Technical Report 20200117 - oag.ca.govIdentific 17.9% Carry Suspicious Weapon 1.0% Casing 1.2% Suspect Acting as a Lookout 0.3% Drug Transaction 1.1% Engaging In a Violent Crime 0.5%

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Contents Section 1: Aggregate Wave 1 Agency Data.......................................................................................... 2

Subsection 1: 2018 Record Submission Status as of April 1, 2019 .......................................... 2 Subsection 2: Race and Ethnicity Tables .................................................................................. 2

Stop Circumstance ........................................................................................................ 3 Regulation Field Distribution Start ............................................................................... 4 Officer Assignment Type............................................................................................ 22 American Community Survey .................................................................................... 32 Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System............................................................. 34 Veil of Darkness ......................................................................................................... 35 Search Yield Rates...................................................................................................... 39 Citation/Arrest Rates................................................................................................... 43

Subsection 3: Gender Tables ................................................................................................... 49 Stop Circumstance ...................................................................................................... 49 Regulation Field Distribution Start ............................................................................. 50 Officer Assignment Type............................................................................................ 64 Search Yield Rates...................................................................................................... 73 Citation/Arrest Rates................................................................................................... 74

Subsection 4: LGBT Tables .................................................................................................... 75 Stop Circumstance ...................................................................................................... 75 Regulation Field Distribution Start ............................................................................. 76 Officer Assignment Type............................................................................................ 86 Search Yield Rates...................................................................................................... 90 Citation/Arrest Rates................................................................................................... 92

Subsection 5: Age Tables ........................................................................................................ 93 Stop Circumstance ...................................................................................................... 93 Regulation Field Distribution Start ............................................................................. 94 Officer Assignment Type.......................................................................................... 110 Search Yield Rates.................................................................................................... 121 Citation/Arrest Rates................................................................................................. 125

Subsection 6: Limited English Fluency Tables ..................................................................... 125 Stop Circumstance .................................................................................................... 125 Regulation Field Distribution Start ........................................................................... 126 Officer Assignment Type.......................................................................................... 137 Search Yield Rates.................................................................................................... 141 Citation/Arrest Rates................................................................................................. 142

Subsection 7: Disability Tables ............................................................................................. 143 Stop Circumstance .................................................................................................... 144 Regulation Field Distribution Start ........................................................................... 145 Officer Assignment Type.......................................................................................... 163 Search Yield Rates.................................................................................................... 173 Citation/Arrest Rates................................................................................................. 176

Subsection 8: Officer Information......................................................................................... 177 Section 2: Single Agency Data.......................................................................................................... 179

Subsection 1: Stop Distribution and Population Distribution by Race/Ethnicity.................. 179 Subsection 2: Stop Distribution and SWITRS Not-At-Fault Parties by Race/Ethnicity....... 183 Subsection 3: Veil of Darkness ............................................................................................. 186 Subsection 4: Search Yield Rates.......................................................................................... 194 Subsection 5: Citation and Arrest Rates................................................................................ 200

1

Introduction

This technical report supplements Racial and Identity Profiling Advisory Board: Annual Report 2020. It is a consolidation of analyses based on the completed records submitted to the California Department of Justice related to stop data collected from, July 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018. The information collected under RIPA includes data on peace officer perceptions of the demographics of stopped individuals. The purpose of collecting information on officer perceptions is to attempt to systematically document and analyze stops and searches to determine whether disparities occur depending on race or identity. The perceived demographic information collected includes a number of characteristics such as race or ethnicity, gender, age, disability status, English fluency, and LGBT identity. Unless otherwise noted, the demographic information in this report is based on officers’ perceptions and may not reflect actual demographic statistics. The following table, details the information officers must report in each submission record.

Information Regarding Stop 1. Date, Time, and Duration 2. Location 3. Reason for Stop 4. Was Stop in Response to Call for Service? 5. Actions Taken During Stop 6. Contraband or Evidence Discovered 7. Property Seized 8. Result of Stop

Information Regarding Officer’s Perception of Person Stopped 1. Perceived Race or Ethnicity 2. Perceived Age 3. Perceived Gender 4. Perceived to be LGBT 5. Limited or No English Fluency 6. Perceived or Known Disability

Information Regarding Officer 1. Officer’s Identification Number 2. Years of Experience 3. Type of Assignment

2

Section 1: Aggregate Wave 1 Agency Data

Subsection 1: 2018 Record Submission Status as of April 1, 2019

Record Submission Status Number of Percent of Stopped Stopped Individuals Individuals

Completed/Successful Submission 1,800,054 98.8% Incomplete/Unsuccessful Submission 21,163 1.2%

In Progress 96 0.5% Submitted with Errors/Incomplete 20,660 97.6% Deleted 305 1.4% Ready for Submission 102 0.5%

Total 1,821,217 100% Note. All other tables in this document utilize data only from Completed/Successful Submission records. “In Progress” (DOJ Web App only) indicates the record has been partially recorded but has not been completed. “Submitted with Errors/Incomplete” indicates that the record was submitted to the DOJ with one or more data validation errors (SFTP and Web Services only). “Deleted” indicates a record was deleted for one of the following reasons: 1) Stop record created in error; 2) Stop record captured by another officer; 3) Stop record not required by regulations; 4) Data was submitted in error; 5) Other (requires a narrative explanation). “Ready for Submission” (DOJ Web App only) status indicates that all of the data elements have been entered but the stop record has not been submitted to DOJ.

Subsection 2: Race and Ethnicity Tables

Table 2.1 Number of Individuals Stopped by Race/Ethnicity

Race/Ethnicity Count %

Asian 99,447 5.5%

Black/African American 271,188 15.1%

Hispanic/Latino 716,029 39.8%

Middle Eastern/South Asian 79,917 4.4%

Multiracial 21,239 1.2%

Native American 3,885 0.2%

Pacific Islander 10,584 0.6%

White 597,765 33.2%

Total 1,800,054 100.0%

Note. Percentages were calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054).

3

Table 2.2 Stop Circumstance by Race/Ethnicity

Race/Ethnicity Officer Initiated Calls for Service

Count % Count %

Asian 96,734 97.3% 2,713 2.7%

Black/African American 251,291 92.7% 19,897 7.3%

Hispanic/Latino 686,017 95.8% 30,012 4.2%

Middle Eastern/South Asian 78,171 97.8% 1,746 2.2%

Multiracial 19,851 93.5% 1,388 6.5%

Native American 3,665 94.3% 220 5.7%

Pacific Islander 10,047 94.9% 537 5.1%

White 568,900 95.2% 28,865 4.8%

Total 1,714,676 95.3% 85,378 4.7%

Note. Percentages are based off total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054).

4

Table 2.3.1 Reason for Stop by Race/Ethnicity

Race/Ethnicity Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/

PRCS/ Mandatory Supervision

Warrant Truant

Consensual Encounter Resulting in Search

Possible Conduct Under

Educate Code*

Determine Whether Student Violated School Policy*

Total

Asian 93.6% 5.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.9% 0.0% 0.0% 99,447 Black/African American 75.6% 19.5% 0.9% 1.2% 0.4% 2.3% 0.0% 0.0% 271,188 Hispanic/Latino 85.2% 10.6% 0.8% 0.8% 0.3% 2.4% 0.0% 0.0% 716,029 Middle Eastern/South Asian

94.9% 3.6% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 1.1% 0.0% 0.0% 79,917

Multiracial 82.8% 12.9% 0.6% 0.9% 0.3% 2.5% - 0.0% 21,239 Native American 80.6% 13.0% 1.2% 1.4% 0.6% 3.2% - - 3,885 Pacific Islander 86.7% 10.1% 0.4% 0.8% 0.4% 1.5% - 0.0% 10,584 White 85.7% 10.8% 0.4% 0.6% 0.4% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 597,765

Total 84.8% 11.4% 0.6% 0.7% 0.3% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 1,800,054 Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” row are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

5

Table 2.3.2 Traffic Violation Types by Race/Ethnicity

Race/Ethnicity Moving Equipment Non-moving Identity Group Total

Asian 73.1% 8.8% 18.1% 93,039 Black/African American 60.2% 18.2% 21.6% 205,123 Hispanic/Latino 63.6% 17.3% 19.1% 609,967 Middle Eastern/South Asian 68.5% 11.9% 19.5% 75,831 Multiracial 66.6% 14.4% 19.0% 17,584 Native American 63.5% 18.2% 18.4% 3,133 Pacific Islander 68.4% 12.1% 19.5% 9,181 White 68.7% 11.3% 19.9% 511,997 Total 65.8% 14.6% 19.7% 1,525,855 Note. Frequencies are based off total number of individuals stopped for a traffic violation (N = 1,525,8551) per identity group (Identity Group Total” column).

1 While 1,525,853 individuals were stopped for traffic violations, due to a system error 1,525,855 (i.e. two more) individuals had a response for traffic violation type and are reported in the data.

6

Table 2.3.3 Reason for Stop Reasonable Suspicion Breakdown by Race/Ethnicity

Race/Ethnicity

Asian

Officer Witness

Commiss Crime 34.0%

Match Susp Descr

27.7%

Witness/ Victim

Identific

17.9%

Carry Suspicious Weapon

1.0%

Casing

1.2%

Suspect Acting as a

Lookout

0.3%

Drug Transaction

1.1%

Engaging In a

Violent Crime 0.5%

Other

27.9%

Identity Group Total

4,955

Black/African American Hispanic/Latino

37.8%

36.1%

29.0%

26.5%

16.2%

14.1%

2.1%

1.8%

1.0%

1.5%

0.6%

0.9%

1.5%

1.7%

0.8%

0.8%

25.0%

28.5%

52,930

76,113

Middle Eastern/South Asian Multiracial

29.3%

35.3%

32.2%

31.3%

21.2%

16.7%

1.4%

2.2%

1.8%

1.5%

0.3%

0.8%

0.9%

1.5%

0.5%

1.2%

26.4%

29.7%

2,912

2,742

Native American 37.7% 27.3% 8.5% 1.2% 0.8% 0.4% 0.8% 1.2% 27.9% 506

Pacific Islander 28.9% 34.3% 16.5% 2.2% 1.2% 0.4% 1.5% 1.5% 28.9% 1,064

White 37.6% 30.8% 12.8% 1.1% 1.3% 0.3% 1.0% 0.5% 24.9% 64,271

Reasonable Suspicion Total 36.8% 28.7% 14.5% 1.6% 1.3% 0.6% 1.4% 0.7% 26.4% 205,493

Note. Reasonable suspicion subcategory percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who were stopped for reasonable suspicion (N = 205,493) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). Abbreviation for Reason for Stop left to right. Officer Witness Commiss Crime= Officer Witness Commission of a Crime, Match Susp Descr= Matched Suspect Description, Witness/Victim Identific= Witness/Victim Identification.

7

Table 2.3.4 Reason for Stop by Stop Circumstance and Race/Ethnicity

Race/Ethnicity Stop Circumstance

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*


Identity Group

Total Count

Asian Officer Initiated 95.6% 3.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 96,734

Call for Service 21.3% 67.0% 0.3% 1.8% 2.7% 6.7% - 0.1% 2,713

Black/African American

Officer Initiated Call for Service

80.9%

9.0%

14.8%

79.3%

0.9%

0.9%

1.1%

2.4%

0.3%

2.0%

2.0%

6.2%

0.0%

0.1%

0.0%

0.1%

251,291

19,897

Hispanic/Latino Officer Initiated 88.2% 8.0% 0.8% 0.7% 0.2% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 686,017

Call for Service 17.0% 71.1% 0.9% 2.3% 1.9% 6.8% 0.1% 0.1% 30,012 Middle Eastern/South

Officer Initiated 96.5% 2.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 1.0% 0.0% 0.0% 78,171

Asian Call for Service 23.8% 66.6% 0.4% 1.6% 1.7% 6.0% - - 1,746

Multiracial Officer Initiated 87.7% 8.6% 0.6% 0.8% 0.2% 2.1% - 0.0% 19,851

Call for Service 12.8% 74.6% 0.6% 2.7% 1.8% 7.6% - 0.1% 1,388

Native American


84.3%

19.1%

10.3%

58.2%

1.1%

1.8%

1.2%

5.0%

0.3%

5.5%

2.8%

10.5%

-

-

-

-

3,665

220

Pacific Islander Officer Initiated 90.7% 6.6% 0.4% 0.7% 0.3% 1.2% - 0.0% 10,047

Call for Service 12.5% 74.3% 0.4% 3.4% 2.0% 7.4% - - 537

White Officer Initiated 89.2% 7.7% 0.4% 0.5% 0.3% 1.9% 0.0% 0.0% 568,900

Call for Service 15.4% 71.0% 0.9% 2.0% 2.7% 8.0% 0.0% 0.0% 28,865

8

Officer 88.3% 8.4% 0.6% 0.6% 0.2% 1.9% 0.0% 0.0% 1,714,676 Initiated Total Call for 14.8% 72.8% 0.9% 2.2% 2.2% 7.1% 0.0% 0.0% 85,378 Service Overall Total 84.80% 11.40% 0.60% 0.70% 0.30% 2.20% 0.00% 0.00% 1,800,054

Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). Percentages in the “Officer Assignment Type Total” row are based off the total number of individuals stopped for each assignment type (See “Identity Group Total” column). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

9

Table 2.4 Actions Taken During Stop by Race/Ethnicity

Asian Black/ Hispanic/ Middle Multiracial Native Pacific White Total African Latino Eastern/South American Islander

American Asian Removed from 1.2% 7.9% 4.4% 1.5% 4.4% 3.7% 2.9% 1.9% 3.8% Vehicle by Order Removed from 0.1% 0.3% 0.2% 0.0% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% Vehicle by Physical Contact Field Sobriety Test 1.0% 1.1% 1.7% 0.9% 1.5% 2.8% 1.4% 1.3% 1.4%

Curbside Detention 2.2% 9.7% 5.6% 1.9% 6.4% 5.1% 4.5% 4.4% 5.5%

Handcuffed 2.9% 12.1% 7.7% 2.4% 7.9% 9.1% 6.0% 5.7% 7.2%

Patrol Car Detention 1.8% 6.3% 4.9% 1.5% 7.6% 3.5% 3.4% 2.8% 4.1%

Canine Search 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Firearm Point 0.1% 0.6% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3%

Firearm Discharge 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% - - - 0.0% 0.0%

Electronic Control 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% - 0.0% 0.0% Device Impact Projectile 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Discharge Canine Bite 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% - 0.0% 0.0%

Baton 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% - - - - 0.0% 0.0%

Chemical Spray 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% - 0.0% 0.0%

Other Physical of 0.2% 0.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% Vehicle Contact Person Photographed 0.4% 0.9% 0.5% 0.2% 0.7% 1.9% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6%

10

Asian Black/ Hispanic/ Middle Multiracial Native Pacific White Total African Latino Eastern/South American Islander

American Asian Asked for Consent to 0.5% 2.9% 2.6% 0.4% 4.2% 2.5% 1.3% 1.7% 2.1% Search Person Searched Person 2.7% 17.1% 10.5% 2.6% 10.5% 10.2% 7.1% 6.0% 9.2%

Asked for Consent to 0.3% 1.7% 1.3% 0.3% 2.1% 1.4% 0.7% 0.8% 1.1% Search Property Searched Property 1.2% 8.5% 4.2% 1.1% 4.9% 3.8% 3.2% 2.6% 4.0%

Property Seized 0.3% 1.1% 0.6% 0.2% 0.8% 1.0% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7%

Vehicle Impound 0.5% 1.3% 1.5% 0.4% 1.2% 1.7% 0.9% 0.7% 1.1%

Admission/ Written 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% - - 0.0% 0.0% Statement Obtained from Student* No Action Taken 92.7% 69.0% 80.0% 93.4% 78.9% 81.0% 85.4% 87.1% 82.0%

Search Person Consent 91.1% 86.0% 92.5% 93.6% 97.4% 91.7% 98.6% 93.6% 91.6% Given Search Property 91.3% 80.7% 89.4% 90.6% 96.0% 92.5% 93.1% 91.9% 88.2% Consent given Identity Group Total 99,447 271,188 716,029 79,917 21,239 3,885 10,584 597,765 1,800,054

Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group (see “Identity Group Total” row). Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

11

Table 2.5 Basis for Search by Race/Ethnicity

Asian Black/ African

American

Hispanic/ Latino

Middle Eastern/South

Asian Multiracial Native

American Pacific Islander White Total

Consent Given 19.0% 26.4% 30.7% 25.1% 40.4% 22.3% 18.9% 22.6% 27.5% Officer Safety/ Safety of 26.2% 32.7% 32.2% 28.1% 35.0% 29.7% 25.7% 25.4% 30.7% Others Search Warrant 4.0% 1.0% 1.4% 1.8% 0.8% 1.4% 3.5% 1.4% 1.3% Condition of Parole/ 11.1% 23.9% 18.4% 10.9% 18.0% 21.8% 20.3% 18.8% 19.8% Probation/ PRCS/ Mandatory Supervision Suspected Weapon 6.6% 12.8% 9.6% 7.4% 9.1% 10.9% 9.3% 5.5% 9.5% Visible Contraband 3.7% 6.8% 4.5% 3.3% 5.4% 2.6% 4.4% 3.9% 5.0% Odor of Contraband 2.9% 8.5% 4.6% 2.8% 7.5% 1.9% 3.3% 1.8% 5.1% Canine Detection 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.5% - 0.2% 0.2% Evidence of Crime 6.2% 5.3% 5.6% 5.2% 8.2% 3.9% 4.8% 5.8% 5.6% Incident to Arrest 52.4% 30.1% 34.2% 46.4% 36.9% 47.3% 43.4% 47.8% 36.6% Exigent 0.8% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.1% 0.4% 0.4% Circumstances/Emergency Vehicle Inventory 3.1% 2.9% 3.3% 3.8% 3.2% 2.6% 2.6% 3.0% 3.1% Suspected Violation of 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% - - - 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% School Policy* Identity Group Total 3,040 50,637 80,327 2,259 2,466 431 838 38,977 178,975 Note. Basis for search frequencies were calculated based off the number of individuals who were subject to a search (N = 178,9752) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” row). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

2 While 178,975 individuals were stopped for traffic violations, due to a system error 178,973 (i.e. two less) individuals did not have a response for basis for search subcategories reported in the data.

12

Table 2.6 Contraband and Evidence Discovered by Race/Ethnicity

Asian Black/ African

American

Hispanic/ Latino




None 98.8% 94.0% 96.3% 99.1% 95.8% 96.3% 97.3% 97.5% 96.6% Firearm(s) 0.1% 0.5% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% Ammunition 0.0% 0.3% 0.1% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Weapon(s) Other than a Firearm

0.1% 0.5% 0.3% 0.1% 0.4% 0.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3%

Drugs/Narcotics 0.4% 2.6% 1.4% 0.3% 1.8% 1.3% 1.0% 1.0% 1.3% Alcohol 0.2% 1.2% 1.0% 0.2% 0.8% 0.9% 0.3% 0.5% 0.8% Money 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Drug Paraphernalia 0.2% 1.0% 0.7% 0.1% 1.1% 1.0% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7% Stolen Property 0.1% 0.4% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% Cell Phones or Electronic Devices

0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%

Other Contraband or Evidence

0.2% 0.7% 0.4% 0.1% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4%


99,447 271,188 716,029 79,917 21,239 3,885 10,584 597,765 1,800,054 Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054) per identity group (see “Identity Group Total” row).

13

Table 2.7 Basis for Property Seizure by Race/Ethnicity

Race/Ethnicity Safekeeping Contraband Evidence Impound of Vehicle

Abandoned Property

Suspected Violation of

School Policy*


Asian 11.0% 28.2% 81.0% 12.1% 0.6% - 348 Black/African American

10.4% 33.8% 76.9% 14.6% 0.7% 0.1% 3,054

Hispanic/Latino 7.6% 35.9% 71.7% 19.4% 0.8% 0.3% 4,621 Middle Eastern/South Asian

10.1% 29.8% 78.0% 13.7% - - 168

Multiracial 11.0% 32.5% 71.2% 12.9% 1.8% 0.6% 163 Native American 2.6% 28.2% 84.6% 7.7% - - 39 Pacific Islander 5.4% 37.8% 68.9% 16.2% 1.4% - 74 White 13.0% 41.7% 70.4% 12.3% 0.6% 0.2% 4,313 Total 10.2% 37.0% 72.9% 15.5% 0.7% 0.2% 12,780 Note. Basis for property seizure percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who had property seized (N = 12,780) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

14

Table 2.8 Type of Property of Seized by Race/Ethnicity

Asian Black/ African American

Hispanic/ Latino




Firearm(s) 10.1% 14.4% 12.2% 9.5% 9.8% 15.4% 13.5% 7.0% 10.9% Ammunition 6.3% 10.1% 9.6% 6.5% 8.6% 15.4% 9.5% 5.3% 8.1% Weapon(s) Other than a Firearm

10.4% 12.1% 10.1% 17.9% 11.7% 17.9% 10.8% 9.9% 10.7%

Drugs/Narcotics 34.3% 31.2% 40.3% 32.1% 33.7% 46.2% 33.8% 45.0% 39.3% Alcohol 0.6% 2.2% 1.7% 2.4% 1.2% - 1.4% 2.6% 2.1% Money 15.9% 12.8% 10.7% 10.7% 6.1% 7.7% 6.8% 6.0% 9.7% Drug Paraphernalia

20.7% 19.4% 23.6% 17.3% 21.5% 28.2% 23.0% 33.0% 25.6%

Suspected Stolen Property

11.5% 12.6% 9.1% 6.0% 10.4% 5.1% 10.8% 11.9% 10.9%

Cell phone(s) or 13.5% 11.8% 10.4% 14.3% 11.0% - 9.5% 7.8% Electronic 10.0% Device(s) Vehicle 10.4% 10.9% 15.6% 9.5% 11.7% 7.7% 10.8% 9.9% 12.3% Other Contraband or Evidence

29.4% 26.3% 20.8% 25.6% 26.4% 15.4% 28.4% 19.9% 22.2%

Total 348 3,054 4,621 168 163 39 74 4,313 12,780 Note. Type of property seized percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who had property seized (N = 12,780) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” row). Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

15

Table 2.9.1 Result of Stop by Race/Ethnicity

Asian Black/African American

Hispanic/ Latino




No Action 8.8% 15.8% 12.9% 9.6% 13.2% 15.9% 12.5% 11.9% 12.6% Warning 21.6% 26.2% 22.0% 21.8% 25.7% 27.3% 23.2% 25.5% 23.8%

Citation for Infraction 57.6% 36.8% 48.7% 61.4% 45.9% 38.0% 48.5% 49.4% 48.2%

In-Field Cite and Release 8.6% 6.0% 6.4% 4.7% 5.7% 5.1% 7.2% 5.7% 6.1%

Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding

Warrant

0.4% 2.8% 1.7% 0.3% 2.4% 3.2% 1.7% 1.5% 1.7%

Custodial Arrest Without

Warrant 2.5% 6.8% 5.8% 2.0% 5.9% 8.2% 5.1% 4.3% 5.1%

Field Interview Card

Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted

Parent/Legal Guardian

1.7%

0.2%

0.1%

10.0%

0.4%

0.2%

5.9%

0.2%

0.2%

1.7%

0.1%

0.1%

3.6%

0.5%

0.3%

4.5%

0.3%

0.1%

3.0%

0.3%

0.1%

3.4%

0.3%

0.1%

5.2%

0.3%

0.1%

16

Psychiatric Hold 0.5% 0.8% 0.4% 0.2% 0.7% 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6%

Referred to U.S.

Department of 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% - - 0.0% 0.0% Homeland Security

Referral to School Admin* 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% - 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Referral to School - 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% - - 0.0% 0.0%

Counselor* Identity

Group Total 99,447 271,188 716,029 79,917 21,239 3,885 10,584 597,765 1,800,054 Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the

total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054) per identity group (see “Identity Group Total” row). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than

0.1%.

Table 2.9.2 Result of Stop by Stop Circumstance and Race/Ethnicity

Race/Ethnicity Result of Stop Officer Initiated

Call for Service


Count


% No Action 8.4% 22.1% 8,704 8.8% Warning 21.8% 14.0% 21,445 21.6% Citation for Infraction 58.9% 9.8% 57,261 57.6%

Asian In-Field Cite and Release 8.6% 7.2% 8,503 8.6% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 0.3% 3.9% 430 0.4% Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 2.0% 22.2% 2,503 2.5% Field Interview Card Completed 1.3% 13.7% 1,642 1.7%

17


Call for Service


Count


% Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 0.1% 4.5% 210 0.2% Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.0% 0.8% 55 0.1% Psychiatric Hold 0.2% 10.3% 450 0.5% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% 0.0% 3 0.0% Referral to School Admin* 0.0% - 4 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* - - - -No Action 15.3% 22.5% 42,838 15.8% Warning 27.1% 14.9% 70,956 26.2% Citation for Infraction 39.3% 4.8% 99,837 36.8% In-Field Cite and Release 6.1% 5.0% 16,358 6.0% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 2.5% 7.4% 7,638 2.8%


Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed

5.1% 9.2%

28.0% 19.2%

18,455 27,014

6.8% 10.0%

Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 0.2% 2.9% 1,031 0.4% Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.1% 1.3% 566 0.2% Psychiatric Hold 0.3% 6.4% 2,142 0.8% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% 0.0% 17 0.0% Referral to School Admin* 0.0% 0.1% 69 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% 7 0.0% No Action 12.5% 20.7% 92,219 12.9%

Hispanic/ Latino

Warning Citation for Infraction

22.4% 50.5%

12.4% 8.5%

157,498 348,770

22.0% 48.7%

In-Field Cite and Release 6.4% 4.9% 45,623 6.4% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.5% 6.2% 12,464 1.7%

18


Call for Service


Count


% Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 4.6% 31.7% 41,203 5.8% Field Interview Card Completed 5.3% 19.0% 41,927 5.9% Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 0.1% 2.3% 1,526 0.2% Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.1% 1.2% 1,161 0.2% Psychiatric Hold 0.2% 5.0% 2,654 0.4% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% 0.0% 45 0.0% Referral to School Admin* 0.0% 0.1% 113 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% 36 0.0%


Asian

No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* Referral to School Counselor*

9.4% 21.9% 62.5% 4.7% 0.3% 1.5% 1.3% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

20.9% 16.4% 11.3% 4.7% 3.6% 25.1% 19.6% 2.5% 0.7% 6.0% 0.2% 0.1%

-

7,679 9.6% 17,398 21.8% 49,065 61.4% 3,751 4.7% 262 0.3%

1,617 2.0% 1,375 1.7% 100 0.1% 45 0.1% 183 0.2% 6 0.0% 4 0.0% 1 0.0%

No Action 12.6% 21.8% 2,811 13.2% Multiracial Warning 26.3% 16.7% 5,454 25.7%

Citation for Infraction 48.8% 5.0% 9,754 45.9%

19


Call for Service


Count


% In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

5.5% 2.0% 4.4% 3.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0%

7.9% 7.4% 26.7% 8.3% 4.8% 1.3% 7.0%

--

1,209 505

1,252 764 112 56 147 1 7

5.7% 2.4% 5.9% 3.6% 0.5% 0.3% 0.7% 0.0% 0.0%

Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% - 5 0.0% No Action 15.4% 24.1% 616 15.9% Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release

28.0% 40.0% 5.2%

15.5% 4.5% 4.1%

1,061 1,475 199

27.3% 38.0% 5.1%

Native American

Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

2.9% 7.1% 3.7% 0.2% 0.1% 0.4%

--

7.7% 26.8% 16.8% 1.4% 0.5% 7.7%

--

124 318 174 11 4 31 --

3.2% 8.2% 4.5% 0.3% 0.1% 0.8%

--

Referral to School Counselor* - - - -No Action 11.9% 24.4% 1,327 12.5%

20


Call for Service


Count


% Warning Citation for Infraction

23.8% 50.7%

12.1% 7.3%

2,457 5,133

23.2% 48.5%

In-Field Cite and Release 7.2% 7.3% 764 7.2% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant

1.5% 4.0%

6.7% 25.9%

183 540

1.7% 5.1%

Pacific Islander

Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

2.6% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3%

-0.0%

11.0% 3.0% 0.9% 8.2%

--

320 31 14 72 -1

3.0% 0.3% 0.1% 0.7%

-0.0%

Referral to School Counselor* - - - -No Action 11.4% 22.4% 71,136 11.9% Warning Citation for Infraction

25.9% 51.6%

16.1% 6.6%

152,187 295,569

25.5% 49.4%

In-Field Cite and Release 5.7% 4.6% 33,863 5.7%

White


1.3% 3.4% 2.7% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0%

6.0% 23.3% 16.3% 3.8% 0.6% 8.9% 0.0% 0.0%

8,897 25,896 20,318 2,002 521

4,473 26 58

1.5% 4.3% 3.4% 0.3% 0.1% 0.7% 0.0% 0.0%

21


Call for Service


Count


% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% 10 0.0% No Action 12.2% 21.8% 227,330 12.6% Warning 24.3% 14.4% 428,456 23.8% Citation for Infraction 50.2% 7.0% 866,864 48.2% In-Field Cite and Release 6.2% 4.9% 110,270 6.1% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.5% 6.3% 30,503 1.7% Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 4.0% 27.4% 91,784 5.1%

Total Field Interview Card Completed 4.6% 17.8% 93,534 5.2% Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 0.1% 3.1% 5,023 0.3% Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.1% 1.0% 2,422 0.1% Psychiatric Hold 0.2% 6.9% 10,152 0.6% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% 0.0% 98 0.0% Referral to School Admin* 0.0% 0.1% 256 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% 59 0.0%

Stop Circumstance Total 1,714,676 85,378 1,800,054 Note. * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

22

Table 2.10 Racial Breakdown by Officer Assignment Type

Number of Race/Ethnicity Patrol Gang Enforcement Narcotics K-12 Public School Other Records

Total Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

Asian 95,590 5.7% 353 1.1% 452 5.9% 90 5.3% 2,962 3.9% 99,447 Black/African American 246,030 14.6% 12,377 37.7% 1,847 23.9% 297 17.4% 10,637 14.1% 271,188

Hispanic/Latino 660,391 39.3% 16,634 50.7% 3,778 48.9% 670 39.2% 34,556 45.7% 716,029 Middle 4.5% 0.8% 2.1% 1.6% 5.8% Eastern/South 75,053 255 162 28 4,419 79,917 Asian Multiracial 20,046 1.2% 224 0.7% 32 0.4% 56 3.3% 881 1.2% 21,239

Native American 3,680 0.2% 41 0.1% 12 0.2% 8 0.5% 144 0.2% 3,885

Pacific Islander 10,015 0.6% 102 0.3% 21 0.3% 6 0.4% 440 0.6% 10,584

White 571,279 34.0% 2,855 8.7% 1,421 18.4% 556 32.5% 21,654 28.6% 597,765 Officer Assignment Type Total

1,682,084 93.4% 32,841 1.8% 7,725 0.4% 1,711 0.1% 75,693 4.2% 1,800,054

Note. Percentage in the “Officer Assignment Type Total” row are in reference to the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054). The officer assignment type category “Other” includes the following officer assignment types: 1) Compliance Check, 2) Special Events, 3) Roadblock or DUI Sobriety Checkpoint, 4) Task Force, 5) Investigative and 6) Other.

23

Table 2.11 Reason for Stop by Officer Assignment Type and Race/Ethnicity

Race/Identity Officer

Assignment Type

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



Patrol Gang Enforcement

94.3%

70.3%

4.5%

14.4%

0.1%

4.2%

0.2%

2.0%

0.2%

2.3%

0.8%

6.8%

0.0%

-

0.0%

-

95,590

353

Asian Narcotics 28.8% 66.4% 0.2% 1.1% - 3.5% - - 452 K-12 Public School 74.4% 13.3% - - - 4.4% 2.2% 5.6% 90

Other 83.4% 10.4% 0.4% 1.3% 0.5% 4.1% - 0.0% 2,962 Patrol 77.8% 18.2% 0.6% 1.0% 0.4% 2.0% 0.0% 0.0% 246,030

Black/ African

American

Gang Enforcement Narcotics K-12 Public School

57.1%

15.1%

18.2%

29.4%

78.9%

61.6%

6.8%

1.1%

0.3%

1.2%

3.0%

3.4%

0.3%

-

2.4%

5.3%

1.8%

6.7%

-

-

2.7%

-

-

4.7%

12,377

1,847

297

Other 59.6% 27.7% 2.3% 4.8% 0.5% 5.1% 0.0% 0.0% 10,637

Hispanic/ Latino

Patrol Gang Enforcement Narcotics K-12 Public School Other

86.6%

58.5%

25.2%

37.8%

79.3%

9.9%

25.0%

66.4%

31.0%

10.7%

0.5%

9.5%

1.0%

0.3%

0.9%

0.7%

1.8%

2.2%

1.2%

2.0%

0.3%

0.6%

-

8.1%

0.2%

2.1%

4.6%

5.1%

13.3%

6.9%

0.0%

-

-

3.6%

0.0%

0.0%

-

-

4.8%

0.0%

660,391

16,634

3,778

670

34,556 Patrol 95.4% 3.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.8% 0.0% - 75,053 Middle Gang Eastern/Sout 84.3% 7.5% 3.1% 2.0% 0.8% 2.4% - - 255 Enforcement h Asian Narcotics 35.2% 56.2% 1.2% 3.7% - 3.7% - - 162

24


Assignment Type

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



K-12 Public School 42.9% 28.6% - - - 25.0% - 3.6% 28

Other 89.2% 3.8% 0.1% 0.4% 0.2% 6.3% - - 4,419 Patrol 83.2% 12.9% 0.5% 0.8% 0.3% 2.3% - - 20,046 Gang Enforcement 54.0% 24.1% 8.0% 2.7% 0.4% 10.7% - - 224

Multiracial Narcotics 25.0% 62.5% - 12.5% - - - - 32 K-12 Public School 28.6% 44.6% - - 1.8% 8.9% - 16.1% 56

Other 86.4% 6.6% 1.2% 1.2% 0.1% 4.4% - - 881 Patrol 82.2% 12.5% 1.0% 1.1% 0.5% 2.7% - - 3,680

Native American


58.5%

25.0%

12.5%

12.2%

75.0%

12.5%

9.8%

-

-

9.8%

-

-

-

-

-

9.8%

-

75.0%

-

-

-

-

-

-

41

12

8

Other 56.3% 22.2% 2.8% 6.9% 2.8% 9.0% - - 144 Patrol 88.0% 9.2% 0.3% 0.7% 0.4% 1.4% - - 10,015

Pacific Islander


47.1%

57.1%

16.7%

39.2%

33.3%

50.0%

5.9%

-

-

1.0%

4.8%

-

2.9%

-

-

3.9%

4.8%

16.7%

-

-

-

-

-

16.7%

102

21

6

Other 69.1% 20.5% 2.0% 4.5% 0.7% 3.2% - - 440 Patrol 86.5% 10.2% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 2.0% 0.0% 0.0% 571,279

White Gang Enforcement 56.2% 20.2% 8.2% 4.6% 2.0% 8.8% - - 2,855

25


Assignment Type

Narcotics K-12 Public School

Traffic Violation

27.8%

57.4%

Reason Suspicion

62.9%

21.6%

Parole/ Probation/


2.0%

0.7%

Warrant

2.4%

1.8%

Truant

-

2.5%


4.9%

5.6%


Educate Code*

-

1.6%


-

8.8%


1,421

556

Other 71.4% 19.3% 1.6% 1.6% 0.4% 5.6% - 0.0% 21,654 Patrol 86.1% 10.7% 0.4% 0.6% 0.3% 1.9% 0.0% 0.0% 1,682,084

Officer Gang Enforcement 58.0% 26.0% 8.2% 1.8% 0.6% 5.3% - - 32,841

Assignment Type Total


23.8%

42.3%

68.5%

32.7%

1.2%

0.4%

2.5%

1.6%

-

4.4%

4.1%

9.5%

-

2.5%

-

6.5%

7,725

1,711

Other 75.0% 15.2% 1.2% 2.2% 0.3% 6.1% 0.0% 0.0% 75,693 Overall Total 84.8% 11.4% 0.6% 0.7% 0.3% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 1,800,054

Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). Percentages in the “Officer Assignment Type Total” row are based off the total number of individuals stopped for each assignment type (See “Identity Group Total” column). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%. The officer assignment type category “Other” includes the following officer assignment types: 1) Compliance Check, 2) Special Events, 3) Roadblock or DUI Sobriety Checkpoint, 4) Task Force, 5) Investigative and 6) Other.

