Temporary Issues of International Importance

7/24/2019 Temporary Issues of International Importance

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7

M.A. PART - IIPAPER - INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

Unit Structure:

(A) Nuclear Non Proliferation:

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Nuclearization & World

1.3 Nuclear Proliferation

1.4 Demand for Nuclear Bomb

1.5 Nuclear Proliferation Followin t!e "o#t cold war "eriod

1.$ Iran %a#e

1. Nort! 'orea %a#e

1.( )ib*a %a#e

1.+ Nuclear Non Proliferation ,*#tem

a- Nuclear Non Proliferation reat* /NP-

b- %om"re!en#i0e e#t Ban reat* /%B-

c- Nuclear ,u""lier rou" /N,-

()

2.1 errori#m

2.2 ,tate #"on#ored errori#m

2.3 Prominent emori#t rani#ation# and !eir Ba#e#.

a- )aida.

b- amaa al I#lami*a.

c- Fundamentali#t I#lamic 6o0ement.

d- !e rmed I#lamic Front.

e- 7ama al I#lami*a.

f- 8i!ur 6u#lim#.

2.4 errori#m in ,out! #ia9

a- India.

b- Pa:i#tan.

c- ,ri )an:a

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d- Banlade#!.

2.5 aret# of t!e errori#t rani#ation.

2.$ %ounter errori#m 6ec!ani#m.

2. India and %ounterterrori#m 6ea#ure#.

a- 8nlawful cti0itie# "re0ention ct 1+$ /8P-

b- errori#m and Di#ru"tion cti0ate# "re0ention ct; 1+(;/D-

c- !e 6a!ara#!tra control & orani#ed crime ct; 1+++/6%%-

d- Pre0ention & terrori#m ct; 2uire if eit!erconcerti or o0ertl*. ,ome #tate# e0en #ucce##e# in it to ac>uireco0ertl*. # cold war bean after t!e ,econd World War; t!e worldt!u# fell under t!e #!adow of t!e bomb. ?owe0er; #ome "olitical#cienti#t#; #c!olar#; e="end#; "olic* ma:in and intellectual# rawt!e nuclear wea"ou# a# t!e l*nc!"in of deterrence and ruled outan* "o##ibilit* of war between ma@or nuclear #tate#. t!er# #aw it

a# ma@or #ource# of unreadil* ten#ion and cure of in#ecurit*. Butt!e mo#t >ue#tion t!at lobal leader#!i" !a# to an#wer i# t!atw!et!er t!e world wit! unclean wea"on or would wit!out nuclearwea"on will brin "olitical #tabilit* and "eaceA In t!e contem"orar*world; t!e debate i# about t!e "eaceful #. militanc* u#e totec!nolo*. 0er t!e "eriod of time t!i# debate !a# become 0er*com"le= "!enomena becau#e of it# dual a""lication. It !a# become0er* difficult to determine t!e end u#e of t!e nuclear tec!nolo*. ,ot!e debate about t!e nuclear "roliferation i# 0er* dominated in t!e"re#ent international #*#tem. !at i# aain onl* about !orizontal"roliferation and not 0ertical "roliferation. Non"roliferation of

nuclear wea"ou# #trateie# !a0e raned from di"loma tire "re##ureand im"o#ition & economic #anction# to direct militar* inter0ention.In t!i# re#"ect; non "roliferation !a# increa#inl* been lin:ed tocommitment to nuclear di#ownment.

!.# NUCLEARI$ATION % &ORL"

merica !a# fir#t conducted nuclear te#t on 1$ t!7ul*; 1+45under t!e #u"er0i#ion and direction of "!*#ici#t 7. Cobert

