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TEMPLATE DESIGN © 2008 www.PosterPresentations.com CARDIAC DISEASE AND PRE-PARTICIPATION SCREENING IN BOXING Daniel Azimzadeh MBChB, School of Medicine, University of Liverpool 1 Introduction Discussion Boxing Pre-participation Screening for Cardiac Disease : World Amateur and Professional organisations : PPS in ABAE, AIBA and United States Amateur Boxing (USAB) require questionnaire and cardiac examination only. In contrast, WBC, USAB and AIBA require an additional ECG with discovered abnormalities or in older boxers. There are, however, no specified screening requirements for WBO and WBA. European Society of Cardiology (ESC): It is recommended that all athletes under 35 undergo PPS questionnaire, examination and ECG. If any abnormalities then echocardiogram is performed. This is adopted in Italy for all sports and by major sporting organisations in rest of Europe. US State Athletic Commissions (SAC): PPS in boxers is highly varied amongst US SAC (see figure below). Alarmingly, Michigan state requires no cardiac screening for competition and only four states offer a baseline physical examination & ECG and screening for older athletes. 70% of SAC request a baseline examination, although 23% require this only prior to a fight. In addition, only 17% SAC routinely require a baseline ECG. Only 47% specify routine baseline requirements for older boxers: (physical: 11%; ECG: 23%; advanced tests: 23%). Also, only 17% of SAC require PPS physical and ECG. Literature review: Cardiac-related issues in Boxing There is limited data with few observational studies and case reports. Of 15 boxers with ECGs recorded before and immediately after a bout, 3 boxers showed significant ventricular repolarisation abnormalities likely due to boxing related sympathetic over-activity. Eligibility to compete with known Cardiac Disease - Boxing: Arrhythmias: Asymptomatic bradycardia, increasing on exertion, is deemed acceptable by Bethesda and ESC, but tachycardia requires treatment prior to participation. In addition, there is an absolute contraindication of pacemaker insertion due to risk of collision. There are discrepancies between ESC and Bethesda regarding atrial flutter or fibrillation, supraventricular & ventricular tachycardias, ventricular flutter or fibrillation and congenital third degree heart block in investigation, treatment and eligibility for sport participation. Congenital Cardiac Disease: Overall, Bethesda, ESC, ABAE, Canadian Professional Boxing Federation (CPBF) and World Series of Boxing (WSB) conditionally allow certain defects. However, EBA and World Boxing Council (WBC) regard any congenital cardiac defect as an absolute contraindication. The main inconsistencies between Bethesda and ESC comprise conditional approval of aortic coarctation and tetralogy repair. All sources agree that symptomatic atrial and ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus and untreated cyanotic heart disease are contraindications. Valvular Heart Disease: ESC and Bethesda disagree regarding participation in boxers with, mitral & aortic stenosis or regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation, but both deem mild mitral regurgitation as acceptable. AIBA, WBC and EBA however do not accept any history of valvular heart disease or repair. Myocardial & Pericardial Disease: There is an unquestionable contraindication for any cardiomyopathy amongst ESC, Bethesda, AIBA, EBA, ABAE, WBC, WSB and Oriental & Pacific Boxing Federation . Furthermore, connective tissue diseases (Marfan and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) and infiltrative diseases are also contraindicated by Bethesda. Finally, infective cardiac wall conditions (pericarditis and myocarditis) are only permissible after confirmed treatment. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), and Hypertension: CAD universally debars boxers from participation with similar opinions on those who show cardiac risk factors with no actual disease. Furthermore, many organisations show a Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes is usually unexpected in fit and asymptomatic individuals. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common aetiology in under 35’s, with a wide range of other causes. The incidence of SCD ranges from 1:28,000 - 300,000 in studies from Italy, America and Canada. Identifying those at risk and removing them from sport participation can avoid potential fatalities; consequently, optimal screening, striking a balance between cost and effectiveness is essential. Pre-participation screening (PPS) guidelines markedly vary around the world. In Italy PPS is mandatory for all athletes in all sports, but this is not the case around the rest of Europe. First team elite footballers (soccer) in Europe are mandated by UEFA to have PPS. Athletes with documented cardiac disease may also be at risk of SCD and there are European guidelines for further investigation and eligibility to continue sports participation. Boxing poses a high cardiac demand with boxers’ VO 2 max (maximum level of oxygen utilised during exercise) ranging from 55.8 to 63.8ml/kg/min. In addition, lactate levels are elevated, indicating the highly anaerobic nature of the sport, ultimately placing a greater requirement for cardiac output. Lactate levels have been demonstrated to rise up to 13.6±3.2mmol/l with just four 2-minute rounds, with a 1- minute break in between each round. This is up to twice that of footballers at 8.4mmol/l. Aims: In light of the potential for SCD and the cardiac demand for boxing in comparison to football, we propose the following objectives: 1. The cardiac conditions which constitute ineligibility of participation in boxing, and how it differs from football. 2. Current worldwide cardiac screening in boxing 3. A review of literature available with regards to SCD and cardiac disease in boxing. Methodology A list of boxing regulatory bodies was established with published medical eligibility guidelines obtained. US State Athletic Commissions’ guidelines were compared with US National Athletic PPS guidelines and European consensus documents. PPS and eligibility to compete with specific cardiac diseases was tabulated for for comparison. A literature search was carried out using Medline and Ovid for any previous studies or case reports on SCD in boxing or cardiac disease as a consequential injury. Results The comprehensive US overview (36 th Bethesda Conference 2005) of eligibility for athletes to compete and management plans was compared with the European Society of Cardiology’s (ESC) consensus document (EHJ 2005). Additional guidelines from 8 boxing regulatory bodies were located (n=2 amateur & n=6 professional). The marked variation in opinion and eligibility criteria amongst various organisations and authors was Eligibility to compete with known Cardiac Disease – Boxing Consensus guidelines for all sports have been published in USA (Bethesda 36th) and Europe (ESC). There are further guidelines from Boxing Organisations and Commissions around the world and even within specific US States. There is variation between these guidelines, but some are unanimous (HCM, some arrhythmias, congenital defects & valve disease). USA (Bethesda 36th) vs. European (ESC) Consensus Guidelines: There are many similarities with variation attributed to ‘cultural, social, and legal backgrounds’. It is recommended that a unified document should be published to alleviate confusion. Furthermore, differences between participation in boxing compared to football are limited; there are certain increased leniencies amongst the consensus documents to reflect the increased cardiac demand of boxing. Boxing Pre-participation Screening for Cardiac Disease : There are marked differences in PPS between World Amateur and Professional Organisations, ESC and US State Athletic Commissions. The ESC involves questionnaire, examination and ECG in all. Whilst most other organisations offer at least an examination, a boxer can compete in Michigan State without even this. Many states do not offer a baseline ECG or any additional screening for older boxers. The debate of whether a routine ECG is necessary for athlete screening is relevant. In Italy, a 26-year study demonstrated the inclusion of ECG led to an 89% reduction in SCD in athletes. This is contrary to the American Heart Association screening, based on questionnaire and examination alone. In boxing, there has been a call to introduce a routine ECG although the British Board of Boxing Control has no formal screening protocol. To contrast, the Football Association of England offers an ECG on all young participants, in spite of its lower cardiac exertion profile as a sport. Literature review: Cardiac-related issues in Boxing Conclusion Acknowledgements Physical Examination ECG Older Boxer: extra screening SAC: Physical and ECG ESC: Physical and ECG 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Proportion of State Athletic Commissions (SAC) requiring certain cardiac assessments (%) vs. ESC Recommondations None Case-by-case basis Pre-fight Pre-training