26

Table 2.12 Result of Stop by Officer Assignment Type and Race/Ethnicity

Race/Ethnicity Result of Stop Patrol Gang Enforcement Narcotics

K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count

Identity Group Total Percent

No Action 8.5% 26.9% 4.9% 6.7% 14.2% 8,704 8.8% Warning 21.5% 28.3% 24.8% 14.4% 23.9% 21,445 21.6% Citation for Infraction 58.0% 15.3% 35.4% 53.3% 51.5% 57,261 57.6% In-Field Cite and Release 8.6% 3.1% 23.0% 18.9% 4.1% 8,503 8.6% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 0.4% 4.5% 0.4% - 0.9% 430 0.4%

Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 2.5% 5.1% 9.3% 4.4% 2.7% 2,503 2.5%

Asian Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport

1.4%

0.2%

24.4%

0.3%

10.8%

-

1.1%

-

4.5%

0.2%

1,642

210

1.7%

0.2%

Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.0% - - 8.9% 0.2% 55 0.1%

Psychiatric Hold 0.5% 0.6% - 2.2% 0.3% 450 0.5% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% - - - - 3 0.0%

Referral to School Admin* - - - 4.4% - 4 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* - - - - - - -No Action 14.2% 46.4% 4.6% 6.4% 18.6% 42,838 15.8% Warning 26.3% 30.7% 8.9% 10.1% 21.4% 70,956 26.2% Citation for Infraction 38.6% 4.9% 30.6% 15.2% 34.3% 99,837 36.8%


In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant

6.1%

2.7%

1.3%

2.4%

23.3%

5.8%

42.1%

2.4%

6.0%

4.4%

16,358

7,638

6.0%

2.8%


Field Interview Card Completed 9.6% 14.9% 19.5% 4.4% 11.0% 27,014 10.0%

27


K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count


Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 0.4% 0.0% 0.2% 1.0% 0.4% 1,031 0.4%

Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 23.6% 0.4% 566 0.2%

Psychiatric Hold 0.8% 0.0% - 2.7% 0.5% 2,142 0.8% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% - - - 0.0% 17 0.0%

Referral to School Admin* 0.0% - - 19.2% - 69 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% - 1.3% - 7 0.0% No Action 12.1% 33.1% 10.2% 6.1% 18.5% 92,219 12.9% Warning 21.9% 27.0% 16.6% 9.4% 21.7% 157,498 22.0% Citation for Infraction 49.8% 7.7% 32.2% 39.3% 48.8% 348,770 48.7% In-Field Cite and Release 6.5% 1.3% 23.7% 28.1% 3.5% 45,623 6.4% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.7% 3.6% 3.1% 1.5% 1.9% 12,464 1.7%


Hispanic/ Field Interview Card Completed 5.2% 32.4% 11.5% 1.6% 4.9% 41,927 5.9% Latino Noncriminal Transport or

Caretaking Transport 0.2% 0.1% 0.6% 2.5% 0.1% 1,526 0.2%

Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 13.1% 0.2% 1,161 0.2%


Referral to School Admin* 0.0% 0.0% - 12.7% 0.0% 113 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% - - 4.0% 0.0% 36 0.0%

Middle No Action 9.2% 22.7% 10.5% 7.1% 15.3% 7,679 9.6% Eastern/South Warning 21.7% 32.9% 25.3% 14.3% 22.2% 17,398 21.8%

Asian Citation for Infraction 61.7% 29.0% 25.9% 28.6% 59.7% 49,065 61.4%

28


K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count


In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* Referral to School Counselor*

4.8%

0.3%

2.1%

1.7%

0.1%

0.1%

0.2%

0.0%

--

1.6%

0.8%

2.4%

15.7%

0.4%

-

0.8%

-

--

24.7%

4.3%

9.9%

6.8%

-

-

-

-

--

21.4%

-

7.1%

10.7%

3.6%

10.7%

-

-

14.3% 3.6%

1.7%

0.4%

0.9%

1.4%

0.1%

0.1%

0.1%

-

--

3,751

262

1,617

1,375

100

45

183

6

4 1

4.7%

0.3%

2.0%

1.7%

0.1%

0.1%

0.2%

0.0%

0.0% 0.0%

Multiracial

No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold

13.0% 25.7% 46.2% 5.7%

2.4%

6.0%

3.3%

0.6%

0.2%

0.7%

25.4% 32.1% 12.1% 2.2%

7.6%

8.5%

23.2%

-

-

-

-25.0% 15.6% 28.1%

12.5%

21.9%

15.6%

-

-

-

3.6% 16.1% 30.4% 32.1%

-

8.9%

1.8%

-

30.4%

1.8%

15.8% 25.3% 50.2% 2.8%

1.4%

2.3%

5.8%

0.1%

0.1%

0.1%

2,811 5,454 9,754 1,209

505

1,252

764

112

56

147

13.2% 25.7% 45.9% 5.7%

2.4%

5.9%

3.6%

0.5%

0.3%

0.7%

29


K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count


Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security - - - - 0.1% 1 0.0%

Referral to School Admin* - - - 12.5% - 7 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* - - - 8.9% - 5 0.0% No Action 15.1% 51.2% - - 28.5% 616 15.9% Warning 27.9% 14.6% 16.7% - 18.8% 1,061 27.3% Citation for Infraction 38.9% - 50.0% 37.5% 24.3% 1,475 38.0% In-Field Cite and Release 4.8% 9.8% 25.0% 62.5% 7.6% 199 5.1% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 3.0% 9.8% - - 6.3% 124 3.2%

Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 8.3% 2.4% 16.7% - 5.6% 318 8.2%

Native Field Interview Card Completed 4.2% 12.2% - - 9.7% 174 4.5% American Noncriminal Transport or

Caretaking Transport 0.3% - - - 0.7% 11 0.3%

Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.1% - - - - 4 0.1%

Psychiatric Hold 0.8% - - - - 31 0.8% Referred to U.S. Department of - - - - - - -Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* - - - - - - -Referral to School Counselor* - - - - - - -No Action 12.0% 33.3% 9.5% - 21.1% 1,327 12.5% Warning 23.2% 22.5% 47.6% 16.7% 23.2% 2,457 23.2% Citation for Infraction 49.5% 6.9% 9.5% 33.3% 36.8% 5,133 48.5%

Pacific In-Field Cite and Release 7.4% 2.0% 19.0% 33.3% 3.9% 764 7.2% Islander Custodial Arrest Pursuant to

Outstanding Warrant 1.6% 4.9% 4.8% - 3.6% 183 1.7%

Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 4.9% 8.8% 4.8% - 8.0% 540 5.1%

30


K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count


Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* Referral to School Counselor*

2.6%

0.3%

0.1%

0.7%

-

--

27.5%

-

-

-

-

--

9.5%

-

-

-

-

--

33.3%

-

16.7%

-

-

16.7% -

5.2%

0.5%

0.5%

0.5%

-

--

320

31

14

72

-

1 -

3.0%

0.3%

0.1%

0.7%

-

0.0% -

White


11.6% 25.5% 50.1% 5.7%

1.4%

4.2%

3.2%

0.3%

0.1%

0.8%

0.0%

0.0% 0.0%

29.6% 26.9% 13.2% 3.3%

7.9%

10.4%

15.7%

0.3%

0.1%

0.5%

-

--

8.2% 21.5% 18.6% 26.0%

5.1%

16.8%

21.4%

0.2%

0.2%

-

-

--

8.5% 11.3% 47.8% 9.0%

0.7%

5.4%

4.7%

1.6%

9.2%

2.7%

0.2%

9.4% 1.3%

18.7% 25.8% 40.1% 3.7%

2.8%

5.8%

5.8%

0.3%

0.1%

0.5%

0.0%

0.0% -

71,136 152,187 295,569 33,863

8,897

25,896

20,318

2,002

521

4,473

26

58 10

11.9% 25.5% 49.4% 5.7%

1.5%

4.3%

3.4%

0.3%

0.1%

0.7%

0.0%

0.0% 0.0%

Total No Action Warning

11.9% 23.8%

37.6% 28.4%

8.1% 16.4%

6.8% 10.7%

18.2% 23.0%

227,330 428,456

12.6% 23.8%

31


K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count


Citation for Infraction 49.2% 7.4% 29.2% 38.1% 44.9% 866,864 48.2% In-Field Cite and Release 6.2% 1.5% 24.0% 24.0% 3.8% 110,270 6.1% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.6% 3.5% 4.0% 1.2% 2.4% 30,503 1.7%





Psychiatric Hold 0.6% 0.1% - 2.9% 0.3% 10,152 0.6% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% - - 0.1% 0.0% 98 0.0%

Referral to School Admin* 0.0% 0.0% - 12.3% 0.0% 256 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% - 2.6% 0.0% 59 0.0%

Officer Assignment Type Total 1,682,084 1,682,084 32,841 7,725 1,711 75,693 1,800,054 Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group per officer assignment type (see 2.10). Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%. The officer assignment type category “Other” includes the following officer assignment types: 1) Compliance Check, 2) Special Events, 3) Roadblock or DUI Sobriety Checkpoint, 4) Task Force, 5) Investigative and 6) Other.

32

Table 2.13.1 Stop Distribution and Weighted Population Distribution by Race/Ethnicity

Race/Ethnicity

Asian

Percentage Stopped Individuals

5.5%

Weighted Residential Population Distribution for 2017 American

Community Survey 11.9%

Black 15.1% 6.3% Hispanic Middle Eastern/South Asian Multiracial

39.8% 4.4% 1.2%

41.1% 1.9% 3.1%

Native American 0.2% 0.3% Pacific Islander 0.6% 0.3% White 33.2% 34.9% Other - 0.3% Total 1,800,054 39,536,653 Notes: To provide a more accurate representation of the 2017 ACS data for comparison, we weighted the overall distribution of each race/ethnicity in the dataset by the relative contribution of each Wave 1 agency in our stop data. Frequency weights for sheriff’s departments were given according to the population estimates from their respective counties while police departments were weighted according to their respective cities. An exception had to be made for the city of San Diego which was compared to the county since the ACS did not include information for this city in 2017. We also made an exception for California Highway Patrol, whose jurisdiction is statewide; their frequency weight applied to California population estimates.

Table 2.13.2 Stop Distribution and Weighted Population Distribution by Race/Ethnicity without California Highway Patrol

Race/Ethnicity Percentage Stopped Individuals Weighted Residential Population Distribution for 2017 American

Community Survey Asian 4.4% 11.7% Black 21.9% 7.4% Hispanic 41.2% 44.2%

33

Race/Ethnicity Percentage Stopped Individuals Weighted Residential Population Distribution for 2017 American

Community Survey Middle Eastern/South Asian 2.9% 1.3% Multiracial 1.2% 2.8% Native American 0.2% 0.2% Pacific Islander 0.5% 0.2% White 27.8% 31.8% Other - 0.3% Total 766,633 18,966,159 Notes: To provide a more accurate representation of the 2017 ACS data for comparison, we weighted the overall distribution of each race/ethnicity in the dataset by the relative contribution of each Wave 1 agency in our stop data. Frequency weights for sheriff’s departments were given according to the population estimates from their respective counties while police departments were weighted according to their respective cities. An exception had to be made for the city of San Diego which was compared to the county since the ACS did not include information for this city in 2017. We also made an exception for California Highway Patrol, whose jurisdiction is statewide; their frequency weight applied to California population estimates.

Table 2.13.3 Stop Distribution and Weighted SWITRS Not-At-Fault Party Distribution by Race/Ethnicity

Race/Ethnicity Stop Distribution Weighted Not-At-Fault Party Distribution for 2018 SWITRS

Asian 6.1% 9.3% Black 13.4% 9.7% Hispanic 40.0% 38.4% White 33.6% 33.9% Other 6.9% 8.8% Total Observations 1,525,853 283,186 Notes. Total observations: Stop Distribution includes stops where the reason for stop was a traffic violation; SWITRS Population Distribution includes “not-at-fault” parties in collisions reported by Wave 1 agencies for the 2018 calendar year. We weighted the overall distribution of each race/ethnicity in the dataset by the relative contribution of each Wave 1 agency in our stop data and by the relative number of records submitted to SWITRS from each agency

34

Table 2.13.4 Stop Distribution and Weighted SWITRS Not-At-Fault Party Distribution by Race/Ethnicity without California Highway Patrol

Race/Ethnicity Stop Distribution Weighted Not-At-Fault Party Distribution for 2018 SWITRS

Asian 5.4% 6.0% Black 20.4% 13.4% Hispanic 42.6% 43.2% White 26.1% 29.5% Other 5.4% 7.9% Total Observations 502,453 151,889 Notes. Total observations: Stop Distribution includes stops where the reason for stop was a traffic violation; SWITRS Population Distribution includes “not-at-fault” parties in collisions reported by Wave 1 agencies for the 2018 calendar year. We weighted the overall distribution of each race/ethnicity in the dataset by the relative contribution of each Wave 1 agency in our stop data and by the relative number of records submitted to SWITRS from each agency. We excluded California Highway Patrol because of their outsized impact on the data.

35

Table 2.14.1 Inter-Twilight Stop Proportion by Visibility and Race/Ethnicity for the Entire Reporting Period

Race/Ethnicity

Visibility Asian Black Hispanic

Middle Eastern/

South Asian Multiracial Native American Pacific

Islander White Total

Light 4,682 49.7 %

12,217 48.8 %

33,666 50.5 %

4,126 49.5 %

1,160 53.5 %

212 54.5 %

531 57 %

27,268 50 %

83,862 50.1 %

Dark 4,746 50.3 %

12828 51.2 %

33,016 49.5 %

4,207 50.5 %

1,010 46.5 %

177 45.5 %

400 43 %

27,278 50 %

83,662 49.9 %

Total 9,428 100 %

25,045 100 %

66,682 100 %

8,333 100 %

2,170 100 %

389 100 %

931 100 %

54,546 100 %

167,524 100 %

Note. Stops in the light occurred between the earliest instance of civil twilight across the entire reporting period and the twilight time for each respective day. Stops in the dark occurred between the latest instance of civil twilight across the entire reporting period and the twilight time for each respective day.

Table 2.14.2 Inter-Twilight Stop Proportion by Visibility and Race/Ethnicity without California Highway Patrolfor the Entire Reporting Period

Race/Ethnicity


Middle Eastern/ South Asian

Multiracial Native American

Pacific Islander White

Total

36

1133 7185 12614 817 326 51 111 5317 27554 Light 45.1 % 46.8 % 47.4 % 42.9 % 47.1 % 65.4 % 48.7 % 47.3 % 47 %

1380 8170 14002 1087 366 27 117 5915 31064 Dark 54.9 % 53.2 % 52.6 % 57.1 % 52.9 % 34.6 % 51.3 % 52.7 % 53 %

2513 15355 26616 1904 692 78 228 11232 58618 Total 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 %


Table 2.14.3 Stop Proportion by Visibility and Race for the Two Weeks Before and After Daylight Savings Change on Nov. 4, 2018

Race/Ethnicity

Middle Visibility Total Eastern/ Native Pacific Asian Black Hispanic Multiracial White South American Islander

Asian

160 305 882 138 26 5 13 844 2,373 Light 14 % 10.4 % 11.1 % 12.8 % 10.7 % 11.4 % 12 % 12 % 11.6 %

983 2,630 7,086 942 216 39 95 6,170 18,161 Dark 86 % 89.6 % 88.9 % 87.2 % 89.3 % 88.6 % 88 % 88 % 88.4 %

1,143 2,935 7,968 1,080 242 44 108 7,014 20,534 Total 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 %

37

Note. Stops in the liht occurred between the earliest instance of civil twilight across the entire reporting period and the twilight time for each respective day. Stops in the dark occurred between the latest instance of civil twilight across the entire reporting period and the twilight time for each respective day.

Table 2.14.4 Veil of Darkness Logistic Regression Coefficients and Standard Error

Race/Ethnicity All Intertwilight Stops

Model 1a Model 2b

Intertwilight Stops Two Weeks Before/After DST

Model 1a Model 2b

Asian 0.503 0.510 0.457 0.460 Black ** 0.512 *** 0.521 * 0.541 0.504 Hispanic 0.495 0.503 0.523 * 0.539 Middle Eastern/South Asian 0.505 0.509 0.483 0.467 Multiracial ** 0.465 ** 0.466 0.532 0.575 Native American 0.455 0.446 0.516 0.526 Pacific Islander *** 0.429 *** 0.439 0.500 0.521 Note. We estimate traditional VOD tests by regressing whether the stopped individual is a person of color (Ri) on whether the stop was made in daylight (Di) while adding an additional model which includes a natural spline for time of stop with 6 degrees of freedom (γns6(t)) using logistic regression. Negative estimates indicate decreased propensity for stopped persons to be the associated group of color in darkness. Positive estimates indicate increased propensity for stopped persons to be the associated group of color in the darkness. Please see below for full model specifications. a 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽1𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝜀𝜀1𝑖𝑖 b𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽2𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝛾𝛾2𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠6(𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀2𝑖𝑖

Table 2.14.5 Veil of Darkness Logistic Regression Coefficients and Standard Error without California Highway Patrol

Race/Ethnicity All Intertwilight Stops

Model 1a Model 2b

Intertwilight Stops Two Weeks Before/After DST

Model 1a Model 2b

Asian * 0.523 * 0.527 0.496 0.472 Black 0.505 0.509 ** 0.582 0.501 Hispanic 0.500 0.499 *** 0.616 ** 0.601 Middle Eastern/South Asian *** 0.545 ** 0.537 0.526 0.434

38

Multiracial 0.502 0.490 0.548 0.589 Native American ** 0.322 ** 0.309 0.332 0.017 Pacific Islander 0.487 0.486 0.567 0.679 Note. We estimate traditional VOD tests by regressing whether the stopped individual is a person of color (Ri) on whether the stop was made in daylight (Di) while adding an additional model which includes a natural spline for time of stop with 6 degrees of freedom (γns6(t)) using logistic regression. Values indicate the predicted probability of a person of respective color being stopped in the dark compared to Whites. We excluded California Highway Patrol because of their outsized impact on the data. Please see below for full model specifications. a 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽1𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝜀𝜀1𝑖𝑖 b𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽2𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝛾𝛾2𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠6(𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀2𝑖𝑖

Table 2.14.6 Change in Stop Frequency Before and After DST Difference from

Light Hour Treatment Hour Dark Hour DST Difference Control Race/Ethnicity (4 to 5 PM) (6 to 7 PM) (8 to 9 PM) (Post – Pre) (Treatment – Control)

Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post DST DST DST DST DST DST Light Variable Dark Light Dark

Asian 7.63 7.29 4.53 3.69 2.76 3.59 -0.34 -0.84 0.82 -0.5 -1.66 Black 6.58 7.31 4.65 4.1 4.64 4.85 0.74 -0.55 0.21 -1.28 -0.76 Hispanic 7.22 7.53 4.57 4.05 3.7 3.81 0.31 -0.52 0.11 -0.83 -0.63 Middle Eastern/South 7.73 7.73 4.67 4.13 3.26 3.28 -0.01 -0.54 0.02 -0.53 -0.56 Asian Multiracial 8.38 6.37 6.23 5.51 4.14 3.87 -2.01 -0.73 -0.27 1.28 -0.46 Native American 8.9 11.35 8.75 9.35 6.53 10.45 2.45 0.6 3.92 -1.85 -3.32 Pacific Islander 8.67 8.3 4.54 4.31 5.27 3.78 -0.37 -0.22 -1.48 0.15 1.26 White 7.9 8.25 4.71 4.13 3.13 3.59 0.34 -0.58 0.46 -0.92 -1.04 Note. As another way to attempt to measure the impact darkness may have on stop frequency by race, we selected two control hours where lighting conditions were constant before and after daylight savings (DS), which occurred on 11/4/2018. We used 4 to 5 PM as the light control hour and 8 to 9 PM as the dark control hour. We also defined a treatment hour (6 to 7 PM) where all respective stops took place in the light prior to DS and in the dark after DS. These scores, thus, could represent the difference in stop frequency change due to DS in our treatment hour from the difference due to DS in each control hour. Negative values indicate that relative to the control hour, DS decreased the frequency of stops in the treatment hour. Positive values indicate that relative to the control hour, DS increased the frequency of stops in the treatment hour.

39

Table 2.15.1 Yield rates by Race/Ethnicity Race/Ethnicity Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion

Asian 664 (21.8 %) 384 (22.0 %) 38 (14.6 %) Black 11,413 (22.5 %) 4,433 (26.9 %) 594 (10.3 %) Hispanic 16,875 (21.0 %) 7,383 (24.6 %) 1,242 (10.9 %) Middle Eastern/South Asian 424 (18.8 %) 234 (20.8 %) 41 (13.9 %) Multiracial 552 (22.4 %) 258 (26.5 %) 30 (10.2 %) Native American 83 (19.3 %) 49 (23.1 %) 4 (10.5 %) Pacific Islander 177 (21.1 %) 81 (20.0 %) 10 (14.7 %) White 9,488 (24.3 %) 5,018 (25.5 %) 619 (16.2 %) Total 39,676 (22.2 %) 17,840 (25.3 %) 2,578 (11.7 %)

Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. A yield rate refers to the proportion of searched individuals who officers found to be in possession of contraband or evidence. We define lower discretion searches as searches where officers provided one or more of the following reasons as the basis for conducting the search: incident to arrest, vehicle inventory, or search warrants. We define higher discretion searches as searches where the only listed search basis was “consent given.” A "yield" is when an officer discovers contraband or evidence in the possession of an individual who the officer searched.

Table 2.15.2 Yield rates by Race/Ethnicity without California Highway Patrol Data

Race/Ethnicity Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion Asian 619 (20.4 %) 353 (20.2 %) 38 (14.6 %) Black 11,241 (22.2 %) 4,329 (26.2 %) 593 (10.3 %) Hispanic 16,248 (20.2 %) 6,990 (23.3 %) 1,229 (10.7 %) Middle Eastern/South Asian 395 (17.5 %) 215 (19.1 %) 41 (13.9 %) Multiracial 523 (21.2 %) 242 (24.8 %) 30 (10.2 %) Native American 61 (14.2 %) 30 (14.2 %) 4 (10.5 %) Pacific Islander 171 (20.4 %) 76 (18.8 %) 10 (14.7 %) White 8,880 (22.8 %) 4,604 (23.4 %) 618 (16.2 %) Total 38,138 (21.3 %) 16,839 (23.9 %) 2,563 (11.7 %)

Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 2.15.1 for definition of yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

40

Table 2.15.3 Yield rates by Race/Ethnicity for Officer-Initiated Stops



Table 2.15.4 Yield rates by Race/Ethnicity for Officer-Initiated Stops without California Highway Patrol Data



41

Table 2.15.5 Yield rates by Race/Ethnicity for Call for Service Stops

Race/Ethnicity Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion Asian 145 (15.8 %) 85 (16.3 %) 3 (6.7 %) Black 1,812 (20.0 %) 1,136 (23.1 %) 42 (10.5 %) Hispanic 2,626 (18.9 %) 1,682 (21.6 %) 102 (12.1 %) Middle Eastern/South Asian 95 (14.9 %) 63 (17.6 %) 4 (10.8 %) Multiracial 108 (19.1 %) 63 (20.7 %) 4 (12.9 %) Native American 22 (23.4 %) 14 (24.1 %) 0 (0.0 %) Pacific Islander 42 (18.3 %) 26 (20.8 %) 2 (16.7 %) White 2,196 (20.5 %) 1,319 (22.2 %) 100 (14.5 %) Total 7,046 (19.5 %) 4,388 (21.9 %) 257 (12.5 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 2.15.1 for definition of yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

Table 2.15.6 Yield rates by Race/Ethnicity for Call for Service Stops without California Highway Patrol Data

Agency Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion Asian 143 (16.0 %) 83 (16.7 %) 3 (6.7 %) Black 1,802 (20.1 %) 1,128 (23.3 %) 42 (10.5 %) Hispanic 2,580 (19.1 %) 1,648 (22.2 %) 101 (12.0 %) Middle Eastern/South Asian 94 (15.1 %) 62 (17.9 %) 4 (10.8 %) Multiracial 105 (19.1 %) 61 (20.9 %) 4 (12.9 %) Native American 20 (23.3 %) 12 (24.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) Pacific Islander 42 (18.8 %) 26 (21.8 %) 2 (16.7 %) White 2,138 (20.8 %) 1,269 (22.9 %) 100 (14.6 %) Total 6,924 (19.7 %) 4,289 (22.5 %) 256 (12.5 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 2.15.1 for definition of yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

42

Table 2.15.7 Overall Yield rate by Race/Ethnicity by Search Basis

Search Basis Asian Black Hispanic Middle

Eastern/So uth Asian

Multiracial Native American


Consent given** 25.6% (579)

19.3% (13,379)

18.3% (24,665)

19.9% (568)

20.4% (996)

13.5% (96)

19.0% (158)

23.4% (8,811)

Officer safety/safety of others 21.4% (795)

21.3% (16,546)

19.7% (25,848)

13.9% (634)

18.4% (862)

13.3% (128)

18.6% (215)

20.0% (9,896)

Search warrant* 62.0% (121)

50.0% (530)

52.2% (1,115)

56.1% (41)

60.0% (20)

50.0% (6)

20.7% (29)

54.8% (535)

Condition of parole/ probation/ 21.1% 19.1% 17.6% 15.0% 19.8% 14.9% 20.0% 27.6% PRCS/ mandatory supervision (336) (12,089) (14,820) (247) (445) (94) (170) (7,314)

Suspected weapons 36.6% (202)

34.1% (6,471)

30.7% (7,728)

29.9% (167)

32.9% (225)

21.3% (47)

30.8% (78)

34.9% (2,156)

Visible contraband 92.8% (111)

79.2% (3,452)

82.4% (3,589)

83.8% (74)

82.7% (133)

72.7% (11)

89.2% (37)

87.7% (1,527)

Odor of contraband 65.9% (88)

55.8% (4,328)

55.3% (3,707)

54.0% (63)

50.5% (184)

62.5% (8)

57.1% (28)

60.6% (686)

Canine detection 50.0% (10)

61.1% (36)

63.8% (199)

100.0% (1)

100.0% (5)

0.0% (2)

0% (0)

65.6% (61)

Evidence of crime 62.4% (189)

54.3% (2,695)

55.9% (4,514)

46.6% (118)

56.7% (203)

82.4% (17)

62.5% (40)

63.5% (2,253)

Incident to arrest* 19.6% (1,594)

26.7% (15,224)

24.0% (27,500)

19.5% (1,049)

25.8% (911)

23.0% (204)

20.1% (364)

24.8% (18,636)

Exigent circumstances/emergency 32.0% (25)

34.1% (170)

31.4% (325)

55.6% (9)

60.0% (10)

50.0% (2)

100.0% (1)

28.0% (168)

Vehicle inventory* 35.8% (95)

32.3% (1,463)

31.3% (2,677)

32.9% (85)

37.5% (80)

27.3% (11)

22.7% (22)

40.1% (1,176)

Suspected violation of school 50.0% 28.6% 57.1% 0% 0% 0% 100.0% 82.8% policy (2) (7) (28) (0) (0) (0) (1) (29) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. This table represents overall yield rates; see table 2.15.1 for definition of yield rates. * indicates fields included in the lower-discretion category for the officer discretion level variable in the search yield rate analyses. ** indicates the field included in the higher-discretion category for the officer discretion level variable in the search yield rate analyses.

43

Table 2.15.8 Yield Rate for Alternative Higher Discretion Categorization

SEARCH DISCRETION

Asian Black Hispanic

RACE/ETHNICITY

Middle Eastern/ South Asian Multiracial

Native American


Higher 103

12.9% 1870

10.9% 3555

11.9% 84

11.1% 93

11.3% 9

7.6% 32

14.4% 1444

13.8%

Total 799

100% 17099 100%

29837 100%

760 100%

824 100%

118 100%

222 100%

10499 100%

Note. - Terry Searches include those justified as a protective search (pat search) for weapons based on reasonable belief that the person is dangerous or carrying a weapon. RIPA regulations do not include a data element that directly corresponds to a Terry Search, but does include officer safety and suspected weapon as possible search bases. Thus, an alternate “higher” discretion scheme is provided that includes searches based on consent, officer safety, or suspected weapon while excluding all other potential search bases.

