Tecnicatura Superior en Criminalistica

Papiloscopia y Rastros

(Res. 2476/08)

Espacio Curricular:

INGLÉS TECNICO

2° año

2017

Criminalistics http://forensic-medecine.info/criminalistics.html

A criminalist (aka crime scene technician, examiner, or investigator) is a person who searches for, collects, and preserves physical evidence in the investigation of crime and suspected criminals [see job description]. They typically work in city or regional crime labs and are expected to do more than the forensic scientists and crime lab technicians there. They are expected to be on call 24 hours a day to go out to crime scenes, frankly when and where detectives are stumped. Some jurisdictions require the presence of a criminalist at all major crime scenes. The services of a criminalist are used at the beginning of a case. By contrast, the services of a forensic scientist are primarily used at the end, or courtroom testimony phase, of a case. All crime lab employees must be ready to offer expert testimony in court, however. Criminalists usually get called to testify about matters of contamination, cross-contamination, and chain of custody, but many of them (senior criminalists) have developed an interpretive expertise, for example, in blood spatter analysis, trace evidence, impression evidence, or drug identification, as well as skills at crime reconstruction and sometimes profiling (Levinson & Almog 1989). The term criminalistics (Kriminalistik) was first used by Hans Gross in 1891 But the term was mostly forgotten until the 1960s when a series of cooperative movements took place between police agencies and criminal justice or criminology departments to establish criminalistics (Univ. of California) and forensic science (Michigan State) college programs. Professors Paul Kirk in California and Ralph Turner in Michigan (among many others) were pioneers in those movements. As Osterburg and Ward (2000) imply, criminalistics programs (available at forty-one community colleges and only one four-year college) followed the police science model to record, identify, and interpret the minutia (minute details) of physical evidence, and forensic science (available at fourteen four-year colleges and nine master’s degree programs) followed the medical science model to apply generally accepted principles of established disciplines (like pathology, serology, toxicology, odontology, and psychiatry) to the scientific examination of physical evidence. Forensic science is the broader term because criminalistics is a branch of forensic science. «Forensic» is simply an adjective that can be put in front of any science applied to answering legal questions. The American Academy of Forensic Sciences web site highlights about twenty various degree programs that relate to some aspect of criminalistics or forensic science education. The world’s first crime laboratory was established by Edmond Locard in Lyon, France during 1910. The famous Locard Exchange Principle that «every contact leaves a trace» is named for him, after Locard solved a strangling case by using fingernail scrapings. In America, a few major cities and the FBI obtained crime labs during the 1930s, and by the mid-1970’s (the birth of criminal justice), 47 states had crime labs. A few criminal justice programs that existed prior to the explosion of the field in 1974 offered a criminalistics or forensic science concentration, but today, most criminal justice programs only have one course in criminal investigation. Post-1975, the criminal justice model became an attempt to make sense of whole systems of justice, and the criminology model, dominated heavily by sociology until about 1990, became theory, research, and policy-driven. Many criminalists consider themselves (professional) criminologists, but few criminologists consider themselves criminalists. With federal police agencies, two organizations stand out above the rest, the FBI and ATF, mainly because their crime labs are pretty much considered the tops in the field and a model for elsewhere. FBI crime lab has 4 sections: Scientific analysis (DNA, Firearms-toolmarks, Hairs and Fibers, Materials Analysis, Chemistry and Toxicology, Questioned Documents; Special Projects (film, photography, composites, art, computer design); Fingerprinting (some 200 million records); Investigative Operations and Support (grew out of Questioned Documents unit and includes lie detection of various sorts). The FBI lab only handles violent crime, works exclusively for the prosecution, and is considered the world’s largest lab. ATF crime lab handles Explosives, bombs, arsons (and does it well); Trace evidence and deciphering firearms ownership and usage; Disaster response teams (kind of like FEMA); Field support; and some Gang intelligence record keeping. ATF labs are typically very high-tech and have always been accredited. It’s typical for a Crime Lab to have 4 divisions under a Director’s Office: a section dealing with anything pertaining to fluids, this being called a Serology Division; a section dealing with unknown substances, drugs, or poisons, this being called a Chemistry or Toxicology Division; a section dealing with anything so small, like hairs or fibers, that they need to be looked at under a microscope, this being called a Trace Evidence, Biology, or Microscopy Division; and a section dealing with guns, weapons, instrumentation, or whatever, this being called a Ballistics, Firearms, or Fingerprinting (Dusting and Lifting) Division (where Interns usually work). There are about 350 crime laboratories in the U.S. and at least 80% of them are affiliated with a police agency (where they typically hold bureau status in the organization). The