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Page 1: TEMPLATE DESIGN © 2008  CARDIAC DISEASE AND PRE-PARTICIPATION SCREENING IN BOXING Daniel Azimzadeh MBChB, School of Medicine,

TEMPLATE DESIGN © 2008

www.PosterPresentations.com

CARDIAC DISEASE ANDPRE-PARTICIPATION SCREENING IN BOXING

Daniel AzimzadehMBChB, School of Medicine, University of Liverpool1

Introduction DiscussionBoxing Pre-participation Screening for Cardiac Disease: World Amateur and Professional organisations: PPS  in ABAE, AIBA and  United  States  Amateur  Boxing  (USAB)  require  questionnaire  and cardiac examination only.  In contrast, WBC, USAB and AIBA require an additional ECG with discovered abnormalities or  in older boxers. There are, however, no specified screening requirements for WBO and WBA. 

European Society of Cardiology (ESC):  It  is  recommended  that  all athletes under 35 undergo PPS questionnaire, examination and ECG. If any abnormalities then echocardiogram is performed. This is adopted in Italy for all sports and by major sporting organisations in rest of Europe.

US State Athletic Commissions (SAC): PPS in boxers is highly varied amongst US SAC (see figure below). Alarmingly, Michigan state requires no cardiac screening for competition and only four states offer a baseline physical  examination  &  ECG  and  screening  for  older  athletes.  70%  of SAC  request  a  baseline  examination,  although  23%  require  this  only prior  to  a  fight.  In  addition,  only  17% SAC  routinely  require  a  baseline ECG. Only 47% specify  routine baseline  requirements  for older boxers: (physical: 11%; ECG: 23%; advanced tests: 23%). Also, only 17% of SAC require PPS physical and ECG.

Literature review: Cardiac-related issues in Boxing There is limited data with few observational studies and case reports. 

Of 15 boxers with ECGs recorded before and immediately after a bout, 3 boxers  showed  significant  ventricular  repolarisation  abnormalities  likely due to boxing related sympathetic over-activity. 

There  are  two  case  reports:  a  32-year-old  professional  boxer  with Myocardial Contusion (MC),  and  a  65-year-old  retired  boxer  with pericardial constriction, chylous ascites and chylothorax. The risk of such events are a rarity due to glove padding. 

SCD in athletes (including boxers)  from a French and American sample showed  that  HCM  was  the  cause  in  30%  and  50%  of  the  individuals respectively, but  the proportion of boxers  is unspecified. Similar French data  compiled  over  19  years,  showed  1  boxer  died  from arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy  during  exercise. Finally,  a  6-year  German  epidemiological  data  analysis  showed  a  59 year-old-boxer with SCD of unknown aetiology.

Eligibility to compete with known Cardiac Disease - Boxing:

Arrhythmias:  Asymptomatic  bradycardia,  increasing  on  exertion,  is deemed  acceptable  by  Bethesda  and  ESC,  but  tachycardia  requires treatment  prior  to  participation.  In  addition,  there  is  an  absolute contraindication of pacemaker insertion due to risk of collision. There are discrepancies  between  ESC  and  Bethesda  regarding  atrial flutter  or fibrillation,   supraventricular &  ventricular  tachycardias,  ventricular flutter  or  fibrillation and congenital third degree heart block  in investigation, treatment and eligibility for sport participation. Congenital Cardiac Disease: Overall, Bethesda, ESC, ABAE, Canadian Professional  Boxing  Federation  (CPBF)  and  World  Series  of  Boxing (WSB)  conditionally  allow  certain  defects.  However,  EBA  and  World Boxing  Council  (WBC)  regard  any  congenital  cardiac  defect  as  an absolute  contraindication.  The  main  inconsistencies  between  Bethesda and  ESC  comprise  conditional  approval  of  aortic coarctation and tetralogy repair.  All  sources  agree  that  symptomatic atrial and ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus and  untreated cyanotic heart disease are contraindications.