44

Table 2.16.1 Percentage of Searched Individuals that were Arrested or Cited, by Race/Ethnicity Race/Ethnicity All Searched Individuals Asian Black Hispanic Middle Eastern/South Asian Multiracial Native American Pacific Islander White

420 (30.1%) 7,330 (21.2%)

13,484 (26.3%) 322 (27.6%) 474 (31.4%) 70 (31.2%)

132 (28.6%) 6,509 (33.0%)

Table 2.16.2 Percentage of Searched Individuals Subjected to Officer-Initiated Stops that were Arrested or Cited, by Race/ Ethnicity

Race/Ethnicity All Searched Individuals Asian Black Hispanic Middle Eastern/South Asian Multiracial Native American Pacific Islander White

325 (33.1%) 6,348 (20.9%)

11,963 (26.5%) 262 (29.6%) 392 (31.5%) 59 (31.7%)

108 (30.3%) 5,345 (35.8%)

Total 24,802 (26.4%)

45

Table 2.16.3 Percentage of Searched Individuals Subjected to Call for Service Stops that were Arrested or Cited, by Race/ Ethnicity

Race/Ethnicity All Searched Individuals Asian Black Hispanic Middle Eastern/South Asian Multiracial Native American Pacific Islander White

95 (22.9%) 982 (23.6%)

1,521 (24.5%) 60 (21.3%) 82 (31.2%) 11 (28.9%) 24 (23.1%)

1,164 (24.1%) Total 3,939 (24.2%)

Table 2.16.4 Citation/Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity

Custodial Arrests Citation for In-field Cite Without a Custodial Arrests

Race/Ethnicity All Offenses Infraction and Release Warrant With a Warrant White 68,312 (68.7%) 57,261 (57.6%) 8,503 (8.6%) 2,503 (2.5%) 430 (0.4%) Hispanic 139,821 (51.6%) 99,837 (36.8%) 16,358 (6.0%) 18,455 (6.8%) 7,638 (2.8%) Black 442,320 (61.8%) 348,770 (48.7%) 45,623 (6.4%) 41,203 (5.8%) 12,464 (1.7%) Asian 54,404 (68.1%) 49,065 (61.4%) 3,751 (4.7%) 1,617 (2.0%) 262 (0.3%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 12,492 (58.8%) 9,754 (45.9%) 1,209 (5.7%) 1,252 (5.9%) 505 (2.4%) Pacific Islander 2,058 (53.0%) 1,475 (38.0%) 199 (5.1%) 318 (8.2%) 124 (3.2%) Native American 6,542 (61.8%) 5,133 (48.5%) 764 (7.2%) 540 (5.1%) 183 (1.7%) Multiracial 359,516 (60.1%) 295,569 (49.4%) 33,863 (5.7%) 25,896 (4.3%) 8,897 (1.5%) Total 1,085,465 (60.3%) 866,864 (48.2%) 110,270 (6.1%) 91,784 (5.1%) 30,503 (1.7%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

46

Table 2.16.5. Citation/Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity Without California Highway Patrol Data


Race/Ethnicity All Offenses Infraction and Release Warrant With a Warrant Asian 22,570 (67.6%) 12,943 (38.7%) 8,230 (24.6%) 1,322 (4.0%) 389 (1.2%) Black 72,295 (43.0%) 37,249 (22.2%) 14,879 (8.9%) 14,918 (8.9%) 7,125 (4.2%) Hispanic 164,396 (52.0%) 90,027 (28.5%) 41,051 (13.0%) 25,570 (8.1%) 11,535 (3.7%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 14,247 (64.9%) 9,800 (44.7%) 3,561 (16.2%) 882 (4.0%) 238 (1.1%) Multiracial 4,325 (47.5%) 2,044 (22.4%) 1,089 (12.0%) 880 (9.7%) 465 (5.1%) Native American 607 (44.8%) 272 (20.1%) 137 (10.1%) 135 (10.0%) 96 (7.1%) Pacific Islander 2,178 (54.4%) 1,059 (26.4%) 700 (17.5%) 307 (7.7%) 166 (4.1%) White 117,551 (55.2%) 66,195 (31.1%) 30,847 (14.5%) 16,221 (7.6%) 7,892 (3.7%) Total 398,169 (51.9%) 219,589 (28.6%) 100,494 (13.1%) 60,235 (7.9%) 27,906 (3.6%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

Table 2.16.6 Citation/Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity for Officer-Initiated Stops


Race/Ethnicity All Offenses Infraction and Release Warrant With a Warrant Asian 67,176 (69.4%) 56,995 (58.9%) 8,309 (8.6%) 1,902 (2.0%) 324 (0.3%) Black 131,234 (52.2%) 98,875 (39.3%) 15,368 (6.1%) 12,889 (5.1%) 6,168 (2.5%) Hispanic 427,458 (62.3%) 346,226 (50.5%) 44,152 (6.4%) 31,681 (4.6%) 10,595 (1.5%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 53,638 (68.6%) 48,867 (62.5%) 3,669 (4.7%) 1,178 (1.5%) 200 (0.3%) Multiracial 11,867 (59.8%) 9,684 (48.8%) 1,099 (5.5%) 881 (4.4%) 402 (2.0%) Native American 1,967 (53.7%) 1,465 (40.0%) 190 (5.2%) 259 (7.1%) 107 (2.9%) Pacific Islander 6,299 (62.7%) 5,094 (50.7%) 725 (7.2%) 401 (4.0%) 147 (1.5%) White 348,275 (61.2%) 293,650 (51.6%) 32,546 (5.7%) 19,161 (3.4%) 7,170 (1.3%) Total 1,047,914 (61.1%) 860,856 (50.2%) 106,058 (6.2%) 68,352 (4.0%) 25,113 (1.5%)

47

Table 2.16.7 Citation/Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity for Officer-Initiated Stops Without California Highway Patrol Data


Race/Ethnicity All Offenses Infraction and Release Warrant With a Warrant Asian 21,631 (69.7%) 12,811 (41.3%) 8,044 (25.9%) 781 (2.5%) 283 (0.9%) Black 64,186 (43.1%) 36,504 (24.5%) 13,927 (9.4%) 9,563 (6.4%) 5,679 (3.8%) Hispanic 151,777 (52.5%) 88,545 (30.6%) 39,724 (13.7%) 17,101 (5.9%) 9,699 (3.4%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 13,634 (66.6%) 9,707 (47.4%) 3,483 (17.0%) 486 (2.4%) 177 (0.9%) Multiracial 3,757 (48.0%) 1,998 (25.5%) 984 (12.6%) 536 (6.9%) 365 (4.7%) Native American 541 (45.8%) 270 (22.9%) 132 (11.2%) 90 (7.6%) 80 (6.8%) Pacific Islander 1,963 (56.0%) 1,030 (29.4%) 666 (19.0%) 181 (5.2%) 132 (3.8%) White 108,379 (57.8%) 65,212 (34.8%) 29,662 (15.8%) 10,468 (5.6%) 6,220 (3.3%) Total 365,868 (53.1%) 216,077 (31.3%) 96,622 (14.0%) 39,206 (5.7%) 22,635 (3.3%)

Table 2.16.8 Citation/Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity for Call for Service Stops


Race/Ethnicity All Offenses Infraction and Release Warrant With a Warrant Asian 1,136 (41.9%) 266 (9.8%) 194 (7.2%) 601 (22.2%) 106 (3.9%) Black 8,587 (43.2%) 962 (4.8%) 990 (5.0%) 5,566 (28.0%) 1,470 (7.4%) Hispanic 14,862 (49.5%) 2,544 (8.5%) 1,471 (4.9%) 9,522 (31.7%) 1,869 (6.2%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 766 (43.9%) 198 (11.3%) 82 (4.7%) 439 (25.1%) 62 (3.6%) Multiracial 625 (45.0%) 70 (5.0%) 110 (7.9%) 371 (26.7%) 103 (7.4%) Native American 91 (41.4%) 10 (4.5%) 9 (4.1%) 59 (26.8%) 17 (7.7%) Pacific Islander 243 (45.3%) 39 (7.3%) 39 (7.3%) 139 (25.9%) 36 (6.7%) White 11,241 (38.9%) 1,919 (6.6%) 1,317 (4.6%) 6,735 (23.3%) 1,727 (6.0%) Total 37,551 (44.0%) 6,008 (7.0%) 4,212 (4.9%) 23,432 (27.4%) 5,390 (6.3%)

Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

48

Table 2.16.9. Citation/Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity for Call for Service Stops Without California Highway Patrol Data


Race/Ethnicity All Offenses Infraction and Release Warrant With a Warrant Asian 939 (39.7%) 132 (5.6%) 186 (7.9%) 541 (22.9%) 106 (4.5%) Black 8,109 (42.5%) 745 (3.9%) 952 (5.0%) 5,355 (28.1%) 1,446 (7.6%) Hispanic 12,619 (46.9%) 1,482 (5.5%) 1,327 (4.9%) 8,469 (31.5%) 1,836 (6.8%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 613 (41.7%) 93 (6.3%) 78 (5.3%) 396 (26.9%) 61 (4.1%) Multiracial 568 (44.1%) 46 (3.6%) 105 (8.2%) 344 (26.7%) 100 (7.8%) Native American 66 (37.7%) 2 (1.1%) 5 (2.9%) 45 (25.7%) 16 (9.1%) Pacific Islander 215 (43.2%) 29 (5.8%) 34 (6.8%) 126 (25.3%) 34 (6.8%) White 9,172 (36.3%) 983 (3.9%) 1,185 (4.7%) 5,753 (22.8%) 1,672 (6.6%) Total 32,301 (42.0%) 3,512 (4.6%) 3,872 (5.0%) 21,029 (27.3%) 5,271 (6.8%)

49

Subsection 3: Gender Tables

Table 3.1 Number of Individuals Stopped by Gender

Gender Count %

Female 509,957 28.3%

Gender Nonconforming 632 0.0%

Male 1,286,774 71.5%

Transgender Man/Boy 1,783 0.1%

Transgender Woman/Girl 908 0.1%

Total 1,800,054 100.0%


Table 3.2 Stop Circumstance by Gender

Gender Officer Initiated Calls for Service

Count % Count %

Female 488,174 95.70% 21,783 4.3%

Gender Nonconforming 489 77.40% 143 22.6%

Male 1,223,883 95.10% 62,891 4.9%

Transgender Man/Boy 1,443 80.90% 340 19.1%

Transgender Woman/Girl 687 75.70% 221 24.3%

Total 1,714,676 95.3% 85,378 4.7%


50

Table 3.3.1 Reason for Stop by Gender

Gender Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*


Total

Female 88.0% 9.2% 0.3% 0.6% 0.3% 1.6% 0.0% 0.0% 509,957

Gender Nonconforming 53.6% 37.5% 0.5% 2.4% 2.1% 4.0% - - 632

Male 83.6% 12.2% 0.8% 0.7% 0.3% 2.4% 0.0% 0.0% 1,286,774

Transgender Man/Boy 44.3% 48.8% 1.2% 1.6% 0.7% 3.4% - - 1,783

Transgender Woman/Girl 38.7% 53.6% 1.3% 3.2% 0.1% 3.1% - - 908

Total 84.8% 11.4% 0.6% 0.7% 0.3% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 1,800,054

Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” row are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

Table 3.3.2 Traffic Violation Types by Gender

Female

Gender Moving

69.0%

Equipment

10.9%

Non-moving

20.2%


448,558

Gender Nonconforming 64.6% 21.5% 13.9% 339

Male 64.4% 16.1% 19.5% 1,075,818

Transgender Man/Boy 63.9% 18.3% 17.9% 789

51

Transgender Woman/Girl 55.8% 22.5% 21.7% 351

Total 65.8% 14.6% 19.7% 1,525,855

Note. Frequencies are based off total number of individuals stopped for a traffic violation (N = 1,525,8553) per identity group (Identity Group Total” column).

Table 3.3.3 Reason for Stop Reasonable Suspicion Breakdown by Gender

Officer Engaging Identity Match Witness/ Carry Suspect Witness Drug In a Group Gender Susp Victim Suspicious Casing Acting as a Other Commiss Transaction Violent Total Descr Identific Weapon Lookout Crime Crime Female 35.6% 26.7% 15.1% 0.6% 0.9% 0.4% 1.1% 0.7% 28.9% 47,169

Gender 33.3% 39.7% 15.2% 3.0% 1.7% 1.3% 1.3% 2.1% 23.6% 237 Nonconforming Male 37.1% 29.3% 14.2% 2.0% 1.4% 0.7% 1.5% 0.7% 25.7% 156,730

Transgender 40.2% 27.4% 19.5% 1.1% 1.1% 0.6% 1.4% 0.9% 23.3% 870 Man/Boy Transgender 40.2% 32.0% 19.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.4% 1.0% 0.4% 20.3% 487 Woman/Girl Reasonable 36.8% 28.7% 14.5% 1.6% 1.3% 0.6% 1.4% 0.7% 26.4% 205,493 Suspicion Total Note. Reasonable suspicion subcategory percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who were stopped for reasonable suspicion (N = 205,493) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). Abbreviation for Reason for Stop left to right. Officer Witness Commiss Crime= Officer Witness Commission of a Crime, Match Susp Descr= Matched Suspect Description, Witness/Victim Identific= Witness/Victim Identification.


52

Table 3.3.4 Reason for Stop by Stop Circumstance and Gender

Gender Stop Circumstance

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



Count

Female


91.2%

15.7%

6.5%

70.5%

0.3%

0.4%

0.5%

2.2%

0.2%

2.8%

1.3%

8.2%

0.0%

0.1%

0.0%

0.1%

488,174

21,783

Gender Officer Initiated 68.1% 23.3% 0.4% 2.5% 2.5% 3.3% - - 489

Nonconforming Call for Service 4.2% 86.0% 0.7% 2.1% 0.7% 6.3% - - 143

Male


87.2%

14.5%

9.0%

73.4%

0.7%

1.0%

0.7%

2.2%

0.2%

2.1%

2.2%

6.7%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

1,223,883

62,891

Transgender Officer Initiated 53.4% 39.5% 1.3% 1.7% 0.6% 3.5% - - 1,443

Man/Boy Call for Service 5.6% 88.2% 0.9% 0.9% 1.2% 3.2% - - 340

Transgender Officer Initiated 49.2% 43.2% 1.6% 3.5% 0.1% 2.3% - - 687

Woman/Girl Call for Service 5.9% 86.0% 0.5% 2.3% - 5.4% - - 221

Total


88.3%

14.8%

8.4%

72.8%

0.6%

0.9%

0.6%

2.2%

0.2%

2.2%

1.9%

7.1%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

1,714,676

85,378

Overall Total 84.80% 11.40% 0.60% 0.70% 0.30% 2.20% 0.00% 0.00% 1,800,054

53

Determine Parole/ Possible Consensual Whether Probation/ Conduct Identity Stop Traffic Reason Encounter Student Gender PRCS/ Warrant Truant Under Group Total Circumstance Violation Suspicion Resulting Violated Mandatory Educate Count in Search School Supervision Code* Policy* Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). Percentages in the “Officer Assignment Type Total” row are based off the total number of individuals stopped for each assignment type (See “Identity Group Total” column). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

Table 3.4 Actions Taken During Stop by Gender

Female Gender Male Transgender Transgender Total Nonconforming Man/Boy Woman/Girl

Removed from Vehicle by Order 2.5% 6.0% 4.3% 7.7% 8.6% 3.8%

Removed from Vehicle by 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% Physical Contact Field Sobriety Test 1.1% 0.9% 1.5% 2.0% 1.1% 1.4%

Curbside Detention 4.1% 22.9% 6.0% 16.6% 18.9% 5.5%

Handcuffed 4.8% 16.9% 8.1% 29.8% 29.5% 7.2%

Patrol Car Detention 2.9% 8.9% 4.6% 12.2% 13.8% 4.1%

Canine Search 0.0% - 0.1% - 0.1% 0.0%

Firearm Point 0.2% - 0.4% 1.1% 2.0% 0.3%

Firearm Discharge 0.0% - 0.0% - - 0.0%

Electronic Control Device 0.0% - 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0%

54


Impact Projectile Discharge 0.0% - 0.0% 0.1% - 0.0%

Canine Bite 0.0% - 0.0% - - 0.0%

Baton 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% - - 0.0%

Chemical Spray 0.0% - 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0%

Other Physical of Vehicle 0.3% 0.8% 0.3% 0.6% 0.6% 0.3% Contact Person Photographed 0.6% 1.9% 0.6% 2.1% 2.2% 0.6%

Asked for Consent to Search 0.9% 3.2% 2.6% 3.5% 2.4% 2.1% Person Searched Person 4.4% 16.9% 11.0% 32.0% 26.0% 9.2%

Asked for Consent to Search 0.7% 1.9% 1.3% 2.2% 2.4% 1.1% Property Searched Property 2.5% 8.5% 4.6% 12.7% 14.8% 4.0%

Property Seized 0.5% 3.0% 0.8% 1.5% 2.8% 0.7%

Vehicle Impound 0.8% 1.6% 1.2% 1.6% 2.0% 1.1%

Admission/ Written Statement 0.0% - 0.0% - - 0.0% Obtained from Student * No Action Taken 87.6% 53.6% 79.9% 43.2% 45.5% 82.0%

Search Person Consent Given 94.6% 95.0% 91.2% 75.8% 90.9% 91.6%

Search Property Consent given 90.9% 91.7% 87.6% 74.4% 95.5% 88.2%

Identity Group Total 509,957 632 1,286,774 1,783 908 1,800,054


55

Table 3.5 Basis for Search by Gender


Consent Given 21.2% 22.5% 28.7% 20.1% 15.8% 27.5% Officer Safety/ Safety of Others 24.3% 40.8% 31.8% 33.5% 29.7% 30.7% Search Warrant 3.1% 0.8% 1.0% 0.5% 2.2% 1.3% Condition of Parole/ Probation/ 12.5% 9.2% 21.2% 15.3% 14.3% 19.8% PRCS/ Mandatory Supervision Suspected Weapon 5.1% 15.0% 10.3% 10.1% 5.1% 9.5% Visible Contraband 4.2% 4.2% 5.1% 4.0% 4.8% 5.0% Odor of Contraband 3.3% 5.0% 5.4% 1.7% 1.5% 5.1% Canine Detection 0.2% - 0.2% - 0.4% 0.2% Evidence of Crime 6.6% 12.5% 5.4% 7.6% 9.5% 5.6% Incident to Arrest 51.2% 46.7% 33.9% 45.4% 54.2% 36.6% Exigent 0.5% - 0.4% 0.5% 0.0% 0.4% Circumstances/Emergency Vehicle Inventory 4.1% 5.8% 3.0% 1.5% 3.7% 3.1% Suspected Violation of School 0.0% - 0.0% - - 0.0% Policy* Identity Group Total 26,962 120 151,014 606 273 178,975 Note. Basis for search frequencies were calculated based off the number of individuals who had a person and/or property search (N = 178,975) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” row). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

56

Table 3.6 Contraband or Evidence Discovered by Gender

Female Gender Nonconforming Male Transgender

Man/Boy Transgender Woman/Girl Total

None 97.9% 92.1% 96.1% 90.5% 89.8% 96.6%

Firearm(s) 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.6% 0.2%

Ammunition 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.4% 0.1%

Weapon(s) Other than 0.1% 1.1% 0.4% 1.2% 1.5% 0.3% a Firearm Drugs/Narcotics 0.8% 2.7% 1.6% 3.3% 4.0% 1.3%

Alcohol 0.4% 1.6% 0.9% 1.5% 1.7% 0.8%

Money 0.1% 0.5% 0.2% 0.3% 0.6% 0.1%

Drug Paraphernalia 0.5% 1.9% 0.8% 2.0% 2.5% 0.7%

Stolen Property 0.2% 1.4% 0.2% 0.9% 0.7% 0.2%

Cell Phones or 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.7% 0.1% Electronic Devices Other Contraband or 0.3% 1.7% 0.4% 1.5% 1.1% 0.4% Evidence Identity Group Total 509,957 632 1,286,774 1,783 908 1,800,054 Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054) per identity group (see “Identity Group Total” row).

57

Table 3.7 Basis fo

Gender

r Property Sei

Safekeeping

zure by Gender

Contraband Evidence Impound of Vehicle

Abandoned Property


School Policy*


Female 10.2% 36.5% 70.4% 17.0% 0.4% 0.2% 2,448 Gender 31.6% 21.1% 47.4% 15.8% - - 19 Nonconforming Male 10.1% 37.1% 73.5% 15.1% 0.8% 0.2% 10,262 Transgender 7.7% 46.2% 69.2% 11.5% - - 26 Man/Boy Transgender 16.0% 28.0% 76.0% 8.0% - - 25 Woman/Girl Total 10.2% 37.0% 72.9% 15.5% 0.7% 0.2% 12,780 Note. Basis for property seizure percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who had property seized (N = 12,780) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

58

Table 3.8 Type of Property of Seized by Gender


Firearm(s) 6.8% 5.3% 11.8% 7.7% 24.0% 10.9% Ammunition 5.3% 5.3% 8.8% - 20.0% 8.1% Weapon(s) Other than a 9.3% 15.8% 11.0% 11.5% 12.0% 10.7% Firearm Drugs/Narcotics 39.8% 26.3% 39.3% 30.8% 32.0% 39.3% Alcohol 1.7% - 2.2% - 4.0% 2.1% Money 8.4% 5.3% 10.0% 7.7% 16.0% 9.7% Drug Paraphernalia 28.3% 10.5% 24.9% 30.8% 24.0% 25.6% Suspected Stolen 12.6% 26.3% 10.5% 7.7% 12.0% 10.9% Property Cell phone(s) or 9.6% 5.3% 10.1% 7.7% 12.0% 10.0% Electronic Device(s) Vehicle 14.2% 10.5% 11.8% 3.8% 8.0% 12.3% Other Contraband or 21.5% 42.1% 22.3% 19.2% 32.0% 22.2% Evidence Identity Group Total 2,448 19 10,262 26 25 12,780 Note. Type of property seized percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who had property seized (N = 12,780) per identity group “Identity Group Total” row). Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

59

Table 3.9.1 Result of Stop by Gender


No Action 11.2% 20.3% 13.2% 13.7% 15.6% 12.6%

Warning 22.9% 18.8% 24.2% 22.0% 20.8% 23.8%

Citation for Infraction 51.8% 24.7% 46.8% 23.1% 21.3% 48.2%

In-Field Cite and Release 7.3% 13.4% 5.6% 4.2% 6.3% 6.1%

Custodial Arrest Pursuant 1.2% 5.4% 1.9% 5.3% 7.0% 1.7% to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without 4.0% 10.3% 5.5% 17.3% 15.2% 5.1% Warrant Field Interview Card 3.3% 8.1% 5.9% 25.9% 22.6% 5.2% Completed Noncriminal Transport or 0.3% 2.4% 0.3% 1.1% 1.1% 0.3% Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% Guardian Psychiatric Hold 0.8% 2.7% 0.5% 3.3% 4.2% 0.6%

Referred to U.S. 0.0% - 0.0% 0.1% - 0.0% Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* 0.0% - 0.0% - - 0.0%

Referral to School 0.0% - 0.0% - - 0.0% Counselor*

Identity Group Total 509,957 632 1,286,774 1,783 908 1,800,054 Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054) per identity group (see “Identity Group Total” row). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

60

Table 3.9.2 Result of Stop by Stop Circumstance and Gender

Gender Result of Stop Officer Initiated

Call for Service


Count


% No Action 10.7% 21.3% 56,994 11.2% Warning 23.3% 13.0% 116,687 22.9% Citation for Infraction 53.8% 7.9% 264,148 51.8% In-Field Cite and Release 7.4% 5.7% 37,433 7.3% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.0% 5.6% 6,227 1.2% Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 3.0% 25.6% 20,375 4.0%

Female Field Interview Card Completed 2.7% 15.9% 16,810 3.3% Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 0.1% 3.6% 1,478 0.3% Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.1% 1.3% 824 0.2% Psychiatric Hold 0.3% 10.4% 3,903 0.8% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% 0.0% 21 0.0% Referral to School Admin* 0.0% 0.1% 78 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% 17 0.0% No Action 17.0% 31.5% 128 20.3% Warning 20.4% 13.3% 119 18.8% Citation for Infraction 31.1% 2.8% 156 24.7% In-Field Cite and Release 15.3% 7.0% 85 13.4%

Gender Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 5.3% 5.6% 34 5.4% Nonconforming Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 7.4% 20.3% 65 10.3%

Field Interview Card Completed 7.8% 9.1% 51 8.1% Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 0.2% 9.8% 15 2.4% Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.2% - 1 0.2% Psychiatric Hold 1.2% 7.7% 17 2.7%

61


Call for Service


Count


% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

--

--

--

--

Referral to School Counselor* - - - -

Male

No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

12.7% 24.6% 48.8% 5.7% 1.6% 4.3% 5.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0%

22.0% 14.9% 6.8% 4.6% 6.6% 28.1% 18.3% 2.8% 0.9% 5.7% 0.0% 0.1%

169,821 311,069 601,956 72,620 24,084 70,897 76,006 3,501 1,592 6,135

75 178

13.2% 24.2% 46.8% 5.6% 1.9% 5.5% 5.9% 0.3% 0.1% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0%

Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% 42 0.0% No Action 14.1% 12.4% 245 13.7% Warning 22.8% 18.5% 392 22.0% Citation for Infraction 26.9% 6.8% 411 23.1%

Transgender In-Field Cite and Release 4.4% 3.5% 75 4.2% Man/Boy Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 4.9% 6.8% 94 5.3%

Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 14.8% 27.9% 309 17.3% Field Interview Card Completed 24.2% 33.2% 462 25.9% Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 0.6% 3.2% 19 1.1%

62


Call for Service


Count


% Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

0.2% 1.6% 0.1%

-

-10.6% 0.3%

-

3 59 2 -

0.2% 3.3% 0.1%

-Referral to School Counselor* - - - -No Action 14.1% 20.4% 142 15.6% Warning Citation for Infraction

23.1% 27.1%

13.6% 3.2%

189 193

20.8% 21.3%

In-Field Cite and Release 6.3% 6.3% 57 6.3%

Transgender Woman/Girl


7.0% 10.6% 22.4% 0.3%

-2.3%

--

7.2% 29.4% 23.1% 3.6% 0.9% 10.0%

--

64 138 205 10 2 38 --

7.0% 15.2% 22.6% 1.1% 0.2% 4.2%

--


Total

No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant

12.2% 24.3% 50.2% 6.2% 1.5% 4.0%

21.8% 14.4% 7.0% 4.9% 6.3% 27.4%

227,330 428,456 866,864 110,270 30,503 91,784

12.6% 23.8% 48.2% 6.1% 1.7% 5.1%

63


Call for Service


Count


% Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

4.6% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0%

17.8% 3.1% 1.0% 6.9% 0.0% 0.1%

93,534 5,023 2,422 10,152

98 256

5.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0%

Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% 59 0.0% Stop Circumstance Total 1,714,676 85,378 1,800,054

Note. * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

64

Table 3.10 Gender Breakdown by Officer Assignment Type

Gender Patrol Gang Enforcement Narcotics K-12 Public School Other Total

Female Gender Nonconforming Male Transgender Man/Boy Transgender Woman/Girl

Count

490,132

584

1,188,953

1,587

828

%

29.1%

0.0%

70.7%

0.1%

0.0%

Count

4,722

14

27,991

85

29

%

14.4%

0.0%

85.2%

0.3%

0.1%

Count

2,168

-

5,489

47

21

%

28.1%

-

71.1%

0.6%

0.3%

Count

650

3

1,057

-

1

%

38.0%

0.2%

61.8%

-

0.1%

Count

12,285

31

63,284

64

29

%

16.2%

0.0%

83.6%

0.1%

0.0%

509,957

632

1,286,774

1,783

908

Total 1,682,084 93.4% 32,841 1.8% 7,725 0.4% 1,711 0.1% 75,693 4.2% 1,800,054 Note. Percentage in the “Officer Assignment Type Total” row are in reference to the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054). The officer assignment type category “Other” includes the following officer assignment types: 1) Compliance Check, 2) Special Events, 3) Roadblock or DUI Sobriety Checkpoint, 4) Task Force, 5) Investigative and 6) Other.

65

Table 3.11 Reason for Stop by Officer Assignment Type and Gender

Gender Officer

Assignment Type

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



Female Patrol 89.0% 8.5% 0.2% 0.5% 0.3% 1.5% 0.0% 0.0% 490,132 Gang Enforcement 67.0% 20.4% 5.1% 2.5% 1.0% 3.9% - - 4,722

Narcotics 16.9% 75.8% 0.8% 2.3% - 4.2% - - 2,168 K-12 Public School 54.2% 22.5% 0.5% 1.4% 4.3% 9.4% 2.6% 5.2% 650

Other 67.4% 22.3% 1.2% 4.4% 0.6% 4.1% - 0.1% 12,285 Gender Patrol 53.6% 38.9% 0.3% 2.1% 1.9% 3.3% - - 584 Nonconforming Gang

Enforcement 64.3% 7.1% 7.1% 14.3% - 7.1% - - 14

Narcotics - - - - - - - - -K-12 Public School 33.3% - - - 33.3% 33.3% - - 3

Other 51.6% 29.0% - 3.2% 3.2% 12.9% - - 31 Male Patrol 84.9% 11.5% 0.5% 0.7% 0.3% 2.1% 0.0% 0.0% 1,188,953

Gang Enforcement 56.5% 27.0% 8.8% 1.7% 0.6% 5.5% - - 27,991

Narcotics 26.7% 65.2% 1.3% 2.6% - 4.2% - - 5,489 K-12 Public School 35.0% 39.2% 0.4% 1.8% 4.4% 9.5% 2.5% 7.3% 1,057

Other 76.6% 13.7% 1.2% 1.7% 0.3% 6.5% 0.0% 0.0% 63,284 Transgender Patrol 45.4% 48.0% 0.9% 1.4% 0.7% 3.7% - - 1,587 Man/Boy Gang

Enforcement 64.7% 24.7% 5.9% 1.2% 1.2% 2.4% - - 85

Narcotics 6.4% 93.6% - - - - - - 47

66

Gender Officer

Assignment Type

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



K-12 Public - - - - - - - - -School Other 17.2% 68.8% 4.7% 6.3% 1.6% 1.6% - - 64

Transgender Patrol 38.9% 53.6% 0.8% 3.4% 0.1% 3.1% - - 828 Woman/Girl Gang

Enforcement 65.5% 20.7% 13.8% - - - - - 29

Narcotics - 100.0% - - - - - - 21 K-12 Public School - - - - - 100.0% - - 1

Other 34.5% 55.2% 3.4% 3.4% - 3.4% - - 29 Patrol 86.1% 10.7% 0.4% 0.6% 0.3% 1.9% 0.0% 0.0% 1,682,084


Assignment Narcotics 23.8% 68.5% 1.2% 2.5% - 4.1% - - 7,725 Type Total K-12 Public

School 42.3% 32.7% 0.4% 1.6% 4.4% 9.5% 2.5% 6.5% 1,711



67

Table 3.12 Result of Stop by Officer Assignment Type and Gender

Gender Result of Stop Patrol Gang Enforcement Narcotics

K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count


No Action 10.8% 37.4% 8.9% 5.8% 17.1% 56,994 11.2% Warning 22.8% 29.9% 11.5% 10.5% 24.9% 116,687 22.9% Citation for Infraction 52.7% 9.3% 27.4% 49.7% 37.0% 264,148 51.8% In-Field Cite and Release 7.3% 2.1% 24.6% 18.2% 6.7% 37,433 7.3% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.1% 3.6% 4.6% 0.8% 3.1% 6,227 1.2%


Female Field Interview Card Completed 3.0% 18.3% 16.4% 2.2% 7.8% 16,810 3.3% Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 0.3% 0.1% 0.3% 1.1% 0.4% 1,478 0.3%



Referral to School Admin* 0.0% - - 9.5% 0.1% 78 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% - - 2.3% - 17 0.0% No Action 19.5% 42.9% - - 25.8% 128 20.3% Warning 19.7% 21.4% - - 3.2% 119 18.8% Citation for Infraction 26.4% 7.1% - - 3.2% 156 24.7%

Gender In-Field Cite and Release 12.0% - - 66.7% 41.9% 85 13.4% Nonconforming Custodial Arrest Pursuant to

Outstanding Warrant 5.3% 14.3% - - 3.2% 34 5.4%

Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 10.4% 7.1% - - 9.7% 65 10.3%

Field Interview Card Completed 7.5% 7.1% - 33.3% 16.1% 51 8.1%

68


K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count


Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian

2.6%

0.2%

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

15

1

2.4%

0.2%

Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

2.9%

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

17

-

-

2.7%

-

-Referral to School Counselor* - - - - - - -No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant

12.4% 24.2% 47.8% 5.8%

1.8%

5.5%

37.7% 28.2% 7.1% 1.4%

3.5%

6.0%

7.9% 18.6% 30.1% 23.8%

3.8%

13.8%

7.5% 10.9% 31.1% 27.5%

1.5%

7.5%

18.5% 22.6% 46.5% 3.2%

2.3%

4.6%

169,821 311,069 601,956 72,620

24,084

70,897

13.2% 24.2% 46.8% 5.6%

1.9%

5.5%

Male Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian

5.4%

0.3%

0.1%

25.0%

0.1%

0.2%

14.5%

0.4%

0.0%

4.0%

2.1%

15.9%

5.4%

0.2%

0.1%

76,006

3,501

1,592

5.9%

0.3%

0.1%


0.5%

0.0%

0.0%

0.1%

-

0.0%

-

-

-

2.0%

0.1%

14.0%

0.2%

0.0%

0.0%

6,135

75

178

0.5%

0.0%

0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% - 2.7% 0.0% 42 0.0%

Transgender Man/Boy

No Action Warning Citation for Infraction

13.6% 21.7% 24.3%

25.9% 38.8% 12.9%

2.1% 4.3% 14.9%

---

9.4% 20.3% 10.9%

245 392 411

13.7% 22.0% 23.1%

69


K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count


In-Field Cite and Release 3.8% 1.2% 17.0% - 7.8% 75 4.2% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant

5.2%

16.1%

4.7%

8.2%

2.1%

57.4%

-

-

9.4%

31.3%

94

309

5.3%

17.3%

Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian

26.1%

1.1%

0.2%

21.2%

-

-

21.3%

-

-

-

-

-

29.7%

1.6%

-

462

19

3

25.9%

1.1%

0.2%


3.7%

0.1%

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.6%

1.6%

-

59

2

-

3.3%

0.1%

-Referral to School Counselor* - - - - - - -No Action 15.7% 20.7% - - 20.7% 142 15.6% Warning Citation for Infraction

21.0% 21.7%

27.6% 20.7%

-19.0%

--

24.1% 10.3%

189 193

20.8% 21.3%

In-Field Cite and Release 5.6% 3.4% 42.9% - 3.4% 57 6.3%

Transgender Woman/Girl

Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant

6.9%

15.2%

3.4%

10.3%

14.3%

19.0%

-

-

10.3%

17.2%

64

138

7.0%

15.2%


22.5%

1.1%

0.1%

37.9%

-

3.4%

23.8%

-

-

-

100.0%

-

10.3%

-

-

205

10

2

22.6%

1.1%

0.2%

Psychiatric Hold 4.5% - - - 3.4% 38 4.2%

70


K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count


Referred to U.S. Department of - - - - - - -Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* - - - - - - -Referral to School Counselor* - - - - - - -No Action 11.9% 37.6% 8.1% 6.8% 18.2% 227,330 12.6% Warning 23.8% 28.4% 16.4% 10.7% 23.0% 428,456 23.8% Citation for Infraction 49.2% 7.4% 29.2% 38.1% 44.9% 866,864 48.2% In-Field Cite and Release 6.2% 1.5% 24.0% 24.0% 3.8% 110,270 6.1% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.6% 3.5% 4.0% 1.2% 2.4% 30,503 1.7%


Total Field Interview Card Completed 4.8% 24.0% 15.1% 3.3% 5.8% 93,534 5.2%





Officer Assignment Type Total 1,682,084 32,841 7,725 1,711 75,693 1,800,054 Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group per officer assignment type (see Table 3.10). Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%. The officer assignment type category “Other” includes the following officer assignment types: 1) Compliance Check, 2) Special Events, 3) Roadblock or DUI Sobriety Checkpoint, 4) Task Force, 5) Investigative and 6) Other.

71

Table 3.13.1 Yield rates by Gender

Gender Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion Female 6,087 (22.6 %) 3,434 (22.6 %) 374 (14.3 %) Gender Nonconforming 32 (26.7 %) 17 (27.0 %) 2 (28.6 %) Male 33,367 (22.1 %) 14,284 (26.0 %) 2,191 (11.4 %) Transgender Man/Boy 126 (20.8 %) 61 (21.9 %) 7 (12.3 %) Transgender Woman/Girl 64 (23.4 %) 44 (28.0 %) 4 (22.2 %) Total 39,676 (22.2 %) 17,840 (25.3 %) 2,578 (11.7 %)

Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. A yield rate refers to the proportion of searched individuals who officers found to be in possession of contraband or evidence. We define lower discretion searches as searches where officers provided one or more of the following reasons as the basis for conducting the search: incident to arrest, vehicle inventory, or search warrants. We define higher discretion searches as searches where the only listed search basis was “consent given.” A “yield" is when an officer discovers contraband or evidence in the possession of an individual who the officer searched.

