Telecommunication Switching

EE 489EE 489Telecommunication Systems EngineeringTelecommunication Systems Engineering

University of AlbertaUniversity of Alberta

Dept. of Electrical and Computer EngineeringDept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lecture 1Lecture 1

Wayne Grover Wayne Grover TRLabs and University of Alberta

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/ extended by J.Doucette for different versions of EE589/489

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EE 489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering

What is telecommunications?What is telecommunications?

• “tele” – Greek for distant

• “communicatio” – Italian for connection

• Telecommunication– distant connection or– transfer of meaningful information from one location to

another

• Today it means:– “high tech” methods of information transfer

• Voice• Video• Data


3


Telecomunication Systems change our lives: Telecomunication Systems change our lives: … the “always-… the “always-on” world is upon us….on” world is upon us….


4


IntroductionIntroduction

• Reasons you might take EE 489– R&D career options

• Vendors (e.g. Nortel, Cisco)• Telcos (e.g. Telus, AT&T)• ISPs and other Internet Business• Private Networks

– Pre-requisites for other courses– EE 686 (Digital Transmission Systems)– EE 683 (Fibre Optic Communications)– EE 681 (Survivable Networks)

– Personal interests• Major critical public infrastructure• Societal importance and history

– Or..“Its just neat to know how things in your everyday life actually work !


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Introduction (2)Introduction (2)

• EE 489 is mainly an introduction to key concepts– Concepts and theory for operation and design– Architectural concepts– Basic principles of various topics in telecom engineering

• Traffic engineering• Telephony principles, digital coding of speech• Wireless, cellular• Transmission system design, fiber optics• Switching systems• Internet• Optical Networking


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US Circuit Switched Voice and Internet TrafficUS Circuit Switched Voice and Internet Traffic

Compound Annual Growth Rate1996-2005

Internet 95.8%

Voice over IP 30%

Data Traffic

30%Circuit Switched 12.1%

Tera

byte

s /

day

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Source: Renaissance Analysis via Marconi PLC 2001


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Fiber Optics and WDM: 1980sFiber Optics and WDM: 1980s

Wavelength (nm)

1600 1700140013001200 1500

Atte

nuat

ion

(dB

/km

)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

1310nm 1550nm


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1990s Dense WDM: 1990s Dense WDM: ITU Channel SpacingITU Channel Spacing

1600 1700140013001200 1500

Atte

nuat

ion

(dB

/km

)

Wavelength (nm)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

15

25

15

30

15

35

15

40

15

45

15

50

15

55

15

60

15

65

ITU Channel Spacing

ITU Channel Spacing

And each wavelength can carry ~ OC-192 (10 Gb/s)


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Trying to appreciate the capacity of fiber opticsTrying to appreciate the capacity of fiber optics

If 64Kb/s = 1 lane

Then with current technology, a singlefiber would = 25 Million Lanes,

or a Highway that was 60,000 Miles Wide

Then with current technology, a singlefiber would = 25 Million Lanes,

or a Highway that was 60,000 Miles Wide

Adapted from Marconi OctoBrief 2001


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Some real fiber optic networks Some real fiber optic networks


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British Telecom


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The Level(3) N. American NetworkThe Level(3) N. American Network


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TORINO

GENOVA

ALESSANDRIA

PISA

MILANOBRESCIA

SAVONA

BOLOGNA

VERONA

VICENZA

VENEZIA

FIRENZEANCONA

PESCARA

PIACENZA

MILANO2

PERUGIA

L’AQUILA

ROMA

ROMA2

NAPOLI SALERNO

CATANZARO

POTENZA

BARI

TARANTO

CAGLIARI

SASSARI

FOGGIA

PALERMOMESSINA

REGGIO C.

32-node Italian backbone transport

network

some other fiber network topologiessome other fiber network topologies


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Growth of global telecom systemGrowth of global telecom system

• “It took a hundred years to connect a billion people by wire. It has taken only ten years to connect the next billion people.”

– National Geographic Magazine, December 2001


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Your Instructor: Wayne GroverYour Instructor: Wayne Grover• B.Sc. - Carleton U, Ottawa, M.Sc. - U. Essex, U.K. (Commonwealth

Scholar), Ph.D. - U. Alberta (‘89) - “Self-healing Networks”

• 10 years BNR (Nortel Networks) Research & Development

• Start-up of TRLabs consortium, 1987 (Founding VP - Research)– Research and management roles at TRLabs, 1986- present

• 2002 IEEE Fellow “for contributions to survivable and self-organizing broadband networks”

• 30 years telecom R&D experience

• >35 patented inventions to date

• web site: http://www.ece.ualberta.ca/~grover/


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Timeline of Modern TelecomTimeline of Modern Telecom

• 1837– Samuel Morse invents telegraph (demonstrated in 1844)• “What hath God wrought?”