Valvular Heart Disease:  ESC  and  Bethesda  disagree  regarding participation in boxers with, mitral & aortic stenosis or regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation, but  both  deem  mild mitral regurgitation as acceptable. AIBA, WBC  and  EBA  however  do  not  accept  any  history  of valvular heart disease or repair. Myocardial & Pericardial Disease:  There  is  an  unquestionable contraindication for any cardiomyopathy amongst ESC, Bethesda, AIBA, EBA,  ABAE,  WBC,  WSB  and  Oriental  &  Pacific  Boxing  Federation  . Furthermore,  connective  tissue  diseases  (Marfan and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome)  and  infiltrative diseases  are  also  contraindicated  by Bethesda.  Finally,  infective  cardiac  wall  conditions  (pericarditis and myocarditis) are only permissible after confirmed treatment. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), and Hypertension: CAD universally debars boxers from participation with similar opinions on those who show cardiac  risk  factors  with  no  actual  disease.  Furthermore,  many organisations  show  a  cautious  approach  to  stage 1 hypertension (140/90mmHg),  ranging  from  an  absolute  contraindication  to  referral  for further  investigation;  ESC,  AIBA,  WSB  and  EBA  allow  participation providing  medication  control.  Stage 2 hypertension (>160/100mmHg) and malignant hypertension is a concurrent contraindication.

Eligibility to compete with known Cardiac Disease - Football:

Bethesda and ESC recommendations for participation in football show few key  differences.  Firstly,  in  Bethesda  (but  not  ESC)  the  presence  of  a pacemaker  may  be  acceptable  with  the  use  of  protected  padding. Furthermore,  Bethesda  states  post-surgical  great artery transposition repair is  acceptable  but  remains  disallowed  in  ESC.  Bethesda  permits boxers  and  footballers  to  compete  with mild mitral stenosis, whereas ESC only permits footballers. Finally, both Bethesda and ESC conditionally allow stage 2 hypertension in footballers, unlike in boxers.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD)  in athletes  is usually unexpected in fit and asymptomatic  individuals.  Hypertrophic  Cardiomyopathy  (HCM)  is  the most common aetiology in under 35’s, with a wide range of other causes. The  incidence  of  SCD  ranges  from  1:28,000  -  300,000  in  studies  from Italy, America and Canada.  Identifying  those at  risk and  removing  them from  sport  participation  can  avoid  potential  fatalities;  consequently, optimal  screening,  striking a balance between cost and effectiveness  is essential.  Pre-participation  screening  (PPS)  guidelines  markedly  vary around the world.  In Italy PPS is mandatory for all athletes  in all sports, but  this  is  not  the  case  around  the  rest  of  Europe.  First  team  elite footballers  (soccer)  in  Europe  are  mandated  by  UEFA  to  have  PPS. Athletes with  documented  cardiac  disease may  also  be  at  risk  of  SCD and there are European guidelines for further investigation and eligibility to continue sports participation.

Boxing  poses  a  high  cardiac  demand  with  boxers’  VO2max  (maximum level  of  oxygen  utilised  during  exercise)  ranging  from  55.8  to 63.8ml/kg/min.  In  addition,  lactate  levels  are  elevated,  indicating  the highly  anaerobic  nature  of  the  sport,  ultimately  placing  a  greater requirement for cardiac output. Lactate levels have been demonstrated to rise up to 13.6±3.2mmol/l with just four 2-minute rounds, with a 1-minute break  in  between  each  round. This  is  up  to  twice  that  of  footballers  at 8.4mmol/l. 

Aims:

In  light  of  the  potential  for  SCD  and  the  cardiac  demand  for  boxing  in comparison to football, we propose the following objectives:1. The cardiac conditions which constitute ineligibility of participation in 

boxing, and how it differs from football.2. Current worldwide cardiac screening in boxing3. A  review  of  literature  available  with  regards  to  SCD  and  cardiac 

disease in boxing.Methodology

A list of boxing regulatory bodies was established with published medical eligibility guidelines obtained. US State Athletic Commissions’ guidelines were compared with US National Athletic PPS guidelines and European consensus  documents.  PPS  and  eligibility  to  compete  with  specific cardiac diseases was tabulated for for comparison.  A  literature  search  was  carried  out  using  Medline  and  Ovid  for  any previous studies or case reports on SCD in boxing or cardiac disease as a consequential injury. 

