n C
onte
nt
Teac
hing
and
Lea
rnin
g op
portu
nitie
s
Pos
sibl
e ex
tens
ion
wor
k 3.
2.5
Gro
up 7
, the
Hal
ogen
s Tr
ends
in p
hysi
cal p
rope
rties
•
unde
rsta
nd th
e tre
nds
in e
lect
rone
gativ
ity a
nd b
oilin
g po
int o
f th
e ha
loge
ns
Tren
ds in
oxi
disi
ng a
bilit
ies
of th
e ha
loge
ns
• un
ders
tand
that
the
abili
ty o
f the
hal
ogen
s (fr
om fl
uorin
e to
io
dine
) to
oxi
dise
dec
reas
es d
own
the
grou
p (e
.g. t
he
disp
lace
men
t rea
ctio
ns w
ith h
alid
e io
ns in
aqu
eous
sol
utio
n)
Tren
ds in
the
redu
cing
abi
litie
s of
the
halid
e io
ns
• un
ders
tand
the
trend
in re
duci
ng a
bilit
y of
the
halid
e io
ns
• kn
ow th
e di
ffere
nt p
rodu
cts
form
ed b
y re
actio
n of
NaX
and
H
2SO
4 Id
entif
icat
ion
of h
alid
e io
ns u
sing
silv
er n
itrat
e •
unde
rsta
nd w
hy a
cidi
fied
silv
er n
itrat
e so
lutio
n is
use
d as
a
reag
ent t
o id
entif
y an
d di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n F
, Cl
, Br
and
I
•
know
the
trend
in s
olub
ility
of t
he s
ilver
hal
ides
in a
mm
onia
U
ses
of c
hlor
ine
and
chlo
rate
(I)
• kn
ow th
e re
actio
ns o
f chl
orin
e w
ith w
ater
and
the
use
of c
hlor
ine
in w
ater
trea
tmen
t •
appr
ecia
te th
at th
e be
nefit
s to
hea
lth o
f wat
er tr
eatm
ent b
y ch
lorin
e ou
twei
gh it
s to
xic
effe
cts
• kn
ow th
e re
actio
n of
chl
orin
e w
ith c
old,
dilu
te, a
queo
us N
aOH
an
d th
e us
es o
f the
sol
utio
ns fo
rmed
.
Rea
ctio
n of
sol
id N
aX w
ith c
H2S
O4
(EXP
T)
Car
ry o
ut s
ome
inor
gani
c te
sts
(PSA
) e.
g. T
ests
for a
nion
s. T
est f
or h
alid
e io
ns.
The
extra
ctio
n of
bro
min
e fro
m s
eaw
ater
(HS
W)
Alte
rnat
ive
met
hods
of
wat
er tr
eatm
ent (
HS
W)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
klm
20
In S
ectio
n 3.
2.6
(Gro
up 2
, the
Alk
alin
e ea
rth m
etal
s), s
tude
nts
shou
ld g
ain
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f som
e im
porta
nt tr
ends
in th
e ch
emis
try o
f Gro
up 2
ele
men
ts a
nd th
eir c
ompo
unds
. •
an a
ppre
ciat
ion
of th
e us
e of
som
e G
roup
2 c
ompo
unds
in m
edic
ine
and
agric
ultu
re.
Spe
cific
atio
n C
onte
nt
Teac
hing
and
Lea
rnin
g op
portu
nitie
s
Pos
sibl
e ex
tens
ion
wor
k 3.
2.6
Gro
up 2
, the
Alk
alin
e Ea
rth
met
als
Tren
ds in
phy
sica
l pro
perti
es
• un
ders
tand
the
trend
s in
ato
mic
radi
us, f
irst i
onis
atio
n en
ergy
an
d m
eltin
g po
int o
f the
ele
men
ts M
g –
Ba
Tren
ds in
che
mic
al p
rope
rties
•
know
the
reac
tions
of t
he e
lem
ents
Mg
– B
a w
ith w
ater
and
re
cogn
ise
the
trend
•
know
the
rela
tive
solu
bilit
ies
of th
e hy
drox
ides
of t
he e
lem
ents
M
g –
Ba
and
that
Mg(
OH
) 2 i
s sp
arin
gly
solu
ble
• kn
ow th
e us
e of
Mg(
OH
) 2 in
med
icin
e an
d of
Ca(
OH
) 2 in
ag
ricul
ture
•
know
the
rela
tive
solu
bilit
ies
of th
e su
lfate
s of
the
elem
ents
M
g –
Ba
• un
ders
tand
why
aci
difie
d B
aCl 2
solu
tion
is u
sed
as a
reag
ent t
o te
st fo
r sul
fate
ions
•
know
the
use
of B
aSO
4 in
med
icin
e
Rea
ctio
n of
Ca
with
col
d w
ater
/ Mg
with
ste
am a
nd w
ith c
old
wat
er (D
EM
) Te
st fo
r sul
phat
e an
d ca
rbon
ate
(EXP
T)
Gro
up 2
com
poun
ds u
sed
in m
edic
ine
(HS
W)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
klm
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
21
In S
ectio
n 3.
