TED 316 – STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Construction MaterialsMasonry

MASONRY

Building of structures from individual units

Common materials: Brick Stone Marble Granite Concrete block Glass block

MASONRY APPLICATIONS

Walls of buildings Retaining walls Monuments Brick and block are most commonly

used Can be weight bearing or veneer Rebar is added to increase tensile and

lateral strength

MASONRY - ADVANTAGES

Increase thermal mass Does not require painting Heat and fire resistance High impact resistance Long life-cycle

MASONRY - DISADVANTAGES

Degradation due to frost damage Requires a strong foundation Heavy

MASONRY – STRUCTURAL LIMITATIONS Good compressive strength Much lower tensile strength Reinforcement needed

Thickening wall Masonry piers Steel reinforcement

MASONRY - VENEER

Masonry units installed on one or both sides of a structurally independent wall

Decorative not structural Common materials

Brick Stone

Attached with brick ties

MASONRY - VENEER

Air gap Waterproofing

Water-resistant surface Weep holes

Interior insulation Fiberglass for stud walls Foam board for block Takes advantage of thermal mass

DRY SET MASONRY (DRY STONE)

Building material – mortar bond not critical

Friction provides strength Grooves and keys add strength Mortar-less masonry

SOLID MASONRY

Economical Limited applications

Low Thick

Susceptible to earthquakes Reinforcement needed

STONE

Commonly used Granite Slate Limestone Sandstone Marble

STONE

Common forms Crushed Sand Pea gravel Rip rap Fieldstone Dimensional stone Rubble Flagstone

STONE

Characteristics Strength

High compression Low tension

Hardness – varies Workability – relates to hardness Durability Appearance Accessibility Indigenous

BRICK

Categories Sun-dried bricks Kiln burned bricks

Building bricks Refractory bricks

BRICK

Types Common brick Face brick Glazed face brick Fire brick Sand lime brick

Special brick Paving brick Omni brick Sculpted brick

BRICK

Two or more layers Horizontal rows (stretcher bricks) Cross ties (header bricks) Bonds (pattern of stretcher and header)

Common English and Flemish Staggered vs. non-staggered

BRICK – UNIFORMITY AND RUSTICITY

Wide variety of styles and types 1950s-1970s: consistency = sterile 1980s on: move back to rustic look

Burnt bricks Salvage bricks Aged new bricks Free, artistic style

BLOCKS

Cinder blocks Concrete blocks Hollow tile Generically referred to as Concrete

Masonry Units (CMUs) Larger than bricks Faster to lay Lower water absorption rates than bricks

BLOCK

Used as structural core for veneer walls Used alone where appearance is not critical Stucco covering

Decoration Extra strength Pre-colored or stained

Reinforcement Bond beam Filling hollow voids Rebar and ladder-reinforcement

GLASS BLOCK

Made of glass Structural or appearance Provide light and/or view