rest are located in the private sector and some of these are exemplary and known for a particular specialty: Cellmark Diagnostics (for DNA), Battelle Corp. (for arson cases), and Sirchie Corp. (for fingerprinting and trace evidence collection), to name a few. There is a shortage of DNA laboratories since only 120 labs are set up to do DNA testing (Steadman 2002). Almost all labs in existence are forensic labs, where «forensic» means the experts there are available to give courtroom opinions, but when a lab is set up to receive evidence from ongoing criminal investigations, this is called casework, and the lab is referred to as a casework lab. Before any laboratory work is done, it must be ensured that the workplace is clean and contamination free. Then, the evidence is visually inspected and properly described to document its condition. Often, it will be photographed, weighed, and sketched. Then, the laboratory worker (criminalist, crime lab technician, or forensic scientist) will have to figure out what tests are appropriate, if sufficient amounts of the evidence exist, properly dissect the portion to be tested, and properly prepare the testing material (which might include the delicate mixing of numerous chemical compounds), all the while continuing to document each step. Only then does any testing begin. Some tests include as many as five or six separate procedures, each of which must be properly performed and documented, the evidence properly repackaged and relabeled, and once again transported to storage. Only then does the lab worker engage in the process of interpreting what the experiments have disclosed. A report is prepared and the contents of that report must be precisely correct. At the prosecutor’s discretion, the evidence has to make it back to the police evidence room, where it will be stored until he/she decides they want to use it or want more testing performed, in which case it goes back to the crime lab. It should be fairly evident that all this transportation of evidence gives rise to numerous possibilities for error in the form of destruction, mishandling, and contamination. Generally, whenever a lab applies for accreditation, it has to meet certain minimum requirements which include, among other things, the development and publication of:

1) a Quality Control Manual, 2) a Quality Assurance Manual, 3) a Lab Testing Protocol, and 4) a program for proficiency testing. Quality control refers to measures that are taken to ensure that the product, for

example a DNA-typing result and its interpretation, meets a specified standard of quality.

Quality assurance refers to measures that are taken by a laboratory to monitor, verify, and document its performance. A basic business principle is that QA serves as a check on QC. Protocols consist of a few hundred pages of highly technical manuals and should include such things as «validation studies» which the lab performed itself to make it capable of performing tests in any particular discipline. Proficiency testing determines if the lab workers individually, and the laboratories as institutions, are performing up to the standards of the profession. In these tests, samples to be examined are given to a laboratory or particular worker, but the results are already known by a test giver. There are two methods employed in administering these tests, blind and known. In the blind test, the lab worker doesn’t know that a test is taking place; they think the evidence sample they are working on is just another case. The open proficiency test is like an open book exam. In addition, individual lab workers join associations to beef up their resumes. The two main ones are the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS), the American Board of Criminalistics (ABC). Physical evidence is part of the «holy trinity» for solving crimes — physical evidence, witnesses, and confessions. Without one of the first two, there is little chance of even finding a suspect. In homicide and sexual assault cases, physical evidence is the number one determinant of guilt or innocence. Physical evidence is also the number one provider of extraordinary clearances, where police can link different offenses at different times and places with the same offender. Working with physical evidence means being aware at all times of what the prosecutor needs to win the case in court. This means knowing the Types of Evidence and the Laws of Evidence. Without doubt, the most important concept in criminalistics is identification, or what Paul Kirk called individualization (Kirk 1936). Identification produces unequivocal (certain) interpretation. An equivocal crime scene, by comparison, yields physical evidence subject to different interpretation (and is the basis for crime reconstruction and profiling). When a number of details are put together (as in points of comparison), so that they constitute a class of one (by itself), they are said to establish an identity, also called individual characteristics, or entities in a class by itself. At this point, if there are similarities between evidence from the crime scene and evidence from a suspect, the expert can say, without a doubt, that identity has been individualized. It is important to clearly understand the concepts of identity, match, class and individual characteristics. Identity is a set of characteristics (combinations of class characteristics or combinations of class and individual characteristics) by which a thing is recognizable or known. Identity is the same as pattern. A pattern is established, for example, when a particular

piece of class evidence like fiber (for which there are large quantities in the population) is put together with another piece of class evidence like red hair (which usually only exists in the subpopulation of white people).