2.7
(Ext
ract
ion
of m
etal
s), s
tude
nts
shou
ld g
ain
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f why
and
how
met
als
are
extra
cted
. •
an a
ppre
ciat
ion
of th
e po
tent
ial e
nviro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct o
f met
al e
xtra
ctio
n an
d ho
w it
is m
inim
ised
. •
a cr
itica
l und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
adv
anta
ges
and
disa
dvan
tage
s of
met
al re
cycl
ing.
Spe
cific
atio
n C
onte
nt
Teac
hing
and
Lea
rnin
g op
portu
nitie
s
Pos
sibl
e ex
tens
ion
wor
k 3.
2.7
Ext
ract
ion
of m
etal
s P
rinci
ples
of m
etal
ext
ract
ion
• kn
ow th
at m
etal
s ar
e fo
und
in o
res,
usu
ally
as
oxid
es o
r sul
fides
an
d th
at s
ulfid
e or
es a
re u
sual
ly c
onve
rted
into
oxi
des
by
roas
ting
in a
ir •
unde
rsta
nd th
e en
viro
nmen
tal p
robl
ems
asso
ciat
ed w
ith th
e co
nver
sion
of s
ulfid
es in
to o
xide
s an
d al
so th
at th
e su
lfur
diox
ide
prod
uced
can
be
used
to m
anuf
actu
re s
ulfu
ric a
cid
• un
ders
tand
that
ext
ract
ion
of m
etal
s in
volv
es re
duct
ion
• un
ders
tand
that
car
bon
and
carb
on m
onox
ide
are
chea
p an
d ef
fect
ive
redu
cing
age
nts
that
are
use
d in
the
extra
ctio
n of
iron
, m
anga
nese
and
cop
per (
redu
ctio
n eq
uatio
ns a
nd c
ondi
tions
on
ly)
• kn
ow w
hy c
arbo
n re
duct
ion
is n
ot u
sed
for e
xtra
ctio
n of
tit
aniu
m, a
lum
iniu
m a
nd tu
ngst
en
• un
ders
tand
how
alu
min
ium
is m
anuf
actu
red
from
pur
ified
ba
uxite
(ene
rgy
cons
ider
atio
ns, e
lect
rode
equ
atio
ns a
nd
cond
ition
s on
ly)
• un
ders
tand
how
tita
nium
is e
xtra
cted
from
TiO
2 via
TiC
l 4 (e
quat
ions
and
con
ditio
ns o
nly:
eith
er N
a or
Mg
as a
redu
cing
ag
ent)
• un
ders
tand
how
tung
sten
is e
xtra
cted
from
WO
3 by
redu
ctio
n w
ith h
ydro
gen
(equ
atio
n, c
ondi
tions
and
risk
s on
ly)
The
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
of m
etal
ex
tract
ion
(HS
W)
Car
bon
redu
ctio
n of
cop
per o
xide
(D
EM
)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
C
opyr
ight
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008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
klm
22
Env
ironm
enta
l asp
ects
of m
etal
ext
ract
ion
• un
ders
tand
the
envi
ronm
enta
l and
eco
nom
ic a
dvan
tage
s an
d di
sadv
anta
ges
of re
cycl
ing
scra
p m
etal
s co
mpa
red
with
the
extra
ctio
n of
met
als
• un
ders
tand
the
envi
ronm
enta
l adv
anta
ges
of u
sing
scr
ap ir
on to
ex
tract
cop
per f
rom
aqu
eous
sol
utio
ns c
ompa
red
with
the
high
-te
mpe
ratu
re c
arbo
n re
duct
ion
of c
oppe
r oxi
de
• kn
ow th
at th
e us
ual s
ourc
e of
suc
h aq
ueou
s so
lutio
ns is
low
gr
ade
ore
Dis
cuss
crit
ical
ly th
e ad
vant
ages
and
di
sadv
anta
ges
of re
cycl
ing
met
als
(HS
W)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
klm
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
23
In S
ectio
n 3.