Table 3.13.2 Yield rates by Gender without California Highway Patrol Data


Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 3.13.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

Table 3.13.3 Yield rates by Gender for Officer-Initiated Stops Gender Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion

Female 4,789 (24.1 %) 2,561 (24.2 %) 319 (14.1 %) Gender Nonconforming 19 (28.4 %) 9 (25.0 %) 1 (20.0 %) Male 27,685 (22.6 %) 10,811 (27.2 %) 1,993 (11.3 %) Transgender Man/Boy 94 (21.8 %) 42 (22.0 %) 7 (13.5 %)

72

Transgender Woman/Girl 43 (23.5 %) 29 (30.2 %) 1 (7.1 %) Total 32,630 (22.8 %) 13,452 (26.6 %) 2,321 (11.6 %)


Table 3.13.4 Yield rates by Gender for Officer-Initiated Stops without California Highway Patrol Data



Table 3.13.5 Yield rates by Gender for Call for Service Stops

Gender Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion Female 1,298 (18.2 %) 873 (18.9 %) 55 (15.5 %) Gender Nonconforming 13 (24.5 %) 8 (29.6 %) 1 (50.0 %) Male 5,682 (19.8 %) 3,473 (22.8 %) 198 (11.7 %) Transgender Man/Boy 32 (18.3 %) 19 (21.6 %) 0 (0.0 %) Transgender Woman/Girl 21 (23.3 %) 15 (24.6 %) 3 (75.0 %) Total 7,046 (19.5 %) 4,388 (21.9 %) 257 (12.5 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 3.13.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

73

Table 3.13.6 Yield rates by Gender for Call for Service Stops without California Highway Patrol Data

Gender Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion Female 1,270 (18.4 %) 848 (19.2 %) 54 (15.3 %) Gender Nonconforming 13 (24.5 %) 8 (29.6 %) 1 (50.0 %) Male 5,588 (20.0 %) 3,399 (23.4 %) 198 (11.7 %) Transgender Man/Boy 32 (18.3 %) 19 (21.6 %) 0 (0.0 %) Transgender Woman/Girl 21 (23.3 %) 15 (24.6 %) 3 (75.0 %) Total 6,924 (19.7 %) 4,289 (22.5 %) 256 (12.5 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 3.13.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

74

Table 3.14.1 Citation/Arrest Rates by Gender

Gender All Offenses Citation for Infraction

In-field Cite and Release

Custodial Arrests Without a Warrant

Custodial Arrests With a Warrant

Female 324,615 (63.7%) 264,148 (51.8%) 37,433 (7.3%) 20,375 (4.0%) 6,227 (1.2%) Gender Nonconforming 328 (51.9%) 156 (24.7%) 85 (13.4%) 65 (10.3%) 34 (5.4%) Male 759,231 (59.0%) 601,956 (46.8%) 72,620 (5.6%) 70,897 (5.5%) 24,084 (1.9%) Transgender Man/Boy 862 (48.3%) 411 (23.1%) 75 (4.2%) 309 (17.3%) 94 (5.3%) Transgender Woman/Girl 429 (47.2%) 193 (21.3%) 57 (6.3%) 138 (15.2%) 64 (7.0%) Total 1,085,465 (60.3%) 866,864 (48.2%) 110,270 (6.1%) 91,784 (5.1%) 30,503 (1.7%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

Table 3.14.2 Citation/Arrest Rates by Gender without California Highway Patrol

Gender All Offenses Citation for Infraction




Female 123,417 (58.7%) 72,333 (34.4%) 34,922 (16.6%) 13,103 (6.2%) 5,682 (2.7%) Gender Nonconforming 328 (51.9%) 156 (24.7%) 85 (13.4%) 65 (10.3%) 34 (5.4%) Male 273,181 (49.4%) 146,523 (26.5%) 65,355 (11.8%) 46,641 (8.4%) 22,032 (4.0%) Transgender Man/Boy 822 (48.0%) 390 (22.8%) 75 (4.4%) 290 (16.9%) 94 (5.5%) Transgender Woman/Girl 421 (47.1%) 187 (20.9%) 57 (6.4%) 136 (15.2%) 64 (7.2%) Total 398,169 (51.9%) 219,589 (28.6%) 100,494 (13.1%) 60,235 (7.9%) 27,906 (3.6%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

75

Subsection 4: LGBT Tables

Table 4.1 Number of Individuals Stopped by LGBT Status

LGBT Status Count %

Non-LGBT 1,786,459 99.2%

LGBT 13,595 0.8%

Total 1,800,054 100.0%


Table 4.2 Stop Circumstance by LGBT Status

LGBT Status Officer Initiated Calls for Service

Count % Count %

Non-LGBT 1,703,099 95.3% 83,360 4.7%

LGBT 11,577 85.2% 2,018 14.8%

Total 1,714,676 95.3% 85,378 4.7%


76

Table 4.3.1 Reason for Stop by LGBT Status

LGBT Status

Non-LGBT

Traffic Violation

84.9%

Reason Suspicion

11.3%

Parole/ Probation/


0.6%

Warrant

0.7%

Truant

0.3%


2.1%


Educate Code*

0.0%

Determine Whether Student Violated School Policy* 0.0%

Total

1,786,459

LGBT 63.3% 29.6% 0.9% 1.5% 1.0% 3.7% - 0.0% 13,595

Total 84.8% 11.4% 0.6% 0.7% 0.3% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 1,800,054


Table 4.3.2 Traffic Violation Types by LGBT Status

LGBT Status Moving Equipment Non-moving Identity Group Total

Non-LGBT 65.8% 14.6% 19.7% 1,517,243

LGBT 66.5% 14.7% 18.8% 8,612

Total 65.8% 14.6% 19.7% 1,525,855



77

Table 4.3.3 Reason for Stop Reasonable Suspicion Breakdown by LGBT Status

Officer Match Witness/ Carry Witness LGBT Status Susp Victim Suspicious Casing Commiss Descr Identific Weapon Crime Non-LGBT 36.9% 28.5% 14.4% 1.7% 1.3%

Suspect Acting as a

Lookout

0.6%

Drug Transaction

1.4%

Engaging In a

Violent Crime 0.7%

Other

26.5%


201,467

LGBT 31.9% 35.7% 17.2% 1.0% 1.0% 0.5% 0.9% 0.9% 24.3% 4,026

Reasonable Suspicion Total 36.8% 28.7% 14.5% 1.6% 1.3% 0.6% 1.4% 0.7% 26.4% 205,493 Note. Reasonable suspicion subcategory percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who were stopped for reasonable suspicion (N = 205,493) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). Abbreviation for Reason for Stop left to right. Officer Witness Commiss Crime= Officer Witness Commission of a Crime, Match Susp Descr= Matched Suspect Description, Witness/Victim Identific= Witness/Victim Identification.

Table 4.3.4 Reason for Stop by Stop Circumstance and LGBT

LGBT Stop Circumstance

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*


Identity Group Total Count

Non- Officer Initiated 88.4% 8.3% 0.6% 0.6% 0.2% 1.9% 0.0% 0.0% 1,703,099 LGBT Call for Service 14.9% 72.6% 0.9% 2.2% 2.2% 7.1% 0.0% 0.0% 83,360

LGBT Officer Initiated Call for Service

73.1% 7.6%

21.0% 79.3%

0.9% 0.7%

1.2% 2.8%

0.7% 2.6%

3.1% 7.0%

--

0.0% -

11,577 2,018

Total


88.3%

14.8%

8.4%

72.8%

0.6%

0.9%

0.6%

2.2%

0.2%

2.2%

1.9%

7.1%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

1,714,676

85,378

78

Determine Parole/ Possible Consensual Whether Probation/ Conduct Stop Traffic Reason Encounter Student Identity Group LGBT PRCS/ Warrant Truant Under Circumstance Violation Suspicion Resulting Violated Total Count Mandatory Educate in Search School Supervision Code* Policy* Overall Total 84.80% 11.40% 0.60% 0.70% 0.30% 2.20% 0.00% 0.00% 1,800,054


Table 4.4 Actions Taken During Stop by LGBT Status

Non-LGBT LGBT Total

Removed from Vehicle by Order 3.8% 4.8% 3.8%

Removed from Vehicle by Physical Contact 0.2% 0.3% 0.2%

Field Sobriety Test 1.4% 2.9% 1.4%

Curbside Detention 5.5% 10.2% 5.5%

Handcuffed 7.1% 17.5% 7.2%

Patrol Car Detention 4.1% 8.9% 4.1%

Canine Search 0.0% 0.1% 0.0%

Firearm Point 0.3% 0.6% 0.3%

Firearm Discharge 0.0% - 0.0%

Electronic Control Device 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Impact Projectile Discharge 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

79

Non-LGBT LGBT Total

Canine Bite 0.0% - 0.0%

Baton 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Chemical Spray 0.0% 0.1% 0.0%

Other Physical of Vehicle Contact 0.3% 0.7% 0.3%

Person Photographed 0.6% 1.7% 0.6%

Asked for Consent to Search Person 2.1% 3.4% 2.1%

Searched Person 9.1% 16.8% 9.2%

Asked for Consent to Search Property 1.1% 1.6% 1.1%

Searched Property 4.0% 6.7% 4.0%

Property Seized 0.7% 1.7% 0.7%

Vehicle Impound 1.1% 1.6% 1.1%

Admission/ Written Statement Obtained from Student* 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

No Action Taken 82.2% 66.8% 82.0%

Search Person Consent Given 1.9% 3.2% 91.6%

Search Property Consent given 1.0% 1.5% 88.2%

Identity Group Total 1,786,459 13,595 1,800,054


80

Table 4.5 Basis for Search by LGBT Status

Non-LGBT LGBT Total

Consent Given 27.6% 19.2% 27.5% Officer Safety/ Safety of Others 30.7% 27.0% 30.7% Search Warrant 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% Condition of Parole/ Probation/ PRCS/ Mandatory Supervision 19.9% 14.1% 19.8% Suspected Weapon 9.6% 6.3% 9.5% Visible Contraband 5.0% 3.3% 5.0% Odor of Contraband 5.1% 2.4% 5.1% Canine Detection 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% Evidence of Crime 5.6% 6.9% 5.6% Incident to Arrest 36.4% 52.8% 36.6% Exigent Circumstances/Emergency 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% Vehicle Inventory 3.1% 2.8% 3.1% Suspected Violation of School Policy* 0.0% - 0.0% Identity Group Total 176,493 2,482 178,975

Note. Basis for search frequencies were calculated based off the number of individuals who had a person and/or property search (N = 178,975) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” row). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

Table 4.6 Contraband or Evidence Discovered by LGBT Status

Non-LGBT LGBT Total None 96.6% 94.2% 96.6%

Firearm(s) 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%

Ammunition 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%

Weapon(s) Other than a Firearm 0.3% 0.6% 0.3%

81

Non-LGBT LGBT Total Drugs/Narcotics 1.3% 2.3% 1.3%

Alcohol 0.8% 0.9% 0.8%

Money 0.1% 0.2% 0.1%

Drug Paraphernalia 0.7% 1.6% 0.7%

Stolen Property 0.2% 0.6% 0.2%

Cell Phones or Electronic Devices 0.1% 0.2% 0.1%

Other Contraband or Evidence 0.4% 0.8% 0.4%


Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054) per identity group (see “Identity Group Total” row).

82

Table 4.7 Basis for Property Seizure by LGBT Status

LGBT Status

Non-LGBT LGBT

Safekeeping

10.1% 15.4%

Contraband

36.9% 40.2%

Evidence

73.1% 62.0%

Impound of Vehicle

15.4% 16.2%

Abandoned Property

0.7% 0.9%


School Policy* 0.2%

-


12,545 235

Total 10.2% 37.0% 72.9% 15.5% 0.7% 0.2% 12,780 Note. Basis for property seizure percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who had property seized (N = 12,780) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

Table 4.8 Type of Property of Seized by LGBT Status

Non-LGBT LGBT Total Firearm(s) 11.0% 5.1% 10.9% Ammunition 8.2% 3.8% 8.1% Weapon(s) Other than a Firearm 10.7% 10.3% 10.7% Drugs/Narcotics 39.4% 34.2% 39.3% Alcohol 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% Money 9.8% 5.6% 9.7% Drug Paraphernalia 25.5% 27.8% 25.6% Suspected Stolen Property 10.8% 14.5% 10.9% Cell phone(s) or Electronic Device(s) 10.0% 9.0% 10.0% Vehicle 12.2% 13.2% 12.3% Other Contraband or Evidence 22.2% 22.6% 22.2% Identity Group Total 12,545 235 12,780 Note. Type of property seized percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who had property seized (N = 12,780) per identity group “Identity Group Total” row).

83

Table 4.9.1 Result of Stop by LGBT Status

Non-LGBT LGBT Total No Action 12.6% 14.9% 12.6% Warning 23.8% 21.6% 23.8% Citation for Infraction 48.3% 33.4% 48.2% In-Field Cite and Release 6.1% 6.8% 6.1% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.7% 3.8% 1.7% Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 5.0% 12.3% 5.1% Field Interview Card Completed 5.2% 9.0% 5.2% Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 0.3% 1.1% 0.3% Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% Psychiatric Hold 0.5% 2.6% 0.6% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Referral to School Admin* 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Identity Group Total 1,786,459 13,595 1,800,054 Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054) per identity group (see “Identity Group Total” row). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students.

Table 4.9.2 Result of Stop by Stop Circumstance and LGBT

LGBT Result of Stop Officer Initiated

Call for Service


Count


% Non-LGBT No Action 12.2% 21.8% 225,299 12.6%

Warning 24.3% 14.5% 425,524 23.8% Citation for Infraction 50.3% 7.1% 862,319 48.3%

84


Call for Service


Count


% In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

6.2% 1.5% 3.9% 4.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0%

4.9% 6.3% 27.5% 17.8% 3.0% 1.0% 6.8% 0.0% 0.1%

109,346 29,992 90,113 92,306 4,871 2,396 9,802

95 254

6.1% 1.7% 5.0% 5.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0%

Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% 58 0.0% No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release

13.7% 23.0% 38.6% 7.2%

22.3% 13.6% 3.9% 4.6%

2,031 2,932 4,545 924

14.9% 21.6% 33.4% 6.8%

LGBT


3.3% 9.8% 8.0% 0.4% 0.1% 1.2% 0.0% 0.0%

6.4% 26.5% 15.2% 5.5% 0.5% 10.4% 0.0%

-

511 1,671 1,228 152 26 350 3 2

3.8% 12.3% 9.0% 1.1% 0.2% 2.6% 0.0% 0.0%

Referral to School Counselor* - 0.0% 1 0.0% Total No Action 12.2% 21.8% 227,330 12.6%

85


Call for Service


Count


% Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

24.3% 50.2% 6.2% 1.5% 4.0% 4.6% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0%

14.4% 7.0% 4.9% 6.3% 27.4% 17.8% 3.1% 1.0% 6.9% 0.0% 0.1%

428,456 866,864 110,270 30,503 91,784 93,534 5,023 2,422 10,152

98 256

23.8% 48.2% 6.1% 1.7% 5.1% 5.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0%

Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% 59 0.0% Stop Circumstance Total 1,714,676 85,378 1,800,054

Note. * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

Table 4.10 LGBT Breakdown by Officer Assignment Type

Patrol Gang Enforcement Narcotics K-12 Public School Other Total

Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

Non-LGBT 1,669,305 99.2% 32,636 99.4% 7,630 98.8% 1,697 99.2% 75,191 99.3% 1,786,459

86

LGBT 12,779 0.8% 205 0.6% 95 1.2% 14 0.8% 502 0.7% 13,595


Table 4.11 Reason for Stop by Officer Assignment Type and LGBT

LGBT Officer

Assignment Type

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



Patrol 86.2% 10.5% 0.4% 0.6% 0.3% 1.9% 0.0% 0.0% 1,669,305 Gang Enforcement 58.0% 26.0% 8.2% 1.8% 0.6% 5.3% - - 32,636

Non-LGBT Narcotics 23.9% 68.3% 1.2% 2.5% - 4.1% - - 7,630 K-12 Public School 42.4% 32.6% 0.4% 1.6% 4.5% 9.4% 2.5% 6.5% 1,697

Other 75.2% 15.0% 1.2% 2.1% 0.3% 6.1% 0.0% 0.0% 75,191 Patrol 64.7% 28.8% 0.7% 1.3% 1.0% 3.5% - - 12,779 Gang Enforcement 59.5% 22.4% 6.8% 2.9% 2.9% 5.4% - - 205

LGBT Narcotics 10.5% 84.2% - - - 5.3% - - 95 K-12 Public School 21.4% 50.0% - - - 21.4% - 7.1% 14

Other 42.8% 42.6% 3.2% 4.8% 0.6% 6.0% - - 502

Officer Assignment Type Total

Patrol Gang Enforcement Narcotics

86.1%

58.0%

23.8%

10.7%

26.0%

68.5%

0.4%

8.2%

1.2%

0.6%

1.8%

2.5%

0.3%

0.6%

-

1.9%

5.3%

4.1%

0.0%

-

-

0.0%

-

-

1,682,084

32,841

7,725

87

LGBT Officer

Assignment Type

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



K-12 Public School 42.3% 32.7% 0.4% 1.6% 4.4% 9.5% 2.5% 6.5% 1,711



Table 4.12 Result of Stop by Officer Assignment Type and LGBT

LGBT Result of Stop Patrol Gang Enforcement Narcotics

K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count


Percent

Non-LGBT


11.9% 23.8% 49.3% 6.2% 1.6%

5.0%

37.6% 28.4% 7.4% 1.5% 3.5%

5.9%

8.1% 16.5% 29.4% 24.1% 4.0%

15.8%

6.8% 10.7% 38.3% 24.1% 1.2%

6.0%

18.2% 23.0% 45.1% 3.8% 2.4%

4.9%

225,299 425,524 862,319 109,346

29,992

90,113

12.6% 23.8% 48.3% 6.1%

1.7%

5.0%


4.7% 0.3%

0.1%

24.1% 0.1%

0.2%

15.0% 0.4%

0.1%

3.3% 1.6%

14.0%

5.8% 0.2%

0.2%

92,306

4,871

2,396

5.2%

0.3%

0.1%

88


K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count


Percent Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

0.6% 0.0%

0.0%

0.1% -

0.0%

--

-

2.7% 0.1%

12.3%

0.3% 0.0%

0.0%

9,802

95

254

0.5%

0.0%

0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% - 2.6% 0.0% 58 0.0% No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release

14.5% 21.5% 34.4% 6.8%

35.1% 28.8% 10.2% 2.0%

10.5% 8.4% 13.7% 17.9%

7.1% 14.3% 14.3% 14.3%

17.9% 23.5% 21.9% 5.8%

2,031 2,932 4,545 924

14.9% 21.6% 33.4% 6.8%


3.6%

12.1%

6.3%

7.3%

4.2%

40.0%

-

-

6.6%

15.3%

511

1,671

3.8%

12.3%

LGBT Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian

8.6% 1.1%

0.2%

18.5% -

0.5%

18.9% -

-

7.1% 14.3%

-

14.1% 1.0%

-

1,228

152

26

9.0%

1.1%

0.2%


2.7% 0.0%

-

0.5% -

-

--

-

21.4% -

14.3%

1.4% 0.2%

-

350

3

2

2.6%

0.0%

0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% - - - - 1 0.0%

Total

No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant

11.9% 23.8% 49.2% 6.2%

1.6%

37.6% 28.4% 7.4% 1.5%

3.5%

8.1% 16.4% 29.2% 24.0%

4.0%

6.8% 10.7% 38.1% 24.0%

1.2%

18.2% 23.0% 44.9% 3.8%

2.4%

227,330 428,456 866,864 110,270

30,503

12.6% 23.8% 48.2% 6.1%

1.7%

89


K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count


Percent Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 5.0% 5.9% 16.1% 6.0% 4.9% 91,784 5.1%







Table 4.13.1 Yield rates by LGBT

LGBT Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion Non-LGBT LGBT

39,166 (22.2 %) 510 (20.5 %)

17,546 (25.3 %) 294 (21.3 %)

2,553 (11.7 %) 25 (13.3 %)

Total 39,676 (22.2 %) 17,840 (25.3 %) 2,578 (11.7 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. A yield rate refers to the proportion of searched individuals who officers found to be in possession of contraband or evidence. We define lower discretion searches as searches where officers provided one or more of the following reasons as the basis for conducting the search: incident to arrest, vehicle inventory, or search warrants. We define higher discretion searches as searches where the only listed search basis was “consent given.” A "yield" is when an officer discovers contraband or evidence in the possession of an individual who the officer searched.

90

Table 4.13.2 Yield rates by LGBT Without California Highway Patrol Data

LGBT Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion No Yes

37,640 (22.8 %) 499 (21.4 %)

16,556 (27.9 %) 284 (23.1 %)

2,538 (11.6 %) 25 (13.3 %)

Total 38,139 (22.7 %) 16,840 (27.8 %) 2,563 (11.7 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 4.13.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

Table 4.13.3 Yield rates by LGBT for Officer-Initiated Stops LGBT Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion

No Yes

32,270 (22.9 %) 360 (22.0 %)

13,256 (26.7 %) 196 (22.3 %)

2,302 (11.6 %) 19 (13.5 %)


Table 4.13.4 Yield rates by LGBT for Officer-Initiated Stops Without California Highway Patrol Data

LGBT Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion No 30,866 (23.5 %) 12,365 (30.3 %) 2,288 (11.6 %) Yes 349 (23.4 %) 186 (25.2 %) 19 (13.5 %) Total 31,215 (23.5 %) 12,551 (30.2 %) 2,307 (11.6 %)


Table 4.13.5 Yield rates by LGBT for Call for Service Stops

LGBT Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion No 6,896 (19.5 %) 4,290 (22.0 %) 251 (12.5 %) Yes 150 (17.8 %) 98 (19.4 %) 6 (12.8 %)

91

Total 7,046 (19.5 %) 4,388 (21.9 %) 257 (12.5 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 4.13.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

Table 4.13.6 Yield rates by LGBT for Call for Service Stops Without California Highway Patrol Data

LGBT Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion No 6,774 (19.7 %) 4,191 (22.5 %) 250 (12.4 %) Yes 150 (18.0 %) 98 (19.9 %) 6 (12.8 %) Total 6,924 (19.7 %) 4,289 (22.5 %) 256 (12.5 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 4.13.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

92

Table 4.14.1 Citation/Arrest Rates by LGBT Status

Citation for In-field Cite Custodial Arrests Custodial Arrests LGBT Status All Offenses Infraction and Release Without a Warrant With a Warrant No 1,078,032 (60.3%) 862,319 (48.3%) 109,346 (6.1%) 90,113 (5.0%) 29,992 (1.7%) Yes 7,433 (54.7%) 4,545 (33.4%) 924 (6.8%) 1,671 (12.3%) 511 (3.8%) Total 1,085,465 (60.3%) 866,864 (48.2%) 110,270 (6.1%) 91,784 (5.1%) 30,503 (1.7%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

Table 4.14.2 Citation/Arrest Rates by LGBT Status without California Highway Patrol

Citation for In-field Cite Custodial Arrests Custodial Arrests LGBT Status All Offenses Infraction and Release Without a Warrant With a Warrant No 394,044 (52.0%) 217,857 (28.7%) 99,627 (13.1%) 59,004 (7.8%) 27,423 (3.6%) Yes 4,125 (46.9%) 1,732 (19.7%) 867 (9.9%) 1,231 (14.0%) 483 (5.5%) Total 398,169 (51.9%) 219,589 (28.6%) 100,494 (13.1%) 60,235 (7.9%) 27,906 (3.6%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

93

Subsection 5: Age Tables

Table 5.1 Number of Individuals Stopped by Age

Age Group Count % 1-9 1,330 0.1% 10-14 2,761 0.2% 15-17 18,742 1.0% 18-24 309,707 17.2% 25-34 580,206 32.2% 35-44 379,929 21.1% 45-54 277,214 15.4% 55-64 165,691 9.2% 65+ 64,474 3.6% Total 1,800,054 100.0%


Table 5.2 Stop Circumstance by Age

Officer Initiated Calls for Service Age Group Count % Count %

1-9 1,244 93.5% 86 6.5%

10-14 1,928 69.8% 833 30.2%

15-17 16,376 87.4% 2,366 12.6%

18-24 296,775 95.8% 12,932 4.2%

25-34 551,172 95.0% 29,034 5.0%

35-44 361,257 95.1% 18,672 4.9%

45-54 264,518 95.4% 12,696 4.6%

55-64 159,113 96.0% 6,578 4.0%

65+ 62,293 96.6% 2,181 3.4%

Total 1,714,676 95.3% 85,378 4.7%


94

Table 5.3.1 Reason for Stop by Age

Age Group Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



1-9 76.9% 12.0% 0.8% 3.6% 0.9% 5.4% 0.1% 0.2% 1,330

10-14 23.8% 53.4% 1.2% 3.7% 5.9% 9.2% 0.7% 2.2% 2,761

15-17 60.9% 28.7% 1.9% 1.8% 2.3% 3.7% 0.2% 0.4% 18,742

18-24 85.9% 10.9% 0.7% 0.6% 0.2% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0% 309,707

25-34 84.1% 11.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.3% 2.2% - 0.0% 580,206

35-44 84.7% 11.3% 0.6% 0.7% 0.3% 2.3% - - 379,929

45-54 84.7% 11.4% 0.4% 0.7% 0.3% 2.4% - - 277,214

55-64 86.5% 10.4% 0.3% 0.5% 0.3% 2.1% - - 165,691

65+ 90.9% 7.0% 0.1% 0.4% 0.3% 1.3% - - 64,474

Total 84.8% 11.4% 0.6% 0.7% 0.3% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 1,800,054


Table 5.3.2 Traffic Violation Types by Age

95

Age Group Moving Equipment Non-moving Identity Group Total

1-9 64.9% 17.5% 17.6% 1,023

10-14 57.2% 23.0% 19.8% 657

15-17 72.3% 12.9% 14.8% 11,422

18-24 70.0% 13.7% 16.3% 265,905

25-34 64.4% 15.3% 20.3% 488,178

35-44 63.8% 14.9% 21.3% 321,868

45-54 63.9% 15.3% 20.7% 234,917

55-64 66.4% 13.6% 20.0% 143,266

65+ 73.3% 10.0% 16.7% 58,619

Total 65.8% 14.6% 19.7% 1,525,855


Table 5.3.3 Reason for Stop Reasonable Suspicion Breakdown by Age

Officer Match Witness/ Carry Casing Suspect Drug Engaging Other Identity Witness Susp Victim Suspicious Acting as a Transaction In a Group Age Group Commiss Descr Identific Weapon Lookout Violent Total Crime Crime

1-9 18.1% 16.9% 16.9% - - 0.6% - 1.3% 49.4% 160

10-14 14.7% 31.2% 23.9% 1.8% 0.6% 1.3% 0.7% 1.1% 36.9% 1,475


96

Age Group

15-17

Officer Witness

Commiss Crime 24.5%

Match Susp Descr

31.1%

Witness/ Victim

Identific

18.2%


3.0%

Casing

1.2%

Suspect Acting as a

Lookout

1.6%

Drug Transaction

1.3%

Engaging In a

Violent Crime 1.3%

Other

33.5%


5,380

18-24 36.0% 26.0% 13.2% 2.0% 1.4% 1.1% 1.6% 1.0% 29.9% 33,698

25-34 34.6% 30.0% 14.9% 1.8% 1.5% 0.6% 1.6% 0.8% 27.0% 68,246

35-44 36.2% 30.4% 15.1% 1.6% 1.4% 0.4% 1.4% 0.7% 25.5% 43,084

45-54 41.3% 28.0% 13.7% 1.2% 1.1% 0.3% 1.1% 0.5% 23.8% 31,723

55-64 45.5% 25.5% 12.9% 0.8% 0.8% 0.2% 1.0% 0.3% 22.0% 17,205

65+ 40.1% 26.7% 14.7% 1.0% 0.4% 0.1% 0.9% 0.5% 25.0% 4,522

Reasonable Suspicion Total

36.8% 28.7% 14.5% 1.6% 1.3% 0.6% 1.4% 0.7% 26.4% 205,493

Note. Reasonable suspicion subcategory percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who were stopped for reasonable suspicion (N = 205,493) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). Abbreviation for Reason for Stop left to right. Officer Witness Commiss Crime= Officer Witness Commission of a Crime, Match Susp Descr= Matched Suspect Description, Witness/Victim Identific= Witness/Victim Identification. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

Table 5.3.4 Reason for Stop by Stop Circumstance and Age

97

Age Stop Circumstance

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



Count

1-9 Officer Initiated

Call for Service

81.7%

8.1%

8.1%

68.6%

0.9%

-

3.9%

-

0.7%

3.5%

4.7%

16.3%

-

1.2%

0.1%

2.3%

1,244

86


Call for Service

33.0%

2.5%

45.9%

70.9%

1.6%

0.4%

3.8%

3.4%

5.3%

7.2%

7.8%

12.2%

0.6%

0.7%

2.0%

2.6%

1,928

833


Call for Service

68.7%

7.2%

21.9%

75.5%

2.1%

0.8%

1.6%

3.2%

1.9%

4.8%

3.2%

7.0%

0.1%

0.9%

0.4%

0.6%

16,376

2,366


Call for Service

88.8%

17.9%

8.2%

71.4%

0.7%

0.6%

0.6%

1.7%

0.2%

1.7%

1.5%

6.5%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

296,775

12,932


Call for Service

87.8%

13.9%

8.5%

73.7%

0.8%

1.1%

0.7%

2.4%

0.2%

2.0%

2.0%

6.9%

-

-

-

0.0%

551,172

29,034


Call for Service

88.4%

13.6%

8.1%

73.8%

0.6%

1.0%

0.7%

2.4%

0.2%

2.4%

2.0%

6.9%

-

-

-

-

361,257

18,672


Call for Service

88.1%

14.5%

8.5%

73.1%

0.4%

0.8%

0.6%

2.2%

0.2%

2.0%

2.2%

7.5%

-

-

-

-

264,518

12,696


Call for Service

89.3%

17.6%

7.9%

70.1%

0.2%

0.5%

0.5%

1.8%

0.2%

2.4%

1.8%

7.5%

-

-

-

-

159,113

6,578

65+ Officer Initiated 93.3% 5.0% 0.1% 0.3% 0.2% 1.1% - - 62,293

98

Age Stop Circumstance

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



Count

Call for Service 23.9% 63.2% 0.1% 1.6% 3.2% 8.0% - - 2,181

Total Officer Initiated 88.3% 8.4% 0.6% 0.6% 0.2% 1.9% 0.0% 0.0% 1,714,676

Call for Service 14.8% 72.8% 0.9% 2.2% 2.2% 7.1% 0.0% 0.0% 85,378 Overall Total 84.80% 11.40% 0.60% 0.70% 0.30% 2.20% 0.00% 0.00% 1,800,054


Table 5.4 Actions Taken During Stop by Age

1-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ Total Removed from 3.3% 3.8% 7.6% 5.5% 4.9% 3.2% 2.1% 1.3% 0.8% 3.8% Vehicle by Order Removed from 0.6% 0.0% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.2% Vehicle by Physical Contact Field Sobriety Test 0.4% 0.2% 0.7% 1.7% 1.7% 1.3% 1.1% 1.0% 0.8% 1.4%

Curbside Detention 4.3% 14.8% 11.7% 5.6% 6.1% 5.5% 5.1% 4.1% 2.6% 5.5%

Handcuffed 3.1% 26.1% 18.0% 7.7% 8.5% 7.2% 5.8% 4.4% 2.5% 7.2%

Patrol Car Detention 5.8% 15.9% 7.9% 4.4% 5.0% 4.2% 3.3% 2.3% 1.4% 4.1%

Canine Search 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

99

1-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ Total Firearm Point 0.2% 1.6% 1.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3%

Firearm Discharge - - 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% - 0.0%

Electronic Control - 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Device Impact Projectile - - 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% - 0.0% Discharge Canine Bite - - 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Baton - - 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% - 0.0%

Chemical Spray - 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% - 0.0%

Other Physical of 0.5% 1.1% 0.5% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% Vehicle Contact Person Photographed 1.4% 2.9% 1.8% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.3% 0.6%

Asked for Consent to 2.3% 3.2% 3.1% 2.2% 2.6% 2.3% 1.7% 1.0% 0.5% 2.1% Search Person Searched Person 4.4% 26.3% 23.7% 10.6% 11.3% 8.9% 6.7% 4.7% 2.5% 9.2%

Asked for Consent to 0.6% 1.4% 1.6% 1.2% 1.4% 1.2% 0.8% 0.5% 0.3% 1.1% Search Property Searched Property 4.2% 7.1% 8.3% 4.7% 5.1% 3.9% 2.8% 1.8% 1.0% 4.0%

Property Seized 0.6% 2.1% 1.9% 0.6% 0.8% 0.8% 0.6% 0.5% 0.3% 0.7%

Vehicle Impound 0.8% 0.9% 1.9% 1.3% 1.3% 1.1% 0.8% 0.6% 0.5% 1.1%

Admission/ Written 0.1% 2.2% 0.7% 0.0% - 0.0% - - 0.0% 0.0% Statement Obtained from Student* No Action Taken 82.9% 44.9% 58.9% 79.7% 78.9% 82.5% 85.7% 89.1% 92.8% 82.0%

Search Person 2.2% 2.8% 2.6% 2.0% 2.4% 2.1% 1.6% 1.0% 0.5% 2.0% Consent Given

100

1-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ Total Search Property 0.6% 1.1% 1.3% 1.0% 1.2% 1.0% 0.8% 0.4% 0.2% 1.0% Consent given Identity Group Total 1,330 2,761 18,742 309,707 580,206 379,929 277,214 165,691 64,474 1,800,054


Table 5.5 Basis for Search by Age

1-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ Total

Consent Given 30.8% 17.2% 21.6% 29.7% 28.7% 27.2% 25.4% 21.2% 17.0% 27.5%

Officer Safety/ safety of 17.6% 47.9% 41.9% 34.3% 30.0% 29.2% 28.2% 27.3% 26.8% 30.7% Others Search Warrant 28.6% 2.4% 1.3% 1.1% 1.1% 1.4% 1.7% 2.1% 4.8% 1.3%

Condition of Parole/ 15.4% 5.4% 15.0% 18.2% 22.6% 20.7% 17.0% 13.3% 9.2% 19.8% Probation/ PRCS/ Mandatory Supervision Suspected Weapon 6.6% 16.6% 18.8% 11.8% 9.6% 8.2% 7.0% 6.6% 6.1% 9.5%

Visible Contraband 2.2% 2.4% 5.2% 6.9% 5.1% 4.1% 3.4% 3.5% 2.9% 5.0%

Odor of Contraband 5.5% 5.1% 7.7% 9.2% 5.4% 3.0% 1.7% 1.2% 1.5% 5.1%

Canine Detection - 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2%

Evidence of Crime 6.6% 6.2% 7.4% 5.7% 5.4% 5.6% 5.8% 6.1% 4.7% 5.6%

Incident to Arrest 14.3% 35.4% 27.7% 30.5% 34.1% 39.5% 45.2% 51.9% 54.6% 36.6%

Exigent 1.1% 1.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.9% 0.4% Circumstances/Emergency

101

1-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ Total

Vehicle Inventory 3.3% 0.5% 2.6% 3.3% 3.3% 3.1% 2.8% 2.8% 3.2% 3.1%

Suspected Violation of 1.1% 2.4% 1.0% 0.0% - - - - - 0.0% School Policy* Identity Group Total 91 789 4,731 35,617 70,956 36,568 20,024 8,368 1,831 178,975

Note. Basis for search frequencies were calculated based off the number of individuals who were subject to a search (N = 178,975) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” row). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

Table 5.6 Contraband and Evidence Discovered by Age

1-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ Total

None 96.6% 90.4% 91.4% 96.0% 96.3% 96.8% 97.2% 97.7% 98.6% 96.6% Firearm(s) 0.9% 0.7% 0.8% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% Ammunition 0.7% 0.7% 0.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% Weapon(s) Other than a Firearm

0.2% 1.7% 0.9% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3%

Drugs/Narcotics 1.4% 2.9% 3.3% 1.7% 1.6% 1.3% 1.0% 0.6% 0.3% 1.3% Alcohol 0.4% 0.9% 1.2% 1.0% 0.7% 0.6% 0.8% 0.9% 0.6% 0.8% Money - 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Drug Paraphernalia 0.8% 0.9% 0.9% 0.6% 0.9% 0.9% 0.7% 0.5% 0.2% 0.7% Stolen Property 0.3% 0.9% 0.8% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.2% Cell Phones or Electronic Devices

- 0.7% 0.6% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Other Contraband or Evidence

0.4% 2.1% 1.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.4%

Identity Group Total 1,330 2,761 18,742 309,707 580,206 379,929 277,214 165,691 64,474 1,800,054 Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054) per identity group (see “Identity Group Total” row).