Forensic science Forensic science is the application of the natural sciences to matters of the law. It includes a variety of different activities and specialties. In practice forensic science draws upon the principles and methods of all the traditional sciences such as mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology. The term forensic science is sometimes used as a synonym for criminalistics. The application of scientific knowledge and methodology to legal problems and criminal investigations. Sometimes called simply forensics, forensic science encompasses many different fields of science, including anthropology, biology, chemistry, engineering, genetics, medicine, pathology, phonetics, psychiatry, and toxicology. The related term criminalistics refers more specifically to the scientific collection and analysis of physical evidence in criminal cases. This includes the analysis of many kinds of materials, including blood, fibers, bullets, and fingerprints. Many law enforcement agencies operate crime labs that perform scientific studies of evidence. The largest of these labs is run by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Forensic scientists often present expert testimony to courts, as in the case of pathologists who testify on causes of death and engineers who testify on causes of damage from equipment failure, fires, or explosions. Modern forensic science originated in the late nineteenth century, when European criminal investigators began to use fingerprinting and other identification techniques to solve crimes. As the field of science expanded in scope throughout the twentieth century, its application to legal issues became more and more common. Because nearly every area of science has a potential bearing on the law, the list of areas within forensic science is long. Forensics involves the method of collecting and analysing evidence then using the results to help solve crimes. This can involve the analysis of fingerprints or footprints, bite marks, DNA, blood, semen, saliva, hair, fibres, handwriting and even voice identification. Examining the scene of the crime and pathological examinations are also essential to forensic science. Today it is not fully clear just when forensic science was created, as so much information around these days is unreliable. But whenever it was that forensic science was born, a world was opened up that now allows us to solve crimes that, less than a century ago, could not have been solved. Even now we are still discovering new techniques that better our methods of forensic science, and over time more methods will become available to us.

Material: Crime-Scene Investigation and Evidence Collection – Chapter 2

(pp 20 a 25 and 35)

Reading

Questions

1. When did the crime happen?

2. Who is the victim?

3. How old was she?

4. Where did the crime happen?

5. What mistake did the police make?

6. What did the police believe? Why?

7. When did the police search the house?

8. Who discover the body? Where?

9. How did he contaminate the crime scene?

How do you see the girl after these statements?

“we miss your silly smile”

“Your flag dance routine”

Complete

Age:

Murder solved: YES // NO

1. Who speaks on the video?

2. There is a can with the label: FINGERPRINTS LIFTING TAPE, What is this tool used for? Do you have

anything similar in your job?

3. What time did the police arrive?

4. Was the girl supposed to be killed at the very beginning?

5. What arouse suspicion about the note?

6. Which was the error that the police made?

7. Who were upstairs?

8. Who did Jon’s parents’ say the criminal was?

9. Which are the four elements to solve a case according to Dr Henry Lee?

10. Which are the two assumptions?

11. What did the Boulder police admit?

Pay attention to the following orders:

“If you alert bank authorities, she dies”

“If the money is in any way marked or tampered with, she dies”

PRINCIPLE OF EXCHANGE

1. What is the principle of exchange? 2. What is the so called trace evidence? 3. Which items can be included as pieces of trace evidence? 4. What is cross transfer? 5. What determines the extent of the transfer?

TYPES OF EVIDENCE

In Spanish and in your own words explain:

What is…

a) Direct evidence

b) Circumstantial evidence

c) Class evidence

d) Individual evidence

Provide examples.

THE CRIME-SCENE INVESTIGATION TEAM

Read the text and in your own words (in Spanish) answer these questions:

Who is involved in a crime-scene investigation?

Which order do they appear at the crime scene?