2.8
(The
Hal
oalk
anes
), st
uden
ts s
houl
d ga
in
• an
und
erst
andi
ng a
t the
mol
ecul
ar le
vel o
f how
the
chlo
rinat
ion
of a
n al
kane
may
take
pla
ce.
• a
reco
gniti
on th
at h
aloa
lkan
es m
ay c
ause
env
ironm
enta
l pro
blem
s if
hand
led
care
less
ly, b
ut th
at s
ome
halo
alka
nes
have
imm
ense
ben
efit.
•
an u
nder
stan
ding
of t
he w
ay in
whi
ch h
aloa
lkan
es a
re u
sed
as s
ynth
etic
inte
rmed
iate
s in
org
anic
che
mis
try.
• an
app
reci
atio
n of
the
way
in w
hich
ioni
c re
actio
n m
echa
nism
s m
ay ta
ke p
lace
at a
mol
ecul
ar le
vel.
S
peci
ficat
ion
Con
tent
Te
achi
ng a
nd L
earn
ing
oppo
rtuni
ties
P
ossi
ble
exte
nsio
n w
ork
3.2.
8 T
he H
aloa
lkan
es
Syn
thes
is o
f chl
oroa
lkan
es
• un
ders
tand
the
reac
tion
mec
hani
sm o
f met
hane
with
chl
orin
e as
a
free-
radi
cal s
ubst
itutio
n re
actio
n in
term
s of
initi
atio
n,
prop
agat
ion
and
term
inat
ion
step
s •
know
that
chl
oroa
lkan
es a
nd c
hlor
oflu
oroa
lkan
es c
an b
e us
ed
as s
olve
nts
• un
ders
tand
that
ozo
ne, f
orm
ed n
atur
ally
in th
e up
per
atm
osph
ere
is b
enef
icia
l •
be a
ble
to u
se e
quat
ions
suc
h as
the
follo
win
g to
exp
lain
why
ch
lorin
e at
oms
cata
lyse
the
deco
mpo
sitio
n of
ozo
ne a
nd
cont
ribut
e to
the
form
atio
n of
a h
ole
in th
e oz
one
laye
r
Cl• +
O3 →
ClO
• + O
2 an
d C
lO• +
O3 →
2O
2 + C
l•
•
know
that
chl
orin
e at
oms
are
form
ed in
the
uppe
r atm
osph
ere
whe
n en
ergy
from
ultr
a-vi
olet
radi
atio
n ca
uses
C–C
l bon
ds in
ch
loro
fluor
ocar
bons
(CFC
s) to
bre
ak
• ap
prec
iate
that
legi
slat
ion
to b
an th
e us
e of
CFC
s w
as
supp
orte
d by
che
mis
ts a
nd th
at th
ey h
ave
now
dev
elop
ed
alte
rnat
ive
chlo
rine-
free
com
poun
ds
Dis
cuss
crit
ical
ly th
e is
sues
su
rrou
ndin
g C
FCs
and
ozon
e in
the
uppe
r atm
osph
ere
(HS
W)
The
anae
sthe
tic s
tory
from
ch
loro
form
to h
alot
hane
and
be
yond
(HS
W)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
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opyr
ight
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008
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and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
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serv
ed.
klm
24
Nuc
leop
hilic
sub
stitu
tion
• un
ders
tand
that
hal
oalk
anes
con
tain
pol
ar b
onds
•
unde
rsta
nd th
at h
aloa
lkan
es a
re s
usce
ptib
le to
nuc
leop
hilic
at
tack
, lim
ited
to O
H,
CN
and
NH
3 •
unde
rsta
nd th
e m
echa
nism
of n
ucle
ophi
lic s
ubst
itutio
n in
pr
imar
y ha
loal
kane
s •
unde
rsta
nd th
at th
e ca
rbon
–hal
ogen
bon
d en
thal
py in
fluen
ces
the
rate
of h
ydro
lysi
s •
appr
ecia
te th
e us
eful
ness
of t
hese
reac
tions
in o
rgan
ic
synt
hesi
s
Elim
inat
ion
• un
ders
tand
con
curr
ent s
ubst
itutio
n an
d el
imin
atio
n (in
clud
ing
mec
hani
sms)
in th
e re
actio
n of
a h
aloa
lkan
e (e
.g.
