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TelephoneTelephone
ServiceService
2
PSTPSTNN
The Public Switched Telephone Network Worldwide A call may cross many telephone company
boundaries
Also Known as POTS Plain old telephone service “Old” “Uninteresting”
3
PSTNPSTN
Importance
Corporate telephony spending is very high
Amount of use makes it very important
Deregulation is spurring price and product complexity
Management is exploding in complexity
Datacoms & telephony are managed together
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The Traditional Telephone The Traditional Telephone SystemSystem
Customer Premises Local Loop Switching Office
End Office Trunk Lines
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Customer PremisesCustomer Premises
Your home or office You control service on your premises
Beyond your premises, you need a telephone carrier
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Local LoopLocal Loop Line between your premises and the first
telephone company switching office Limits your transmission speed Usually a single twisted pair of copper wire Businesses may use higher-speed links “The Last Mile,” although often 2-4 miles
Customer Premises Switching Office
Local Loop
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Switching OfficesSwitching Offices
Connect Telephone Callers Can support many simultaneous connections
Connection
Switching OfficeLocalLoop
CustomerPremises
CustomerPremises
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Hierarchical Hierarchical Organization of Organization of SwitchesSwitches
Classes (1-5)
Class 5 Class 5
Class 4
Class 3
Class 4
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Trunk LinesTrunk Lines
Connect switching offices All lines except local loop
TrunkLine
LocalLoop
TrunkLines
LocalLoop
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Carriers in the United Carriers in the United StatesStates
Local Access and Transport Area (LATA) Intra-LATA Service
Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) Competitive Access Providers (CAPs)
Inter-LATA Service Inter-exchange Carriers (IXCs)
International Common Carriers (ICCs)
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Carriers in the United Carriers in the United StatesStates
POP
Point of presence
Located on LEC’s premises
Connects all customers of the LEC, CAPs, IXCs, ICCs
Allows new carriers to reach the total installed base, making competitive entry possible
Gives customers access to everyone else
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Carriers in Most Carriers in Most CountriesCountries
PTT Public Telephone and Telegraph (Authority) Traditional telephone monopoly carrier Government-owned Nationwide service
Ministry of Telecommunication Government ministry that oversees, regulates
the PTT
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Regulation in the Regulation in the United StatesUnited States
Nationally Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Sets interstate regulations, standards, prices Can set intrastate policies that affect the nation-
wide system Within States
Public Utilities Commissions (PUCs) Regulate most intrastate matters
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Deregulation in the Deregulation in the United StatesUnited States
Deregulation Relaxing rules that protect monopolies Fostering competition Competition should bring new services Competition should bring lower prices
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Deregulation in the Deregulation in the United StatesUnited States
Ma Bell The Bell System AT&T Had national monopoly on long-distance
service Owned LECs serving more than 80% of the
U.S. Population
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Deregulation in the Deregulation in the United StatesUnited States
Breaking Up Ma Bell (1983)
Justice Department antitrust suit
Results in agreement and Consent Decree
AT&T keeps long-distance service, equipment manufacturing
LECs divided among 7 Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs)--”Baby Bells”
Court-administered limits on AT&T & RBOCs
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Deregulation in the Deregulation in the United StatesUnited States
Second Breakup of AT&T (1996)
AT&T given freedom by courts to enter intra-LATA competition for transmission service
AT&T moving increasingly into international competition for transmission services
Problem: also sells equipment (switches, etc.)
Sold equipment to firms with whom it was beginning to compete for transmission services
Competitors would stop buying equipment once competition began
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Deregulation in the Deregulation in the United StatesUnited States
Second Breakup of AT&T (1996)
Voluntarily divided the company
AT&T keeps transmission services
Lucent manufactures telephone equipment
NCR manufacturers computer equipment
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Deregulation in the Deregulation in the United StatesUnited States
Telecommunications Act of 1996 Congressional Act
Subjects intra-LATA service to open competition
Before, many PUCs had limited local competition
New competitors for service, including the local loop (dial tone service)
New freedom in pricing
Slowed by legal maneuvering
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Deregulation Trends in Deregulation Trends in the U.S.the U.S.
Customer Premises Most deregulated Once, you could not own modems or even
telephones Deregulated in the 1970s Now fully deregulated: you can do what your
like on your premises
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Deregulation Trends in Deregulation Trends in the U.Sthe U.S.
Data networking services Called value added networks (VANs) Deregulated in 1970s Now wide open
Inter-LATA service Deregulated in 1970s and 1980s Now, equal access: you get to choose your long-distance
carrier Now wide-open
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Deregulation Trends in Deregulation Trends in the U.S.the U.S.
Intra-LATA Service Least deregulated Some prior deregulation Deregulation really began in earnest only with
the Telecommunications Act of 1996
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Deregulation in Other Deregulation in Other CountriesCountries
Varies Considerably
Few countries as deregulated as U.S.
Prices generally higher than U.S.