#


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""en!eimer. It wa# nuclear fi##ion wea"ou# o"erate# t!rou! ac!ain reaction; a# eac! fi##ion i0en out e=cel# neutron#; w!ic! i#turn o on to cau#e more fi##ion#. )ater on more "owerful nuclearwea"ou# wa# de0elo"ed in t!e !*droen bomb. !i# i# ba#ed onnuclear fu#ion; but it can onl* ta:e "lace if t!e* are #ub@ect toenormou#l* !i! tem"erature# and "re##ure#. Fu#ion wea"ou# and

al#o & called t!ermonuclear wea"ou#. Nuclear wea"ou# cau#ede#truction in t!ree wa*# /a- Immediate di#traction i# cau#ed b*bla#t effect of e="lo#i0e force. /b- Nuclear radiation t!at can createa fire#tone tra0ellin at #erial !umeral 'ilometre# "er !our wit!tem"erature ri#in 1uare 'ilometre# and de#tro*ed more t!an $< "ercent of t!e buildin in t!e cit*. !e initial deat! toll wa# 1


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!en Briti#! and %anada #tarted dealin t!i# i##ue accordin tot!eir own con0enience.

,o0iet 8nion conducted fir#t nuclear te#t in 1+4+ becomin#econd nuclear #tate after merica. !en on t!e arm# race futureaccelerated wit! t!e conduct of nuclear te#t of ,o0iet 8nion. !i#

race furt!er #!ar"ened b* t!e ideoloical difference# betweenmerica and ,o0iet 8nion. !o#e #u"er "ower# t!ird to increa#et!ere influence in international #"!ere not onl* b* increa#in t!eirarmament# and militar* #trent! but al#o b* concludin militar*alliance. !e armament race now become# more >ualitati0e due toad0ancement in tec!nolo*. !ere wa# com"lete tec!noloicalre0olution in t!e art of war. New nuclear wea"ou# were in0entedand t!e e=i#tin one# reatl* modified. In t!i# race Briti#! al#o didnot want to lo be!ind and it went wit! nuclear te#t in 1+52. !e#ecurit*; ideoloical factor# t!at accelerated arm# race and nuclear"roliferation; one more factor t!at to be added to t!i# t!at i#

"re#tie. It !a# !ue #*mbolic #inificance; "articularl* in team# of"olitical "re#tie a##ociated wit! t!e "o##e##ion of nuclearwea"ou#.

It wa# t!erefore no %oincidence t!at durin %old War t!e%lub of nuclear !a0e #tate# :e"t e="endin. fter t!e nuclear te#tb* Briti#! and di#tru#t about t!e merica; defeat in ietnam andfellin of economic 0ulnerabilit* in Po#t,uer %ri#i# com"iledFrance to o for nuclear te#t in 1+$


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#tate# to ac>uire for t!eir own intere#t#. In t!i# re#"ect India made#ome of t!e #ue#tion# t!at are

a- ll t!o#e ,tate w!ic! were not *et manufactured nuclearwea"ou# #!ould underta:e not to "roduce it.

b- !o#e #tate# alread* "roduced it #!ould be confined to it#territor* onl*.

c- !ou! #tate "o##e##e# nuclear #tate #!ould bind t!em#el0e#b* a treat* bannin an* furt!er AAAA te#t.

!. "EMAN" OR NUCLEAR OM

Followin t!e ,inoIndian board conflict in 1+$2 and %!ina#nuclear te#t in 1+$4; Indian o0ernment and "olic* ma:er# were#!arin t!e concern of "eo"le and member# of "arliament and

were of t!e o"inion t!at of India #!ould not o for nuclear te#t.Particularl*; Prime 6ini#ter )aw Ba!adur ,!a#tri wa# of t!e o"iniont!at ma:in nuclear wea"ou# would neit!er be in t!e intere#t of t!ecountr*; nor would it benefit man:ind an* wa*. Cat!er it wouldad0er#el* affect our econom*. But t!e #ituation around u# wa# notin fa0our of u#. nce aain Indian Pa:war #tarted in 1+$5 and t!e#tand ta:en b* %!ina durin t!e* "eriod wa# reall* lone#ome.!ere or; around !undred 6ember# of "arliament belonin todifferent "artie# #ined a memorandum and "re#ented to t!e "rimemini#ter demandin for immediate de0elo"ment of nucleonwea"ou#. !i# wa# a :ind of moral "re##ure on t!e o0ernment to

do #omet!in to deal wit! t!e #ituation emanated from ournei!bour#.