2-br
omop
ropa
ne w
ith p
otas
sium
hyd
roxi
de) a
nd th
e ro
le o
f the
re
agen
t as
both
nuc
leop
hile
and
bas
e
• ap
prec
iate
the
usef
ulne
ss o
f thi
s re
actio
n in
org
anic
syn
thes
is
Com
pare
the
rate
s of
hyd
roly
sis
of
1-ch
loro
buta
ne, 1
-bro
mob
utan
e an
d
1-io
dobu
tane
(EX
PT)
C
ompa
re th
e ra
tes
of h
ydro
lysi
s of
pr
imar
y, s
econ
dary
and
terti
ary
chlo
roal
kane
s (E
XPT)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
klm
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
25
In S
ectio
n 3.
2.9
(Alk
enes
), st
uden
ts s
houl
d ga
in
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f wha
t is
mea
nt b
y th
e te
rm u
nsat
urat
ed h
ydro
carb
on.
• an
app
reci
atio
n th
at th
e st
ruct
ural
feat
ures
of a
n al
kene
lead
to th
e po
ssib
ility
of E
-Z s
tere
oiso
mer
ism
. •
an u
nder
stan
ding
at t
he m
olec
ular
leve
l how
alk
enes
may
reac
t with
ele
ctro
phile
s.
• a
reco
gniti
on th
at a
lken
es a
re u
sefu
l pre
curs
ors
in th
e pr
oduc
tion
of c
omm
erci
ally
use
ful c
ompo
unds
. •
an a
ppre
ciat
ion
of th
e st
ruct
ure
and
prop
ertie
s of
add
ition
pol
ymer
s.
• an
app
reci
atio
n of
the
reas
ons
for t
he d
iffic
ultie
s as
soci
ated
with
dis
posa
l of a
dditi
on p
olym
ers.
Spe
cific
atio
n C
onte
nt
Teac
hing
and
Lea
rnin
g op
portu
nitie
s
Pos
sibl
e ex
tens
ion
wor
k 3.
2.9
Alk
enes
S
truct
ure,
bon
ding
and
reac
tivity
•
know
that
alk
enes
are
uns
atur
ated
hyd
roca
rbon
s •
know
that
bon
ding
in a
lken
es in
volv
es a
dou
ble
cova
lent
bon
d •
know
that
the
arra
ngem
ent >
C=C
< is
pla
nar
• kn
ow th
at th
e al
kene
s ca
n ex
hibi
t E-Z
ste
reoi
som
eris
m
• be
abl
e to
dra
w th
e st
ruct
ures
of E
and
Z is
omer
s •
unde
rsta
nd th
at E
-Z is
omer
s ex
ist d
ue to
rest
ricte
d ro
tatio
n ab
out t
he C
=C b
ond
• un
ders
tand
that
the
doub
le b
ond
in a
n al
kene
is a
cen
tre o
f hig
h el
ectro
n de
nsity
A
dditi
on re
actio
ns o
f alk
enes
•
unde
rsta
nd th
e m
echa
nism
of e
lect
roph
ilic
addi
tion
of a
lken
es
with
HB
r, H
2SO
4 an
d B
r 2
• kn
ow th
at b
rom
ine
can
be u
sed
to te
st fo
r uns
atur
atio
n •
be a
ble
to p
redi
ct th
e pr
oduc
ts o
f add
ition
to u
nsym
met
rical
al
kene
s by
refe
renc
e to
the
rela
tive
stab
ilitie
s of
prim
ary,
se
cond
ary
and
terti
ary
carb
ocat
ion
inte
rmed
iate
s •
unde
rsta
nd th
at a
lcoh
ols
are
prod
uced
indu
stria
lly b
y hy
drat
ion
of a
lken
es in
the
pres
ence
of a
n ac
id c
atal
yst.
• kn
ow th
e ty
pica
l con
ditio
ns fo
r the
indu
stria
l pro
duct
ion
of
etha
nol f
rom
eth
ene
Use
of m
olec
ular
mod
els
(EXP
T an
d H
SW
) Te
st fo
r uns
atur
atio
n w
ith
cycl
ohex
ene
and
with
eth
ene
(EX
PT)
Li
nk th
is s
tudy
to S
ectio
n 3.