THE SEVEN S’s OF CRIME-SCENE INVESTIGATION

Get the most important information of each ‘S’ by drawing a diagram

1. SECURING THE SCENE 2. SEPARATING THE WITNESSES 3. SCANNING THE SCENE 4. SEEING THE SCENE 5. SKETCHING THE SCENE 6. SEARCHING FOR EVIDENCE 7. SECURING AND COLLECTING EVIDENCE

Prepare a bindle paper to collect evidence as shown. Practice

Case 1 A dead body and a gun were found in a small room. The room was empty except for a small desk and a chair. The room had two windows, a closet, and a door leading into a hallway. The crime-scene sketch artist measured the perimeter of the room and drew the walls to scale. He sketched the approximate position of the dead body and the gun. He sketched the approximate location of the chair and the desk. What did he forget to do? Case 2 At the scene of the crime, the evidence collector found a damp, bloody shirt. The evidence collector quickly wrapped the shirt in a paper bindle. He inserted the paper bindle with the shirt into an evidence bag. The bag was sealed with tape, and the collector wrote his name across the tape. The evidence collection log was completed and taped to the evidence bag. What did he do incorrectly? Case 3 A single hair was found on the back of a couch. The evidence collector placed it in a paper bindle. He then inserted the paper bindle into a plastic evidence bag. Using tape, the evidence collector sealed the bag. After completing the evidence log and the chain-of-custody form, he brought the evidence bag to the crime lab. What did he do incorrectly?

MATERIAL: A Simplified Guide To Crime Scene Investigation ( pp 1,2,3, 10, 12, 13, 14 y 15)

Reading

READ AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN SPANISH

1) What do the scene investigator and the crime scene personal do? 2) What do they do with the evidence? 3) Why is it important the quality of the evidence?

PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE CRIME INVESTIGATION Explain the Locard’s Exchange Principle (In Spanish) – First watch the videos Locards Exchange Principle and CSI Principles of Exchange to help you: READ AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN SPANISH

Principles of Crime Scene Investigation

1) What is known as associative evidence?

2) What is reconstructive evidence?

3) What are known as control samples?

4) Why are samples of fingerprints and DNA collected?

FAQs

READ THE SUBHEADS

1. WHAT KIND OF RESULTS CAN BE EXPECTED FROM THE CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION PROCESS?

a) Why have the value of the trace and biological evidence been increased? b) Why is the smallest trace of evidence useful to link a criminal and the scene? c) What is fallacious from TV series? d) What sort of evidence can the investigator rely on?

2. WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS OF THE CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION PROCESS?

a) How is crime scenes portrayed on TV series?

b) Which factor can alter outdoors evidence?

c) Why could fail to spot perpetrators?

3.- WHAT INFORMATION DOES THE REPORT INCLUDE AND HOW ARE THE RESULTS INTERPRETED?

Answer these two questions in Spanish after reading the text.

5.- ARE THERE ANY MISCONCEPTIONS OR ANYTHING ELSE ABOUT CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION THAT WOULD BE

IMPORTANT TO THE NON-­­SCIENTIST?

Mention at least three misconceptions.

Watch the video and say:

1. What is the policewoman doing? 2. Does she find anything? 3. What does she do to get some shots? 4. How does she consider her job? 5. What is black powder? Why does she use it? 6. How long could it take to discover a fingerprint?

SEEING THE EVIDENCE Seeing the Evidence by Ron Friedel

Introduction Why do the police question the man? Is he innocent? How do the police discover he is no innocent? How noticed that the man was lying? How? What did he use? How is he able to place the man in the scene of then crime?

Case File 1 Describe the scene When and where did it happen? Who was the victim? Which was the evidence? In pairs read and discuss the two questions from Stop and Think!

When did detectives begin to use science to solve crimes? Why did S. Holmes become important? What thing did Holmes use to solve cases?

Who helped the police? Which was his work? Which things did he discover? How was he able to deduce all these things? What did the piece of paper say? Who were the criminals? Were they caught?

Case File 2 Describe the scene When and where did it happen? Who was the victim? Which was the evidence? In pairs read and discuss the two questions from Stop and Think! How could the police discover their identities? Who discover them? When? Investigate the importance of Vucetich in the forensic world? Explain Edward Henry classifying system? Which department is in charge of looking for fingerprints?