Services available in U.S. may not be available
Customer premises usually deregulated most
Basic voice telephone service usually deregulated least
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Deregulation in Other Deregulation in Other CountriesCountries
World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement in 1997 on Telecommunications
Services Agreement to open domestic (internal)
competition Not total deregulation Not all countries sign Timetable for deregulation may be long Encouraging but not decisive
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Deregulation in Other Deregulation in Other CountriesCountries
Europe 1998
European Community
Has been breaking down many national monopolies
As of January 1998, high degree of domestic telecommunication competition is mandated
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International ServiceInternational Service Provided by international common carriers
(ICCs)
Each pair of countries negotiates which ICCs may provide service
Each pair of countries negotiates settlement charges on calls
This bilateral negotiation often brings uneven pricing when you call nearby countries
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Customer Premises Customer Premises EquipmentEquipment
Private Branch Exchanges (PBXs) Internal telephone network PBX is the switch Wiring to individual telephones Telephones themselves Lines to carriers for incoming, outgoing calls
PBX
CompanyPhones
Carriers
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Building Telephone Building Telephone WiringWiring
In the Basement Line from carrier Termination Equipment protects carrier line PBX Wiring bundle (many pairs) out of PBX
Termination Equipment
PBX
Wiring Bundle
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Building Telephone Building Telephone WiringWiring
Between Floors Vertical riser spaces
Vertical Riser Spaces
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Building Telephone Building Telephone WiringWiring
Wiring Closets Break up bundle Sub-bundle goes to next floor Other wires are for distribution on floor
Wiring Closet
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Building Telephone Building Telephone WiringWiring
Horizontal Distribution on Floors Run wires through false ceilings, conduits Drop down to faceplate phone jacks
Wiring BundleSingle Line
Wallplate
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Telephone Wiring and Telephone Wiring and LAN WiringLAN Wiring
LAN Wiring Based on Building Wiring Cat5 UTP wiring bundles
8-wire bundles 100 meter limitation
Sufficient to get from wiring closet to station Vertical Distribution
Distance limitations sufficient to reach internetting device in basement
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PBX NetworksPBX Networks
PBXs at different sites work together Connected by leased lines You can dial any telephone in the firm
LeasedLine
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PBX User ServicesPBX User Services
Speed Dialing Dial a number using a 1- or 2-digit code
Last Number Redial Easy redial of last number called
Display of Called Number Display shows the number you dialed Allows you to check for dialing errors
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PBX User ServicesPBX User Services
Camp On You dial another number You get a busy signal You hit the camp on button You hang up When the called party hangs up, your phone
rings You pick it up Called party’s phone rings
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PBX User ServicesPBX User Services Call Waiting
You are on the phone Hold
Place someone on hold ANI
Automatic Number Identification Displays number of calling extension when
your phone rings Conferencing
3-party calling
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PBX User ServicesPBX User Services
Call Transfer You will be away from you desk Calls go automatically to a phone near you
Call Forwarding Someone calls you
Voice Mail Can leave messages
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PBX Attendant ServicesPBX Attendant Services
Operator Assistance In-house operators to handle problems
Automatic Call Distribution Call comes in from outside Automatically goes to correct extension
Message Center Leave message with operator for anyone in the
building
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PBX Attendant ServicesPBX Attendant Services
Paging Broadcasts call for person over loudspeakers
Nighttime Call Handling Special functions for nighttime calls E.g., transfer control to guard station
Change Requests Automated adding, dropping, changing of
numbers once information is typed in
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PBX Management PBX Management ServicesServices
Automatic Route Selection For outgoing calls Automatically selects the lowest-cost line
Call Restriction Prevent certain numbers from calling out, making
long-distance calls, etc. Call Detail Reporting
Reports with detailed charges go to departments
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Voice ResponseVoice Response Customer calls in Gets a recording that gives them a
menu of choices Caller hits button on phone to select a
menu choice Not voice recognition!
Reduces operator time Can upset customers Can also be used in product support
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Carrier Services and Carrier Services and PricingPricing
Tariffs Filed by carriers, approved by authority Lets customer know the details of the service to
be provided Lets customer know exactly what price they
should pay Provides recourse in disputes Deregulation is generating many untariffed
services for faster response to competition
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Local CallingLocal Calling Within local area Flat rate pricing
Fixed payment per month No charge per call
Message unit pricing Charged message units for each call in local
area Depends on distance and duration Penalizes Internet access, other resource hogs
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Toll CallsToll Calls Long-distance calls
Inter-LATA or Intra-LATA Priced per minute Price based on distance
International calls Prices depend primarily on country called Prices depend less on distance than on country
called Price may be lower calling from one country
than from the other in the pair
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Toll CallsToll Calls Direct Distance Dialing
Most common method Collect Calls
Called party pays if accepts calls Pays more than direct dial rate
800/888 Numbers Area codes are with 800 or 888 Pays less than direct dial rates to support customers
900 Numbers Caller pays Pays more than direct dial rate Called company can charge for user service
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Toll CallsToll Calls WATS
Wide Area Telephone Service Company can call out from site, to phones
throughout the WATS service area Pay less than direct dial rates
Universal Availability Personal telephone number for person Will reach you wherever you are physically Some day given at birth?