!i# moral "er#on con0erted into !ard "re##ure w!en c!inaconducted t!ird te#t in 6a*; 1+$$. !e manife#toe# of 1+$ eneralelection; mo#t of t!e "olitical "artie# included t!e manufacture ofnuclear wea"ou# and mi##ile# "roramme# a# t!eir "riorit* numberone. a:in into t!e account #ituation India conducted it# fir#tnuclear te#t on 6a* 1(; 1+4 and it i# "o"ularl* :nown a# G,milinBudd!a.H t!e merican intellience aenc* in t!e Ni=onadmini#tration mi##ed t!e India# "re"aration for a nuclear wea"ou#

te#t. India manaed to :ee" 8. ,. in dar: o0er #milin Budd!a.Niron admini#tration "olic* mar:er# a##ined a low "riorit* to t!eIndian nuclear "roramme and t!ere wa# no #en#e of unuent todetermine w!et!er New Del!i wa# "re"arin to t!e 8. ,. ,tateDe"artment of Bureau of intellience and Ce#earc! "redicted Indiacould ma:e "re"aration for underround te#t wit!out detection b*

merican intellience.

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!.* NUCLEAR PROLIERATION OLLO&IN+ T,EPOST COL" &AR PERIO"

fter t!e %old war "eriod; it i# alwa*# #aid t!at %!ina ,tarted!el"in Pa:i#tan to de0elo" nuclear tec!nolo*. %!ina tran#ferred

nuclear material# and tec!nolo* to Pa:i#tan includin wea"ou#;de#in and !a""ened due wit!draw of 8. ,. or Cu##ian "rotectionumbrella from nuclear treat. !i# wa# "articularl* t!e ca#e w!erereional ten#ion# were dee"enin in ,out! #ia in 1++


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!. IRAN CASE

8nder t!e AAAA of "eaceful u#e of nuclear Wea"on; #tateli:e Iran ac>uired :now !ow about t!e nuclear tec!nolo*. It i#"ro0ed t!at ma#termind be!ind t!e :nown !ow a# . . '!an; a#cienti#t of Pa:i#tan. Iran wa# Pa:i#tan# fir#t ma@or cu#tomer.Cobert 7o#e"!; a non"roliferation #ea"ort #er0in on t!e 8,National ,ecurit* %ouncil; a##ert# t!at . . '!an and %om"an*wa# t!e 6otta Princi"al #u""lier for t!e entire "roramme. '!an"ro0ided t!e de#in; t!e tec!nolo*; t!e e="erti#e; and t!ee>ui"ment; "rimaril* for t!e centrifue#. It i# al#o #aid t!at !e !ad"ro0ided wa#!ed de#in.

Wear#; t!e arument of '!an wa# t!at !e tran#ferrednuclear tec!nolo* Broad becau#e of !e wanted ot!er 6u#limcountrie# could en!ance t!eir #ecurit* at t!e #ome time mone* wa#al#o im"ortant factor*. '!an #"ent million of dollar# bu*in u"!ome# and "ro"ertie#. )i:e touri#t !otel# in frica t!at !e namedafter !i# wife ?enr*. Bu#! admini#tration e#timated t!at '!an and!i# com"an* earned 1ue#tioned in connection wit! illeal tran#fer ofnuclear tec!nolo* to )ib*a and Iran; b* militar*# Inter ,er0ice#Intellience enc* of Pa:i#tan. !en t!e Pa:i#tan militar* ruler"er0ert 6u#!araf "romi#ed to "uni#! t!em if found uilt*. For lo"eriod for time . . '!an wa# !ou#e arre#t a# :e* actor in lea:in

unclean wea"ou# #ecretl* to forein o0ernment#. n 5 Februar*;2


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re"roce##in "lant at Jonb*on #ite and it wa# termed moredanerou# t!an Ira> becau#e Nort! 'orea i# more autar:ic and notde"endent on out#ide a##i#tance.

