TECHNEAU NEWSLETTER Number 10 JANUARY 2011 Page 1 of 11

Welcome to the tenth and final issue of the TECHNEAU Newsletter. The newsletter is designed to disseminate news, scientific results and developments to stakeholders. TECHNEAU challenges the ability of traditional drinking water supply systems to cope with present and future global threats and opportunities. TECHNEAU will rethink options for water supply and - through innovation, research and development – will provide and demonstrate new and improved technologies for the whole water supply chain. Newsletter 10 highlights recent activities and outputs from TECHNEAU and can be downloaded from the TECHNEAU website (www.techneau.eu). Also available from the website are TECHNEAU publications that can be downloaded free-of-charge. A list of available publications is shown on Pages 9-11. The TECHNEAU Conference, Safe Drinking Water from Source to Tap: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives, Maastricht, June 2009, presented the latest in water treatment technologies and monitoring, modelling and simulation, risk assessment, small-scale systems and consumer-related issues. The proceedings of the conference are available from IWA Publishing (www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=isbn9781843392750).

Regional Technology Platforms (RTPs) are the main vehicle for consultation and dissemination in TECHNEAU. RTPs are held twice per year to promote face-to-face consultation and knowledge transfer between local stakeholders and the TECHNEAU consortium. The ninth RTP was held in Pretoria, South Africa on 12-13 October 2010. The RTP focused on ‘Water Reclamation in Southern Africa – Monitoring Systems and Risk Assessment’. Southern Africa faces serious challenges with availability of conventional water resources. This shortage of water has increased the interest in water reclamation and reuse as an alternative water supply in the region. (Continued on Page 2)

An Integrated Project Funded by the European Commission under the Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystems Thematic Priority Area.

Contract Number: 018320 Project Coordinator: Dr. Theo van den Hoven KWR Project Duration: 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2010

In the first TECHNEAU newsletter, Dr Panagiotis Balabanis, European Commission, and Dr Theo van den Hoven, TECHNEAU Project Coordinator, introduced the project. Five years later, Panagiotis and Theo reflect on the achievements and legacy of the project. Message from Dr Panagiotis Balabanis

”It is a pleasure to introduce this last TECHNEAU newsletter as the project approaches its end and effort is being devoted to the consolidation of its final results and policy implications. The project has delivered a large number of important publications which facilitate rethinking of current water supply systems in the context of increasing urbanisation, ageing infrastructure, climate change and water scarcity. In addition, the project developed improved technologies for more efficient water treatment and water quality monitoring, as well as tools to improve the operational performance of existing treatment and distribution systems, and to support the implementation of Water Safety Plans.” (Continued on Page 2)

RTP: Water Reclamation in Southern Africa – Monitoring Systems and Risk Assessment

January 2011

In Issue No.10: RTP: Water Reclamation in Southern Africa – Monitoring

Systems and Risk Assessment TECHNEAU: Five Years On… Work Area Highlights

o Lisbon Case Study (WA7) o Bergen Case Study (WA7)

Work Area Overviews Forthcoming Events TECHNEAU Delivered!

TECHNEAU: Five Years On…

TECHNEAU NEWSLETTER Number 10 JANUARY 2011 Page 2 of 11

(Continued from Page 1) “From my point of view, the most important achievements of TECHNEAU included demonstration of the immense value of end-user involvement and networking with researchers in case studies to resolve real problems, and the value of communicating results throughout the whole implementation of the project. This was explicitly demonstrated in the recent Indo-EU workshop on "Water Technology Research and Innovation Collaboration" jointly organised by the Research Directorate General of the European Commission and the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. TECHNEAU presentations attracted considerable interest from the wide audience of key Indian researchers, highlighting the relevance of results for EU-funded projects in the wider global research context. There is no doubt that TECHNEAU has been very successful so far. However, its long-term success will depend on the willingness and commitment of the project consortium to continue dissemination of results at a wider EU scale after the end of the project and to explore market opportunities. This contribution to Europe's competitiveness will be in line with the European Commission on Innovation Union, which puts innovation at the heart of the Europe 2020 Strategy for a smart, sustainable and inclusive economy.” Message from Dr Theo van den Hoven

“Nearing the completion of TECHNEAU, it is useful to look back and judge our achievements against our initial ambitions. Key words in our ambitions were “innovation” and “integration”. We strived for innovation in technologies and practices, and aimed at greater integration and co-operation within the scientific community and between scientists and water utilities. We also aimed to stimulate source-to-tap integration in the water supply chain to avoid segmented and isolated solutions. I’m proud to observe the many TECHNEAU innovations ranging from new treatment and monitoring technologies to models and practices to improve the performance of existing water supply systems. I’m also happy with the many so-called ‘soft outcomes’ of the project, such as the adaptive strategies to the challenging and uncertain future of the water sector, a model to improve utility-consumer relations and tools to assist utilities and policy makers in the implementation of Water Safety Plans. From the beginning we have strived to establish close links with utilities and have worked with more than 25 end-users in 15