2.3
The
use
of io
dine
m
onoc
hlor
ide
and
the
conc
ept o
f “io
dine
num
ber”
(H
SW
)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
klm
26
Pol
ymer
isat
ion
of a
lken
es
• kn
ow h
ow a
dditi
on p
olym
ers
are
form
ed fr
om a
lken
es
• re
cogn
ise
that
pol
y(al
kene
s) li
ke a
lkan
es a
re u
nrea
ctiv
e •
be a
ble
to re
cogn
ise
the
repe
atin
g un
it in
a p
oly(
alke
ne)
• kn
ow s
ome
typi
cal u
ses
of p
oly(
ethe
ne) a
nd p
oly(
prop
ene)
and
kn
ow th
at p
oly(
prop
ene)
is re
cycl
ed
The
man
ufac
ture
and
use
of
ther
mop
last
ics
by a
dditi
on
poly
mer
isat
ion,
app
reci
atin
g th
e pr
oble
ms
asso
ciat
ed w
ith th
eir
disp
osal
(HS
W)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
klm
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
27
In S
ectio
n 3.
2.10
(Alc
ohol
s), s
tude
nts
shou
ld g
ain
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
two
mai
n ro
utes
to th
e pr
oduc
tion
of e
than
ol.
• an
app
reci
atio
n th
at e
ach
rout
e ha
s ad
vant
ages
and
dis
adva
ntag
es.
• an
app
reci
atio
n of
the
issu
es a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
e us
e of
bio
fuel
eth
anol
. •
an u
nder
stan
ding
that
the
term
alc
ohol
ext
ends
to a
wid
e ra
nge
of c
ompo
unds
. •
a re
cogn
ition
of t
he c
lass
es o
f alc
ohol
and
the
prod
ucts
whi
ch a
re fo
rmed
whe
n al
coho
ls a
re o
xidi
sed
or u
nder
go e
limin
atio
n re
actio
ns.
• a
rang
e of
pra
ctic
al s
kills
ass
ocia
ted
with
the
use
of s
emi-m
icro
equ
ipm
ent.
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
way
in w
hich
alc
ohol
s m
ay p
rove
to b
e a
usef
ul s
tarti
ng p
oint
for p
rodu
cts,
avo
idin
g th
e ne
ed to
use
cru
de o
il.
S
peci
ficat
ion
Con
tent
Te
achi
ng a
nd L
earn
ing
oppo
rtuni
ties
P
ossi
ble
exte
nsio
n w
ork
3.2.
10
Alc
ohol
s E
than
ol p
rodu
ctio
n •
know
how
eth
anol
is p
rodu
ced
indu
stria
lly b
y fe
rmen
tatio
n.
• kn
ow th
e co
nditi
ons
for t
his
reac
tion
and
unde
rsta
nd th
e ec
onom
ic a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal a
dvan
tage
s an
d di
sadv
anta
ges
of
this
pro
cess
com
pare
d w
ith th
e in
dust
rial p
rodu
ctio
n fro
m
ethe
ne
• un
ders
tand
the
mea
ning
of t
he te
rm b
iofu
el
• kn
ow th
at th
e te
rm c
arbo
n ne
utra
l ref
ers
to “a
n ac
tivity
that
has
no
net
ann
ual c
arbo
n (g
reen
hous
e ga
s) e
mis
sion
s to
the
atm
osph
ere”
•
appr
ecia
te th
e ex
tent
to w
hich
eth
anol
, pro
duce
d by
fe
rmen
tatio
n, c
an b
e co
nsid
ered
to b
e a
carb
on-n
eutra
l bio
fuel
C
lass
ifica
tion
and
reac
tions
•
unde
rsta
nd th
at a
lcoh
ols
can
be c
lass
ified
as
prim
ary,
se
cond
ary
or te
rtiar
y •
unde
rsta
nd th
at te
rtiar
y al
coho
ls a
re n
ot e
asily
oxi
dise
d •
unde
rsta
nd th
at p
rimar
y al
coho
ls c
an b
e ox
idis
ed to
ald
ehyd
es
and
carb
oxyl
ic a
cids
and
that
sec
onda
ry a
lcoh
ols
can
be
oxid
ised
to k
eton
es b
y a
suita
ble
oxid
isin
g ag
ent s
uch
as
acid
ified
pot
assi
um d
ichr
omat
e(V
I) (e
quat
ions
sho
win
g [O
] as
oxid
ant a
re a
ccep
tabl
e)
Dis
cuss
crit
ical
ly th
e tw
o m
ain
rout
es
to e
than
ol c
onsi
derin
g th
e ov
eral
l en
ergy
and
reso
urce
use
in e
ach
case
(H
SW
) D
iscu
ss c
ritic
ally
the
conc
ept o
f ca
rbon
neu
tral a
s ap
plie
d to
eth
anol
fro
m fe
rmen
tatio
n of
sug
ars
and
the
prob
lem
s as
soci
ated
with
food
cos
ts
as b
iofu
els
beco
me
mor
e po
pula
r (H
SW
) D
istil
a p
rodu
ct fr
om a
reac
tion
Th
e br
eath
alys
er s
tory
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
klm
28
• be
abl
e to
use
a s
impl
e ch
emic
al te
st to
dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
alde
hyde
s an
d ke
tone
s (e
.g. F
ehlin
g’s
solu
tion
or T
olle
ns’
reag
ent)
E
limin
atio
n •
know
that
alk
enes
can
be
form
ed fr
om a
lcoh
ols
by a
cid
cata
lyse
d el
imin
atio
n re
actio
ns (m
echa
nism
not
requ
ired)
. •
appr
ecia
te th
at th
is m
etho
d pr
ovid
es a
pos
sibl
e ro
ute
to
poly
mer
s w
ithou
t usi
ng m
onom
ers
deriv
ed fr
om o
il
(PSA
) e.
