Teaching and MonitoringComprehension

in the early grades

Leecy Wise

http://www.reconnectioncompany.com

Day 1 AgendaReview Phonics Workshops.Review research and best practices

in teaching and monitoring reading comprehension in early grades.

Whose Responsibility?Reading Teachers?Administration?Assistants?Parents?Volunteers?

NRP Report

Comprehension is critically important to the of children’s reading skills and therefore to the ability to obtain an education.

NRP noted three predominant themes in the research on the development of reading comprehension skills.

NRP Report

First, reading comprehension is a complex cognitive process that cannot be understood without a clear description of the role that vocabulary development and vocabulary instruction play in the understanding of what has been read.

NRP Report

Second, comprehension is an active process that requires an intentional and thoughtful interaction between the reader and the text.

NRP Report

Third, the preparation of teachers to better equip students to develop and apply reading comprehensionstrategies to enhance understanding is intimately linked to students’ achievement in this area.

Text Comprehension

A Few Findings

Using a combination of comprehension instructional methods is more effective than using a single method.

Comprehension is enhanced when readers actively relate the ideas in print to their own knowledge and experiences.

A Few Findings

Comprehension strategies must be taught.

Teachers should demonstrate comprehension strategies until students can perform them on their own.

Seven Effective Strategies

Comprehension Monitoring

Students learn to be aware of their understanding of the text and to use specific strategies when needed. Comprehension monitoring is “thinking about thinking.” Comprehension monitoring instruction has positive effects on standardized reading comprehension test performance.

Comprehension MonitoringTrack their thinking. Notice when they lose focus. Stop and go back. Reread to enhance understanding. Identify what's confusing. Consciously select the best strategy.

Monitoring Suggestions

Skip the word and read to end of sentence or segment, trying to figure it out from the context.

Guess the meaning or substitute a word that seems to fit and see if it makes sense.

Monitoring SuggestionsAsk someone the meaning of the word,

look for definition in text, look up in dictionary.

Reread the segment.Read aloud—it can really help to hear

the text. Or ask someone else to read it aloud to you.

Slow down and reread, or read aloud.

Monitor/Clarify

Identify words they are unfamiliar with. Identify sentences or phrases that need

clarification. Identify passages that are not clear. I don’t understand the part where… This ____ is not clear. I can’t figure out… This is a tricky word because….

Monitor/ Clarify WORD

I blend the sounds together. I look for word parts I know. I think of another word that looks like this

word. I look for clues.

Monitor/Clarify IDEA

I reread the part I didn’t understand. I think about what I know. I talk to a friend. I read on and look for clues.

Cooperative Learning

Students work together to learn comprehension strategies. This leads to an increase in the learning of the strategies, promotes intellectual discussion, and increases reading comprehension including on standardized test performance.

Graphic OrganizersStudents write or draw meanings

and relationships of underlying ideas. Main effect appears to be in the improvement of the readers’ memory for the content that has been read. Improvement is also found in social studies and science content areas.

http://content.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=2983

http://www.k111.k12.il.us/LAFAYETTE/FOURBLOCKS/graphic_organizers.htm

This classReading in the Early Grades

Reading Comprehension

1. ___2. ___3. ___4. ___5. ___6. ___7. ___

This classReading in the Early Grades

Phonological DevelopmentPhonemic Awareness Phonics/Decoding Skills

Reading Comprehension

1. Comprehension Monitoring2. Cooperative Learning3. Graphic Organizers4. ___5. ___6. ___7. ___

Analyze Story Structure

Students are taught to use the structure of the story as a means of helping them recall story content in order to answer questions about what they have read.

Story Structure

I’m going to read you a story. What would you want to know about this story?" Students would likely comment that they would like to know who the story is about, what happens in the story, where the story takes place, and how the story ends.

Story Structure

"Who" refers to characters, "where" and "when" involve setting and mood, "what happens" details events of the plot, "how did it end" involves the resolution of the story's conflict. "Why" questions get at the author's theme of the story.

Use a map for older learners.Visualize where possible.

Question/Answer with Immediate Feedback

Readers answer questions posed by the teacher and receive immediate feedback

Taffy Raphael 1982

Question Generation

Readers ask themselves questions about various aspects of the story;

Summarization

Readers are taught to integrate ideas and generalize from the text information.

Summarizing map

Title of the text

Second Idea

First Idea

Third Idea

Fourth Idea

Detail Detail

Detail

DetailDetail

Detail

DetailDetail

Detail

Detail

Detail

Detail

Prediction Street

Monitor Street

Clarify D

rive

Visualize A

venue

Questi on S

treet

Summarize Street

Stop:

Make predictions.

Set a purpose for reading.

Slow Down:

Monitor comprehension.

Apply strategies.

Go:

Continue reading for more information.

Comprehension

is the purpose of reading

IN ALL CONTENT AREAS!

Closing

Select two students that you or a colleague are working with who is struggling with reading comprehension.

Select two or three instructional strategies that you learned today that you used to improve their comprehension.

Briefly share what strategies you have selected to assist this student.

Who’s Responsibility? Everyone’s!!!

If you teach math, teach reading.If you teach science, teach reading.If you teach language, history,

geography, P.E., economics, basket weaving, technology, writing, art, music, ANYTHING …

TEACH READING COMPREHENSION!

Next time:

Vocabulary

"Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn." Benjamin Franklin