102

Table 5.7 Basis for Property Seizure by Age

Age Group Safekeeping Contraband Evidence Impound of Vehicle

Abandoned Property


School Policy*


1-9 12.5% 37.5% 75.0% 12.5% 12.5% 12.5% 8 10-14 3.4% 39.7% 81.0% 6.9% - 12.1% 58 15-17 4.2% 31.0% 73.0% 14.4% 0.6% 4.2% 355 18-24 8.5% 32.4% 75.6% 18.5% 0.7% - 1,969 25-34 9.5% 37.2% 73.3% 16.6% 0.6% - 4,739 35-44 10.9% 39.7% 73.3% 14.5% 0.8% - 2,920 45-54 11.7% 38.8% 69.8% 13.5% 0.7% - 1,768 55-64 13.8% 36.9% 70.4% 10.9% 0.6% - 780 65+ 20.2% 32.2% 60.7% 12.0% - - 183 Total 10.2% 37.0% 72.9% 15.5% 0.7% 0.2% 12,780 Note. Basis for property seizure percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who had property seized (N = 12,780) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

Table 5.8 Type of Property of Seized by Age

1-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ Total Firearm(s) 37.5% 5.2% 12.4% 14.7% 11.5% 9.3% 7.5% 9.0% 16.4% 10.9%

Ammunition 37.5% 8.6% 7.3% 10.8% 8.8% 7.3% 5.5% 6.5% 8.2% 8.1%

Weapon(s) Other than a 12.5% 20.7% 12.1% 10.6% 9.7% 10.5% 11.7% 13.6% 12.6% 10.7% Firearm Drugs/Narcotics 25.0% 32.8% 33.2% 33.0% 40.1% 43.5% 41.5% 35.9% 30.1% 39.3%

Alcohol - 1.7% 2.3% 2.1% 1.9% 1.6% 2.5% 3.5% 3.3% 2.1%

103

1-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ Total Money 12.5% 8.6% 7.6% 11.8% 9.3% 9.1% 9.0% 11.0% 10.4% 9.7%

Drug Paraphernalia 12.5% 13.8% 7.3% 15.9% 25.8% 31.5% 29.1% 29.6% 16.9% 25.6%

Suspected Stolen Property 12.5% 15.5% 15.8% 12.4% 11.3% 11.7% 8.3% 6.7% 5.5% 10.9%

Cell phone(s) or Electronic 12.5% 17.2% 14.9% 14.3% 10.2% 8.3% 7.9% 6.3% 7.1% 10.0% Device(s) Vehicle 25.0% 6.9% 10.7% 13.8% 13.3% 11.3% 11.7% 8.7% 10.9% 12.3%

Other Contraband or 12.5% 19.0% 27.0% 26.0% 21.9% 21.4% 19.4% 21.4% 24.0% 22.2% Evidence Total 8 58 355 1,969 4,739 2,920 1,768 780 183 12,780

Note. Type of property seized percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who had property seized (N = 12,780) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” row). Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

Table 5.9.1 Result of Stop by Age

1-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ Total

No Action 24.6% 19.4% 17.2% 12.7% 13.2% 12.5% 12.3% 11.4% 10.7% 12.6%

Warning 23.1% 14.1% 17.5% 21.0% 23.6% 24.4% 25.2% 24.9% 29.0% 23.8%

Citation for Infraction 36.8% 11.2% 34.9% 51.0% 46.6% 47.7% 48.2% 50.8% 49.5% 48.2% In-Field Cite and Release 7.7% 9.9% 6.2% 5.9% 6.0% 6.1% 6.4% 6.5% 6.6% 6.1%

Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding 1.2% 1.8% 1.8% 1.2% 2.0% 2.0% 1.7% 1.2% 0.5% 1.7% Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 1.8% 11.0% 7.5% 5.5% 6.0% 5.1% 4.2% 3.5% 2.3% 5.1%

104

1-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ Total Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian

3.8%

1.9%

2.4%

15.0%

5.3%

15.7%

13.7%

1.7%

7.8%

6.0%

0.2%

0.1%

5.9%

0.3%

0.0%

4.9%

0.3%

0.0%

4.2%

0.3%

0.0%

3.6%

0.3%

0.0%

2.2%

0.4%

0.0%

5.2%

0.3%

0.1%

Psychiatric Hold 2.4% 13.7% 2.9% 0.4% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.6% 0.8% 0.6% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

0.2%

0.2%

0.0%

2.7%

0.0%

0.9%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

-

0.0%

-

0.0%

-

0.0%

-

0.0%

-

0.0%

0.0%

Referral to School Counselor* 0.2% 0.8% 0.2% - - - - - - 0.0%

Identity Group Total 1,330 2,761 18,742 309,707 580,206 379,929 277,214 165,691 64,474 1,800,054 Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054) per identity group (see “Identity Group Total” row). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

Table 5.9.2 Result of Stop by Stop Circumstance and Age

Identity Officer Identity Group Age Result of Stop Call for Service Group Total Initiated Total % Count No Action 24.3% 29.1% 327 24.6% Warning 24.3% 5.8% 307 23.1% Citation for Infraction 39.2% 1.2% 489 36.8% In-Field Cite and Release 8.0% 3.5% 102 7.7% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.1% 2.3% 16 1.2%

1-9

105

Age Result of Stop Officer Initiated Call for Service


Count

Identity Group Total %

Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 1.3% 9.3% 24 1.8% Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

3.0% 1.4% 2.0% 0.9% 0.1% 0.1%

16.3% 9.3% 8.1% 24.4% 1.2% 2.3%

51 25 32 32 2 3

3.8% 1.9% 2.4% 2.4% 0.2% 0.2%

Referral to School Counselor* 0.1% 1.2% 2 0.2% No Action 22.9% 11.4% 536 19.4% Warning Citation for Infraction

17.0% 14.1%

7.3% 4.6%

388 310

14.1% 11.2%


1.8% 8.7%

1.9% 16.4%

50 305

1.8% 11.0%

10-14 Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

15.4% 3.4% 12.6% 8.4% 0.1% 3.0%

13.9% 9.5% 22.9% 26.1%

-2.2%

413 145 433 379 1 75

15.0% 5.3% 15.7% 13.7% 0.0% 2.7%

Referral to School Counselor* 0.6% 1.1% 21 0.8% No Action 17.4% 15.4% 3,221 17.2%

15-17 Warning Citation for Infraction

18.7% 38.9%

9.3% 7.2%

3,282 6,541

17.5% 34.9%

106



Count


In-Field Cite and Release 5.9% 8.1% 1,158 6.2% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant

1.5% 5.6%

3.7% 20.5%

333 1,405

1.8% 7.5%

Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

13.3% 1.0% 5.9% 1.3%

-0.8%

17.1% 6.5% 21.1% 14.0% 0.0% 1.5%

2,575 311

1,470 542 1

170

13.7% 1.7% 7.8% 2.9% 0.0% 0.9%

Referral to School Counselor* 0.2% 0.3% 36 0.2% No Action 12.3% 21.3% 39,265 12.7% Warning Citation for Infraction

21.3% 52.8%

12.4% 8.9%

64,904 157,893

21.0% 51.0%


1.1% 4.4%

4.5% 30.2%

3,772 17,106

1.2% 5.5%

18-24 Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

5.4% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0%

19.3% 2.3% 0.6% 6.1% 0.0% 0.0%

18,552 631 266

1,351 21 8

6.0% 0.2% 0.1% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0%

Referral to School Counselor* - - - -25-34 No Action 12.7% 22.6% 76,596 13.2%

107



Count


Warning Citation for Infraction

24.1% 48.8%

14.2% 6.2%

137,100 270,598

23.6% 46.6%


1.8% 4.7%

7.2% 29.3%

11,821 34,648

2.0% 6.0%

Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security

5.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0%

18.2% 2.7% 0.1% 5.8% 0.0%

34,035 1,490 101

2,918 35

5.9% 0.3% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0%

Referral to School Admin* - - - -Referral to School Counselor* - - - -No Action 12.0% 22.2% 47,379 12.5% Warning Citation for Infraction

24.9% 49.9%

15.1% 6.5%

92,740 181,341

24.4% 47.7%

In-Field Cite and Release 6.2% 4.7% 23,109 6.1%

35-44

Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security

1.7% 4.0% 4.3% 0.1% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0%

7.5% 27.7% 17.5% 3.1% 0.1% 6.0% 0.0%

7,642 19,452 18,801 1,040

49 1,932

17

2.0% 5.1% 4.9% 0.3% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0%

Referral to School Admin* - - - -

108



Count



45-54

No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

11.8% 25.6% 50.2% 6.5% 1.4% 3.2% 3.6% 0.1% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0%

-

22.9% 16.1% 7.0% 5.1% 6.8% 25.0% 16.7% 3.0% 0.0% 6.9% 0.0%

-

34,148 69,798 133,683 17,833 4,606 11,632 11,748

706 35

1,511 10 -

12.3% 25.2% 48.2% 6.4% 1.7% 4.2% 4.2% 0.3% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0%

-Referral to School Counselor* - - - -

55-64

No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold

11.0% 25.2% 52.5% 6.5% 1.0% 2.6% 3.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.3%

20.9% 16.5% 8.2% 5.3% 4.7% 24.5% 17.3% 3.4% 0.0% 8.3%

18,939 41,231 84,125 10,743 1,933 5,732 5,925 438 21 970

11.4% 24.9% 50.8% 6.5% 1.2% 3.5% 3.6% 0.3% 0.0% 0.6%

109



Count


Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% 0.0% 6 0.0% Referral to School Admin* - - - -Referral to School Counselor* - - - -No Action 10.5% 18.0% 6,919 10.7% Warning Citation for Infraction

29.4% 50.8%

17.1% 10.0%

18,706 31,884

29.0% 49.5%


0.4% 1.7%

2.7% 19.8%

330 1,480

0.5% 2.3%

65+ Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security

1.8% 0.2% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0%

15.7% 5.8% 0.4% 14.4% 0.1%

1,434 237 15 517 5

2.2% 0.4% 0.0% 0.8% 0.0%

Referral to School Admin* - - - -Referral to School Counselor* - - - -No Action 12.2% 21.8% 227,330 12.6% Warning Citation for Infraction

24.3% 50.2%

14.4% 7.0%

428,456 866,864

23.8% 48.2%

Total In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant

6.2% 1.5% 4.0%

4.9% 6.3% 27.4%

110,270 30,503 91,784

6.1% 1.7% 5.1%

Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport

4.6% 0.1%

17.8% 3.1%

93,534 5,023

5.2% 0.3%

110



Count


Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.1% 1.0% 2,422 0.1% Psychiatric Hold 0.2% 6.9% 10,152 0.6% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% 0.0% 98 0.0% Referral to School Admin* 0.0% 0.1% 256 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% 59 0.0%


Table 5.10 Age Group Breakdown by Officer Assignment Type

K-12 Gang Age Patrol Narcotics Public Other Total Enforcement School

1-9

10-14

15-17

18-24

25-34

35-44

Count

1,193

2,092

16,041

290,958

543,435

355,645

%

0.1%

0.1%

1.0%

17.3%

32.3%

21.1%

Count

50

204

1,518

8,829

13,846

5,358

%

0.2%

0.6%

4.6%

26.9%

42.2%

16.3%

Count

13

15

64

1,533

2,308

1,480

%

0.2%

0.2%

0.8%

19.8%

29.9%

19.2%

Count

7

288

517

139

258

209

%

0.4%

16.8%

30.2%

8.1%

15.1%

12.2%

Count

67

162

602

8,248

20,359

17,237

%

0.1%

0.2%

0.8%

10.9%

26.9%

22.8%

1,330

2,761

18,742

309,707

580,206

379,929

111

45-54

55-64

65+

257,262

153,893

61,565

15.3%

9.1%

3.7%

2,248

628

160

6.8%

1.9%

0.5%

1,285

820

207

16.6%

10.6%

2.7%

142

91

60

8.3%

5.3%

3.5%

16,277

10,259

2,482

21.5%

13.6%

3.3%

277,214

165,691

64,474


112

Table 5.11 Reason for Stop by Officer Assignment Type and Age

Age Officer Assignment Type

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*




81.6%

66.0%

11.1%

18.0%

0.8%

2.0%

1.3%

-

0.8%

2.0%

4.4%

12.0%

-

-

0.1%

-

1,193

50

1-9 Narcotics 7.7% 30.8% 7.7% 23.1% - 30.8% - - 13 K-12 Public School - 28.6% - - 14.3% 14.3% 14.3% 28.6% 7

Other 22.4% 19.4% - 44.8% - 13.4% - - 67 Patrol Gang Enforcement

28.0%

22.5%

54.3%

55.9%

0.9%

6.4%

3.0%

2.5%

5.6%

5.4%

8.0%

7.4%

0.0%

-

0.2%

-

2,092

204

10-14 Narcotics - 33.3% - 20.0% - 46.7% - - 15 K-12 Public School 0.3% 49.0% 0.3% 1.4% 8.0% 19.1% 5.6% 16.3% 288

Other 15.4% 48.8% 0.6% 16.7% 7.4% 4.9% 0.6% 5.6% 162 Patrol Gang Enforcement

66.8%

28.9%

25.6%

46.7%

0.9%

12.4%

1.4%

2.5%

2.1%

1.3%

3.0%

8.2%

0.1%

-

0.1%

-

16,041

1,518

15-17 Narcotics 6.3% 84.4% 1.6% 1.6% - 6.3% - - 64 K-12 Public School 4.8% 50.9% 0.8% 2.5% 9.9% 14.5% 4.8% 11.8% 517

Other 38.9% 40.7% 2.8% 8.5% 4.5% 3.0% 1.0% 0.7% 602

18-24


87.6%

55.2%

9.7%

29.8%

0.4%

8.4%

0.5%

1.6%

0.2%

0.3%

1.6%

4.7%

0.0%

-

-

-

290,958

8,829

Narcotics 16.7% 79.1% 0.7% 1.4% - 2.1% - - 1,533

113


Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



K-12 Public School 64.7% 23.0% 0.7% 2.9% 0.7% 6.5% 0.7% 0.7% 139

Other 70.3% 19.9% 1.6% 3.6% 0.5% 4.0% 0.0% 0.0% 8,248 Patrol 85.4% 11.1% 0.6% 0.7% 0.3% 2.0% - 0.0% 543,435 Gang Enforcement 61.1% 23.4% 8.5% 1.5% 0.5% 5.1% - - 13,846

25-34 Narcotics 32.5% 57.7% 1.4% 2.8% - 5.6% - - 2,308 K-12 Public School 77.1% 17.1% - 0.8% - 5.0% - - 258

Other 72.3% 17.3% 1.8% 2.8% 0.3% 5.6% - - 20,359 Patrol 85.7% 10.8% 0.5% 0.7% 0.3% 2.0% - - 355,645 Gang Enforcement 61.4% 22.2% 7.7% 2.2% 1.0% 5.4% - - 5,358

35-44 Narcotics 27.4% 63.9% 1.7% 3.1% - 4.0% - - 1,480 K-12 Public School 78.5% 15.8% - 1.9% - 3.8% - - 209

Other 76.4% 13.9% 1.2% 1.9% 0.2% 6.3% - - 17,237 Patrol 85.7% 10.9% 0.3% 0.6% 0.3% 2.1% - - 257,262 Gang Enforcement 63.4% 21.1% 5.6% 2.5% 1.2% 6.0% - - 2,248

45-54 Narcotics 20.9% 72.3% 0.9% 1.9% - 3.9% - - 1,285 K-12 Public School 79.6% 18.3% 0.7% 0.7% - 0.7% - - 142

Other 77.3% 13.1% 0.8% 1.2% 0.2% 7.3% - - 16,277 Patrol 87.4% 9.9% 0.2% 0.5% 0.3% 1.7% - - 153,893

55-64 Gang Enforcement 63.2% 21.8% 5.4% 3.0% 1.0% 5.6% - - 628

114


Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



Narcotics 14.8% 78.8% 1.1% 2.4% - 2.9% - - 820 K-12 Public School 85.7% 14.3% - - - - - - 91

Other 79.9% 11.5% 0.6% 1.0% 0.2% 6.9% - - 10,259 Patrol 91.6% 6.6% 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 1.1% - - 61,565 Gang Enforcement 59.4% 23.8% 3.8% 5.6% 1.3% 6.3% - - 160

65+ Narcotics 15.0% 77.8% 0.5% 2.4% - 4.3% - - 207 K-12 Public School 88.3% 10.0% - - - 1.7% - - 60

Other 81.3% 10.8% 0.6% 1.7% 0.3% 5.3% - - 2,482 Patrol 86.1% 10.7% 0.4% 0.6% 0.3% 1.9% 0.0% 0.0% 1,682,084




23.8%

42.3%

68.5%

32.7%

1.2%

0.4%

2.5%

1.6%

-

4.4%

4.1%

9.5%

-

2.5%

-

6.5%

7,725

1,711



115

Table 5.12 Result of Stop by Officer Assignment Type and Age

Age Group Result of Stop Patrol Gang Enforcement Narcotics

K-12 Public School

Other Identity Group Total Count


1-9


21.5% 23.9% 40.1% 8.5%

1.3%

1.9%

3.0%

1.5%

1.7%

2.5%

0.2%

0.1% 0.1%

48.0% 30.0% 8.0%

-

-

-

8.0%

4.0%

6.0%

-

-

--

61.5% -

15.4% -

-

-

15.4%

-

23.1%

-

-

--

14.3% -

14.3% -

-

-

-

42.9%

28.6%

14.3%

-

28.6% 14.3%

56.7% 10.4% 6.0% 1.5%

1.5%

1.5%

13.4%

3.0%

6.0%

1.5%

-

--

327 307 489 102 16

24

51 25

32

32 2

3 2

24.6% 23.1% 36.8% 7.7% 1.2%

1.8%

3.8% 1.9%

2.4%

2.4% 0.2%

0.2% 0.2%

10-14

No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport

19.5% 15.3% 11.4% 5.9%

1.8%

10.8%

14.4%

6.0%

34.8% 13.7% 12.7% 2.0%

1.5%

6.9%

39.7%

1.0%

60.0% -

13.3% 6.7%

6.7%

6.7%

13.3%

-

3.8% 4.9% 13.2% 50.3%

0.7%

8.0%

1.4%

2.4%

23.5% 15.4% 3.1% 0.6%

3.7%

25.9%

15.4%

6.2%

536 388 310 274 50

305

413 145

19.4% 14.1% 11.2% 9.9% 1.8%

11.0%

15.0% 5.3%

116


K-12 Public School




Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* Referral to School Counselor*

16.6%

0.0%

0.4% 0.4%

0.5%

-

0.5% 0.5%

-

-

--

5.9%

-

20.5% 4.2%

8.6%

-

3.7% -

379 1

75 21

13.7% 0.0%

2.7% 0.8%


15.4% 18.2% 38.7% 5.6%

1.7%

7.0%

39.3% 17.1% 7.3% 1.4%

2.9%

6.9%

10.9% 7.8% 31.3% 20.3%

3.1%

9.4%

4.3% 3.7% 15.9% 39.1%

0.8%

9.5%

20.1% 12.8% 18.8% 4.2%

3.0%

19.4%

3,221 3,282 6,541 1,158 333

1,405

17.2% 17.5% 34.9% 6.2% 1.8%

7.5%

15-17 Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian

11.8%

1.7%

7.5%

35.4%

0.3%

2.5%

26.6%

6.3%

7.8%

2.5%

2.7%

28.0%

20.1%

1.8%

12.5%

2,575 311

1,470

13.7% 1.7%

7.8%


3.1%

-

0.1% 0.0%

-

-

--

-

-

--

4.6%

0.2%

27.7% 6.0%

2.5%

-

0.7% 0.2%

542 1

170 36

2.9% 0.0%

0.9% 0.2%

18-24

No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release

11.8% 20.7% 52.7% 5.9%

38.3% 27.9% 7.1% 1.2%

6.3% 9.7% 37.8% 22.7%

11.5% 15.1% 49.6% 15.1%

17.0% 23.3% 39.7% 5.7%

39,265 64,904 157,893 18,198

12.7% 21.0% 51.0% 5.9%

117


K-12 Public School




1.1%

5.4%

2.4%

5.4%

3.3%

19.8%

4.3%

6.5%

2.6%

8.1%

3,772

17,106

1.2%

5.5%


5.3%

0.2%

0.1%

26.8%

0.0%

0.1%

12.7%

0.2%

0.1%

1.4%

-

1.4%

7.9%

0.2%

0.2%

18,552 631

266

6.0% 0.2%

0.1%


0.5%

0.0%

0.0% -

0.0%

-

--

-

-

--

0.7%

-

4.3% -

0.4%

0.0%

--

1,351 21

8 -

0.4% 0.0%

0.0% -

25-34

No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian

12.4% 23.5% 47.9% 6.1%

1.9%

5.9%

5.4%

0.3%

0.0%

38.6% 30.1% 6.6% 1.2%

3.5%

5.5%

22.5%

0.1%

0.0%

8.8% 25.0% 20.0% 22.3%

4.8%

17.3%

15.0%

0.4%

-

10.1% 17.1% 58.9% 3.9%

1.2%

3.9%

6.2%

1.2%

-

18.3% 23.1% 41.7% 4.5%

3.4%

6.1%

7.0%

0.2%

0.0%

76,596 137,100 270,598 34,582 11,821

34,648

34,035 1,490

101

13.2% 23.6% 46.6% 6.0% 2.0%

6.0%

5.9% 0.3%

0.0%

Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security

0.5%

0.0%

0.1%

-

-

-

1.6%

-

0.3%

0.0%

2,918 35

0.5% 0.0%

118


K-12 Public School



Referral to School Admin* 0.0% - - 4.3% - - -Referral to School Counselor* - - - - - - -No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant

11.9% 24.4% 48.5% 6.2%

1.9%

5.1%

35.6% 28.3% 7.5% 2.0%

4.9%

7.2%

9.4% 19.2% 25.5% 23.2%

4.5%

15.3%

11.5% 15.8% 56.9% 8.6%

1.4%

2.4%

18.3% 23.1% 45.7% 3.7%

2.6%

4.5%

47,379 92,740 181,341 23,109 7,642

19,452

12.5% 24.4% 47.7% 6.1% 2.0%

5.1%


4.6%

0.3%

0.0%

23.2%

0.0%

0.0%

15.9%

0.7%

-

5.3%

0.5%

0.5%

5.4%

0.2%

0.0%

18,801 1,040

49

4.9% 0.3%

0.0%


0.5%

0.0%

-

0.1%

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.2%

0.0%

-

1,932 17

-

0.5% 0.0%

-Referral to School Counselor* - - - - - - -

45-54


11.8% 25.3% 48.6% 6.6%

1.6%

4.2%

34.3% 29.6% 10.7% 2.6%

5.4%

6.1%

7.7% 14.0% 33.2% 25.6%

3.3%

13.8%

9.2% 19.7% 59.2% 5.6%

0.7%

3.5%

18.5% 23.1% 48.0% 3.0%

1.7%

3.4%

34,148 69,798 133,683 17,833 4,606

11,632

12.3% 25.2% 48.2% 6.4% 1.7%

4.2%


119


K-12 Public School



Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian

0.3%

0.0%

0.3%

-

0.1%

-

-

-

0.2%

0.0%

706

35

0.3%

0.0%


0.6%

0.0%

-

0.2%

-

-

-

-

-

0.7%

-

-

0.3%

0.0%

-

1,511 10

-

0.5% 0.0%

-Referral to School Counselor* - - - - - - -No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant

11.0% 25.1% 50.9% 6.6%

1.1%

3.5%

32.2% 28.5% 13.2% 6.1%

5.3%

7.2%

6.1% 7.0% 37.4% 30.0%

3.7%

13.5%

4.4% 15.4% 71.4% 2.2%

2.2%

1.1%

17.5% 22.4% 51.5% 2.7%

1.2%

2.6%

18,939 41,231 84,125 10,743 1,933

5,732

11.4% 24.9% 50.8% 6.5% 1.2%

3.5%


3.4%

0.3%

0.0%

17.0%

0.2%

-

16.8%

0.1%

-

5.5%

-

1.1%

3.8%

0.2%

0.0%

5,925 438

21

3.6% 0.3%

0.0%


0.6%

0.0%

-

0.5%

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.2%

0.0%

-

970 6

-

0.6% 0.0%


65+ No Action Warning Citation for Infraction

10.3% 29.3% 49.7%

30.6% 33.1% 15.0%

7.2% 9.2% 40.1%

-16.7% 70.0%

21.0% 24.7% 45.6%

6,919 18,706 31,884

10.7% 29.0% 49.5%

120


K-12 Public School



In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant

6.7%

0.5%

2.3%

3.8%

4.4%

5.6%

30.0%

2.9%

7.7%

8.3%

-

-

3.1%

1.2%

2.4%

4,271 330

1,480

6.6% 0.5%

2.3%


2.1%

0.4%

0.0%

12.5%

-

-

16.4%

-

-

1.7%

3.3%

-

3.9%

0.3%

-

1,434 237

15

2.2% 0.4%

0.0%


0.8%

0.0%

-

0.6%

-

-

-

-

-

1.7%

-

-

0.4%

0.0%

-

517 5

-

0.8% 0.0%


Total


11.9% 23.8% 49.2% 6.2%

1.6%

5.0%

37.6% 28.4% 7.4% 1.5%

3.5%

5.9%

8.1% 16.4% 29.2% 24.0%

4.0%

16.1%

6.8% 10.7% 38.1% 24.0%

1.2%

6.0%

18.2% 23.0% 44.9% 3.8%

2.4%

4.9%

227,330 428,456 866,864 110,270 30,503

91,784

12.6% 23.8% 48.2% 6.1% 1.7%

5.1%

Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold

4.8%

0.3%

0.1%

0.6%

24.0%

0.1%

0.2%

0.1%

15.1%

0.4%

0.1%

-

3.3%

1.8%

13.9%

2.9%

5.8%

0.2%

0.2%

0.3%

93,534

5,023

2,422

10,152

5.2%

0.3%

0.1%

0.6%

121


K-12 Public School



Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% - - 0.1% 0.0% 98 0.0%



Table 5.13.1 Yield rates by Age

Age Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion 0-9 21 (23.1 %) 13 (31.7 %) 0 (0.0 %) 10-14 132 (16.7 %) 49 (16.4 %) 3 (5.0 %) 15-17 1049 (22.2 %) 385 (26.9 %) 51 (10.6 %) 18-24 7999 (22.5 %) 2958 (24.9 %) 485 (10.4 %) 25-34 15243 (21.5 %) 6534 (25.1 %) 998 (11.0 %) 35-44 8315 (22.7 %) 4129 (26.6 %) 540 (12.2 %) 45-54 4606 (23.0 %) 2427 (25.2 %) 352 (15.0 %) 55-64 1932 (23.1 %) 1100 (23.8 %) 126 (16.3 %) 65+ 379 (20.7 %) 245 (22.0 %) 23 (17.4 %) Total 39676 (22.2 %) 17840 (25.3 %) 2578 (11.7 %)

Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. A yield rate refers to the proportion of searched individuals who officers found to be in possession of contraband or evidence. We define lower discretion searches as searches where officers provided one or more of the following reasons as the basis for conducting the search: incident to arrest, vehicle inventory, or search warrants. We define higher discretion searches as searches where the only listed search basis was “consent given.” A “yield” is when an officer discovers contraband or evidence in the possession of an individual who the officer searched.

122

Table 5.13.2 Yield rates by Age Without California Highway Patrol Data

Age Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion 0-9 10-14 15-17

20 (22.7 %) 131 (16.8 %)

1,022 (22.0 %)

12 (31.6 %) 48 (16.4 %)

372 (27.0 %)

0 (0.0 %) 3 (5.0 %)

51 (10.6 %) 18-24 25-34

7,652 (23.0 %) 14,685 (22.1 %)

2,760 (28.0 %) 6,160 (27.9 %)

484 (10.3 %) 991 (10.9 %)

35-44 45-54

7,988 (23.3 %) 4,436 (23.6 %)

3,902 (28.8 %) 2,311 (27.0 %)

538 (12.2 %) 349 (14.8 %)

55-64 65+

1,855 (24.0 %) 350 (21.4 %)

1,048 (26.0 %) 227 (23.9 %)

125 (16.2 %) 22 (16.7 %)

Total 38,139 (22.7 %) 16,840 (27.8 %) 2563 (11.7 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 5.13.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

Table 5.13.3 Yield rates by Age for Officer-Initiated Stops

Age Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion 0-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+

19 (24.1 %) 100 (19.7 %) 862 (23.1 %)

6,871 (22.9 %) 12,603 (21.9 %) 6,655 (23.4 %) 3,716 (24.6 %) 1,520 (25.2 %)

284 (22.6 %)

12 (35.3 %) 28 (18.1 %)

275 (29.3 %) 2,275 (25.7 %) 4,895 (25.9 %) 3,085 (28.2 %) 1,865 (27.4 %)

835 (26.2 %) 182 (24.2 %)

0 (0.0 %) 2 (3.9 %)

44 (10.1 %) 439 (10.1 %) 907 (10.9 %) 479 (12.1 %) 314 (15.3 %) 116 (17.9 %) 20 (18.2 %)


123

Table 5.13.4 Yield rates by Age for Officer-Initiated Stops Without California Highway Patrol Data

Age Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion

0-9 18 (23.7 %) 11 (35.5 %) 0 (0.0 %) 10-14 99 (19.9 %) 27 (18.1 %) 2 (3.9 %) 15-17 838 (22.9 %) 263 (29.6 %) 44 (10.1 %) 18-24 6,542 (23.5 %) 2,091 (30.0 %) 438 (10.1 %) 25-34 12,093 (22.6 %) 4,560 (29.9 %) 901 (10.9 %) 35-44 6,355 (24.0 %) 2,880 (31.4 %) 477 (12.1 %) 45-54 3,557 (25.4 %) 1,760 (30.1 %) 311 (15.2 %) 55-64 1,452 (26.6 %) 791 (29.5 %) 115 (17.8 %) 65+ 261 (23.9 %) 168 (27.6 %) 19 (17.8 %) Total 31,215 (23.5 %) 12,551 (30.2 %) 2,307 (11.6 %)


Table 5.13.5 Yield rates by Age for Call for Service Stops

Age Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion 0-9 2 (16.7 %) 1 (14.3 %) 0 (0.0 %) 10-14 32 (11.3 %) 21 (14.6 %) 1 (11.1 %) 15-17 187 (18.8 %) 110 (22.4 %) 7 (15.2 %) 18-24 1,128 (20.2 %) 683 (22.6 %) 46 (13.5 %) 25-34 2,640 (19.8 %) 1,639 (22.9 %) 91 (11.7 %) 35-44 1,660 (20.5 %) 1,044 (22.9 %) 61 (13.7 %) 45-54 890 (18.1 %) 562 (19.8 %) 38 (12.8 %) 55-64 412 (17.6 %) 265 (18.6 %) 10 (8.1 %) 65+ 95 (16.6 %) 63 (17.3 %) 3 (13.6 %) Total 7,046 (19.5 %) 4,388 (21.9 %) 257 (12.5 %)

124

Age Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 5.13.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

Table 5.13.6 Yield rates by Age for Call for Service Stops Without California Highway Patrol Data

Age Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion 0-9 2 (16.7 %) 1 (14.3 %) 0 (0.0 %) 10-14 32 (11.4 %) 21 (14.7 %) 1 (11.1 %) 15-17 184 (18.6 %) 109 (22.4 %) 7 (15.2 %) 18-24 1,110 (20.5 %) 669 (23.3 %) 46 (13.5 %) 25-34 2,592 (19.9 %) 1,600 (23.4 %) 90 (11.6 %) 35-44 1,633 (20.8 %) 1,022 (23.4 %) 61 (13.7 %) 45-54 879 (18.4 %) 551 (20.3 %) 38 (12.8 %) 55-64 403 (17.9 %) 257 (19.1 %) 10 (8.2 %) 65+ 89 (16.3 %) 59 (17.4 %) 3 (13.6 %) Total 6,924 (19.7 %) 4,289 (22.5 %) 256 (12.5 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 5.13.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

Table 5.14.1 Citation/Arrest Rates by Age

Citation for In-field Cite Custodial Arrests Custodial Arrests Age All Offenses Infraction and Release Without a Warrant With a Warrant 1-9 618 (46.5%) 489 (36.8%) 102 (7.7%) 24 (1.8%) 16 (1.2%) 10-14 920 (33.3%) 310 (11.2%) 274 (9.9%) 305 (11.0%) 50 (1.8%) 15-17 9,274 (49.5%) 6,541 (34.9%) 1,158 (6.2%) 1,405 (7.5%) 333 (1.8%) 18-24 194,716 (62.9%) 157,893 (51.0%) 18,198 (5.9%) 17,106 (5.5%) 3,772 (1.2%) 25-34 346,377 (59.7%) 270,598 (46.6%) 34,582 (6.0%) 34,648 (6.0%) 11,821 (2.0%) 35-44 228,504 (60.1%) 181,341 (47.7%) 23,109 (6.1%) 19,452 (5.1%) 7,642 (2.0%)

125

45-54 165,832 (59.8%) 133,683 (48.2%) 17,833 (6.4%) 11,632 (4.2%) 4,606 (1.7%) 55-64 101,534 (61.3%) 84,125 (50.8%) 10,743 (6.5%) 5,732 (3.5%) 1,933 (1.2%) 65+ 37,690 (58.5%) 31,884 (49.5%) 4,271 (6.6%) 1,480 (2.3%) 330 (0.5%) Total 1,085,465 (60.3%) 866,864 (48.2%) 110,270 (6.1%) 91,784 (5.1%) 30,503 (1.7%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

Table 5.14.2 Citation/Arrest Rates by Age without California Highway Patrol

Age All Offenses Citation for Infraction




1-9 356 (40.0%) 236 (26.5%) 96 (10.8%) 17 (1.9%) 16 (1.8%) 10-14 853 (33.3%) 265 (10.4%) 268 (10.5%) 291 (11.4%) 46 (1.8%) 15-17 4,496 (37.8%) 2,047 (17.2%) 1,012 (8.5%) 1,223 (10.3%) 324 (2.7%) 18-24 66,266 (50.0%) 37,623 (28.4%) 16,247 (12.2%) 10,404 (7.8%) 3,433 (2.6%) 25-34 131,366 (49.5%) 71,014 (26.7%) 31,119 (11.7%) 22,252 (8.4%) 10,822 (4.1%) 35-44 85,505 (53.0%) 46,434 (28.8%) 21,098 (13.1%) 13,200 (8.2%) 6,965 (4.3%) 45-54 60,995 (54.8%) 33,501 (30.1%) 16,539 (14.8%) 8,169 (7.3%) 4,244 (3.8%) 55-64 35,227 (59.4%) 20,387 (34.4%) 10,045 (16.9%) 3,808 (6.4%) 1,756 (3.0%) 65+ 13,105 (62.0%) 8,082 (38.2%) 4,070 (19.2%) 871 (4.1%) 300 (1.4%) Total 398,169 (51.9%) 219,589 (28.6%) 100,494 (13.1%) 60,235 (7.9%) 27,906 (3.6%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

126

Subsection 6: Limited English Fluency Tables

Table 6.1 Number of Individuals Stopped by Limited English Fluency

Limited English Fluency Count %

No Limited English Fluency 1,715,046 95.3%

Limited English Fluency 85,008 4.7%

Total 1,800,054 100.0%


Table 6.2 Stop Circumstance by Limited English Fluency

Limited English Fluency Officer Initiated Calls for Service

Count % Count %

No Limited English Fluency 1,635,177 95.3 79,86 4.7% % 9

Limited English Fluency 79,499 93.5 5,509 6.5% %

Total 1,714,676 95.3 85,37 4.7 % 8 %


127

Table 6.3.1 Reason for Stop by Limited English Fluency

Limited English Fluency

No Limited English Fluency

Traffic Violation

84.9%

Reason Suspicion

11.2%

Parole/ Probation/


0.6%

Warrant

0.7%

Truant

0.3%


2.2%


Educate Code*

0.0%


Total

1,715,046

Limited English Fluency 81.6% 15.3% 0.3% 0.8% 0.3% 1.6% 0.0% 0.0% 85,008

Total 84.8% 11.4% 0.6% 0.7% 0.3% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 1,800,054

Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” row are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students.Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

Table 6.3.2 Traffic Violation Types by Limited English Fluency

Limited English Fluency Moving Equipment Non-moving Identity Group Total

No Limited English Fluency 65.9% 14.3% 19.8% 1,456,450

Limited English Fluency 62.6% 19.7% 17.7% 69,405

Total 65.8% 14.6% 19.7% 1,525,855



128

Table 6.3.3 Reason for Stop Reasonable Suspicion Breakdown by Limited English Fluency


Officer Witness

Commiss Crime

Match Susp Descr

Witness/ Victim

Identific


Casing Suspect

Acting as a Lookout

Drug Transaction

Engaging In a

Violent Crime

Other


No Limited 36.5% 28.9% 14.2% 1.7% 1.3% 0.6% 1.4% 0.7% 26.6% 192,504 English Fluency Limited English 41.5% 25.4% 18.5% 1.4% 0.9% 0.6% 1.6% 0.8% 24.0% 12,989 Fluency

Reasonable Suspicion Total 36.8% 28.7% 14.5% 1.6% 1.3% 0.6% 1.4% 0.7% 26.4% 205,493

Note. Reasonable suspicion subcategory percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who were stopped for reasonable suspicion (N = 205,493) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). Abbreviation for Reason for Stop left to right. Officer Witness Commiss Crime= Officer Witness Commission of a Crime, Match Susp Descr= Matched Suspect Description, Witness/Victim Identific= Witness/Victim Identification.