Case File 3 Describe the scene When and where did it happen? Who was the victim? Which was the evidence? In pairs read and discuss the two questions from Stop and Think! What did the police find? How could the vehicle be identified? How could the clerk recognize the man? Who was the man? Was he arrested? Where was the first crime lab in the world? What is the exchange principle?

Case File 4 Describe the scene When and where did it happen? Who was the victim? Which was the evidence? In pairs read and discuss the two questions from Stop and Think! What did the robber leave in the mask? How did scientists make a profile of the robber? Which was the possibility that those cells come from another person? What the percentage makes us different? Why was the police able to gather DNA evidence in 2004?

Vocabulary to be learnt convict, crime lab, crime scene, crime scene investigator, deduction, DNA, DNA profile, Exchange Principle, eyewitnesses, fingerprints, forensic science, informers, microscopic, suspect, trace evidence, vehicle identification number, victim

Materiales para la investigación forense Evidence Casting

NuCASTtool Evidence Casting Kit

The NuCASTtool Casting Kit has been tailored specifically for the needs of forensic professionals when taking tool

mark impressions. NuCASTtool comes in a one-use kit with 2 pre-measured putty components. The putty

consistency allows for an easy mixture by hand and also provides a non-drip solution for vertical surfaces.

NuCASTtool requires NO applicator guns, NO replacement nozzles and NO mixing pots or spatulas. The one use kit

ensures there is no waste and puts an end to the problems of cartridges and tubes ‘going off’ before you’ve had a

chance to use the entire product.

NuCASTtool is sold in single units.

1. What is the objective of this tool?

2. What is the characteristic of the putty components?

3. Does it need any extra requirement to be used?

4. How is it sold?

Bio-Foam® Impression Foam

Bio-Foam® Impression Foam provides an easy, clean, and efficient way to obtain an impression of suspected

footwear. Instead of having to ink and roll a shoe, as is done in fingerprinting, it is now possible to obtain a three-

dimensional exemplar of the footwear. Bio-Foam® Impression Foam is simple to use and does not get the footwear

dirty; either have the suspect step into the foam or press the shoe evenly into the foam. The result is a clean and

crisp impression which can be used for comparison purposes.

Bio-Foam® Impression Foam is available in either single (1 shoe) or double (2 shoe) versions. The blue foam is

provided in sturdy cardboard boxes with easy open, easy close lids, providing built-in storage for the impressions.

1.- What’s the objective of this tool?

2.- What sort of footwear can be obtained?

3.- How many versions of this tool can be bought?

Cling-Lift Dust Impression Lifters

Our Cling-Lift Dust Impression Lifters provide a simple and inexpensive way to collect footprint impressions.

Remove the backing from the Cling-Lift, press it gently onto the impression, and lift. The impression will be held on

the Cling-Lift.

Store in a box for best preservation.

1. What is the aim of this tool?

2. How must it be dealt with?

3. Where should it be placed for storing?

Dental Stone Casting Material

Even with a minimum amount poured into the impression, our gypsum-based Dental Stone provides detailed

reproductions of impressions in a casting of unbelievable strength. Our Dental Stone Casting Materials are supplied

in easy-to-carry metal containers. Instruction sheets are provided and include both guidelines for use and tips for

creating superior castings.

Our empty plastic Water Containers allow you to carry a ready source of clean water for use in mixing your dental

stone casting material.

1. What is the aim of this tool?

2. How are instructions for its use provided?

3. What’s the advantage of the plastic container?

Pathfinder Omega Electrostatic Dust Lifter

When dust prints are located on areas that make it difficult to retrieve them with conventional lifters, the PathFinder

Omega Electostatic Dust Print Lifter is the tool you need. Compact, lightweight, and free of probes or leads, the

PathFinder has been called the safest ESL unit on the market today. It is run from a single, widely-available 9V

battery and has a built-in safety feature to protect the operator in the event of an accidental shock, even users with

a heart pacemaker! This device will lift prints from a wide variety of surfaces, including floors, doors, plastic, paper,

and metal, as well as concrete, carpet, chairs, and more.

The PathFinder Omega comes with a grounding plate, instructions, and a plastic field case. Mylar film for collecting

the prints is sold separately.