countries. This co-operation stimulated research and facilitated the uptake of project outcomes. Many innovations and outcomes have found their way into the daily practices of utilities across Europe and beyond. The project has stimulated co-operation within the European scientific community. This enhanced co-operation between the consortium partners created tangible results and will continue after the completion of the project in accordance with EC policy to stimulate co-operation in research at a European level. Thanks are due to the members of the Project Advisory Committee for their advice and comments, in particular during the meetings of the General Assembly. This helped to keep the project focused on the real needs of the water supply sector. I have greatly enjoyed the co-operation of the Work Area leaders and the many other colleagues from research organisations, utilities, technology providers, policy makers and the EC. I look forward to working with many of you in the near future.” (Continued from Page 1) The first direct water reclamation plant was built in Windhoek, Namibia and this multi-barrier treatment system was the focus of a case study in the TECHNEAU project. The RTP was attended by southern African water authorities, local and regional authorities, Water Boards, consulting engineers and TECHNEAU end-users from Umgeni Water, WINGOC and City of Windhoek. The event was opened by Dr Jo Burgess (WRC) who stressed the importance of research on water reclamation for the whole region. This was echoed by the presentation of Mr Johan van Rooyen (Department of Water Affairs) on the current status of water sources in South Africa and the challenges for future drinking water supply. Chris Swartz (Chris Swartz Water Utilization Engineers) highlighted the need for adaptive strategies such as identified in TECHNEAU WA1 (Rethink the System) and demonstrated in a case study on challenges to meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in sub-Saharan Africa. In a session on water reclamation in southern Africa, Dr Gerhard Offringa (City of Windhoek) presented an overview of water reclamation followed by presentations from Ms Bettina Genthe (CSIR) and Prof Paul Jagals (Tshwane University of Technology) who discussed the related health and socio-economic aspects. The Windhoek Case Study was introduced by the case study leader, Chris Swartz. The technologies and procedures demonstrated in the case study - risk assessment/fault tree analysis, state-of-the-art sampling and analytical techniques, and online water quality monitoring systems - could find application in similar projects. Jürgen Menge (City of Windhoek) described the monitoring programme and quality control at the New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP). Gaela Leroy (Veolia) provided insights into new developments in analytical procedures, particularly for analysing endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) because of their potential health effects and relevance to water reclamation. The second day of the RTP commenced with a session on risk assessment and risk management. Prof Thomas Pettersson

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(Chalmers University) described how the risk assessment tools developed in TECHNEAU could be used to identify critical control points and how fault tree analysis was used to determine the probability of failure in selected unit treatment processes at the NGWRP.

Prof Thomas Pettersson (Chalmers University) describes the work on risk assessment and risk management The focus in the next two sessions switched to water reclamation and reuse projects in progress or recently completed in South Africa. Umgeni Water reviewed the ongoing WRC project on wastewater reclamation for potable reuse. Other presentations were made on full-scale reclamation and reuse projects in Mossel Bay (wastewater reuse for industrial purposes), in George (indirect reuse) and in Beaufort West (water reclamation). It was agreed that a risk assessment and risk management study would be undertaken for the Beaufort West Municipality with the participation of Chalmers University. In conclusion, the shortage of available water in southern Africa is leading to substantial interest in water reclamation and wastewater reuse to supplement conventional water sources to sustain development and economic growth in the region. The RTP provided a forum to discuss the current situation and identified needs including guidance for local authorities on water reclamation and wastewater reuse - in particular on the related health and social aspects – and a technical division to discuss and promote the application of such projects. For further information contact Ian Walker, WA7 Leader, Chris Swartz, Windhoek Case Study Leader (cswartz@mweb.co.za) or visit the TECHNEAU website (www.techneau.eu).

Lisbon Case Study: Optimising water quality in distribution (WA7) The Lisbon Case Study focused around the EPAL water supply that provides ca. 578 million litres of water each day to around 3 million people in 35 districts, including 564,000 Lisbon city inhabitants. As well as providing a case study site, EPAL actively

participated in the study gaining firsthand knowledge and experience of the TECHNEAU integrations, several of which have been incorporated into the utility’s operations and practices. The implementation of developments from WA4 (Risk Assessment and Risk Management) and WA5 (Operation and Maintenance) enabled EPAL to review and update their own methodologies and practices, and to provide critical feedback with regard to the practicalities of these developments. Several technological integrations were demonstrated: Investigation of microbial risks potentially associated with

network biofilm Testing and optimization of the Integrated Water Quality

Model (IWQM) Implementation of the s::can UV/Vis-spectrometer for

online monitoring of water treatment processes at the Asseiceira DWTP

Application of the Resuspension Potential Method (RPM) to assess the potential for discoloration in distribution

Demonstration of the Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) tool to assess the financial feasibility of RPM

The network biofilm investigation provided both TECHNEAU and EPAL with insights into the occurrence of in-pipe processes and consequences for the microbiological quality of water, with practical outputs for controlling network water safety. Testing and optimization of the IWQM was carried out in distribution by simulating chlorine residual behavior in a selected DMA. In addition to providing a successful application of the model, EPAL further developed its capability in network hydraulic and quality modelling, enabling future autonomous implementation of the IWQM. S::can UV/Vis-spectrometers were demonstrated at the Asseiceira DWTP. EPAL staff operated these and existing sensors to provide measurements of treatment process parameters for calibration of the Water Treatment Simulator (WTS).

José Menaia (LNEC) and Sveinung Sægrov (SINTEF) describe TECHNEAU integrations at a workshop with the case study end-user, EPAL

Work Area Highlights

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A strong interest of EPAL was RPM and its use in flushing to reduce discoloration events in distribution. EPAL developed its own capability to measure RPM and staff were trained on the new equipment and technique. Thereafter, the use of RPM as a decision support tool to identify the need for pipe cleaning increased the efficiency of the (unidirectional) flushing operations. Additionally, by participating in the demonstration of the TECHNEAU CBA tool, EPAL is able to assess the financial implications of different network flushing scenarios. As well as the direct benefits for EPAL of participating in the case study, indirect benefits arose from participating in meetings and workshops, providing the opportunity for knowledge transfer and interaction between EPAL staff and TECHNEAU colleagues from other European partners. This exchange of information will continue at the final case study workshop organized by EPAL/LNEC to be held on 25 January 2011 at Hotel Avenida Palace, Lisbon. For further information contact Ian Walker, WA7 Leader, José Menaia, Lisbon Case Study Leader (jmenaia@lnec.pt) or visit the TECHNEAU website (www.techneau.eu). Bergen Case Study: Optimising Water Treatment and Distribution (WA7) The Bergen Case Study demonstrated optimisation of the operation of water treatment and distribution and linked the performance of water treatment with that of the distribution system. The case study evaluated treatment works in or around Bergen and their corresponding distribution systems using methods and procedures developed in TECHNEAU. Optimisation of water treatment The Roadmap for Optimization of Water Treatment was demonstrated with respect to minimisation of resources used in water treatment (chemicals, energy and sludge produced) while providing safe water to the customer. The roadmap was applied at full-scale enhanced coagulation and ozonation-biofiltration treatment plants and demonstrated specifically NOM fractionation, BDOC columns-in-series analysis and Delta UV/Vis spectrometry (for process control). The performance of water treatment was evaluated with respect to avoiding negative consequences in distribution (corrosion and sedimentation) while maintaining biostability. During autumn 2010, Bergen observed biological regrowth and an increase in heterotrophic plate count (HPC) in the distribution network supplied by a ‘non-optimised’ treatment plant. Based on the experience from the case study - and using the appropriate TECHNEAU diagnostic tools (NOM fractionation, BDOC columns-in-series analysis) - the causes of the deterioration in water quality were quickly established and rectified. Optimisation of water distribution Bergen, the city famous for its rainfall, faced severe water scarcity problems during winter 2009/2010. During this period, flushing of the network was not possible and the planned demonstration of RPM had to be abandoned. However, several RPM measurements had been made prior to this period as a result of which Bergen Water decided to implement RPM into its continuing daily operations.