Table 6.3.4 Reason for Stop by Stop Circumstance and English Fluency

Determine Parole/ Possible Consensual Whether Probation/ Conduct English Stop Traffic Reason Encounter Student Identity Group PRCS/ Warrant Truant Under Fluency Circumstance Violation Suspicion Resulting Violated Total Count Mandatory Educate in Search School Supervision Code* Policy* No Limited English Fluency Limited English Fluency

Officer Initiated Call for Service Officer Initiated Call for Service

88.4% 8.2% 0.6% 0.6% 0.2% 1.9% 0.0% 0.0% 1,635,177

14.3% 72.9% 0.9% 2.2% 2.3% 7.3% 0.0% 0.1% 79,869

85.8% 11.5% 0.4% 0.7% 0.3% 1.5% 0.0% 0.0% 79,499

22.1% 70.2% 0.2% 2.0% 1.4% 4.0% - 0.0% 5,509

129

English Fluency

Stop Circumstance

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



Total


88.3%

14.8%

8.4%

72.8%

0.6%

0.9%

0.6%

2.2%

0.2%

2.2%

1.9%

7.1%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

1,714,676

85,378

Overall Total 84.80% 11.40% 0.60% 0.70% 0.30% 2.20% 0.00% 0.00% 1,800,054 Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). Percentages in the “Officer Assignment Type Total” row are based off the total number of individuals stopped for each assignment type (See “Identity Group Total” column). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

Table 6.4 Actions Taken During Stop by Limited English Fluency

No Limited English Fluency Limited English Fluency Total

Removed from Vehicle by Order 3.7% 4.9% 3.8%

Removed from Vehicle by Physical Contact 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%

Field Sobriety Test 1.4% 2.7% 1.4%

Curbside Detention 5.4% 7.1% 5.5%

Handcuffed 7.1% 9.9% 7.2%

Patrol Car Detention 4.1% 4.4% 4.1%

Canine Search 0.0% 0.2% 0.0%

Firearm Point 0.3% 0.5% 0.3%

130


Firearm Discharge 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Electronic Control Device 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Impact Projectile Discharge 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Canine Bite 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Baton 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Chemical Spray 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Other Physical of Vehicle Contact 0.3% 0.2% 0.3%

Person Photographed 0.6% 0.7% 0.6%

Asked for Consent to Search Person 2.2% 1.4% 2.1%

Searched Person 9.1% 11.5% 9.2%

Asked for Consent to Search Property 1.1% 1.1% 1.1%

Searched Property 4.0% 4.0% 4.0%

Property Seized 0.7% 0.9% 0.7%

Vehicle Impound 1.0% 2.4% 1.1%

Admission/ Written Statement Obtained from Student* 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

No Action Taken 82.3% 76.0% 82.0%

Search Person Consent Given 2.0% 1.2% 91.6%

Search Property Consent given 1.0% 0.9% 88.2%


Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group (see “Identity Group Total” row). Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students.

131

Table 6.5 Basis for Search by Limited English Fluency

No Limited English Fluency Limited English Fluency Total Consent Given 27.8% 23.0% 27.5% Officer Safety/ Safety of Others 30.5% 33.0% 30.7% Search Warrant 1.3% 2.1% 1.3% Condition of Parole/ Probation/ PRCS/ 20.6% 8.3% 19.8% Mandatory Supervision Suspected Weapon 9.5% 9.9% 9.5% Visible Contraband 5.1% 3.1% 5.0% Odor of Contraband 5.2% 2.5% 5.1% Canine Detection 0.2% 0.5% 0.2% Evidence of Crime 5.6% 6.4% 5.6% Incident to Arrest 36.0% 45.6% 36.6% Exigent Circumstances/Emergency 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% Vehicle Inventory 3.1% 4.2% 3.1% Suspected Violation of School Policy* 0.0% - 0.0% Identity Group Total 168,401 10,574 178,975 Note. Basis for search frequencies were calculated based off the number of individuals who had a person and/or property search (N = 178,975) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” row). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

132

Table 6.6 Contraband or Evidence Discovered by Limited English Fluency

No Limited English Fluency Limited English Fluency Total None 96.7% 95.4% 96.6%

Firearm(s) 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%

Ammunition 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%

Weapon(s) Other than a Firearm 0.3% 0.4% 0.3%

Drugs/Narcotics 1.4% 1.2% 1.3%

Alcohol 0.7% 1.9% 0.8%

Money 0.1% 0.4% 0.1%

Drug Paraphernalia 0.8% 0.4% 0.7%

Stolen Property 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%

Cell Phones or Electronic Devices 0.1% 0.2% 0.1%

Other Contraband or Evidence 0.4% 0.6% 0.4%


Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054) per identity group (see “Identity Group Total” row).

Table 6.7 Basis for Property Seizure by Limited English Fluency

Limited Suspected Impound of Abandoned Identity Group English Safekeeping Contraband Evidence Violation of Vehicle Property Total Fluency School Policy* No Limited 10.4% 37.2% 72.8% 15.2% 0.7% 0.2% 12,051 English Fluency

133

Limited 7.4% 33.9% 74.2% 18.9% 1.0% - 729 English Fluency Total 10.2% 37.0% 72.9% 15.5% 0.7% 0.2% 12,780 Note. Basis for property seizure percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who had property seized (N = 12,780) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

Table 6.8 Type of Property of Seized by Limited English Fluency


Firearm(s) 11.0% 8.4% 10.9% Ammunition 8.3% 6.0% 8.1% Weapon(s) Other than a Firearm 10.6% 12.1% 10.7% Drugs/Narcotics 39.3% 40.3% 39.3% Alcohol 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% Money 9.0% 21.4% 9.7% Drug Paraphernalia 26.3% 14.4% 25.6% Suspected Stolen Property 11.2% 5.6% 10.9% Cell phone(s) or Electronic Device(s) 9.6% 15.5% 10.0% Vehicle 12.1% 15.8% 12.3% Other Contraband or Evidence 22.3% 21.3% 22.2% Identity Group Total 12,051 729 12,780 Note. Type of property seized percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who had property seized (N = 12,780) per identity group “Identity Group Total” row).

134

Table 6.9.1 Result of Stop by Limited English Fluency

No Limited English Fluency Limited English Fluency Total No Action 12.6% 12.5% 12.6% Warning 23.8% 23.3% 23.8% Citation for Infraction 48.2% 46.9% 48.2% In-Field Cite and Release 6.2% 5.1% 6.1% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.7% 1.3% 1.7% Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 5.0% 8.0% 5.1% Field Interview Card Completed 5.1% 7.4% 5.2% Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Psychiatric Hold 0.6% 0.5% 0.6% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Referral to School Admin* 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% - 0.0% Identity Group Total 1,715,046 85,008 1,800,054 Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054) per identity group (see “Identity Group Total” row). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

Table 6.9.2 Result of Stop by Stop Circumstance and English Fluency

English Fluency Result of Stop Officer

Initiated Call for Service


Count


% No Action 12.2% 22.1% 216,664 12.6% Warning 24.3% 14.6% 408,621 23.8%

- -

135

Identity Identity English Officer Call for Result of Stop Group Total Group Total Fluency Initiated Service Count %


Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* Referral to School Counselor*

50.2% 6.2% 1.5% 3.9% 4.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

6.7% 5.0% 6.5% 26.9% 17.4% 3.1% 1.0% 7.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0%

827,010 48.2% 105,959 6.2% 29,403 1.7% 84,990 5.0% 87,251 5.1% 4,693 0.3% 2,341 0.1% 9,698 0.6%

90 0.0% 255 0.0% 59 0.0%



12.2% 24.1% 49.3% 5.1% 1.1% 6.1% 6.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0%

-

17.8% 12.1% 11.5% 4.3% 4.1% 35.1% 23.3% 2.8% 0.6% 4.8% 0.1%

--

10,666 12.5% 19,835 23.3% 39,854 46.9% 4,311 5.1% 1,100 1.3% 6,794 8.0% 6,283 7.4% 330 0.4% 81 0.1% 454 0.5% 8 0.0% 1 0.0%

136

Identity Identity English Officer Call for Result of Stop Group Total Group Total Fluency Initiated Service Count % No Action 12.2% 21.8% 227,330 12.6% Warning 24.3% 14.4% 428,456 23.8% Citation for Infraction 50.2% 7.0% 866,864 48.2% In-Field Cite and Release 6.2% 4.9% 110,270 6.1% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.5% 6.3% 30,503 1.7% Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 4.0% 27.4% 91,784 5.1%

Total Field Interview Card Completed 4.6% 17.8% 93,534 5.2% Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 0.1% 3.1% 5,023 0.3% Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.1% 1.0% 2,422 0.1% Psychiatric Hold 0.2% 6.9% 10,152 0.6% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% 0.0% 98 0.0% Referral to School Admin* 0.0% 0.1% 256 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% 59 0.0%


Table 6.10 English Fluency Breakdown by Officer Assignment Type

English Fluency Patrol Gang Enforcement Narcotics K-12 Public School Other Total

No Limited English Fluency Limited English Fluency

Count

1,605,157

76,927

%

95.4%

4.6%

Count

31,074

1,767

%

94.6%

5.4%

Count

6,392

1,333

%

82.7%

17.3%

Count

1,676

35

%

98.0%

2.0%

Count

70,747

4,946

%

93.5%

6.5%

1,715,046

85,008

137


Table 6.11 Reason for Stop by Officer Assignment Type and English Fluency

English Fluency Officer

Assignment Type

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*




Patrol Gang Enforcement Narcotics K-12 Public School

86.2%

57.6%

25.3%

41.6%

10.5%

26.2%

66.8%

33.0%

0.4%

8.4%

1.4%

0.4%

0.6%

1.8%

2.7%

1.7%

0.3%

0.7%

-

4.5%

1.9%

5.3%

3.8%

9.7%

0.0%

-

-

2.5%

0.0%

-

-

6.6%

1,605,157

31,074

6,392

1,676

Other 74.7% 15.3% 1.3% 2.2% 0.3% 6.3% 0.0% 0.0% 70,747



83.3%

65.1%

16.7%

71.4%

14.2%

23.1%

76.2%

20.0%

0.2%

5.0%

0.2%

-

0.6%

2.1%

1.4%

-

0.3%

0.2%

-

2.9%

1.4%

4.4%

5.6%

2.9%

-

-

-

2.9%

0.0%

-

-

-

76,927

1,767

1,333

35

138

English Fluency Officer

Assignment Type

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



Other 79.3% 13.5% 0.4% 2.2% 0.8% 3.7% - - 4,946 Patrol 86.1% 10.7% 0.4% 0.6% 0.3% 1.9% 0.0% 0.0% 1,682,084




23.8%

42.3%

68.5%

32.7%

1.2%

0.4%

2.5%

1.6%

-

4.4%

4.1%

9.5%

-

2.5%

-

6.5%

7,725

1,711



Table 6.12 Result of Stop by Officer Assignment Type and English Fluency

English Fluency Result of Stop Patrol Gang

Enforcement Narcotics K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count


Percent No Action 11.9% 38.0% 7.7% 6.7% 17.7% 216,664 12.6%


Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to

23.8% 49.2% 6.3% 1.6%

28.2% 7.3% 1.5% 3.6%

18.1% 28.3% 22.8% 4.5%

10.3% 38.0% 24.3% 1.3%

23.4% 45.1% 3.8% 2.5%

408,621 827,010 105,959 29,403

23.8% 48.2% 6.2% 1.7%

Outstanding Warrant

139



Other Identity

Group Total Count


Percent Custodial Arrest Without 4.9% 5.9% 16.6% 6.1% 4.9% 84,990 5.0% Warrant Field Interview Card Completed 4.7% 23.8% 16.3% 3.3% 5.7% 87,251 5.1% Noncriminal Transport or 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 1.7% 0.2% 4,693 0.3% Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 14.2% 0.2% 2,341 0.1% Guardian Psychiatric Hold 0.6% 0.1% - 2.9% 0.3% 9,698 0.6% Referred to U.S. Department of 0.0% - - 0.1% 0.0% 90 0.0% Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* 0.0% 0.0% - 12.5% 0.0% 255 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% - 2.6% 0.0% 59 0.0% No Action 11.3% 29.8% 10.3% 11.4% 26.5% 10,666 12.5% Warning 23.7% 32.8% 8.7% 28.6% 17.4% 19,835 23.3% Citation for Infraction 48.3% 8.8% 33.8% 42.9% 42.5% 39,854 46.9% In-Field Cite and Release 4.8% 1.5% 29.8% 11.4% 4.3% 4,311 5.1% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to 1.3% 2.6% 1.7% - 1.0% 1,100 1.3% Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without 8.1% 5.8% 13.3% - 5.4% 6,794 8.0% Warrant

Limited English Field Interview Card Completed 6.9% 27.7% 9.2% 5.7% 6.8% 6,283 7.4% Fluency Noncriminal Transport or 0.4% 0.1% 1.1% 2.9% 0.3% 330 0.4%

Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal 0.1% 0.2% - - 0.1% 81 0.1% Guardian Psychiatric Hold 0.6% 0.2% - 2.9% 0.2% 454 0.5% Referred to U.S. Department of 0.0% - - - 0.0% 8 0.0% Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* - - - 2.9% - 1 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* - - - - - - -

140



Other Identity

Group Total Count


Percent No Action 11.9% 37.6% 8.1% 6.8% 18.2% 227,330 12.6% Warning 23.8% 28.4% 16.4% 10.7% 23.0% 428,456 23.8% Citation for Infraction 49.2% 7.4% 29.2% 38.1% 44.9% 866,864 48.2% In-Field Cite and Release 6.2% 1.5% 24.0% 24.0% 3.8% 110,270 6.1% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.6% 3.5% 4.0% 1.2% 2.4% 30,503 1.7%








141

Table 6.13.1 Yield rates by Limited English Fluency

Limited English Fluency Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion No 37,472 (22.3 %) 16,610 (25.4 %) 2,412 (11.7 %) Yes 2,204 (20.8 %) 1,230 (23.4 %) 166 (12.7 %) Total 39,676 (22.2 %) 17,840 (25.3 %) 2578 (11.7 %)


Table 6.13.2 Yield rates by Limited English Fluency Without California Highway Patrol Data

Limited English Fluency Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion No 36,036 (22.8 %) 15,675 (27.9 %) 2,398 (11.6 %) Yes 2,103 (21.6 %) 1,165 (25.9 %) 165 (12.6 %) Total 38,139 (22.7 %) 16,840 (27.8 %) 2,563 (11.7 %)


Table 6.13.3 Yield rates by Limited English Fluency for Officer-Initiated Stops

Limited English Fluency Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion No 32,270 (22.9 %) 13,256 (26.7 %) 2,302 (11.6 %) Yes 360 (22.0 %) 196 (22.3 %) 19 (13.5 %) Total 32,630 (22.8 %) 13,452 (26.6 %) 2,321 (11.6 %)


Table 6.13.4 Yield rates by Limited English Fluency for Officer-Initiated Stops Without California Highway Patrol Data

Limited English Fluency Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion No 29,531 (23.6 %) 11,661 (30.2 %) 2,152 (11.5 %) Yes 1,684 (23.0 %) 890 (29.6 %) 155 (12.9 %) Total 31,215 (23.5 %) 12,551 (30.2 %) 2,307 (11.6 %)


142

Table 6.13.5 Yield rates by Limited English Fluency for Call for Service Stops

Limited English Fluency Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion No 6,896 (19.5 %) 4,290 (22.0 %) 251 (12.5 %) Yes 150 (17.8 %) 98 (19.4 %) 6 (12.8 %) Total 7,046 (19.5 %) 4,388 (21.9 %) 257 (12.5 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 6.13.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

Table 6.13.6 Yield rates by Limited English Fluency for Call for Service Stops Without California Highway Patrol Data

Limited English Fluency Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion No 6,505 (19.9 %) 4,014 (22.8 %) 246 (12.6 %) Yes 419 (17.4 %) 275 (18.5 %) 10 (9.6 %) Total 6,924 (19.7 %) 4,289 (22.5 %) 256 (12.5 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 6.13.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

Table 6.14.1 Citation/Arrest Rates by Limited English Fluency

Citation for In-field Cite Custodial Arrests Custodial Arrests Limited English Fluency All Offenses Infraction and Release Without a Warrant With a Warrant No 1,034,195 (60.3%) 827,010 (48.2%) 105,959 (6.2%) 84,990 (5.0%) 29,403 (1.7%) Yes 51,270 (60.3%) 39,854 (46.9%) 4,311 (5.1%) 6,794 (8.0%) 1,100 (1.3%) Total 1,085,465 (60.3%) 866,864 (48.2%) 110,270 (6.1%) 91,784 (5.1%) 30,503 (1.7%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

Table 6.14.2 Citation/Arrest Rates by Limited English Fluency without California Highway Patrol

Citation for In-field Cite Custodial Arrests Custodial Arrests Limited English Fluency All Offenses Infraction and Release Without a Warrant With a Warrant No 374,756 (51.8%) 205,001 (28.3%) 96,851 (13.4%) 55,614 (7.7%) 26,874 (3.7%) Yes 23,413 (54.6%) 14,588 (34.0%) 3,643 (8.5%) 4,621 (10.8%) 1,032 (2.4%) Total 398,169 (51.9%) 219,589 (28.6%) 100,494 (13.1%) 60,235 (7.9%) 27,906 (3.6%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

143

Subsection 7: Disability Tables

Table 7.1 Number of Individuals Stopped by Disability

Disability Type Count % Blind 391 0.0% Deafness 1,317 0.1% Developmental 711 0.0% Hyperactivity* 8 0.0% Mental Health Cond. 11,511 0.6% Multiple Disability 1,237 0.1% Other 3,563 0.2% Speech Impairment 907 0.1% No Disability 1,780,409 98.9% Total 1,800,054 100.0%

Note. Percentages were calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students.

144

Table 7.2 Stop Circumstance by Disability

Disability Type Officer Initiated Calls for Service

Count % Count %

Blind 308 78.8% 83 21.2%

Deafness 1,173 89.1% 144 10.9%

Developmental 486 68.4% 225 31.6%

Hyperactivity* 3 37.5% 5 62.5%

Mental Health Cond. 5,251 45.6% 6,260 54.4%

Multiple Disability 705 57.0% 532 43.0%

Other 2,777 77.9% 786 22.1%

Speech Impairment 744 82.0% 163 18.0%

No Disability 1,703,229 95.7% 77,180 4.3%

Total 1,714,676 95.3% 85,378 4.7%

Note. Percentages are based off total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students.

145

Table 7.3.1 Reason for Stop by Disability

Disability Type

Blind

Traffic Violation

41.9%

Reason Suspicion

47.3%

Parole/ Probation / PRCS/

Mandator y

Supervisi on

0.8%

Warrant

3.3%

Truant

1.3%

Consensua l

Encounter Resulting in Search

5.4%


Educate Code*

-


-


391

Deafness 67.1% 26.0% 0.9% 1.7% 0.9% 3.2% - 0.1% 1,317

Developmental 29.8% 55.6% 1.8% 1.4% 2.3% 8.7% 0.4% - 711

Hyperactivity* - 12.5% - 12.5% 25.0% 25.0% - 25.0% 8

Mental Health Cond. Multiple Disability Other

6.0%

19.7%

43.0%

76.6%

64.5%

45.5%

1.0%

1.1%

1.4%

2.0%

2.1%

2.5%

3.6%

3.8%

1.6%

10.7%

8.7%

6.0%

-

-

-

0.0%

-

0.0%

11,511

1,237

3,563

Speech Impairment No Disability

50.2%

85.5%

40.1%

10.8%

0.6%

0.6%

1.9%

0.7%

1.5%

0.3%

5.6%

2.1%

0.1%

0.0%

-

0.0%

907

1,780,409

Total 84.8% 11.4% 0.6% 0.7% 0.3% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 1,800,054


146

Table 7.3.2 Traffic Violation Types by Disability

Disability Type Moving Equipment Non-moving Identity Group Total

Blind 63.4% 19.5% 17.1% 164

Deafness 66.7% 18.0% 15.3% 884

Developmental 66.5% 12.7% 20.8% 212

Hyperactivity* - - - -

Mental Health Cond. 54.4% 8.7% 36.9% 691

Multiple Disability 59.4% 13.1% 27.5% 244

Other 59.5% 16.0% 24.5% 1,533

Speech Impairment 65.3% 19.8% 14.9% 455

No Disability 65.8% 14.6% 19.7% 1,521,672

Total 65.8% 14.6% 19.7% 1,525,855

Note. Frequencies are based off total number of individuals stopped for a traffic violation (N = 1,525,8557) per identity group (Identity Group Total” column). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.


147

Table 7.3.3 Reason for Stop Reasonable Suspicion Breakdown by Disability

Disability Type

Blind

Officer Witness

Commiss Crime 38.9%

Match Susp Descr

27.0%

Witness/ Victim

Identific

16.8%


1.6%

Casing

3.2%

Suspect Acting as a

Lookout

1.1%

Drug Transaction

1.6%

Engaging In a

Violent Crime 1.1%

Other

21.1%

Identity Group

Total

185

Deafness 33.2% 29.7% 16.0% 1.2% 0.9% 1.2% 1.5% 1.2% 26.8% 343

Developmental 22.0% 44.6% 17.5% 0.5% 0.5% - 0.8% 0.5% 26.1% 395

Hyperactivity* - - 100.0% - - - - - 100.0% 1

Mental Health Cond. Multiple Disability Other

11.4%

14.9%

36.3%

38.9%

41.2%

29.8%

20.5%

21.4%

16.5%

1.4%

1.4%

1.0%

0.5%

0.6%

0.4%

0.0%

0.3%

0.2%

0.1%

0.3%

0.9%

0.6%

0.4%

0.6%

42.5%

36.1%

25.7%

8,821

798

1,621

Speech Impairment No Disability

37.1%

38.1%

29.1%

28.1%

15.9%

14.1%

0.8%

1.7%

2.2%

1.3%

0.8%

0.6%

1.1%

1.5%

0.5%

0.7%

25.5%

25.7%

364

192,965

Reasonable Suspicion Total 36.8% 28.7% 14.5% 1.6% 1.3% 0.6% 1.4% 0.7% 26.4% 205,493 Note. Reasonable suspicion subcategory percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who were stopped for reasonable suspicion (N = 205,493) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). Abbreviation for Reason for Stop left to right. Officer Witness Commiss Crime= Officer Witness Commission of a Crime, Match Susp Descr= Matched Suspect Description, Witness/Victim Identific= Witness/Victim Identification. * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

148

Table 7.3.4 Reason for Stop by Stop Circumstance and Disability

Disability Stop Circumstance

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



Count

Officer Initiated 49.7% 39.9% 1.0% 3.2% 1.0% 5.2% - - 308 Blind Call for Service 13.3% 74.7% - 3.6% 2.4% 6.0% - - 83

Officer Initiated 74.1% 20.0% 1.0% 1.4% 0.7% 2.8% - - 1,173 Deafness Call for Service 10.4% 75.0% - 4.9% 2.8% 6.3% - 0.7% 144

Officer Initiated 40.9% 45.3% 2.3% 1.2% 1.9% 8.0% 0.4% - 486 Developmental Call for Service 5.8% 77.8% 0.9% 1.8% 3.1% 10.2% 0.4% - 225

Officer Initiated - - - 33.3% - 33.3% - 33.3% 3 Hyperactivity Call for Service - 20.0% - - 40.0% 20.0% - 20.0% 5

Mental Health Officer Initiated 10.4% 72.1% 1.6% 2.8% 3.7% 9.5% - 0.0% 5,251

Cond. Call for Service 2.3% 80.5% 0.6% 1.4% 3.6% 11.6% - 0.0% 6,260

Multiple Officer Initiated 29.5% 55.7% 1.4% 2.1% 3.4% 7.8% - - 705

Disability Call for Service 6.8% 76.1% 0.8% 2.1% 4.3% 10.0% - - 532

Officer Initiated 52.5% 36.8% 1.7% 2.5% 1.2% 5.3% - - 2,777 Other Call for Service 9.7% 76.1% 0.4% 2.7% 2.9% 8.1% - 0.1% 786

Speech Officer Initiated 57.9% 33.3% 0.5% 1.7% 1.1% 5.2% 0.1% - 744

Impairment Call for Service 14.7% 71.2% 0.6% 2.5% 3.7% 7.4% - - 163

149

Disability

No Disability

Stop Circumstance

Officer Initiated

Call for Service

Traffic Violation

88.6%

15.9%

Reason Suspicion

8.1%

72.1%

Parole/ Probation/


0.6%

0.9%

Warrant

0.6%

2.3%

Truant

0.2%

2.1%


1.9%

6.7%


Educate Code*

0.0%

0.0%


0.0%


Count

1,703,229

77,180

Total Officer Initiated Call for Service

88.3%

14.8%

8.4%

72.8%

0.6%

0.9%

0.6%

2.2%

0.2%

2.2%

1.9%

7.1%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

1,714,676

85,378 Overall Total 84.80% 11.40% 0.60% 0.70% 0.30% 2.20% 0.00% 0.00% 1,800,054


150

Table 7.4 Actions Taken During Stop by Disability

Blind Deafness Developmental Hyperactivity* Mental Health Cond.

Multiple Disability Other Speech

Impairment No

Disability Total

Removed from 6.4% 7.4% 3.4% - 1.4% 2.4% 7.7% 4.5% 3.8% 3.8% Vehicle by Order Removed from - 0.4% 0.1% - 0.4% 0.2% 0.5% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% Vehicle by Physical Contact Field Sobriety Test 5.1% 1.4% 2.1% - 1.2% 1.8% 3.1% 2.0% 1.4% 1.4%

Curbside Detention 17.6% 10.9% 21.8% 12.5% 20.1% 16.7% 19.4% 17.9% 5.3% 5.5%

Handcuffed 24.6% 12.3% 24.8% 12.5% 55.0% 33.1% 18.6% 18.1% 6.8% 7.2%

Patrol Car Detention 10.5% 5.9% 10.5% 25.0% 22.0% 17.5% 7.5% 9.5% 4.0% 4.1%

Canine Search - 0.2% - - 0.1% - 0.1% - 0.0% 0.0%

Firearm Point 0.5% 0.8% 0.7% - 1.3% 0.6% 1.3% 0.6% 0.3% 0.3%

Firearm Discharge - - - - 0.0% - 0.0% - 0.0% 0.0%

Electronic Control - - - - 0.3% 0.1% - - 0.0% 0.0% Device Impact Projectile - - - - 0.1% - 0.0% - 0.0% 0.0% Discharge Canine Bite - - - - 0.0% - - - 0.0% 0.0%

Baton - - - - 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Chemical Spray - - 0.1% - 0.2% - - - 0.0% 0.0%

Other Physical of 0.5% 0.4% 0.7% - 2.4% 2.4% 0.9% 0.6% 0.3% 0.3% Vehicle Contact Person Photographed 2.0% 0.7% 2.8% - 3.1% 3.6% 2.2% 1.5% 0.6% 0.6%

151



Impairment No

Disability Total

Asked for Consent to 3.8% 3.3% 8.6% - 6.8% 7.0% 4.9% 6.0% 2.1% 2.1% Search Person Searched Person 27.6% 16.5% 23.8% 12.5% 44.4% 30.2% 21.8% 20.0% 8.9% 9.2%

Asked for Consent to 1.3% 2.1% 2.8% 12.5% 2.3% 2.1% 2.6% 2.5% 1.1% 1.1% Search Property Searched Property 11.3% 8.2% 7.6% - 12.1% 9.2% 10.1% 8.9% 3.9% 4.0%

Property Seized 1.8% 0.8% 1.4% - 2.8% 1.8% 3.0% 1.9% 0.7% 0.7%

Vehicle Impound 1.3% 1.3% 1.1% - 0.5% 1.1% 2.0% 2.3% 1.1% 1.1%

Admission/ Written - - - - 0.0% 0.2% - 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% Statement Obtained from Student* No Action Taken 51.4% 66.8% 49.4% 62.5% 23.6% 41.4% 53.6% 56.7% 82.5% 82.0%

Search Person 3.6% 3.0% 7.9% - 6.1% 6.4% 4.4% 5.7% 1.9% 2.0% Consent Given Search Property 1.3% 1.9% 2.7% 0.0% 2.1% 2.0% 2.3% 2.5% 1.0% 1.0% Consent given Identity Group Total 391 1,317 711 8 11,511 1,237 3,563 907 1,780,409 1,800,054


152

Table 7.5 Basis for Search by Disability



Impairment No

Disability Total

Consent Given 22.0% 39.6% 26.9% - 15.7% 20.9% 24.1% 25.8% 27.9% 27.5%

Officer Safety/ Safety of 36.4% 33.2% 34.1% 100.0% 52.4% 50.5% 31.9% 40.4% 29.9% 30.7% Others Search Warrant 2.5% 1.7% - - 0.3% 1.3% 3.4% 2.5% 1.4% 1.3%

Condition of Parole/ 11.9% 18.3% 13.2% - 6.3% 5.3% 14.6% 12.1% 20.4% 19.8% Probation/ PRCS/ Mandatory Supervision Suspected Weapon 8.5% 8.5% 9.9% - 9.9% 10.8% 8.7% 12.1% 9.5% 9.5%

Visible Contraband 8.5% 6.8% 2.7% - 0.9% 1.3% 4.4% 2.0% 5.1% 5.0%

Odor of Contraband 3.4% 8.9% 2.7% - 0.3% 0.5% 2.2% 3.0% 5.3% 5.1%

Canine Detection - 0.9% - - - - - 0.5% 0.2% 0.2%

Evidence of Crime 6.8% 4.3% 3.8% - 4.2% 4.8% 6.5% 5.6% 5.6% 5.6%

Incident to Arrest 44.9% 24.7% 45.1% - 45.7% 42.7% 44.0% 39.9% 36.2% 36.6%

Exigent - 0.9% 0.5% 100.0% 1.5% 2.0% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% Circumstances/Emergency Vehicle Inventory 2.5% 2.6% 1.6% - 0.4% 1.3% 3.4% 3.0% 3.2% 3.1%

Suspected Violation of - - 0.5% - - - - - 0.0% 0.0% School Policy* Identity Group Total 118 235 182 1 5,386 398 859 198 171,598 178,975

Note. Basis for search frequencies were calculated based off the number of individuals who were subject to a search (N = 178,975) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” row). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

153

Table 7.6 Contraband and Evidence Discovered by Disability



Impairment No

Disability Total

None 88.5% 92.4% 92.4% 75.0% 92.2% 93.6% 89.2% 91.8% 96.7% 96.6% Firearm(s) 0.3% 1.1% 0.6% - 0.4% 0.3% 0.7% - 0.2% 0.2% Ammunition - 0.1% 0.1% - 0.2% 0.2% 0.5% - 0.1% 0.1% Weapon(s) Other than a Firearm 1.0% 0.8% 1.0% 12.5% 2.5% 1.1% 1.2% 0.6% 0.3% 0.3%

Drugs/Narcotics 3.6% 2.1% 2.1% 12.5% 1.4% 0.9% 3.1% 2.3% 1.3% 1.3% Alcohol 2.8% 1.7% 1.5% - 0.7% 1.4% 3.0% 2.9% 0.8% 0.8% Money 0.8% 0.8% 0.1% - 0.2% 0.3% 0.5% 0.7% 0.1% 0.1% Drug Paraphernalia 2.3% 1.9% 1.7% 0.0% 1.6% 1.3% 2.5% 1.7% 0.7% 0.7% Stolen Property 0.8% 0.3% 0.8% - 0.6% 0.3% 0.6% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% Cell Phones or Electronic Devices 0.8% 0.2% 0.1% - 0.2% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.1% 0.1%

Other Contraband or Evidence 1.8% 1.3% 1.1% - 1.3% 1.7% 1.3% 1.1% 0.4% 0.4%

Identity Group Total 391 1,317 711 8 11,511 1,237 3,563 907 1,780,409 1,800,054 Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054) per identity group (see “Identity Group Total” row). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