1. What is the aim of this tool?

2. How is it known?

3. How is it powered?

4. Where can it lift prints from?

Press, Shake, & Pour Casting Kit-In-A-Bag

This self-contained Casting Kit-In-A-Bag consists of a 9" W x 11" H, 6 mil thick polyethylene outer bag which contains

a water bladder and the appropriate amount of casting material to cast both tire and footprint impressions.

Simply place the bag on a flat surface, press down on the bag to break the internal water bladder, shake bag to mix,

then pour. No mess, no measuring, no hassle.

1. What is the aim of this tool?

2. How is it used?

Ceramic Fingerprinting Stations - Folding

Ceramic Fingerprinting Pads offer the unique feature of being non-deteriorating and are filled with a fast-drying,

non-smearing, permanent law-enforcement grade fingerprint ink. Removal of the ink is easily accomplished with a

damp paper towel, soap and water, or ink remover towelette.

1.- Which are the advantages of these pads?

2.- Is it easy to remove the ink ? How?

Crime Scene Investigation

Vocabulary

blanket crime-scene investigation procedures disturbed evidence extensive contamination

pathologist spray cleaner yellow and black crime-scene tape

Tenses

Present perfect have advanced and improved

Past

Past perfect

Noun phrases

- Ing first-responding police officer was investigating the report of the kidnapping.

- Possessive case: Then the victim’s father, John Ramsey

Adjective and Pronouns

Possessive adjectives

Grammar

Passive voice : ”be conducted” “is collected”

Auxiliary verbs: DID – HAVE

Modal verbs: MAY – MIGHT

Conditional 0

Affixes

Adverbs

- Ly adverb affix

Verbs

- Un -

Verbs

Phrasal verbs close by wiping away blocked off took place. tamper with A Simplified Guide To Crime Scene Investigation (pp 1,2,3 ,7 and 8)

Vocabulary

Methamphetamine Contain evidence; Examine and document the scene;

Collect physical evidence Preserve, package and submit the evidence

Associative evidence blood bodily fluids fibers

fingerprints hair weapons

Reconstructive evidence A broken window, A blood spatter pattern,

Bullet paths Shoe prints

Control samples Fibers from carpeting at the scene, Glass fragments, soil, vegetation

the suspect’s clothing, in their vehicle at their residence,

circumstantial evidence shattered cabinet door etched into smashed cabinet doors Control samples “Who did this?” “How did it happen?” Other terms Alternate light source Biological evidence Chain of custody

Elimination Simple

Fluorescent Powders Impression evidence Presumptive test Probative

Trace evidence Transient evidence

Tenses

Present “A car accident claims the life…”

Future “… handled will also impact…”

Present perfect “…scene has been damaged…”

Noun phrases

- Ing “…processing..”

- Possessive case: “… the jurors’ ability … ”

Adjective and Pronouns

Comparative “more sophisticated”

Superlative “… the smallest amounts…”

Grammar

Passive voice: “…fragile evidence is not destroyed…”

Auxiliary verbs:

Modal verbs: CAN – MAY -

Relative pronouns: “…room in which a victim was found …”

Conditional 1/2 “If these are found on the suspect’s clothing, …. It could

provide…”

0 “If medical, fire or coroners will be on scene, they will need

to be advised regarding evidentiary issues as well.”

Adverbs

However, altogether

Verbs

Phrasal verbs

Radiate out Whisk sth back Wash up

Crime Scene Investigation by Marilyn T. Miller

Vocabulary

Deficiencies, Documentation, Gunshot Macroscopic & Microscopic Minute

Nanogram quantities of DNA Negligence, Overemphasis Packaging, Preservation,

Proper collection, Recognition, Scene reconstruction. Tire tread

Tenses

Present “…Crime scene investigation is the beginning…”

“The purpose of documentation is to permanently…”

Present perfect: “…physical evidence have advanced and improved…”

Future “The systematic process presented will maintain …”

Comparative “… are made at a later time…”

Superlative “…the best possible manner…”

Same levelled comparison “ …only as good as the supportive…”

Grammar

Passive voice: “…crime scenes can be classified…”

Auxiliary verbs:

Modal verbs: CAN – MAY -

Conditional 0 “The notes are taken as the activities are completed to prevent possible

memory loss if notes are made at a later time.”