Risk evaluation In 2004, Bergen experienced a large waterborne outbreak of giardiasis which led to approximately 4000-6000 illnesses, although only 1300 cases were confirmed. A subsequent risk analysis (inspired by the WSP concept) covering the whole water supply system from source-to-tap identified 85 hazardous events, four of which were used in a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in order prioritise between different measures for risk reduction. The four events evaluated were: 1) intrusion of contaminants into the distribution system, 2) pipe breaks on critical water mains, 3) failure of UV disinfection, and 4) raw water scarcity. MCDA proved to be a powerful tool for evaluating risk reduction measures, but it was stressed that the analysis was only one factor to be considered in any decision making process. The risk analysis of the Bergen water supply identified critical events related to water quantity problems, e.g. reservoir capacity, pipe breaks at critical mains and failure at critical pumping stations. A reliability analysis of the water supply network was carried out using state-of-the-art network reliability models. The modelling identified critical water mains and the results corresponded well with results from the MCDA and experience of Bergen Water. Supplier/customer relationship. The giardiasis outbreak in Bergen was evaluated previously by both internal and external accident investigation committees. A TECHNEAU investigation of the relationship between supplier and customers built on these previous studies and looked at the way in which the crisis was handled from the perspective of the consumer. The results from this work showed a temporal decline in the consumers’ level of trust for the water supply. However, recent reports from Bergen Water indicate higher customer satisfaction for the water supply today than prior to the outbreak. For further information contact Ian Walker, WA7 Leader, Jon Røstum, Bergen Case Study Leader (jon.rostum@sintef.no) or visit the TECHNEAU website (www.techneau.eu).

As the TECHNEAU project ends, the Work Area Leaders present overviews of their respective areas, highlighting the key developments. All deliverables from the works areas can be downloaded from the TECHNEAU website (www.techneau.eu). Work Area 1: Rethink the System (Christian Kazner, RWTH Aachen University) The overall objective of WA1 was to identify trends and future challenges to water supply in different regions and to develop adaptive strategies in order to cope with these challenges. SEPTED (social, economical, political, technical, ecological, demographic) trends were identified for different European regions and sub-Saharan Africa from literature, questionnaires and workshops. Issues of concern to both the public and water industry were identified: climate change, urbanisation,

Work Area Overviews

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infrastructure maintenance, globalisation, increased bottled water consumption, emerging pollutants, risk management, technological progress and privatisation. Trends and their driving forces expected to affect the water cycle over the next 20 years were described in a series of reports covering different geographical regions. A suite of adaptive strategies designed to mitigate the identified trends was developed, based on the guiding principles of maximum flexibility, integration and consideration of local conditions. Five case studies were developed to test and evaluate the suite of adaptive strategies. Case studies were selected based on the relevance of local conditions to the challenges faced by the European water supply sector: Brabant - Developed and tested a decision support system

(DSS) for multi-objective optimisation of drinking water supply against impacts of climate change and other pressures.

Cyprus - Focused on future prospects of improved water management, water reclamation and reuse as main strategies to cope with climate change impacts.

Baltic States - Adaptive strategies for the Baltic States were developed and tested to address future infrastructure challenges.

Sub-Saharan Africa - Investigated measures to achieve the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs), developing three main strategies for evaluation: decentralisation, application of water treatment technologies applicable for remote areas and improved operation and maintenance.

Stakeholders - Reviewed adaptive approaches to consumer relations with reference to a specific case of consumer communications in Barcelona where desalinated water was being provided at an increased price.

Work Area 2: Treatment (Marie-Renee de Roubin, Veolia) WA2 focused on water treatment, with emphasis on membrane and oxidation based multi-barrier water systems, providing protection against a broad spectrum of chemical and microbiological contaminants. Some of the key outcomes of this work are described below. Ceramic membranes - Research established the potential of ceramic membranes for different applications in drinking water and concluded that ceramic membranes might be cost effective when compared to polymeric membranes. Trials comparing the performance and fouling of different types of ceramic membranes showed TiO2 and SiC membranes, which had the highest measured pore sizes, were least affected by fouling. Virus removal by Laser Induced Breakdown Detection was compared with conventional analysis based on bacteriophages. Both methods gave quantitatively similar results and the efficiency of oxidative cleaning of ceramic membranes was demonstrated. Hybrid processes, including coagulation combined with optimized cleaning, were investigated on pilot scale (Vitens WTP, Netherlands) achieving up to 99.9999% virus removal. Modelling - The removal of micropollutants by nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) was investigated using Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) and