Results

The  comprehensive  US  overview  (36th  Bethesda  Conference  2005)  of eligibility  for  athletes  to  compete  and management  plans  was  compared with  the  European  Society  of  Cardiology’s  (ESC)  consensus  document (EHJ  2005).  Additional  guidelines  from  8  boxing  regulatory  bodies  were located (n=2 amateur & n=6 professional). The marked variation in opinion and  eligibility  criteria  amongst  various  organisations  and  authors  was documented. 

Eligibility to compete with known Cardiac Disease – Boxing

Consensus guidelines for all sports have been published in USA (Bethesda 36th)  and  Europe  (ESC).  There  are  further  guidelines  from  Boxing Organisations and Commissions around the world and even within specific US  States.  There  is  variation  between  these  guidelines,  but  some  are unanimous (HCM, some arrhythmias, congenital defects & valve disease). USA (Bethesda 36th) vs. European (ESC) Consensus Guidelines:There are many similarities with variation attributed to ‘cultural, social, and legal backgrounds’.  It  is recommended that a unified document should be published  to  alleviate  confusion.  Furthermore,  differences  between participation  in  boxing  compared  to  football  are  limited;  there  are  certain increased  leniencies  amongst  the  consensus  documents  to  reflect  the increased cardiac demand of boxing. Boxing Pre-participation Screening for Cardiac Disease:

There  are  marked  differences  in  PPS  between  World  Amateur  and Professional Organisations, ESC and US State Athletic Commissions. The ESC involves questionnaire, examination and ECG in all. Whilst most other organisations  offer  at  least  an  examination,  a  boxer  can  compete  in Michigan State without even this. Many states do not offer a baseline ECG or any additional screening for older boxers. The debate of whether a routine ECG is necessary for athlete screening is relevant. In Italy, a 26-year study demonstrated the inclusion of ECG led to an  89%  reduction  in  SCD  in  athletes.  This  is  contrary  to  the  American Heart  Association  screening,  based  on  questionnaire  and  examination alone. In boxing, there has been a call to introduce a routine ECG although the British Board  of Boxing Control  has  no  formal  screening  protocol. To contrast,  the Football Association of England offers an ECG on all young participants, in spite of its lower cardiac exertion profile as a sport. Literature review: Cardiac-related issues in Boxing

There  is a  low prevalence of SCD within boxing, although data  is  limited and  therefore  this  conclusion  cannot  be  confidently  drawn.  This  may  be due  to  the  rarity  of  such  events  and  its  overshadowing  neuropsychiatric and craniofacial issues, which is beyond the scope of this report.

Boxers with  certain  cardiac  conditions may  be  permitted  or  banned  from participation,  purely  based  on  the  region  or  organisation  delivering  the assessment; this variation also exists for PPS. Consequently, global criteria should  be  devised.  Furthermore,  there  is  a  strong  argument  for  the inclusion  of  a  baseline  ECG  screening  for  all  competitive  boxers. A  pilot study comprising a  large sample of professional boxers undertaking ECG screening  in  addition  to  routine  history  and  examination  at  baseline  is recommended.

Prof. John Somauroo, Sports Cardiologist, Countess of Chester NHS TrustDr. Nigel Jones, Dr to British Boxing Board of Control and Liverpool FC

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Physic

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Older B

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SAC: Phy

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ESC: Phy

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ECG0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Proportion of State Athletic Commissions (SAC) requiring cer-tain cardiac assessments (%) vs. ESC Recommondations

None

Case-by-case basis

Pre-fight

Pre-training