g. T
he p
repa
ratio
n of
eth
anal
from
th
e ox
idat
ion
of e
than
ol o
r the
pr
epar
atio
n of
cyc
lohe
xene
from
the
dehy
drat
ion
of c
yclo
hexa
nol.
Car
ry o
ut s
ome
orga
nic
test
s (P
SA)
e.g.
Tes
ts fo
r alk
ene,
alc
ohol
, aci
d,
alde
hyde
. P
olym
er p
rodu
ctio
n fro
m ra
w
mat
eria
ls o
ther
than
cru
de o
il (H
SW
)
(HS
W)
Teac
her R
esou
rce
Ban
k / G
CE
Che
mis
try /
AS
Sch
eme
of W
ork
/ Ver
sion
1.1
klm
C
opyr
ight
© 2
008
AQA
and
its
licen
sors
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
29
In S
ectio
n 3.
2.11
(Ana
lytic
al T
echn
ique
s), s
tude
nts
shou
ld g
ain
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
pre
cisi
on o
f mas
s sp
ectro
met
ry a
nd it
s us
e in
the
prod
uctio
n of
acc
urat
e da
ta a
bout
rela
tive
mol
ecul
ar m
asse
s.
• an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
val
ue o
f inf
ra-r
ed s
pect
rosc
opy
in a
naly
sis
incl
udin
g “fi
nger
prin
ting”
in d
rug
anal
ysis
.
Spe
cific
atio
n C
onte
nt
Teac
hing
and
Lea
rnin
g op
portu
nitie
s
Pos
sibl
e ex
tens
ion
wor
k 3.
2.11
A
naly
tical
Tec
hniq
ues
Mas
s sp
ectro
met
ry
• un
ders
tand
that
hig
h re
solu
tion
mas
s sp
ectro
met
ry c
an b
e us
ed
to d
eter
min
e th
e m
olec
ular
form
ula
of a
com
poun
d fro
m th
e ac
cura
te m
ass
of th
e m
olec
ular
ion
Infra
-red
spe
ctro
scop
y •
unde
rsta
nd th
at c
erta
in g
roup
s in
a m
olec
ule
abso
rb in
fra-r
ed
radi
atio
n at
cha
ract
eris
tic fr
eque
ncie
s •
unde
rsta
nd th
at “f
inge
rprin
ting”
allo
ws
iden
tific
atio
n of
a
mol
ecul
e by
com
paris
on o
f spe
ctra
•
be a
ble
to u
se s
pect
ra to
iden
tify
parti
cula
r fun
ctio
nal g
roup
s an
d to
iden
tify
impu
ritie
s, li
mite
d to
dat
a pr
esen
ted
in w
ave-
num
ber f
orm
•
unde
rsta
nd th
e lin
k be
twee
n ab
sorp
tion
of in
fra-re
d ra
diat
ion
by
bond
s in
CO
2, m
etha
ne a
nd w
ater
vap
our t
o gl
obal
war
min
g
The
use
of m
ass
spec
trom
etry
and
in
fra-r
ed s
pect
rosc
opy
in c
hem
ical
an
alys
is (H
SW
) C
onsi
der t
he v
alid
ity o
f whe
ther
CO
2 is
a m
ajor
gre
enho
use
gas
by
cons
ider
atio
n of
infra
-red
sp
ectro
scop
ic d
ata
(HS
W)
The
use
of m
ass
spec
trom
etry
and
infra
-red
sp
ectro
scop
y in
the
field
s of
fo
rens
ic s
cien
ce a
nd
mon
itorin
g dr
ug u
se (H
SW
)