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models. The QSAR model identified log Kow (or log D), salt rejection, equivalent width and effective diameter as the most important variables influencing rejection of organic solutes. ANN models predicted rejection of neutral organic compounds by tight NF and RO membranes and demonstrated that size interactions between membrane and solutes were critical for the removal of organic neutral solutes and that hydrophobic interactions were less important. The water and membrane industries will benefit from the use of these models to screen new micropollutants and to enhance the development of new membranes able to achieve maximum removal of screened micropollutants. OBM - A compact treatment process combining oxidation, biodegradation and membrane filtration (OBM) was developed and evaluated for the removal of contaminants including colour, organic matter, micropollutants, taste and odour, Fe, Mn and ammonia. Results showed that OBM had the potential to remove or reduce all common contaminants, except fluoride. The process was shown to be robust and flexible, with options for customised design to meet the requirements of a range of raw water qualities. Oxidation - Ozone and O3/H2O2 were compared to UV/H2O2 for the transformation of different micropollutants (sulfamethoxazole, SMX; atrazine, ATZ; N-nitrosodimethylamine, NDMA and para-chlorobenzoic acid, pCBA) in a range of water matrices. The use of AOPs increased energy requirements by 20% as compared to ozone but reduced bromate formation by 70%. The use of UV/H2O2 as an alternative to O3/H2O2 was more energy intensive but negated bromate formation and ensured disinfection. In all cases, the scavenging rate of the water played a major role. A kinetic database for chlorine reactions was established which together with an existing database on ozone and OH radical reactions is the basis for the calculation of micropollutant transformations during oxidative water treatment. Small scale systems – A membrane-based small-scale system was developed for remote applications. Bacterial fouling was identified as key to a stable flux through the membrane negating the need for backwashing or chemical cleaning. The system was designed to be robust, energy-sufficient and requiring only residual chlorination. In tests performed in South Africa in 2010, the system showed favourable results with regard to flux stabilization and flow capacity. Microbiological tests confirmed the integrity of the membrane and the ability of the system to achieve complete disinfection. However, for variable raw waters with turbidity peaks above 100 NTU, pre-treatment would be required, e.g. biosand filtration or similar.

The membrane-based small-scale system installed at Ogunjini, South Africa

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Work Area 3: Monitoring and Control (Frank Sacher, TZW) The major objective of WA3 was to develop and test analytical techniques and methods to ensure the provision of safe, high quality drinking water. Various complementary analytical tools for monitoring water quality from source-to-tap with respect to biological and chemical threats were developed and validated. For example, several biological assays for monitoring endocrine disrupting effects were developed and applied to drinking water, surface water and wastewater samples. Estrogen-, androgen-, progesterone- and glucocorticoid-like activity could be detected in at least some of the wastewaters and surface waters, while thyroid hormone-like activity was not detected in any of the water samples. No hormone-like activity was detected in the drinking water samples. Another highlight was the development of a novel method for determining assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in drinking water. The method - which is faster than conventional AOC assays - is based on batch growth of a natural microbial community until the stationary phase is reached and all AOC is consumed. The concentration of bacterial cells in the stationary phase is then related to the concentration of AOC consumed. The concentration of the natural microbial community is determined with fluorescent staining and flow cytometry. The method is accurate (standard error of < 10%), sensitive (detection limit of 10 µg/L) and can be processed in large batches due to the rapid nature of flow cytometry measurements. In addition to the above, WA3 partners developed, optimized and tested: A cross-flow ultrafiltration system for the concentration and

purification of pathogens (bacteria, viruses) in source waters.

A novel bioassay for detecting genotoxicity was applied in various water samples and it was proven that the results were comparable to alternative assays on the same set of samples.

Methods for the trace-level determination of new algal toxins (saxitoxins, nodularin, ß-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), kainic acid and domoic acid) both in dissolved and in cell-bound states have been developed and validated. Application of the methods to source water samples has detected some of the new algal toxins at concentrations up to 1 µg/L.

Image analysis tools developed for quantification of biofouling components and structural parameters on curved membrane surfaces applicable to hollow fibre/tubular membrane systems. The image analysis software CMem enables a refined analysis of different components on curved surfaces providing a better understanding of biofouling development and characteristics.

On-line UV/Vis spectrometry for source water monitoring and protection, for monitoring performance of individual treatment steps and integrated into a broader network of monitoring stations. A portable UV/Vis monitoring station was also developed.

Evaluation of electronic nose and electronic tongue instrumentation for water quality monitoring and detection of taste and odour problems.

Development of a protocol for the simultaneous detection of E. coli and coliform bacteria based on Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) technology, a sensitive molecular method for the specific detection of microorganisms. In addition, methods for the automated quantification of the fluorescent cells were developed and evaluated. Additional FISH-based methods were developed for the analysis of pathogens in biofilms with a special focus on activity/viability detection.

An existing biomonitoring system based on the observation of the behaviour of fish was optimized, tested and validated to enable its reliable application for drinking water surveillance. The system was designed as a robust, fast-reacting instrument with an alarm verification mechanism.

Work Area 4: Risk Assessment and Risk Management (Thomas Pettersson, Chalmers University) The main objective of WA4 was to develop a decision support framework for cost-effective integrated risk management for safe and sustainable drinking water supply. Key developments in this work area were the deliverables Generic Framework and Methods for Integrated Risk Management in Water Safety Plans, the TECHNEAU Hazard Database (THDB), the TECHNEAU Risk Reduction Database (TRRDB) and Methods for Risk Analysis of Drinking Water Systems from Source-to-tap. These documents were used extensively in case studies, both in this work area and others. Six case studies were developed and reported in WA4: Bergen – Risk and vulnerability analysis (RVA) applied to

the Bergen water supply Goteborg – Fault tree analysis (FTA) for integrated risk

analysis of drinking water systems applied to the Goteburg water supply

Amsterdam – Risk assessment (RA) of a large water supply using the THDB

Freiburg-Ebnet – GIS-based approach to the risk analysis of groundwater catchments applied to the Freiburg-Ebnet catchment

Breznice – Coarse risk analysis (CRA) for risk identification and estimation applied to the Breznice water supply

Upper Mnyameni – Comparison of CRA with risk analysis using South African Risk Evaluation Guidelines to identify hazards in water supply, risks to humans and to the development of the local community.