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Electronic Switching Electronic Switching ServicesServices
Switches are Computers
Can provide services beyond switching through software
Can provide PBX-like user services to carrier customers
ISDN standardizes these services and allow them to work worldwide. (Integrated Services Digital Network)
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Electronic Switching Electronic Switching ServicesServices Automatic Number Identification (ANI)
You see the number of the person calling you
Lets you screen calls
Lets companies route caller to personal service representative automatically
Concerns about privacy
Can be blocked, so that receiver will not see your number
Receiver can refuse calls from blocked ANI
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Cellular TelephonesCellular Telephones Original Mobile Telephones
One transmitter/receiver Limited number of channels For good service can support about 20
subscribers per channel
Transmitter/Receiver
MobilePhone
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Cellular TelephonesCellular Telephones
Divide Region into Cells One cellsite per cell Channels can be reused in non-adjacent cells
No
No
YesNo
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
UsesChannel
232
Can ReuseCh. 232?
Channel 232Used in 4 cells
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Cellular TelephonesCellular Telephones
Reuse Without reuse, only 20 users per channel for
good service If reused 4 times, 80 subscribers per channel
Reuse Rule (Rough) Reuse factor = Number of cells / 7 If 20 cells, reuse factor is about 3
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HandoffsHandoffs
When you move to another cell You are transferred automatically to that cell’s
cellsite
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RoamingRoaming
Take your cellphone to another city
Use it there to send and receive
Not always possible technically
May be limited procedurally because of high rates of cellular fraud in some areas
Don’t confuse this with handoff, which takes place within a cellular system between cells
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ControlControl
Mobile Telephone Switching Office Controls cellsites, handoffs, etc. Calls go to/from MTSO Connects to POP at LEC to link to traditional
telephone (wireline) carriers
MTSO
POP atLEC
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Placing a CallPlacing a Call
Enter number, hit send Cellphone broadcasts request Several cellsites receive, send to MTSO MTSO assigns cellphone to cellsite with
loudest signal MTSO sends message to cellphone, telling
it what incoming, outgoing channels to use
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Receiving a CallReceiving a Call
MTSO has each cellsite broadcast cellphone’s ID number
Cellphone transmits a response Responses from cellsites go to MTSO MTSO selects loudest cellsite MTSO sends message to cellphone, giving
channels and telling the cellphone to ring
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First Generation First Generation CellularCellular
Analog Operation Limits services and signal quality
How Many Subscribers can it support? Large Cells (20-40 per city) 20 cells, and frequency reuse is about 3 (20/7) 832 channels, and with frequency reuse, 2,496
available channels 20 users per available channel, then only about
50,000 subscribers per system Engineering tricks can extend, but only
somewhat
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First Generation First Generation CellularCellular
United States AMPS standard
Elsewhere Many incompatible standards Use different radio bands Limits multinational roaming
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Second Generation Second Generation CellularCellular
What it is Digital instead of analog for better service Still uses large cells Still has about the same number of channels
In the United States Retrofitting existing analog systems with some digital
channels CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) is the most common
technology Not widely used
Elsewhere in the World
Standardizing almost completely on GSM - General System for Mobile (communication)
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Third-Generation Third-Generation CellularCellular
Personal Communication Service (PCS) Or Personal Communication Network (PCN)
Smaller cells More frequency reuse
More channels About 2,500
Digital, like 2nd generation 3rd generation companies usually offer more
services at a price similar to that of 1st generation instead of dropping prices
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Third-Generation Third-Generation CellularCellular
Most of World Standardized on DCS Technology Based on GSM
U.S. FCC did not specify a standard! Different carriers use different technologies Many have standardized on DCS Your cellphone may not work with another
carrier Limits roaming
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Potential System Potential System CapacityCapacity
Category 1st Gen 3nd Gen
Cells/City 30 100?
Channel reuse ~4 ~14
Channels 800 2,500
Effective channels 3,200 35,000
Subscribers 60,000 700,000
This analysis is inexact but illustrative
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U.S. PCS StandardsU.S. PCS Standards Coordinated by the TIA TR-45 Committee
3 standards selected DCS (Digital Communications Service)
Based on GSM
Time division multiplexing
2-3 times as many simultaneous calls as first generation in the same bandwidth
64
Personal Service Personal Service TelephonesTelephones
On the road Personal cellphone acts like 3d generation
cellphone At home
Cellphone acts like cordless telephone No cellular charges when you use it
At work Wireless PBXs treat it like a business phone No cellular charges
65
Traditional Traditional Communications Communications SatellitesSatellites
In geosynchronous orbit Appear to be stationary Far from the ground (22,300 miles) Need much power to send/receive Need dish antennas to concentrate signals Must point dish at the satellite Impractical for portable telephony
66
LEO SatellitesLEO Satellites
Low Earth Orbit Satellites Only 100 to 200 miles above the earth Need far less power to reach than 22,300 mile
geosynchronous satellites Can get by with omnidirectional antenna Can use phone of reasonable size, cost Access anywhere
OmnidirectionalAntenna
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LEO SatellitesLEO Satellites
Satellites circle the earth every 90 minutes Handoffs between satellites serving you Like cellular, except you are (relatively)
stationary and the transmitter/receiver moves