154

Table 7.7 Basis for Property Seizure by Disability

Disability Type

Blind

Safekeeping

-

Contraband

42.9%

Evidence

71.4%

Impound of Vehicle

-

Abandoned Property

14.3%


School Policy* -


7 Deafness - 60.0% 90.0% 30.0% - - 10 Developmental 10.0% 60.0% 50.0% 30.0% - - 10 Hyperactivity* - - - - - - -Mental Health 31.3% 25.5% 59.2% 2.1% 0.6% - 326 Cond. Multiple Disability Other

31.8%

19.0%

31.8%

40.0%

54.5%

66.7%

13.6%

12.4%

-

-

-

-

22

106 Speech Impairment No Disability

11.8%

9.5%

11.8%

37.3%

70.6%

73.3%

23.5%

15.8%

-

0.7%

-

0.2%

17

12,282 Total 10.2% 37.0% 72.9% 15.5% 0.7% 0.2% 12,780 Note. Basis for property seizure percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who had property seized (N = 12,780) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

155

Table 7.8 Type of Property of Seized by Disability



Impairment No

Disability Total

Firearm(s) - 10.0% 10.0% - 10.7% 18.2% 15.2% - 10.9% 10.9% Ammunition - 10.0% 10.0% - 6.4% 4.5% 10.5% - 8.2% 8.1% Weapon(s) - - - - 34.7% 22.7% 14.3% 11.8% 10.0% 10.7% Other than a Firearm Drugs/Narcotics 57.1% 60.0% 40.0% - 15.6% 13.6% 35.2% 35.3% 40.0% 39.3% Alcohol - - - - 1.2% - 1.9% - 2.1% 2.1% Money 42.9% 10.0% - - 2.5% 4.5% 7.6% - 9.9% 9.7% Drug 42.9% 50.0% 30.0% - 19.0% 27.3% 30.5% 23.5% 25.7% 25.6% Paraphernalia Suspected Stolen - - - - 6.4% 9.1% 9.5% 11.8% 11.1% 10.9% Property Cell phone(s) or 28.6% 10.0% 10.0% - 3.1% 13.6% 7.6% 11.8% 10.1% 10.0% Electronic Device(s) Vehicle - 20.0% 40.0% - 2.1% 13.6% 8.6% 23.5% 12.5% 12.3% Other 14.3% 20.0% 30.0% - 24.5% 27.3% 20.0% 17.6% 22.2% 22.2% Contraband or Evidence Total 7 10 10 - 326 22 106 17 12,282 12,780 Note. Type of property seized percentages were calculated based off the number of individuals who had property seized (N = 12,780) per identity group (“Identity Group Total” row). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

156

Table 7.9.1 Result of Stop by Disability



Impairment No

Disability Total

No Action 12.5% 16.4% 19.7% - 13.1% 17.2% 16.0% 16.4% 12.6% 12.6% Warning 24.6% 29.0% 21.1% 12.5% 8.8% 17.3% 24.5% 26.4% 23.9% 23.8% Citation for Infraction 21.7% 27.4% 13.2% - 2.5% 8.2% 21.1% 19.0% 48.6% 48.2%

In-Field Cite and Release 5.9% 6.8% 6.3% - 2.0% 4.1% 8.6% 13.9% 6.1% 6.1%

Custodial Arrest Pursuant to 5.1% 3.0% 2.3% - 4.6% 2.4% 4.6% 4.2% 1.7% 1.7% Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 13.3% 6.4% 10.5% 12.5% 13.6% 9.5% 12.0% 9.7% 5.0% 5.1%

Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal

22.0% 17.5% 18.3% - 20.8% 18.4% 17.9% 15.1% 5.0% 5.2%

Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted

2.0% 0.5% 8.4% - 8.7% 9.1% 2.3% 2.4% 0.2% 0.3%

Parent/Legal Guardian

- 0.2% 2.1% 75.0% 0.8% 1.1% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1%

Psychiatric Hold 3.3% 1.0% 7.7% 12.5% 42.0% 26.4% 2.6% 0.8% 0.3% 0.6% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

-

-

-

0.1%

-

0.1%

-

25.0%

0.1%

0.0%

0.2%

0.2%

0.0%

-

-

0.1%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.1% - 25.0% - 0.2% 0.0% - 0.0% 0.0%

157

Mental Multiple Speech No Blind Deafness Developmental Hyperactivity* Health Other Total Disability Impairment Disability Cond. Identity Group 391 1,317 711 8 11,511 1,237 3,563 907 1,780,409 1,800,054 Total Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped (N = 1,800,054) per identity group (see “Identity Group Total” row). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

- - -

158

Table 7.9.2 Result of Stop by Stop Circumstance and Disability

Officer Disability Result of Stop Initiated Call for Service



% No Action 12.7% 12.0% 49 12.5% Warning 27.6% 13.3% 96 24.6% Citation for Infraction 25.6% 7.2% 85 21.7% In-Field Cite and Release 6.5% 3.6% 23 5.9% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to 5.5% Outstanding Warrant 3.6% 20 5.1%

Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 9.7% 26.5% 52 13.3% Field Interview Card Completed 19.8% Blind 30.1% 86 22.0% Noncriminal Transport or 1.6% Caretaking Transport 3.6% 8 2.0%

Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian - - - -Psychiatric Hold 1.6% 9.6% 13 3.3% Referred to U.S. Department of -Homeland Security - - -

Referral to School Admin* - - - -- - - -Referral to School Counselor*

Deafness


14.5% 31.1% 30.1% 6.7%

2.6%

5.0% 16.9%

0.3%

0.3% 0.3%

-

--

31.9% 216 16.4% 11.8% 382 29.0% 5.6% 361 27.4% 6.9% 89 6.8%

5.6% 39 3.0%

17.4% 84 6.4% 22.9% 231 17.5%

2.1% 6 0.5%

- 3 0.2% 6.3% 13 1.0%

0.7% 1 0.1% 0.7% 1 0.1%

No Action 17.5% 24.4% 140 19.7% Developmental

Warning 25.9% 10.7% 150 21.1%

159

Disability Result of Stop Officer Initiated

Call for Service



Count % Citation for Infraction 17.7% 3.6% 94 13.2% In-Field Cite and Release 7.4% 4.0% 45 6.3% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant

1.9%

8.8%

3.1%

14.2%

16

75

2.3%

10.5% Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian

17.9%

5.8%

1.0%

19.1%

14.2%

4.4%

130

60

15

18.3%

8.4%

2.1% Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

4.5%

-

-

14.7%

-

0.4%

55

-

1

7.7%

-

0.1% Referral to School Counselor* - - - -

Hyperactivity


----

-

--

-

66.7% 33.3%

-

33.3% -

- - -20.0% 1 12.5%

- - -- - -

- - -

20.0% 1 12.5% - - -

- - -

80.0% 6 75.0% - 1 12.5%

- - -

20.0% 2 25.0% 40.0% 2 25.0%

Mental Health Cond.


14.3% 10.6% 4.7% 2.4%

5.7%

13.2%

12.1% 7.4% 0.7% 1.6%

3.6%

13.8%

1,507 13.1% 1,016 8.8% 286 2.5% 225 2.0%

526 4.6%

1,560 13.6%

160


Call for Service



% Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

22.4%

6.5%

0.4% 35.3%

0.1%

-

19.5%

10.6%

1.0% 47.6%

0.0%

0.0%

2,397

1,004

87 4,832

6

1

20.8%

8.7%

0.8% 42.0%

0.1%

0.0% Referral to School Counselor* - - - -No Action 19.0% 14.8% 213 17.2% Warning Citation for Infraction

20.9% 12.8%

12.6% 2.1%

214 101

17.3% 8.2%


2.7%

7.8%

2.1%

11.8%

30

118

2.4%

9.5% Multiple

Disability Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin*

18.0%

5.0%

1.6% 18.7%

0.1%

0.1%

18.8%

14.7%

0.6% 36.7%

0.2%

0.2%

227

113

14 327

2

2

18.4%

9.1%

1.1% 26.4%

0.2%

0.2% Referral to School Counselor* 0.3% - 2 0.2% No Action 14.9% 20.0% 571 16.0% Warning Citation for Infraction

26.3% 25.5%

18.1% 5.9%

872 753

24.5% 21.1%

In-Field Cite and Release 9.0% 7.3% 307 8.6%

Other


4.1%

9.8%

6.1%

19.8%

163

427

4.6%

12.0% Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold

16.2%

1.2%

0.1% 1.8%

23.5%

6.0%

0.8% 5.5%

636

81

10 92

17.9%

2.3%

0.3% 2.6%

161

Identity Identity


Call for Service

Group Total

Group Total

Count % Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* Referral to School Counselor*

-

--

0.1%

-0.1%

1

-1

0.0%

-0.0%

No Action 15.5% 20.9% 149 16.4% Warning 28.9% 14.7% 239 26.4% Citation for Infraction 21.2% 8.6% 172 19.0% In-Field Cite and Release 16.0% 4.3% 126 13.9% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 3.8% 6.1% 38 4.2%

Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 6.6% 23.9% 88 9.7% Speech Field Interview Card Completed 13.2% 23.9% 137 15.1%

Impairment Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 1.6% 6.1% 22 2.4%

Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.1% 0.6% 2 0.2% Psychiatric Hold 0.4% 2.5% 7 0.8% Referred to U.S. Department of - - - -Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* 0.1% - 1 0.1% Referral to School Counselor* - - - -No Action 12.2% 22.7% 224,485 12.6% Warning 24.3% 15.0% 425,486 23.9% Citation for Infraction 50.4% 7.6% 865,012 48.6% In-Field Cite and Release 6.2% 5.2% 109,404 6.1% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.4% 6.6% 29,671 1.7%

Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 3.9% 28.8% 89,379 5.0% Field Interview Card Completed No Disability 4.5% 17.5% 89,690 5.0% Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 0.1% 2.3% 3,729 0.2%

Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.1% 1.0% 2,285 0.1% Psychiatric Hold 0.1% 3.4% 4,812 0.3% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% 0.0% 89 0.0%

Referral to School Admin* 0.0% 0.1% 248 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% 53 0.0%

Total No Action 12.2% 21.8% 227,330 12.6%

162

Identity Identity


Call for Service

Group Total

Group Total

Count % Warning 24.3% 14.4% 428,456 23.8% Citation for Infraction 50.2% 7.0% 866,864 48.2% In-Field Cite and Release 6.2% 4.9% 110,270 6.1% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.5% 6.3% 30,503 1.7%

Custodial Arrest Without Warrant 4.0% 27.4% 91,784 5.1%

Field Interview Card Completed 4.6% 17.8% 93,534 5.2% Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport 0.1% 3.1% 5,023 0.3%

Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian 0.1% 1.0% 2,422 0.1% Psychiatric Hold 0.2% 6.9% 10,152 0.6% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security 0.0% 0.0% 98 0.0%

Referral to School Admin* 0.0% 0.1% 256 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% 0.0% 59 0.0%


163

Table 7.10 Disability Breakdown by Officer Assignment Type Patrol Gang Enforcement Narcotics K-12 Public School Other Total

Blind

Deafness

Developmental

Hyperactivity Mental Health Cond. Multiple Disability Other Speech Impairment No Disability

Count

355

1,238

665

2

10,987

1,169

3,251

822

1,663,595

%

0.0%

0.1%

0.0%

0.0%

0.7%

0.1%

0.2%

0.0%

98.9%

Count

6

25

11

-

106

14

69

20

32,590

%

0.0%

0.1%

0.0%

0.0%

0.3%

0.0%

0.2%

0.1%

99.2%

Count

6

9

2

-

11

9

33

8

7,647

%

0.1%

0.1%

0.0%

0.0%

0.1%

0.1%

0.4%

0.1%

99.0%

Count

-

2

4

5

27

3

4

3

1,663

%

0.0%

0.1%

0.2%

0.3%

1.6%

0.2%

0.2%

0.2%

97.2%

Count

24

43

29

1

380

42

206

54

74,914

%

0.0%

0.1%

0.0%

0.0%

0.5%

0.1%

0.3%

0.1%

99.0%

391

1,317

711

8

11,511

1,237

3,563

907

1,780,409


164

Table 7.11 Reason for Stop by Officer Assignment Type and Disability

Disability Officer Assignment Type

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



Patrol 43.7% 45.9% 0.8% 3.1% 1.4% 5.1% - - 355

Blind Gang Enforcement Narcotics

50.0% 16.7%

50.0% 66.7%

--

-16.7%

--

--

--

--

6 6

K-12 Public School - - - - - - - - -Other 20.8% 62.5% - 4.2% - 12.5% - - 24

Deafness

Patrol Gang Enforcement Narcotics

68.5% 52.0% 22.2%

25.3% 20.0% 77.8%

0.8% 8.0%

-

1.5% 8.0%

-

0.9% 4.0%

-

3.0% 8.0%

-

---

0.1% --

1,238 25 9

K-12 Public School 100.0% - - - - - - - 2 Other 44.2% 41.9% - 7.0% - 7.0% - - 43 Patrol 29.6% 56.5% 1.5% 1.4% 2.3% 8.6% 0.2% - 665

Developmental Gang Enforcement Narcotics K-12 Public School

27.3% --

18.2% 50.0% 50.0%

27.3% --

---

9.1% --

18.2% 50.0%

-

--

50.0%

---

11 2 4

Other 41.4% 48.3% - 3.4% - 6.9% - - 29 Patrol - - - - 50.0% 50.0% - - 2

Hyperactivity Gang Enforcement Narcotics K-12 Public School

---

--

20.0%

---

--

20.0%

---

--

20.0%

---

--

40.0%

--5

Other - - - - 100.0% - - - 1

Mental Health Cond.


5.9% 8.5%

--

77.1% 58.5% 63.6% 37.0%

0.9% 6.6% 9.1% 3.7%

1.9% 6.6% 9.1%

-

3.7% 6.6%

-3.7%

10.5% 13.2% 18.2% 51.9%

----

---

3.7%

10,987 106 11 27

Other 8.4% 71.6% 2.6% 3.7% 1.6% 11.8% - 0.3% 380 Patrol 19.3% 65.1% 0.9% 2.1% 3.8% 8.8% - - 1,169

165

Disability Officer Assignment Type

Traffic Violation

Reason Suspicion

Parole/ Probation/


Warrant Truant



Educate Code*



Gang Enforcement 50.0% 35.7% - - - 14.3% - - 14 Multiple Narcotics - 88.9% - - - 11.1% - - 9 Disability K-12 Public School - 66.7% - - - 33.3% - - 3

Other 26.2% 52.4% 9.5% 2.4% 7.1% 2.4% - - 42 Patrol 44.4% 45.0% 1.0% 2.2% 1.5% 5.9% - 0.0% 3,251 Gang Enforcement 58.0% 17.4% 8.7% 5.8% 2.9% 7.2% - - 69

Other Narcotics 3.0% 87.9% - 6.1% - 3.0% - - 33 K-12 Public School - 50.0% - - 50.0% - - - 4 Other 23.8% 56.3% 4.9% 6.8% 1.9% 6.3% - - 206

Speech Patrol 51.5% 38.8% 0.4% 1.9% 1.7% 5.7% - - 822 Impairment Gang Enforcement 35.0% 50.0% 5.0% - - 10.0% - - 20

Narcotics 12.5% 87.5% - - - - - - 8 K-12 Public School - 66.7% - - - - 33.3% - 3 Other 44.4% 48.1% 1.9% 1.9% - 3.7% - - 54

No Disability Patrol 86.8% 10.1% 0.4% 0.6% 0.3% 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% 1,663,595 Gang Enforcement 58.2% 25.9% 8.2% 1.8% 0.6% 5.3% - - 32,590 Narcotics 24.0% 68.3% 1.2% 2.4% - 4.1% - - 7,647 K-12 Public School 43.4% 32.5% 0.4% 1.6% 4.4% 8.8% 2.4% 6.5% 1,663 Other 75.6% 14.7% 1.2% 2.1% 0.3% 6.1% 0.0% 0.0% 74,914 Patrol 86.1% 10.7% 0.4% 0.6% 0.3% 1.9% 0.0% 0.0% 1,682,084

Officer Gang Enforcement 58.0% 26.0% 8.2% 1.8% 0.6% 5.3% - - 32,841 Assignment Narcotics 23.8% 68.5% 1.2% 2.5% - 4.1% - - 7,725 Type Total K-12 Public School 42.3% 32.7% 0.4% 1.6% 4.4% 9.5% 2.5% 6.5% 1,711


Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group (“Identity Group Total” column). Percentages in the “Officer Assignment Type Total” row are based off the total number of individuals stopped for each assignment type (See “Identity Group Total” column). * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded

166

Determine Parole/ Possible Consensual Whether Probation/ Conduct Identity Officer Assignment Traffic Reason Encounter Student Disability PRCS/ Warrant Truant Under Group Type Violation Suspicion Resulting Violated Mandatory Educate Total in Search School Supervision Code* Policy* down from values of less than 0.1%. The officer assignment type category “Other” includes the following officer assignment types: 1) Compliance Check, 2) Special Events, 3) Roadblock or DUI Sobriety Checkpoint, 4) Task Force, 5) Investigative and 6) Other. The officer assignment type category “Other” includes the following officer assignment types: 1) Compliance Check, 2) Special Events, 3) Roadblock or DUI Sobriety Checkpoint, 4) Task Force, 5) Investigative and 6) Other.

Table 7.12 Result of Stop by Officer Assignment Type and Disability 167

Disability Result of Stop Patrol Gang Enforcement Narcotics

K-12 Public School

Other Identity

Group Total Count


No Action 12.1% 33.3% - - 16.7% 49 12.5% Warning 24.8% 16.7% 33.3% - 20.8% 96 24.6% Citation for Infraction 22.0% - 33.3% - 20.8% 85 21.7% In-Field Cite and Release 6.2% - - - 4.2% 23 5.9% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant

5.1% - 16.7% - 4.2% 20 5.1%

Custodial Arrest Without Warrant

14.1% 16.7% - - 4.2% 52 13.3%

Blind Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport

20.3% 2.3%

33.3% -

33.3% -

--

41.7% -

86

8

22.0%

2.0%

Contacted Parent/Legal - - - - - - -Guardian Psychiatric Hold 3.4% - - - 4.2% 13 3.3% Referred to U.S. Department of - - - - - - -Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* - - - - - - -Referral to School Counselor* - - - - - - -No Action 16.6% 20.0% 11.1% - 9.3% 216 16.4% Warning 28.9% 44.0% 22.2% 100.0% 20.9% 382 29.0% Citation for Infraction 27.9% 8.0% 11.1% - 30.2% 361 27.4% In-Field Cite and Release 6.3% - 33.3% - 18.6% 89 6.8% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant

3.1% 4.0% - - - 39 3.0%

Deafness Custodial Arrest Without Warrant

6.4% 8.0% - - 7.0% 84 6.4%

Field Interview Card Completed 17.0% 24.0% 55.6% - 23.3% 231 17.5% Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport

0.5% - - - - 6 0.5%

Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian

0.2% - - - - 3 0.2%

168

Developmental

Hyperactivity

Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* Referral to School Counselor* No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* Referral to School Counselor* No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed

1.0% -

0.1% 0.1% 19.5% 21.2% 12.9% 6.2% 2.4%

10.8%

17.4% 8.9%

2.1%

8.0% -

0.2% ------

-

-

--

--

45.5% 18.2%

---

9.1%

45.5% -

-

--

-------

-

-

--

--

50.0% ----

50.0%

-50.0%

-

--

-------

-

-

--

--

25.0% -

25.0% 25.0%

-

-

--

25.0%

25.0% -

---

20.0% ---

20.0%

-

2.3% -

--

10.3% 24.1% 24.1% 10.3%

-

3.4%

31.0% -

-

3.4% -

-------

-

-

13

-

1 1

140 150 94 45

16

75

130

60

15

55

-

1 --1 --

-

1

-

1.0%

-

0.1% 0.1% 19.7% 21.1% 13.2% 6.3%

2.3%

10.5%

18.3%

8.4%

2.1%

7.7%

-

0.1% --

12.5% --

-

12.5%

-

169

Noncriminal Transport or - - - - - - -Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian

100.0% - - 60.0% 100.0% 6 75.0%

Psychiatric Hold - - - 20.0% - 1 12.5% Referred to U.S. Department of - - - - - - -Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* 50.0% - - 20.0% - 2 25.0% Referral to School Counselor* 100.0% - - - - 2 25.0% No Action 15.5% 29.0% 12.1% 25.0% 19.9% 1,507 13.1% Warning 24.7% 33.3% 6.1% 25.0% 20.9% 1,016 8.8% Citation for Infraction 21.8% 5.8% 18.2% - 16.5% 286 2.5% In-Field Cite and Release 8.4% 2.9% 36.4% - 9.2% 225 2.0% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant

4.4% 1.4% 6.1% - 7.8% 526 4.6%


12.2% 5.8% 15.2% - 10.7% 1,560 13.6%

Mental Health Field Interview Card Completed 17.0% 34.8% 27.3% - 24.8% 2,397 20.8% Cond. Noncriminal Transport or

Caretaking Transport 2.3% - - 50.0% 2.4% 1,004 8.7%


0.2% - - 25.0% 0.5% 87 0.8%

Psychiatric Hold 2.7% 2.9% - - 1.0% 4,832 42.0% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security

0.0% - - - - 6 0.1%

Referral to School Admin* - - - - - 1 0.0% Referral to School Counselor* 0.0% - - - - - -No Action 13.0% 31.1% 9.1% 3.7% 11.8% 213 17.2% Warning 8.5% 9.4% 9.1% 7.4% 16.8% 214 17.3%

Multiple Citation for Infraction 2.4% - - - 5.0% 101 8.2% Disability In-Field Cite and Release 1.9% 4.7% 9.1% - 2.6% 51 4.1%

Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant

4.5% 11.3% 18.2% - 4.7% 30 2.4%

170

Other

Speech Impairment

Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* Referral to School Counselor* No Action Warning Citation for Infraction In-Field Cite and Release Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant Custodial Arrest Without Warrant Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport Contacted Parent/Legal Guardian Psychiatric Hold Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* Referral to School Counselor* No Action Warning Citation for Infraction

13.4%

20.7% 8.8%

0.7%

42.8% 0.1%

0.0% -

17.0% 17.2% 7.9% 3.7% 2.4%

9.8%

18.0% 9.2%

1.1%

27.5% 0.1%

-0.1% 15.6% 27.1% 18.5%

22.6%

16.0% 0.9%

-

15.1% -

--

35.7% 28.6% 14.3% 7.1% 7.1%

7.1%

14.3% 7.1%

-

--

--

60.0% 10.0% 5.0%

54.5%

36.4% -

-

--

--

11.1% --

44.4% -

11.1%

55.6% -

-

--

----

12.5%

7.4%

7.4% 14.8%

14.8%

63.0% -

---

33.3% -

33.3% -

-

-33.3%

33.3%

--

66.7% 33.3%

---

15.3%

27.4% 7.1%

0.3%

25.8% -

--

19.0% 19.0% 16.7% 4.8% 2.4%

2.4%

21.4% 7.1%

-

14.3% 2.4%

--

16.7% 25.9% 33.3%

118

227

113

14

327

2

2 2

571 872 753 307

163

427

636

81

10

92

1

-1

149 239 172

9.5%

18.4%

9.1%

1.1%

26.4%

0.2%

0.2% 0.2% 16.0% 24.5% 21.1% 8.6%

4.6%

12.0%

17.9%

2.3%

0.3%

2.6%

0.0%

-0.0% 16.4% 26.4% 19.0%

171

In-Field Cite and Release 14.5% 5.0% 12.5% 33.3% 7.4% 126 13.9% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant

4.5% - - - 1.9% 38 4.2%


9.7% 5.0% 25.0% 33.3% 7.4% 88 9.7%

Field Interview Card Completed 15.0% 20.0% 12.5% - 16.7% 137 15.1% Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport

2.1% - 50.0% - 1.9% 22 2.4%


0.2% - - - - 2 0.2%

Psychiatric Hold 0.9% - - - - 7 0.8% Referred to U.S. Department of - - - - - - -Homeland Security Referral to School Admin* - - - 33.3% - 1 0.1% Referral to School Counselor* - - - - - - -No Action 11.9% 37.6% 8.1% 6.9% 18.3% 224,485 12.6% Warning 23.9% 28.5% 16.5% 10.6% 23.0% 425,486 23.9% Citation for Infraction 49.6% 7.4% 29.4% 39.1% 45.2% 865,012 48.6% In-Field Cite and Release 6.2% 1.5% 24.0% 24.5% 3.8% 109,404 6.1% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant

1.6% 3.5% 4.0% 1.3% 2.4% 29,671 1.7%


5.0% 5.8% 16.0% 5.9% 4.9% 89,379 5.0%

No Disability Field Interview Card Completed Noncriminal Transport or Caretaking Transport

4.6% 0.2%

24.0% 0.1%

14.9% 0.3%

3.3% 1.4%

5.6% 0.2%

89,690

3,729

5.0%

0.2%


0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 13.7% 0.2% 2,285 0.1%

Psychiatric Hold 0.3% 0.0% - 1.8% 0.2% 4,812 0.3% Referred to U.S. Department of Homeland Security

0.0% - - 0.1% 0.0% 89 0.0%


172

No Action 11.9% 37.6% 8.1% 6.8% 18.2% 227,330 12.6% Warning 23.8% 28.4% 16.4% 10.7% 23.0% 428,456 23.8% Citation for Infraction 49.2% 7.4% 29.2% 38.1% 44.9% 866,864 48.2% In-Field Cite and Release 6.2% 1.5% 24.0% 24.0% 3.8% 110,270 6.1% Custodial Arrest Pursuant to Outstanding Warrant 1.6% 3.5% 4.0% 1.2% 2.4% 30,503 1.7%







Officer Assignment Type Total 1,682,084 32,841 7,725 1,711 75,693 1,800,054 Note. Percentages per identity group are calculated based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group per officer assignment type (see Table 7.10). Percentages in the “Total” column are based off the total number of individuals stopped per identity group. * Represents categories only applicable to stops of students. Categories that had zero occurrences for a given reason for stop have a dash ( - ) instead of a percentage. Categories with 0.0% are rounded down from values of less than 0.1%.

173

Table 7.13.1. Yield rates by Disability

Disability Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion Blind 32 (27.1 %) 15 (25.4 %) 3 (25.0 %) Deaf 61 (26.0 %) 16 (23.9 %) 6 (13.3 %) Developmental 27 (14.8 %) 15 (17.9 %) 1 (5.6 %) Hyperactivity 0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) Mental Health 670 (12.4 %) 378 (15.2 %) 15 (5.2 %) Multiple Disabilities 45 (11.3 %) 21 (11.8 %) 0 (0.0 %) None 38,590 (22.5 %) 17,244 (25.7 %) 2,539 (11.8 %) Other 214 (24.9 %) 129 (31.0 %) 11 (12.4 %) Speech Impaired 37 (18.7 %) 22 (25.0 %) 3 (13.6 %) Total 39,676 (22.2 %) 17,840 (25.3 %) 2,578 (11.7 %)


Table 7.13.2 Yield rates by Disability Without California Highway Patrol Data



174

Table 7.13.3 Yield rates by Disability for Officer-Initiated Stops



Table 7.13.4 Yield rates by Disability for Officer-Initiated Stops Without California Highway Patrol Data



175

Table 7.13.5 Yield rates by Disability for Call for Service Stops

Disability Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion Blind 7 (17.9 %) 5 (21.7 %) 0 (0.0 %) Deaf 7 (16.3 %) 3 (14.3 %) 0 (0.0 %) Developmental 12 (15.8 %) 8 (20.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) Hyperactivity 0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) Mental Health 394 (12.6 %) 219 (15.8 %) 7 (4.2 %) Multiple Disabilities 27 (12.4 %) 10 (9.9 %) 0 (0.0 %) None 6,533 (20.2 %) 4,095 (22.4 %) 250 (13.5 %) Other 56 (20.5 %) 40 (27.2 %) 0 (0.0 %) Speech Impaired 10 (16.1 %) 8 (22.9 %) 0 (0.0 %) Total 7,046 (19.5 %) 4,388 (21.9 %) 257 (12.5 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 7.13.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

Table 7.13.6 Yield rates by Disability for Call for Service Stops Without California Highway Patrol Data

Disability Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion Blind 7 (17.9 %) 5 (21.7 %) 0 (0.0 %) Deaf 7 (16.3 %) 3 (14.3 %) 0 (0.0 %) Developmental 12 (15.8 %) 8 (20.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) Hyperactivity 0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) Mental Health 394 (12.6 %) 219 (15.8 %) 7 (4.2 %) Multiple Disabilities 27 (12.4 %) 10 (9.9 %) 0 (0.0 %) None 6,533 (20.2 %) 4,095 (22.4 %) 250 (13.5 %) Other 56 (20.5 %) 40 (27.2 %) 0 (0.0 %) Speech Impaired 10 (16.1 %) 8 (22.9 %) 0 (0.0 %) Total 7,046 (19.5 %) 4,388 (21.9 %) 257 (12.5 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. This table represents overall yield rates; see table 7.13.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

176

Table 7.14.1 Citation/Arrest Rates by Disability

Disability All Offenses Citation for Infraction




None 1,079,739 (60.6%) 865,012 (48.6%) 109,404 (6.1%) 89,379 (5.0%) 29,671 (1.7%) Deaf 558 (42.4%) 361 (27.4%) 89 (6.8%) 84 (6.4%) 39 (3.0%) Speech Impaired 408 (45.0%) 172 (19.0%) 126 (13.9%) 88 (9.7%) 38 (4.2%) Blind 173 (44.2%) 85 (21.7%) 23 (5.9%) 52 (13.3%) 20 (5.1%) Mental Health 2,493 (21.7%) 286 (2.5%) 225 (2.0%) 1,560 (13.6%) 526 (4.6%) Developmental 220 (30.9%) 94 (13.2%) 45 (6.3%) 75 (10.5%) 16 (2.3%) Hyperactivity 1 (12.5%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0.0%) Other 1,586 (44.5%) 753 (21.1%) 307 (8.6%) 427 (12.0%) 163 (4.6%) Multiple Disabilities 287 (23.2%) 101 (8.2%) 51 (4.1%) 118 (9.5%) 30 (2.4%) Total 1,085,465 (60.3%) 866,864 (48.2%) 110,270 (6.1%) 91,784 (5.1%) 30,503 (1.7%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

Table 7.14.2 Citation/Arrest Rates by Disability without California Highway Patrol

Disability All Offenses Citation for Infraction




None 393,245 (52.5%) 218,340 (29.2%) 99,673 (13.3%) 57,987 (7.7%) 27,089 (3.6%) Deaf 421 (39.1%) 236 (21.9%) 86 (8.0%) 74 (6.9%) 39 (3.6%) Speech Impaired 345 (43.3%) 114 (14.3%) 126 (15.8%) 84 (10.6%) 36 (4.5%) Blind 147 (43.8%) 65 (19.3%) 21 (6.2%) 48 (14.3%) 20 (6.0%) Mental Health 2,384 (21.3%) 235 (2.1%) 215 (1.9%) 1,515 (13.6%) 520 (4.7%) Developmental 172 (28.3%) 51 (8.4%) 44 (7.2%) 70 (11.5%) 16 (2.6%) Hyperactivity 1 (12.5%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0.0%) Other 1,210 (41.7%) 475 (16.4%) 284 (9.8%) 350 (12.1%) 157 (5.4%) Multiple Disabilities 244 (21.7%) 73 (6.5%) 45 (4.0%) 106 (9.4%) 29 (2.6%) Total 398,169 (51.9%) 219,589 (28.6%) 100,494 (13.1%) 60,235 (7.9%) 27,906 (3.6%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

177

Subsection 8: Officer Information

Table 8.1 Officer Years of Experience

Years of Experience Count %

1 - 5 Years of Experience 662,756 36.82%








41 - 45 Years of Experience 15 0.00%



Total 1,800,054 100.00%

178

Table 8.2 Breakdown of Officer Assignment Type

Officer Assignment Type Count % Patrol 1,682,084 93.45%

Gang Enforcement 32,841 1.82%

Compliance check 553 0.03%

Special Events 1,037 0.06%

Roadblock or DUI sobriety checkpoint 529 0.03%

Narcotics 7,725 0.43%

Task force 4,990 0.28%

K-12 public school 1,711 0.10%

Investigative 6,893 0.38% Other 61,691 3.43% Total 1,800,054 100.00%

179

Section 2: Single Agency Data

Subsection 1: Stop Distribution and Population Distribution by Race/Ethnicity

Table 1.1 Stop Distribution and Population Distribution by Race/Ethnicity for the California Highway Patrol

Race/Ethnicity Percentage Stopped Individuals

Population Distribution for 2017 American Community

Survey Asian 6.4% 12.0% Black 10.0% 5.5% Hispanic 38.7% 39.1% Middle Eastern/South Asian 5.6% 2.2% Multiracial 1.2% 3.2% Native American 0.2% 0.4% Pacific Islander 0.6% 0.3% White 37.2% 37.0% Other - 0.3% Total 1,033,421 39,536,653

Notes: To provide a more accurate representation of the 2017 ACS data for comparison, we weighted the overall distribution of each race/ethnicity in the dataset by the relative contribution of each Wave 1 agency in our stop data.

Table 1.2 Stop Distribution and Population Distribution by Race/Ethnicity for the Los Angeles Police Department



Survey Asian 3.2% 10.1% Black 27.9% 9.0% Hispanic 47.3% 49.3% Middle Eastern/South Asian 3.0% 1.1% Multiracial 0.7% 2.4% Native American 0.1% 0.1% Pacific Islander 0.3% 0.1% White 17.5% 27.5% Other - 0.4% Total 336,681 3,994,862


180

Table 1.3 Stop Distribution and Population Distribution by Race/Ethnicity for the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department




Notes: To provide a more accurate representation of the 2017 ACS data for comparison, we weighted the overall distribution of each race/ethnicity in the dataset by the relative contribution of each Wave 1 agency in our stop data. Frequency weights for sheriff’s departments were given according to the population estimates from their respective counties while police departments were weighted according to their respective cities.

Table 1.4 Stop Distribution and Population Distribution by Race/Ethnicity for the Riverside County Sheriff’s Department





181

Table 1.5 Stop Distribution and Population Distribution by Race/Ethnicity for the San Bernardino Sheriff’s Department





Table 1.6 Stop Distribution and Population Distribution by Race/Ethnicity for the San Diego County Sheriff’s Department




Notes: To provide a more accurate representation of the 2017 ACS data for comparison, we weighted the overall distribution of each race/ethnicity in the dataset by the relative contribution of each Wave 1 agency in our stop data. Frequency weights for sheriff’s departments were given according to the population estimates from their respective counties while police departments were weighted according to their respective cities. An exception had to be made for the city of San Diego which was compared to the county since the ACS did not include information for this city in 2017.