Work Area 5: Operation and Maintenance (Jon Røstum, SINTEF) WA5 included the following main areas of research: Operational cost-benefit analysis (CBA) River bank filtration (RBF) Operation of water treatment facilities Development of a Water Treatment Simulator (WTS)

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Modelling physical, chemical and microbiological water and network interactions

Distribution system operation and maintenance practices Operational cost-benefit analysis A cost-benefit analysis (CBA) tool was developed to quickly and easily compare the costs and benefits of a range of alternative operational and maintenance schemes. CBA and cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) can be applied in a consistent and systematic manner, providing output in a common unit for easy comparison of alternative investments. River bank filtration Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) has been assessed for the production of safe drinking water from surface waters. Riverbank filtration (RBF) can be very useful in developing and newly-industrialised countries to remove contaminants from surface water and to offer storage capacity in areas of variable precipitation and run-off. A conceptual multi-barrier system comprising RBF plus post-treatment has been developed including an analysis of sustainability and costs. An RBF simulator/decision support tool was also developed. The tool provides information about minimum travel time and minimal/maximal bank filtration share in compliance with WHO guidelines.

Riverbank filtration simulator Analysis has shown that RBF systems are vulnerable to both extremely wet and dry climate change scenarios. Droughts may promote anaerobic conditions while flood events can drastically shorten travel time and cause breakthrough of pathogens. However, RBF systems can better compensate weather extremes due to their storage capacity than conventional methods relying on surface or groundwater abstraction only. Operation of water treatment facilities Procedures and tools for optimising operation of enhanced coagulation (EC) and ozonation-biofiltration (OB) treatment plants have been developed (e.g. NOM fractionation and BDOC columns-in-series analysis). TECHNEAU guidance towards optimum operation practice has been developed, i.e the ‘roadmap’ (and implemented at full-scale as a part of the WA7 Bergen Case Study).

Water treatment simulator A European WTS has been developed including models for a range of treatment processes. The integrated platform enables the user to construct a virtual water treatment plant and simulate its performance based on raw water quality data. Modelling physical, chemical and microbiological water and network interactions Three different processes affecting water quality have been modelled: (1) biofilms and biodegradable compounds, (2) corrosion, and (3) particles and sedimention. The application of these models has provided the basis for further understanding of the processes and opened the way for more efficient operation and maintenance.

© J.H.G. Vreeburg

Regulardeposition &resuspension

Corrosion

Bed loadtransport

Biofilmformation &sloughing

Precipitation &flocculation (AOC and

dissolved solids)

Suspended solids

1.Turbidity/particles

2. Biodegredable solids& dissolved solids

From WTP

Processes influencing drinking water quality in distribution The water quality models have been implemented into the TECHNEAU Integrated Water Quality Modelling framework which also facilities 3D representation of results by using Google Earth Maps to display the 3D maps/results. Distribution system operation and maintenance practices A best management practice (BMP) manual has been developed which focuses on practical operation and maintenance related to water quality problems in distribution. The manual provides guidance on the mitigation of problems and risks. Work Area 6: Consumer Trust and Acceptance (Chris Fife-Schaw, Surrey University) WA6 investigated consumer reactions to problems and communication between companies and customers. Studies conducted in Riga, Accra, Lisbon, Barcelona, Lilla Edet, the Netherlands, Cyprus and the UK and have looked at problems as diverse as contamination events, water shortages, poor water quality and new treatment options. Trust and confidence A major theme running throughout the project has been the important distinction to be drawn between trust and confidence. Trust is a key factor in encouraging co-operative action generally and where companies (and authorities) have to deal with critical incidents, it is often supposed that companies that are trusted will be able to contain negative public reactions much more effectively than those that are not trusted. However, it is important to recognise the distinction between social trust, which involves judgements of similarity of motives and intentions - does the company have your best interests at heart? - and confidence which is a belief based on past experience that events

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in the future will occur as expected – i.e. somebody is in control and knows what they are doing. Damage to confidence (e.g. on the basis of poor performance) may not necessarily be that important if levels of social trust remain high. Where social trust is low, unsurprisingly levels of support are also low.

Dr Boyka Bratanova addresses delegates at the Utrecht workshop, October 2010 What you do to repair a loss of confidence is different from what you need to do if there has been a loss of social trust. In the case of the former, you need to convince consumers by taking actions relating to your performance as a service provider. In the case of the latter, you need to engage in activities that stress your honesty and motivation to protect the interests of consumers possibly at the expense of your own immediate interests. Work Area 7: Integrate, Validate and Demonstrate (Ian Walker, WRc) WA7 aimed to provide end-users easy access to technologies, operating and management practices, methodologies, models and tools developed in WAs 1-6. This was achieved by: development of the TECHNEAU Knowledge Integrator

(TKI), and development and co-ordination of large-scale, integrated

case studies. TKI The central focus in WA7 (and TECHNEAU) is software known as the TKI. The TKI is a multi-criteria selection tool that enables users to match appropriate and available technologies, practices, methodologies, etc., with local conditions and requirements for water supply. Users are able to obtain information and support on decision making across the water supply spectrum, including the design and operation of new-build, enhancement or optimisation of existing systems, and strategies that challenge conventional approaches to water supply. Users are also able to access a range of tools such as process modelling, treatment simulation, risk analysis and cost-benefit models. The TKI and user guidance documentation can be accessed directly (http://tki.techneau.org) or via a link on the TECHNEAU website (www.techneau.eu).