Affixes/ Suffixes “…methodical…” “…inconsistency…”

Verbs

Phrasal verbs

slow down

Materiales para la investigación forense

Vocabulary

Aluminum powder lifts blanket Bottom: cardholder cartridges Casting.: Cling: conventional lifters crime-scene investigation procedures crisp crisp: damp paper towel Dewarping disturbed evidence Endpoint Enhancement function evenly: exemplar: extensive contamination

fingerprinting Going off: Grayscale Gypsum: Hassle: impression ink remover towelette Leads: lift lift. located Manual scaling options mix, non-drip solution non-smearing Nozzles: one-use kit pathologist pots or spatulas pour

poured press down Probes: putty Putty: Remove press shake Sheet: soap spray cleaner step into the foam Store sturdy cardboard boxes sturdy: to ink and roll towelette water water bladder yellow and black crime-scene tape

Tenses

Present: NuCASTtool comes in

Present perfect: you’ve had - has been called

Future: The impression will be held on

Noun phrases

- Ing in fingerprinting

- Possessive case: Then the victim’s father, John Ramsey

- Hyphenated noun phrases: fold-up-and-lock-down legs

Adjective and Pronouns

Possessive adjectives

- Ing taking tool

- Ed suspected footwear

Comparatives and superlatives: safest ESL unit

Grammar

Passive voice NuCASTtool is sold in single units

Auxiliary verbs: does not get

Affixes

Adverbs

- Ly adverb affix

Verbs

- Un -

Connectors

Instead of As Either…or… as well as

Bibliografia

Caso Jo n B e n e t R a m s e y https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cw1w3zZXeY

Crime-Scene Investigation and Evidence Collection (pp 1 – 9) file:///C:/Users/Edgardo/Downloads/20151001%20CSI.pdf

Video Locards Exchange Principle https://youtu.be/PA9S43epX-g

Video CSI Principles of Exchange https://youtu.be/mW0FJjuTlSU

FYI - The Real CSI https://youtu.be/Y7qOJV6gg6k

Friedel, Ron. Seeing The Evidence. Forensic Scientits at Work Group Leveled reader X 2007 Learning A-Z www.reading a-z.com

Miller, Marilyn T. Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques (pp 115,116, 118, 121) file:///C:/Users/Edgardo/Downloads/20151001%20CSI%20D%20(1).pdf

Evidence Scribers - Ridge Counters http://tritechforensics.com/store/product/evidence-scribers-ridge-counters/ Consultado y extraido el 23 de noviembre 2015

Disposable Fingerprint Inking Sheets http://tritechforensics.com/store/product/disposable-fingerprint-inking-sheets/ Consultado y extraido el 23 de noviembre 2015

Fingerprint Ink Remover Towelettes http://tritechforensics.com/store/product/fingerprint-ink-remover-towelettes/ Consultado y extraido el 23 de noviembre 2015

Elimination Print Kits http://tritechforensics.com/store/product/elimination-print-kits/ Consultado y extraido el 23 de noviembre 2015

Ceramic Fingerprinting Stations – Folding http://tritechforensics.com/store/product/ceramic-fingerprinting-stations-folding/ Consultado y extraido el 23 de noviembre 2015

Dental Stone Casting Material http://tritechforensics.com/store/product/dental-stone-casting-material/ Consultado y extraido el 23 de noviembre 2015

NuCASTtool Evidence Casting Kit http://tritechforensics.com/store/product/nucasttool-evidence-casting-kit/ Consultado y extraido el 23 de noviembre 2015

Bio-Foam® Impression Foam http://tritechforensics.com/store/product/bio-foamr-impression-foam/ Consultado y extraido el 23 de noviembre 2015

Cling-Lift Dust Impression Lifters http://tritechforensics.com/store/product/cling-lift-dust-impression-lifters/ Consultado y extraido el 23 de noviembre 2015

Criminalistics http://forensic-medecine.info/criminalistics.html

Fridell, Ron Seeing the Evidence: Forensic Scientists at Work. Forensic Scientits at WorkGroup Leveled reader X. 2007 Learning A-Z. www.reading a-z.com