• 1850 – Telegraph cables cross English Channel

• 1858 – First trans-Atlantic telegraph cable laid (Canada to Ireland)

• 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone (Brantford, ON)

• “Watson come here, I want you”

• 1885 – AT&T incorporated

• 1888 – Heinrich Hertz discovers electromagnetic waves

• 1895 – Marconi invents wireless telegraph

• 1895 – Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Ltd.

• 1901 – Marconi sends first trans-Atlantic wireless telegraph (England to Newfoundland); dot-dash “spark gap” transmitter


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Timeline of Modern Telecom (2)Timeline of Modern Telecom (2)

• 1906 – Canadian Reginald Aubrey Fessenden realized the first public radio voice broadcast http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/VOLUME02/Reginald_Aubrey_Fessenden.shtml

• 1912 – First SOS transmitted from RMS Titanic

• 1919 – XWA (Montreal) becomes first licensed radio station in North America

• 1923 – First radio hockey play-by-play by CKCK (Regina)

• 1924 – First radio airing of Stanley Cup game

• 1927 – First radio trans-Atlantic commercial phone calls

• 1932 – Trans-Canada telephone toll system

• 1939 – Electronic computer developed

• 1941 – Marriage of computer and communications– telegraph code punched on paper tape read by computer


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• 1947/1948 – Transistor invented at Bell Labs

• 1950 – Time division multiplexing developed

• 1956 – First trans-Atlantic phone cable

• 1960 – Laser developed

• 1961 – Integrated circuit developed

• 1962 – Telstar I launched (first communication satellite)

• 1966 – Northern Telecom publishes first paper related to optical fibres

• 1969 – Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funds “ARPANET”

• 1970 – Corning Glass develops first optical fibre


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• 1975 – First digital telephone switch (Northern Telecom)

• 1977 – Above switch installed in Canada

• 1981 – Above switch installed in USA

• 1982 – “Internet” used to describe successor to ARPANET

• 1989 – First SONET-standard optical fibre products released (Northern Telecom)

• 1990 – World Wide Web becomes part of the Internet

• Today:– 1 billion telephones in over 200 countries– ~15 Billion microprocessors on the planet (6 Billion

humans).– Telegraphy, telephony, data, television, finance, etc

integrated into global telecom system


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Some of what the Future HoldsSome of what the Future Holds

• I. Expansion to the developing world (estimated ~ 3 billion people have never used a telephone)

– Opportunities to build “green fields” network designs– Short-cut to the latest technology– Huge role for fixed wireless and satellite

• II. Machine-to-Machine communication– More machines than humans– Can exchange data more quickly– Think: “this overhead projector will have its own IP address and talk on its

own to the world about its bulb burning out” – “pervasive computing”– Seamless human-machine interfaces; wearable computers, virtual reality

• III. “Convergence” of…– Telephone, TV, Movies, Telemetry, Monitoring, Internet, Storage

• IV. Future applications: Virtual reality, 3D holography, telepresence, web agents, robots, weather prediction,…

– Some future applications are estimated to require backbone capacities of 1,000 to 200,000 terabits/sec (1 terabit/sec = 1012 bit/sec)

Telecommunications is still very much a growth industry !


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Importance of Switching Importance of Switching – Avoiding a “show stopper”– Avoiding a “show stopper”

• If there were no switching machines, each phone would have to be directly connected to all others. What are the implications?

5000 km

2500 km

Consider Southern Canada and USA:

Size = 5000 km x 2500 km

Size = 12 500 000 km2


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kmkm

km60

million 5.12

million 7502

3

Depth of wiring

Therefore volume of wiring -1216 12.5x10 2000 pairs10x3 km3million 750 km

Assume average connection is 2000 km long.

Average wire pair cross-section 22 )2( mmr 2122 10x5.125.12 kmmm

216( )( 1) 250000000

3x10 pairs2 2

n n Fully connected:

Approximately 250 million phones

Switching Machines (2)Switching Machines (2)

6060km km deep! deep!


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How to do well in this courseHow to do well in this course

• Come to every class

• Get the Decorby notes download and do the assigned readings.

• Check web site at least once a week in advance for any further notes or problem solutions or handouts.

• Print and organize all course materials in sequence in a binder

• Take notes when whiteboard developments are done

• Do all assigned problems

• Go over in-class examples

• Approach to exam writing – Do easy questions first– Don’t rush– Show all work

• Term tests and/or Final will contain or be based upon:– At least one assigned problem– At least one in-class example

Documents

Telecommunication Switching