Case Studies Large-scale, integrated case studies were developed to demonstrate the delivery of safe water to consumers through the application of technologies, practices, methodologies, etc., developed in TECHNEAU at full scale in real-life situations, resolving real problems and offering real benefits to end-users. Six case studies were developed: Windhoek - Demonstration of a multi-barrier approach to

the reclamation and treatment of wastewater to produce drinking water (end-user: WINGOC)

Lisbon – Demonstration of the optimisation of water quality in distribution (end-user: EPAL)

Riga - Implementation of a monitoring and management strategy to reduce the risk of water quality deterioration in distribution networks (end-user: Riga Water)

New Delhi - Demonstration of monitoring and analysis and feasibility of the OBM process for developing and newly-industrialised countries (end-user: Veolia, India)

Bergen - Demonstration of the optimized operation of water treatment and distribution (end-user: Bergen Water)

Amsterdam - Demonstration of integrated, sustainable and optimized operation of water treatment to achieve biostability in distribution (end-user: Waternet)

The case studies have been fully documented providing examples for others to make use of in planning and implementation of the technologies within their own organisations. All final reports have been incorporated as knowledge packages into the TKI, each including an overview of the case study with links to relevant deliverables, reference material and websites.

6-8 June 2011 FIPS 2011 Conference: Faecal Indicators – Problem or Solution? Organiser: RSC, OSCI Host: Edinburgh Conference Centre, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland Further information: www.fips2011.org 27-30 September 2011 LESAM 2011: Strategic Asset Management of Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Organiser: IWA / FiW Host: Aquatorium, Műlheim an der Ruhr, Germany Further information: www.lesam2011.org or email info@lesam2011.org

The TECHNEAU project has run for 5 years, from January 2006 to December 2010. Its publications are issued on the TECHNEAU website (www.techneau.eu) and can be downloaded free-of-charge.

TECHNEAU Delivered!

Forthcoming Events

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Report Number

Title

WA1 Rethink The System D1.1.1 Trend Report: Report on Trends in South Africa /

Sub-Sahara Africa D1.1.2 Trend Report: Report on Trends in Water Stressed

Regions D1.1.3 Trend Report: Report on Trends in Eastern

European Countries (Baltic States) D1.1.4 Trend Report: Report on Trends in Southern

European Countries (Portugal) D1.1.5b Trend Report: Report on Trends in Central Europe

(Germany / Switzerland) D1.1.6a/b Spain - A TECHNEAU Case Study: Phases I & II -

Climate Change D1.1.6c Long Term Effects of Climate Change on Europe’s

Water Resources (Romania) D1.1.7 Global Trends Affecting the Water Cycle: Winds of

Change in the Water World D1.1.9 Trend Report: Report on Trends Regarding Future

Risks D1.1.11 Organisation and Financing Models of the Drinking

Water Sector: Review of Available Information on Trends and Changes

D1.1.12 Report on Consumer Trends: Cross-cutting Issues Across Europe

D1.1.13 Existing Foresight Studies: A Literature Review D1.1.14 Trend Report: The Netherlands D1.2.1 Adaptive Strategies: Integrated Approach and

Flexibility under recognition of Local Conditions D1.3.1 Case Study Report Sub-Saharan Africa: Assessing

Validity of Adaptive Strategies D1.3.2 Case Study Report Baltic States: Development of

Adaptive Strategies (Latvia) D1.3.3 Case Study Report Brabant Water: Flexibility

Enhancing Adaptations D1.3.4 Case Study Report Cyprus: Flexibility in Coping

with Water Stress and Integration of Different Measures

D1.3.6 Adaptive Strategies: Integration in Work Area 7 WA2 Treatment Technologies

D2.1.2 State-of-the-Art Report on Reverse Osmosis Desalination

D2.1.2b New Prototype Pre-Filter for Seawater Reverse Osmosis: Protocol for Bench-Scale Testing

D2.1.3/4/5/6

Pre-Filtration for SWRO Membranes: Comparison of Cartridge Filters and a Novel Pre-Filter Design

D2.2.1 Fundamental Process Design Principles for the OBM (including Cost Assessment)

D2.2.2 Assessment of the Process Performance of the OBM Process as a Barrier

D2.2.3 Comparison of Polymeric and Ceramic Membrane Filtration for Particles Removal in the OBM

D2.2.4 Comparison of Different Oxidation Processes for the OBM

D2.3.1.1 A Semi-Quantitative Method for Prediction of the Rejection of Uncharged Organic Micropollutants with Nanofiltration

D2.3.1.2 A Nanofiltration Retention Model for Trace Contaminants in Drinking Water Sources

D2.3.1.3 Influence of Electrostatic Interactions on the

Rejection with NF and Assessment of the Removal Efficiency during NF/GAC Treatment of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds from Surface Water

D2.3.2 Coagulation Pre-Treatment for Microfiltration with Ceramic Membranes

D2.3.2.1 Ceramic Microfiltration as the First Treatment Step in Surface Water Treatment

D2.3.2.2 Removal of Particulate Matter by Ceramic Membranes during Surface Water Treatment: Interim Report

D2.3.2.3 Superground PAC in Combination with Ceramic Microfiltration

D2.3.2.3b Superground PAC in Combination with Ceramic Microfiltration II

D2.3.2.6 Combination of Fenton Oxidation Process and Ceramic Nanofiltration

D2.3.2.7 Removal of Phages and Nanoparticles by Ceramic Membranes

D2.3.3.1 Treatment of Trace Organics in Membrane Concentrate

D2.3.3.5a Ceramic Membranes: Case-Related Protocol for Optimal Operational Conditions to Treat Filter Backwash Water

D2.3.3.5b Ceramic Membrane Applications for Spent Filter Backwash Water Treatment

D2.4.1.1 UV Disinfection and UV/H2O2 Oxidation: By-product Formation and Control

D2.4.1.2b Degradation of Priority Compounds by UV and UV-oxidation

D2.4.1.2/3

Fenton Process for Contaminant Control

D2.4.1.5 Assessment of the UV/TiO2 Oxidation Process D2.4.1.6 Effect of UV/TiO2 in Combination with Different