182

Table 1.7 Stop Distribution and Population Distribution by Race/Ethnicity for the San Diego Police Department



Survey

Asian 4.6% 10.3% Black 19.0% 4.6% Hispanic 28.0% 33.8% Middle Eastern/South Asian 2.5% 1.5% Multiracial 1.0% 3.5% Native American 0.2% 0.3% Pacific Islander 0.8% 0.4% White 43.8% 45.3% Other - 0.2% Total 89,455 3,338,661


Table 1.8 Stop Distribution and Population Distribution by Race/Ethnicity for the San Francisco Police Department



Survey

Asian 10.7% 31.7% Black 25.5% 5.0% Hispanic 18.5% 15.2% Middle Eastern/South Asian 6.4% 2.0% Multiracial 2.6% 4.7% Native American 0.1% 0.2% Pacific Islander 1.2% 0.3% White 34.9% 40.2% Other - 0.6% Total 54,609 884,320


183

Subsection 2: Stop Distribution and SWITRS Not-At-Fault Parties by Race/Ethnicity

Table 2.1 California Highway Patrol Stop Distribution by Population Race/Ethnicity Stop Distribution Not-At-Fault Party Distribution for

2018 SWITRS Asian 6.4% 10.9% Black 10.0% 7.8% Hispanic 38.6% 36.1% White 37.3% 36.1% Other 7.7% 9.2% Total Observations 1,017,846 225,919 Notes: Total observations: Stop Distribution includes stops where reason for stop = traffic violation; SWITRS Population Distribution includes “not-at-fault” parties in collisions reported by Wave 1 agencies for the 2018 calendar year.

Table 2.2 Los Angeles Police Department Stop Distribution by Population

Race/Ethnicity Stop Distribution Not-At-Fault Party Distribution for 2018 SWITRS

Asian 3.8% 3.2% Black 27.0% 16.4% Hispanic White

47.3% 17.3%

46.4% 23.0%

Other 4.7% 11.0% Total Observations 241,503 26,993 Notes: Total observations: Stop Distribution includes stops where reason for stop = traffic violation; SWITRS Population Distribution includes “not-at-fault” parties in collisions reported by Wave 1 agencies for the 2018 calendar year.

Table 2.3 Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department Stop Distribution by Population Race/Ethnicity Stop Distribution Not-At-Fault Party Distribution for

2018 SWITRS Asian 7.3% 10.5% Black 15.9% 12.9% Hispanic 48.1% 51.2% White 23.8% 22.0% Other 5.0% 3.5% Total Observations 95,443 14,487 Notes: Total observations: Stop Distribution includes stops where reason for stop = traffic violation; SWITRS Population Distribution includes “not-at-fault” parties in collisions reported by Wave 1 agencies for the 2018 calendar year.

184

Table 2.4 Riverside County Sheriff’s Department Stop Distribution by Population


Asian 3.6% 2.7% Black 10.7% 7.5% Hispanic White

44.5% 37.6%

48.0% 37.2%

Other 3.6% 4.6% Total Observations 35,085 4,717 Notes: Total observations: Stop Distribution includes stops where reason for stop = traffic violation; SWITRS Population Distribution includes “not-at-fault” parties in collisions reported by Wave 1 agencies for the 2018 calendar year.

Table 2.5 San Bernardino Sheriff’s Department Stop Distribution by Population Race/Ethnicity Stop Distribution Not-At-Fault Party Distribution for


Table 2.6 San Diego Police Department Stop Distribution by Population Race/Ethnicity Stop Distribution Not-At-Fault Party Distribution for


185

Table 2.7 San Diego County Sheriff’s Department Stop Distribution by Population


Asian Black Hispanic White Other

4.5% 6.2%

30.6% 52.3% 6.4%

4.0% 3.4%

33.2% 57.7% 1.7%

Total Observations 25,268 1,027 Notes: Total observations: Stop Distribution includes stops where reason for stop = traffic violation; SWITRS Population Distribution includes “not-at-fault” parties in collisions reported by Wave 1 agencies for the 2018 calendar year.

Table 2.8 San Francisco Police Department Stop Distribution by Population Race/Ethnicity Stop Distribution Not-At-Fault Party Distribution for


186

Subsection 3: Veil of Darkness Tests

Table 3.1.1 Stop Frequency by Race/Ethnicity and Visibility for California Highway Patrol Race/Ethnicity

Middle Visibility Eastern/ Native Pacific Total

Asian Black Hispanic Multiracial White South American Islander Asian

3,549 5,032 21,052 3,309 834 161 420 21,951 56,308 Light 51.3 % 51.9 % 52.5 % 51.5 % 56.4 % 51.8 % 59.7 % 50.7 % 51.7 %

3,366 4,658 19,014 3,120 644 150 283 21,363 52,598 Dark 48.7 % 48.1 % 47.5 % 48.5 % 43.6 % 48.2 % 40.3 % 49.3 % 48.3 %

6,915 9,690 40,066 6,429 1,478 311 703 43,314 108,906 Total 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % Note. Stops in the light occurred between the earliest instance of civil twilight across the entire reporting period and the twilight time for each respective day. Stops in the dark occurred between the latest instance of civil twilight across the entire reporting period and the twilight time for each respective day.

Table 3.1.2 Veil of Darkness Logistic Regression Results for California Highway Patrol Race/Ethnicity Model 1 Model 2 Asian 0.494 0.500 Black * 0.488 0.494 Hispanic *** 0.481 ** 0.490 Middle Eastern/South Asian 0.492 0.498 Multiracial *** 0.443 *** 0.447 Native American 0.489 0.482 Pacific Islander *** 0.409 *** 0.421 Note. We estimate traditional VOD tests by regressing whether the stopped individual is a person of color (Ri) on whether the stop was made in daylight (Di) while adding an additional model which includes a natural spline for time of stop with 6 degrees of freedom (γns6(t)) using logistic regression. Values indicate the predicted probability of a person of respective color being stopped in the dark compared to Whites. Please see below for full model specifications. a 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽1𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝜀𝜀1𝑖𝑖 b𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽2𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝛾𝛾2𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠6(𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀2𝑖𝑖

187

Table 3.2.1 Stop Frequency by Race/Ethnicity and Visibility for Los Angeles Police Department


Race/Ethnicity

Middle Eastern/ Multiracial South Asian

Native American


Total

Light 351 44.2 %

5,305 47 %

8,128 47.6 %

344 40.7 %

113 45.9 %

21 87.5 %

37 55.2 %

1,655 46.7 %

15,954 47.1 %

Dark 444 55.8 %

5,991 53 %

8,936 52.4 %

501 59.3 %

133 54.1 %

3 12.5 %

30 44.8 %

1,890 53.3 %

17,928 52.9 %

Total 795 100 %

11,296 100 %

17,064 100 %

845 100 %

246 100 %

24 100 %

67 100 %

3,545 100 %

33,882 100 %


Table 3.2.2 Veil of Darkness Logistic Regression Results for Los Angeles Police Department Race/Ethnicity Model 1 Model 2 Asian 0.525 0.540 Black 0.497 0.516 Hispanic 0.491 0.502 Middle Eastern/South Asian ** 0.560 ** 0.567 Multiracial 0.507 0.502 Native American *** 0.111 *** 0.080 Pacific Islander 0.415 0.442 Note. We estimate traditional VOD tests by regressing whether the stopped individual is a person of color (Ri) on whether the stop was made in daylight (Di) while adding an additional model which includes a natural spline for time of stop with 6 degrees of freedom (γns6(t)) using logistic regression. Values indicate the predicted probability of a person of respective color being stopped in the dark compared to Whites. Please see below for full model specifications. a 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽1𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝜀𝜀1𝑖𝑖 b𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽2𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝛾𝛾2𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠6(𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀2𝑖𝑖

188

Table 3.3.1 Stop Frequency by Race/Ethnicity and Visibility for Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department


Race/Ethnicity


Native American


Total

Light 239 47.5 %

773 52.5 %

2,144 50.6 %

83 48.5 %

111 55.5 %

7 77.8 %

9 27.3 %

850 52 %

4,216 51 %

Dark 264 52.5 %

700 47.5 %

2,096 49.4 %

88 51.5 %

89 44.5 %

2 22.2 %

24 72.7 %

785 48 %

4,048 49 %

Total 503 100 %

1,473 100 %

4,240 100 %

171 100 %

200 100 %

9 100 %

33 100 %

1,635 100 %

8,264 100 %


Table 3.3.2 Veil of Darkness Logistic Regression Results for Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department Race/Ethnicity Model 1 Model 2 Asian 0.545 0.547 Black 0.495 0.495 Hispanic 0.514 0.510 Middle Eastern/South Asian 0.534 0.526 Multiracial 0.465 0.466 Native American 0.236 0.287 Pacific Islander ** 0.743 * 0.738 Note. We estimate traditional VOD tests by regressing whether the stopped individual is a person of color (Ri) on whether the stop was made in daylight (Di) while adding an additional model which includes a natural spline for time of stop with 6 degrees of freedom (γns6(t)) using logistic regression. Values indicate the predicted probability of a person of respective color being stopped in the dark compared to Whites. Please see below for full model specifications. a 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽1𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝜀𝜀1𝑖𝑖 b𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽2𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝛾𝛾2𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠6(𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀2𝑖𝑖

189

Table 3.4.1 Stop Frequency by Race/Ethnicity and Visibility for Riverside County Sheriff’s Department Race/Ethnicity

Middle Visibility Eastern/ Native Pacific Total

Asian Black Hispanic Multiracial White South American Islander Asian

Light 39 50.6 %

197 53 %

735 52.8 %

25 48.1 %

17 77.3 %

7 58.3 %

11 61.1 %

514 52.4 %

1,545 52.8 %

Dark 38 49.4 %

175 47 %

658 47.2 %

27 51.9 %

5 22.7 %

5 41.7 %

7 38.9 %

466 47.6 %

1,381 47.2 %

Total 77 100 %

372 100 %

1,393 100 %

52 100 %

22 100 %

12 100 %

18 100 %

980 100 %

2926 100 %


Table 3.4.2 Veil of Darkness Logistic Regression Results for Riverside County Sheriff’s Department Race/Ethnicity Model 1 Model 2 Asian 0.518 0.546 Black 0.495 0.498 Hispanic 0.497 0.491 Middle Eastern/South Asian 0.544 0.558 Multiracial * 0.245 0.306 Native American 0.441 0.522 Pacific Islander 0.412 0.442 Note. We estimate traditional VOD tests by regressing whether the stopped individual is a person of color (Ri) on whether the stop was made in daylight (Di) while adding an additional model which includes a natural spline for time of stop with 6 degrees of freedom (γns6(t)) using logistic regression. Values indicate the predicted probability of a person of respective color being stopped in the dark compared to Whites. Please see below for full model specifications. a 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽1𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝜀𝜀1𝑖𝑖 b𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽2𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝛾𝛾2𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠6(𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀2𝑖𝑖

190

Table 3.5.1 Stop Frequency by Race/Ethnicity and Visibility for San Bernardino County Sheriff’s Department


Race/Ethnicity


Native American


Total

Light 54 41.2 %

155 34.1 %

388 34.4 %

34 39.5 %

25 41.7 %

3 37.5 %

3 25 %

484 39.7 %

1,146 37 %

Dark 77 58.8 %

299 65.9 %

739 65.6 %

52 60.5 %

35 58.3 %

5 62.5 %

9 75 %

734 60.3 %

1,950 63 %

Total 131 100 %

454 100 %

1,127 100 %

86 100 %

60 100 %

8 100 %

12 100 %

1,218 100 %

3,096 100 %


Table 3.5.2 Veil of Darkness Logistic Regression Results for San Bernardino County Sheriff’s Department Race/Ethnicity Model 1 Model 2 Asian 0.485 0.437 Black * 0.560 0.552 Hispanic ** 0.557 * 0.548 Middle Eastern/South Asian 0.502 0.521 Multiracial 0.480 0.401 Native American 0.523 0.353 Pacific Islander 0.664 0.591 Note. We estimate traditional VOD tests by regressing whether the stopped individual is a person of color (Ri) on whether the stop was made in daylight (Di) while adding an additional model which includes a natural spline for time of stop with 6 degrees of freedom (γns6(t)) using logistic regression. Values indicate the predicted probability of a person of respective color being stopped in the dark compared to Whites. Please see below for full model specifications. a 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽1𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝜀𝜀1𝑖𝑖 b𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽2𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝛾𝛾2𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠6(𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀2𝑖𝑖

191

Table 3.6.1 Stop Frequency by Race/Ethnicity and Visibility for San Diego Police Department


Race/Ethnicity


Native American


Total

Light 136 45.8 %

314 45.8 %

642 47.3 %

102 49.8 %

18 45 %

1 50 %

22 57.9 %

907 53.8 %

2,142 49.7 %

Dark 161 54.2 %

371 54.2 %

715 52.7 %

103 50.2 %

22 55 %

1 50 %

16 42.1 %

780 46.2 %

2,169 50.3 %

Total 297 100 %

685 100 %

1,357 100 %

205 100 %

40 100 %

2 100 %

38 100 %

1,687 100 %

4,311 100 %


Table 3.6.2 Veil of Darkness Logistic Regression Results for San Diego Police Department Race/Ethnicity Model 1 Model 2 Asian * 0.579 ** 0.607 Black *** 0.579 ** 0.579 Hispanic *** 0.564 ** 0.566 Middle Eastern/South Asian 0.540 0.536 Multiracial 0.587 0.589 Native American 0.538 0.767 Pacific Islander 0.458 0.386 Note. We estimate traditional VOD tests by regressing whether the stopped individual is a person of color (Ri) on whether the stop was made in daylight (Di) while adding an additional model which includes a natural spline for time of stop with 6 degrees of freedom (γns6(t)) using logistic regression. Values indicate the predicted probability of a person of respective color being stopped in the dark compared to Whites. Please see below for full model specifications. a 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽1𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝜀𝜀1𝑖𝑖 b𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽2𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝛾𝛾2𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠6(𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀2𝑖𝑖

192

Table 3.7.1 Stop Frequency by Race/Ethnicity and Visibility for San Diego County Sheriff’s Department Race/Ethnicity

Middle Visibility Total Eastern/ Native Pacific Asian Black Hispanic Multiracial White South American Islander

Asian

Light 40 45.5 %

68 44.4 %

248 35 %

32 46.4 %

10 43.5 %

8 50 %

9 56.2 %

344 40.1 %

759 39.3 %

Dark 48 54.5 %

85 55.6 %

461 65 %

37 53.6 %

13 56.5 %

8 50 %

7 43.8 %

513 59.9 %

1,172 60.7 %

Total 88 100 %

153 100 %

709 100 %

69 100 %

23 100 %

16 100 %

16 100 %

857 100 %

1,931 100 %


Table 3.7.2 Veil of Darkness Logistic Regression Results for San Diego County Sheriff’s Department Race/Ethnicity Model 1 Model 2 Asian 0.446 0.457 Black 0.456 0.467 Hispanic * 0.555 * 0.570 Middle Eastern/South Asian 0.437 0.439 Multiracial 0.466 0.497 Native American 0.401 0.385 Pacific Islander 0.343 0.432 Note. We estimate traditional VOD tests by regressing whether the stopped individual is a person of color (Ri) on whether the stop was made in daylight (Di) while adding an additional model which includes a natural spline for time of stop with 6 degrees of freedom (γns6(t)) using logistic regression. Values indicate the predicted probability of a person of respective color being stopped in the dark compared to Whites. Please see below for full model specifications. a 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽1𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝜀𝜀1𝑖𝑖 b𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽2𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝛾𝛾2𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠6(𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀2𝑖𝑖

193

Table 3.8.1 Stop Frequency by Race/Ethnicity and Visibility for San Francisco Police Department


Race/Ethnicity


Native American


Total

Light 274 44.1 %

373 40.5 %

329 45.3 %

197 41.4 %

32 31.7 %

4 57.1 %

20 45.5 %

563 43 %

1,792 42.6 %

Dark 348 55.9 %

549 59.5 %

397 54.7 %

279 58.6 %

69 68.3 %

3 42.9 %

24 54.5 %

747 57 %

2,416 57.4 %

Total 622 100 %

922 100 %

726 100 %

476 100 %

101 100 %

7 100 %

44 100 %

1,310 100 %

4,208 100 %


Table 3.8.2 Veil of Darkness Logistic Regression Results for San Francisco Police Department Race/Ethnicity Model 1 Model 2 Asian 0.489 0.490 Black 0.526 0.528 Hispanic 0.476 0.478 Middle Eastern/South Asian 0.516 0.492 Multiracial * 0.619 0.591 Native American 0.361 0.466 Pacific Islander 0.475 0.485 Note. We estimate traditional VOD tests by regressing whether the stopped individual is a person of color (Ri) on whether the stop was made in daylight (Di) while adding an additional model which includes a natural spline for time of stop with 6 degrees of freedom (γns6(t)) using logistic regression. Values indicate the predicted probability of a person of respective color being stopped in the dark compared to Whites. Please see below for full model specifications. a 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽1𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝜀𝜀1𝑖𝑖 b𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽2𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 + 𝛾𝛾2𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠6(𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀2𝑖𝑖

194

Subsection 4: Search Yield rates Table 4.1.1 Yield rates by Agency

Agency Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion CHP 1,537 (13.7 %) 1,000 (10.1 %) 15 (20.8 %) LAPD 18,031 (21.0 %) 6,993 (27.5 %) 1,240 (10.1 %) LASD 6,941 (24.6 %) 2,971 (30.1 %) 601 (13.1 %) RCSD 723 (18.9 %) 331 (24.1 %) 63 (12.0 %) SBSD 3,522 (23.7 %) 1,854 (28.8 %) 259 (13.1 %) SDPD 3,718 (22.2 %) 2,054 (21.1 %) 144 (16.5 %) SDSD 1,720 (23.0 %) 731 (25.3 %) 212 (16.0 %) SFPD 3,484 (33.1 %) 1,906 (38.7 %) 44 (14.6 %) Total 39,676 (22.2 %) 17,840 (25.3 %) 2,578 (11.7 %)

Note. A yield rate refers to the proportion of searched individuals who officers found to be in possession of contraband or evidence. We define lower discretion searches as searches where officers provided one or more of the following reasons as the basis for conducting the search: incident to arrest, vehicle inventory, or search warrants. We define higher discretion searches as searches where the only listed search basis was “consent given.” A “yield” is when an officer discovers contraband or evidence in the possession of an individual who the officer searched. This table represents overall yield rates by agency.

Table 4.2.1 Yield rates for Officer-Initiated Stops by Agency

Agency Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion CHP 1,415 (13.9 %) 901 (10.0 %) 14 (20.6 %) LAPD 15,798 (21.7 %) 5,458 (30.2 %) 1,191 (10.1 %) LASD 5,655 (26.1 %) 2,219 (33.8 %) 512 (12.9 %) RCSD 473 (19.7 %) 196 (25.5 %) 49 (12.2 %) SBSD 2,609 (23.9 %) 1,331 (29.7 %) 229 (13.3 %) SDPD 3,007 (23.0 %) 1,615 (22.2 %) 116 (16.9 %) SDSD 1,423 (24.4 %) 557 (28.6 %) 181 (16.2 %) SFPD 2,250 (38.4 %) 1,175 (47.6 %) 29 (16.3 %) Total 32,630 (22.8 %) 13,452 (26.6 %) 2,321 (11.6 %)

Note. This table represents overall yield rates; see table 4.1.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

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Table 4.2.2 Yield rates for Officer-Initiated Stops by Race/Ethnicity by Agency

Race/ CHP LAPD LASD RCSD SBSD SDPD SDSD SFPD Ethnicity

Asian 42 171 68 2 44 69 14 109 (10.3 %) (26.2 %) (30.0 %) (7.4 %) (36.4 %) (18.4 %) (18.9 %) (45.0 %)

Black 162 6,148 1,001 55 342 804 125 964 (14.1 %) (22.4 %) (22.8 %) (17.0 %) (17.3 %) (26.0 %) (22.7 %) (37.1 %)

Hispanic 581 7,457 3,109 228 1,039 817 413 605 (11.7 %) (20.3 %) (25.4 %) (19.5 %) (24.3 %) (22.0 %) (22.1 %) (43.7 %)

Middle 28 169 32 3 17 29 22 29 Eastern/ (11.4 %) (19.4 %) (26.9 %) (17.6 %) (21.0 %) (21.2 %) (35.5 %) (34.1 %) South Asian Multiracial 26 75 230 3 29 32 9 40

(17.8 %) (14.8 %) (29.2 %) (11.1 %) (21.6 %) (24.4 %) (18.8 %) (33.3 %) Native 20 6 3 1 6 6 17 2 American (29.9 %) (7.6 %) (15.0 %) (7.1 %) (14.0 %) (17.6 %) (23.0 %) (33.3 %) Pacific 6 35 25 1 8 22 7 31 Islander (9.1 %) (26.9 %) (27.8 %) (10.0 %) (17.8 %) (19.1 %) (14.9 %) (29.2 %) White 550 1,737 1,187 180 1,124 1,228 816 470

(17.4 %) (27.4 %) (31.4 %) (22.1 %) (26.5 %) (22.4 %) (26.3 %) (36.0 %) Total 1,415 15,798 5,655 473 2,609 3,007 1,423 2,250

(13.9 %) (21.7 %) (26.1 %) (19.7 %) (23.9 %) (23.0 %) (24.4 %) (38.4 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 3.2.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

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Table 4.3.1 Yield rates for Call for Service Stops by Agency

Agency Overall Lower Discretion Higher Discretion CHP 122 (12.0 %) 99 (10.8 %) 1 (25.0 %) LAPD 2,233 (17.0 %) 1,535 (20.9 %) 49 (8.7 %) LASD 1,286 (19.5 %) 752 (22.7 %) 89 (14.4 %) RCSD 250 (17.6 %) 135 (22.3 %) 14 (11.7 %) SBSD 913 (23.2 %) 523 (26.7 %) 30 (12.1 %) SDPD 711 (19.2 %) 439 (17.8 %) 28 (15.2 %) SDSD 297 (18.1 %) 174 (18.6 %) 31 (15.4 %) SFPD 1,234 (26.3 %) 731 (29.8 %) 15 (12.2 %) Total 7,046 (19.5 %) 4,388 (21.9 %) 257 (12.5 %) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 3.2.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

Table 4.3.2 Yield rates for Call for Service Stops by Race/Ethnicity by Agency

Race/ CHP LAPD LASD RCSD SBSD SDPD SDSD SFPD Ethnicity

Asian 2 36 25 2 18 18 1 43 (8.7%) (13.0%) (22.7%) (14.3%) (25.7%) (15.9%) (3.3%) (15.4%)

Black 10 613 294 42 174 177 25 477 (10.4%) (17.4%) (17.1%) (16.9%) (19.9%) (21.4%) (15.5%) (29.8%)

46 1,040 622 113 321 182 94 208 Hispanic (11.1%) (16.8%) (20.9%) (18.2%) (23.9%) (18.1%) (19.0%) (23.2%) Middle Eastern/ 1 48 9 2 7 5 3 20 South (6.7%) (15.0%) (10.5%) (18.2%) (15.2%) (8.5%) (12.0%) (26.0%) Asian

3 12 30 0 12 12 7 32 Multiracial (18.8%) (15.4%) (15.3%) (0.0%) (20.3%) (19.7%) (41.2%) (24.1%) Native 2 5 0 5 2 1 5 2 American (25.0%) (21.7%) (0.0%) (62.5%) (28.6%) (8.3%) (20.8%) (33.3%) Pacific 0 2 7 1 4 13 1 14 Islander (0.0%) (6.5%) (18.9%) (20.0%) (26.7%) (29.5%) (11.1%) (17.1%)

58 477 299 85 375 303 161 438 White (13.2%) (17.5%) (20.2%) (16.8%) (24.8%) (19.1%) (18.3%) (27.1%) Total 122 2,233 1,286 250 913 711 297 1,234

(12.0%) (17.0%) (19.5%) (17.6%) (23.2%) (19.2%) (18.1%) (26.3%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header. See table 3.2.1 for definitions on yield rate, lower discretion, and higher discretion.

197

Subsection 5: Citation and Arrest Rates

Table 5.1 Citation/Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity for the California Highway Patrol

Custodial Arrests Custodial In-field Cite Without a Arrests With a

Race/Ethnicity All Offenses Infractions and Release Warrant Warrant Asian 45,742 (69.3%) 44,318 (67.1%) 273 (0.4%) 1,181 (1.8%) 41 (0.1%) Black 67,526 (65.4%) 62,588 (60.7%) 1,479 (1.4%) 3,537 (3.4%) 513 (0.5%) Hispanic 277,924 (69.5%) 258,743 (64.7%) 4,572 (1.1%) 15,633 (3.9%) 929 (0.2%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 40,157 (69.3%) 39,265 (67.7%) 190 (0.3%) 735 (1.3%) 24 (0.0%) Multiracial 8,167 (67.3%) 7,710 (63.6%) 120 (1.0%) 372 (3.1%) 40 (0.3%) Native American 1,451 (57.4%) 1,203 (47.6%) 62 (2.5%) 183 (7.2%) 28 (1.1%) Pacific Islander 4,364 (66.3%) 4,074 (61.9%) 64 (1.0%) 233 (3.5%) 17 (0.3%) White 241,965 (62.9%) 229,374 (59.6%) 3,016 (0.8%) 9,675 (2.5%) 1,005 (0.3%) Total 687,296 (66.5%) 647,275 (62.6%) 9,776 (0.9%) 31,549 (3.1%) 2,597 (0.3%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

Table 5.2 Citation/Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity for the Los Angeles Police Department

Custodial Arrests In-field Cite Without a Custodial Arrests

Race/Ethnicity All Offenses Infractions and Release Warrant With a Warrant Asian 7,584 (69.5%) 6,822 (62.5%) 208 (1.9%) 468 (4.3%) 96 (0.9%) Black 38,721 (41.2%) 27,204 (29.0%) 2,187 (2.3%) 7,283 (7.8%) 2,674 (2.8%) Hispanic 79,853 (50.2%) 61,033 (38.3%) 3,836 (2.4%) 12,038 (7.6%) 3,782 (2.4%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 6,677 (65.7%) 5,987 (58.9%) 143 (1.4%) 474 (4.7%) 105 (1.0%) Multiracial 1,159 (48.9%) 932 (39.3%) 38 (1.6%) 141 (5.9%) 68 (2.9%) Native American 161 (53.8%) 106 (35.5%) 12 (4.0%) 35 (11.7%) 14 (4.7%) Pacific Islander 478 (54.8%) 395 (45.3%) 22 (2.5%) 47 (5.4%) 16 (1.8%) White 36,343 (61.6%) 29,428 (49.9%) 1,883 (3.2%) 3,868 (6.6%) 1,526 (2.6%) Total 170,976 (50.8%) 131,907 (39.2%) 8,329 (2.5%) 24,354 (7.2%) 8,281 (2.5%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

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Table 5.3 Citation/Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity for the Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department


Race/Ethnicity All Offenses Infractions and Release Warrant With a Warrant Asian 6,236 (80.8%) 611 (7.9%) 5,403 (70.0%) 177 (2.3%) 70 (0.9%) Black 13,582 (57.2%) 783 (3.3%) 8,827 (37.2%) 2,479 (10.4%) 1,802 (7.6%) Hispanic 41,800 (62.9%) 2,796 (4.2%) 29,582 (44.5%) 5,852 (8.8%) 4,392 (6.6%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 2,154 (74.5%) 154 (5.3%) 1,878 (65.0%) 102 (3.5%) 43 (1.5%) Multiracial 1,402 (49.3%) 91 (3.2%) 679 (23.9%) 438 (15.4%) 250 (8.8%) Native American 92 (65.2%) 8 (5.7%) 58 (41.1%) 8 (5.7%) 19 (13.5%) Pacific Islander 533 (71.4%) 31 (4.2%) 387 (51.9%) 65 (8.7%) 55 (7.4%) White 21,896 (68.3%) 1,780 (5.6%) 16,425 (51.2%) 2,283 (7.1%) 1,770 (5.5%) Total 87,695 (64.2%) 6,254 (4.6%) 63,239 (46.3%) 11,404 (8.3%) 8,401 (6.1%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

Table 5.4 Citation/Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity for the Riverside Sheriff’s Department


Race/Ethnicity All Offenses Infractions and Release Warrant With a Warrant Asian 1,030 (75.0%) 922 (67.1%) 119 (8.7%) 8 (0.6%) 8 (0.6%) Black 3,026 (57.5%) 2,450 (46.6%) 344 (6.5%) 228 (4.3%) 136 (2.6%) Hispanic 12,588 (64.6%) 10,634 (54.5%) 1,397 (7.2%) 672 (3.4%) 454 (2.3%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 539 (73.5%) 465 (63.4%) 74 (10.1%) 15 (2.0%) 5 (0.7%) Multiracial 189 (59.8%) 177 (56.0%) 4 (1.3%) 4 (1.3%) 7 (2.2%) Native American 82 (56.2%) 57 (39.0%) 11 (7.5%) 9 (6.2%) 9 (6.2%) Pacific Islander 221 (73.9%) 176 (58.9%) 41 (13.7%) 6 (2.0%) 1 (0.3%) White 11,162 (66.1%) 9,256 (54.8%) 1,383 (8.2%) 519 (3.1%) 399 (2.4%) Total 28,837 (64.8%) 24,137 (54.2%) 3,373 (7.6%) 1,461 (3.3%) 1,019 (2.3%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

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Table 5.5 Citation/Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity for the San Bernardino Sheriff’s Department


Race/Ethnicity All Offenses Infractions and Release Warrant With a Warrant Asian 608 (33.2%) 479 (26.1%) 29 (1.6%) 94 (5.1%) 24 (1.3%) Black 3,285 (31.1%) 1,398 (13.2%) 349 (3.3%) 1,124 (10.6%) 604 (5.7%) Hispanic 8,000 (34.3%) 3,985 (17.1%) 725 (3.1%) 2,519 (10.8%) 1,236 (5.3%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 412 (37.5%) 319 (29.1%) 20 (1.8%) 65 (5.9%) 26 (2.4%) Multiracial 300 (35.6%) 163 (19.4%) 21 (2.5%) 86 (10.2%) 41 (4.9%) Native American 50 (28.7%) 17 (9.8%) 4 (2.3%) 16 (9.2%) 21 (12.1%) Pacific Islander 88 (33.8%) 51 (19.6%) 8 (3.1%) 22 (8.5%) 13 (5.0%) White 7,775 (32.0%) 3,589 (14.8%) 683 (2.8%) 2,518 (10.4%) 1,400 (5.8%) Total 20,518 (32.9%) 10,001 (16.0%) 1,839 (2.9%) 6,444 (10.3%) 3,365 (5.4%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

Table 5.6 Citation/Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity for the San Diego Police Department


Race/Ethnicity All Offenses Infractions and Release Warrant With a Warrant Asian 2,136 (51.7%) 1,349 (32.6%) 532 (12.9%) 298 (7.2%) 74 (1.8%) Black 6,395 (37.7%) 2,589 (15.2%) 1,259 (7.4%) 1,954 (11.5%) 919 (5.4%) Hispanic 11,576 (46.3%) 5,808 (23.2%) 3,062 (12.2%) 2,347 (9.4%) 981 (3.9%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 1,242 (55.2%) 792 (35.2%) 402 (17.9%) 119 (5.3%) 22 (1.0%) Multiracial 369 (40.8%) 139 (15.4%) 110 (12.2%) 96 (10.6%) 45 (5.0%) Native American 87 (45.3%) 36 (18.8%) 19 (9.9%) 29 (15.1%) 7 (3.6%) Pacific Islander 383 (50.4%) 178 (23.4%) 108 (14.2%) 89 (11.7%) 28 (3.7%) White 18,647 (47.5%) 9,247 (23.6%) 5,235 (13.3%) 4,163 (10.6%) 1,431 (3.6%) Total 40,835 (45.6%) 20,138 (22.5%) 10,727 (12.0%) 9,095 (10.2%) 3,507 (3.9%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

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Table 5.7 Citation/Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity for the San Diego Sheriff’s Department


Race/Ethnicity All Offenses Infractions and Release Warrant With a Warrant Asian 731 (51.7%) 623 (44.0%) 52 (3.7%) 68 (4.8%) 13 (0.9%) Black 1,155 (36.7%) 629 (20.0%) 145 (4.6%) 322 (10.2%) 121 (3.8%) Hispanic 5,155 (42.8%) 3,456 (28.7%) 529 (4.4%) 1,157 (9.6%) 313 (2.6%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 653 (55.4%) 578 (49.0%) 34 (2.9%) 50 (4.2%) 9 (0.8%) Multiracial 157 (43.1%) 93 (25.5%) 40 (11.0%) 33 (9.1%) 9 (2.5%) Native American 92 (28.6%) 33 (10.2%) 14 (4.3%) 36 (11.2%) 19 (5.9%) Pacific Islander 152 (42.0%) 105 (29.0%) 21 (5.8%) 21 (5.8%) 12 (3.3%) White 10,291 (47.5%) 7,417 (34.2%) 851 (3.9%) 1,796 (8.3%) 588 (2.7%) Total 18,386 (45.4%) 12,934 (31.9%) 1,686 (4.2%) 3,483 (8.6%) 1,084 (2.7%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

Table 5.8 Citation/Arrest Rates by Race/Ethnicity for the San Francisco Police Department


Race/Ethnicity All Offenses Infractions and Release Warrant With a Warrant Asian 4,245 (70.4%) 2,137 (35.4%) 1,887 (31.3%) 209 (3.5%) 104 (1.7%) Black 6,131 (42.7%) 2,196 (15.3%) 1,768 (12.3%) 1,528 (10.6%) 869 (6.0%) Hispanic 5,424 (52.1%) 2,315 (22.2%) 1,920 (18.4%) 985 (9.5%) 377 (3.6%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 2,570 (70.8%) 1,505 (41.4%) 1,010 (27.8%) 57 (1.6%) 28 (0.8%) Multiracial 749 (51.0%) 449 (30.6%) 197 (13.4%) 82 (5.6%) 45 (3.1%) Native American 43 (52.4%) 15 (18.3%) 19 (23.2%) 2 (2.4%) 7 (8.5%) Pacific Islander 323 (45.8%) 123 (17.4%) 113 (16.0%) 57 (8.1%) 41 (5.8%) White 11,437 (58.0%) 5,478 (27.8%) 4,387 (22.3%) 1,074 (5.5%) 778 (3.9%) Total 30,922 (54.8%) 14,218 (25.2%) 11,301 (20.0%) 3,994 (7.1%) 2,249 (4.0%) Note. Relative frequencies are relative by identity group and by column header.

Documents

Technical Report 20200117 - oag.ca.govIdentific 17.9% Carry Suspicious Weapon 1.0% Casing 1.2% Suspect Acting as a Lookout 0.3% Drug Transaction 1.1% Engaging In a Violent Crime 0.5%