Oxidants on NOM removal D2.4.1.7 Performance of the UV/TiO2 Photocatalytic

Oxidation Process for Micropollutants Removal in Drinking Water

D2.4.2.3 Comparison of Ozonation and AOPs in Various Waters and Assessment of Oxidation Efficiency

D2.4.2.5 Modelling Micropollutant Removal by Ozonation and Chlorination in Potable Water Treatment

D2.4.2.6 Modelling of Micropollutant Removal by Ozonation and Chlorination in Potable Water Treatment

D2.4.2.8 / D2.4.2.9

Modelling Ozonation Processes for Disinfection By-product Control in Potable Water Treatment

D2.5.3 International Market Survey on Membrane-Based Products for Decentralised Water Supply

D2.5.4 Decentralised Water Supply and Membrane Processes: Workshop

D2.5.5 Preparation of the Demonstration Study of Compact Units for Decentralised Supply

D2.5.9 Scaled-up Trials with a Gravity-driven Ultrafiltration Unit in France

D2.5.11 Decentralised Water Supply: International Networks and TECHNEAU Activities – Workshop

D2.5.13 Development of UV-LED Disinfection WA3 Monitoring And Control Technologies

D3.1.1/2 Monitoring and Control of Drinking Water Quality: Selection of Key Parameters

D3.1.3 Monitoring and Control of Drinking Water Quality:

TECHNEAU NEWSLETTER Number 10 JANUARY 2011 Page 10 of 11

Inventory and Evaluation of Monitoring Technologies for Key Parameters

D3.1.4 Concepts for Data Evaluation D3.2.1 UV-Vis Monitoring Station for Calculating

‘Integrated Parameters’ D3.2.4 A Method for the Concentration of Microbes in

Large Volumes of Water D3.2.5 Interim SOP for HPLC-based Analysis of New

Algal Toxins (Dissolved State) in Natural Waters D3.2.6 Final SOP for HPLC-based Analysis of Cell-bound

and Dissolved Nodularin in Natural Waters D3.2.7 Redesigned Monitoring Station based on UV/Vis

Spectrometry D3.2.9 Final SOP for HPLC-based Analysis of Saxitoxins

(Cell-bound and Dissolved State) in Natural Waters D3.2.10 Final SOP for HPLC-based Analysis of Amino-

acid-like Algal Toxins (Cell-bound and Dissolved State) in Natural Waters

D3.2.11 Concentration Method using Hemoflow Ultrafiltration

D3.3.1 A Flow Cytometric Method for AOC Determination D3.3.2 Feasibility Report of a Quantitative Method for

Rapid Assessment of Microbial Population Composition in Drinking Water using Flow Cytometry combined with FISH

D3.3.4 Development of a Toolbox for Identifying and Quantifying Membrane Biofouling in Drinking Water Treatment

D3.3.5 Assessing the Feasibility of Total Virus Detection with Flow Cytometry in Drinking Water

D3.3.7 A Protocol for the Determination of Total Cell Concentration of Natural Microbial Communities in Drinking Water with FCM

D3.3.8 Cultivation-Independent Assessment of Viability with Flow Cytometry

D3.3.9 A Report on the Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria on Natural Assimilable Organic Carbon

D3.3.10 A Comparison of AOC Methods used by the Different TECHNEAU Partners

D3.3.12 Development of a Toolbox for Identifying and Quantifying Membrane Biofouling in Drinking Water Treatment

D3.3.13 Characterisation of Biofouling on Hollow Fibre Membranes using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and Image Analysis

D3.3.14 A Report on Bioassay to Estimate the Growth Potential of Pathogenic Bacteria in Drinking Water

D3.4.6 Odour and Flavour Tests: Human Panel and Electronic Testing Compared

D3.4.12 Monitoring of Toxins in Drinking Water by the ToxProtect64 Fish Monitor

D3.4.15 Validation of the FISH-based Detection and Quantification of E.coli and Coliform Bacteria in Water Samples

D3.4.17 Automated Quantification of FISH-labelled Bacteria D3.5.1 Development of FISH Methods for Detection of

Pathogens in Biofilm D3.5.2 UV-Vis Monitoring Station for Calculating

‘Integrated Parameters’ D3.5.3 Detection of Number and Viability of E. coli and A.

hydrophila with the FISH Technique

D3.5.4 Integrated UV-Vis Parameters for Distribution Network Monitoring

D3.5.5 Portable Monitoring Station D3.5.6 Redesigned Monitoring Station and Central Station

for Monitoring of Integrated UV/Vis Parameters D3.5.7 Comparison of Two FISH-based Methods for the

Analysis and Quantification of E.coli in Water and Biofilm Samples

D3.6.2.1b A Novel Assay to Detect Genotoxicity D3.6.3.4 Monitoring of Toxins in Drinking Water by the

ToxProtect64 Fish Monitor: Training Material for End Users

D3.6.5.1 A Comparison between AOC, FCMTCC and Conventional Drinking Water Parameters

D3.6.8.1 Survival of E. coli in Drinking Water Biofilm: The Application of the FISH Technique

D3.6.8.2 Fate of E. coli in Biofilm of Water Treatment Plant and Distribution Networks: The Application of the FISH Technique

D3.6.8.3 Applicability of Biofilm Sampling for Detection of Pathogens in Drinking Water Distribution Networks

D3.6.8.5 Rapid and Specific Quantification of Indicator Bacteria in Biofilms and Water Concentrate

D3.6.10 Overview of the Microbial Methods Developed and Tested in WA3

WA4 Risk Assessment And Risk Management

D4.1.3 / D4.2.1/2/3

Generic Framework and Methods for Integrated Risk Management in Water Safety Plans

D4.1.4 Identification and Description of Hazards for Water Supply Systems

D4.1.5a Risk Assessment Case Study: Goteborg, Sweden D4.1.5b Risk Assessment Case Study: Bergen, Norway D4.1.5c Risk Assessment Case Study: Amsterdam, The

Netherlands D4.1.5d Risk Assessment Case Study: Freiburg-Ebnet D4.1.5e Risk Assessment Case Study: Breznice, Czech

Republic D4.1.5f Risk Assessment Case Study: Upper Mnyameni,

South Africa D4.1.5g Risk Assessment Case Studies: Summary Report D4.2.4 Methods for Risk Analysis of Drinking Water

Systems from Source-to-tap: Guidance Report D4.3.3 Technical Efficiency of Existing Risk Reduction

Options in Surface Water Systems D4.3.4 Technical Efficiency of Existing Risk Reduction

Options in Surface Water Systems - Special Consideration to Nitrates from Agriculture

D4.3.6 Technical Efficiency of Existing Risk Reduction Options for Distribution of Drinking Water – Reservoirs, pumping stations, distribution networks and internal piping WA5 Operation And Maintenance

D5.1.2 Framework for Operational Cost Benefit Analysis in

Water Supply D5.2.1 Results of Background Work and Data Integration

of MAR Systems for an Integrated Water Resources Management

D5.2.2 Inorganic Substances and Physiochemical

TECHNEAU NEWSLETTER Number 10 JANUARY 2011 Page 11 of 11

Parameters listed in Indian and German Drinking Water Standards: Preliminary Report

D5.2.3 Analysis of the Vulnerability of Bank Filtration Systems to Climate Change

D5.2.4 Feasibility Study on Post-treatment Options after Riverbank Filtration in Delhi – Minimum Requirements

D5.2.5 Bank Filtration Simulator: Manual D5.2.6 Occurrence and Fate of Microbial Pathogens and

Organic Trace Compounds at RBF Sites in Delhi, India

D5.2.8 Investigation of RBF Potential in Developing and Newly Industrialising Countries – Lessons Learnt from the Delhi Case Study

D5.2.9 Relevance and Opportunities of Bank Filtration to Provide Safe Water for Developing and Newly Industrialised Countries

D5.2.12 State-of-the-art of Well Field Optimization Modelling

D5.3.1a Water Treatment by Enhanced Coagulation: Operational Status and Optimization Issues

D5.3.1b Ozonation and Biofiltration in Water Treatment: Operational Status and Optimization Issues

D5.3.2 Water Treatment by Enhanced Coagulation and Ozonation-Biofiltration: Intermediate Report on Operation Optimisation Procedures and Trials

D5.3.4a Ultrafiltration with Pre-Coagulation in Drinking Water Production: Literature Review

D5.3.4b Nanofiltration in Drinking Water Treatment: Literature Review

D5.3.5a Ultrafiltration with Pre-Coagulation in Drinking Water Production: Survey on Operational Strategies

D5.3.5b Nanofiltration for Removal of Humic substances: Survey on Operational Strategies

D5.3.6a Ultra- and Nanofiltration in Water Treatment: Workshop

D5.3.6b Nanofiltration as a Treatment Barrier Against Pathogens

D5.3.7a Input for Process Simulator D5.3.8 Impact of Chlorination on the Formation of Odour

Compounds and their Precursors in Treatment of Drinking Water

D5.3.10 Backwash Characteristics of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) from Asia

D5.4.1 Models for Drinking Water Treatment: Review of State-of-the-Art

D5.4.1a International Workshop on Treatment Simulators: Review

D5.4.2 Models for Drinking Water Treatment: Methodology for Integration

D5.4.3 Conceptual Design of Modelling Framework D5.4.4 TECHNEAU Water Treatment Simulator:

Modelling Framework (Version 1.0) D5.4.7 / D5.4.8

TECHNEAU Water Treatment Simulator: Modelling Framework (Version 3.0)

D5.5.1/2 Particles in Relation to Water Quality Deterioration and Problems in the Network

D5.5.3 Database on the Formation of Sediment in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

D5.5.4 Methodology of Modelling Bacterial Growth in

Drinking Water Systems D5.5.5 Review and Selection of Monitoring Parameters and

Methods D5.5.9 Modelling Planktonic and Biofilm Growth of a

Monoculture (P. fluorescens) in Drinking Water D5.5.15 Influence of Water Velocity and NOM Composition

on Corrosion of Iron Pipes D5.6.1 / D5.6.2

Report on Operational Methods and Maintenance Schemes: Applied in Praxis and Compared to Best Practice

D5.6.7 Water-quality Driven Operation and Maintenance of Drinking Water Networks: Best Management Practice

WA6 Consumer Acceptance And Trust

D6.1.1 Assessing Consumer Trust and Confidence: Methods Appropriate for the Water Utilities

D6.1.2 Consumer Trust and Confidence: An Overview D6.1.6 / D6.2.6

Stakeholder Interviews: Final Report

D6.2.1 Consumer Preferences: An Overview D6.2.2 Assessing Consumer Preferences for Drinking

Water Services: An Overview D6.3.1 / D6.3.2

Effective Risk Communication: A Guide to Best Practice

WA7 Integrate, Validate and Demonstrate

D7.4.1 Case Study 2: Report of the Characterization of the Lisbon Drinking Water Distribution Network

D7.5.1 Case Study 3: Report of the End-User Workshop with Riga Water

D7.5.3 Risk Assessment of Riga Water Supply D7.5.4 Risk Reduction in the Riga Water Supply by

Application of Modelling Tools, Pathogen Control and Turbidity Reduction

D7.5.5 Final Report of the Riga Case Study D7.5.6 CBA of Water Quality Improvement in Riga Water

Distribution Network D7.5.7 Consumer Issues in Riga: A Case Study D7.9.2 Design and Applicability of the OBM Process for

New Delhi D7.9.5 Endocrine Disruptors and Algal Toxins during

Riverbank Filtration Passage in Northern India WA8 Dissemination And Training

D8.1.1 Scan of Promising Technologies in the SME

Network

An Integrated Project Funded by the European Commission under the Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystems Thematic Priority Area.

Contract Number: 018320 Project Coordinator: Dr. Theo van den Hoven KWR Project Duration: 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2010