But Nort! 'orea wit!draw from t!e NP on 1< 7an; 2


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aain#t com"re!en#i0e Nuclear. e#t Ban reat* at 8N eneral##embl* becau#e it did not "ro0ide deadline for nucleardi#armament. But it #ined %B in 2


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"o##ibilit* t!at it could fall into t!e !e and# of eriatri#t#orani#ation reall* #!a:en t!e world leader#. !e effort# ta:en b*8N t!rou! 0ariou# in#titution and treatie# #uc! a# International)aw#; International ?umanitarian )ow# !a0e been follow #!ort.

a) Nuclear Non Proliferation Treat2 (NPT)

!e international treat* D!oe ob@ecti0e i# to "re0ent t!e#"read of nuclear wea"ou# and wea"on tec!nolo*. It !a# o"enedin 1+$< for #inature and entered into force in 1+ui"ment and tec!noloical information for t!e"eaceful u#e.

5- !e #tate# #inin t!e treat* were i0en t!e ri!t to wit!drawif t!e* belt t!at certain e=traordinator* e0ent# !ad ta:en"lace w!ic! endanered it# national #ecurit*. !e #tate !a#to i0e notice 3 mont!# before it wit!draw#.

$- !e member #tate# to t!e NP underta:e to "ur#uerneotiation in ood fait! an effecti0e mea#ure to ce##ation oft!e nuc:en AAAA race at an earl* date.

!i# treat* reconi#e# onl* fi0e #tate# a# nuclear #tate#.

!erefore India !a# 0oted aain#t t!e treat*. lon wit!India; Pa:i#tan; Iran; I#rael and Nort! 'orea al#o 0otedaain#t t!e treat*. )ater on Nort! 'orea become t!e memberof NP but it !a# aain wit!drawn in 1++3. India# "o#ition oft!e NP i# well :nown. !ere i# no >ue#tion of India 7oininNP a# nonnuc:er wea"on #tate. Nuc:ear wea"on# areinteral "art of India# national #ecurit* and will remain it a#India# nuclear "olic*.

!3


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Pre4arator2 Co55ittee - #3!:-

From 2( "ril to + 6a*; 2


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!e real moti0e be!ind t!i# clau#e wa# to :now or identif*t!o#e #tatu#e# w!o are intended to ma:er furniture nuclear te#t; orto :now w!et!er an* #tate i# "urc!a#in nuclear material more t!anit# re>uirement for t!e "eaceful u#e of #uc! material. !e N,#tarted re0i#in it# uideline for enric!in and re"roce##in in 2


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()

#.! TERRORISM

errori#m i# referenced to an act of 0iolence t!at taret#innocent ci0ilian#; c!ildren#; defencele## "er#on# in "ur#uit of"olitical; ideoloical or reliiou# oal#. errori#m i# an act toterrori#e common "eo"le t!at include# criminal act# intended to orcalculated to "ro0o:e a #tate of terror in t!e eneral "ublic; rou" of"er#on or "articular "er#on# for "olitical "ur"o#e#.

!e ,ecurit* %ouncil of 8nited Nation# Defined terrori#m a#%riminal act committed wit! t!e intent to cau#e deat! or #eriou#bodil* in@ur* or tac:in of !o#tae# wit! t!e "ur"o#e to "ro0ince a#tate of terror in t!e eneral "ublic. ccordin to ward low; "oliticalterrori#m i# t!e u#e or t!reat of u#e of 0iolence b* an indi0idual or arou" w!et!er actin for or in o""o#ition to e#tabli#! !ad aut!orit*.W!en #uc! action i# de#ined to create e=tern AAAAA and K or fearinducin effect in a taret rou" lare t!an t!e immediate 0ictim#wit! "ur"o#e of coercin t!at rou" into accedin "olitical demand#of t!e "er"etrator#.

!e team terrori#m and terrori#t are u#ed in neati0e #en#e.errori#t are different from t!e #e"arati#t; freedom fi!ter; liberation;re0olutionarie#. !e 8.,. National %ounterwor:# %entre re"orted11;(


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In 1+((; a bomb #cattered "ica# of "an m fli!t 1uitted.

In 2


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wa# re#"on#ible to ma:e un#ucce##ful at tea# on "re#ident6ubaral: in 1++3. !e aent# in0ol0ed in t!e attac: were trained in

f!ani#tan. !e t!ree member team of t!e amaa al I#lemi*acarried out attac: on touri#t on No0ember 1; 1++ in )u=or; !eattac:er# 'illed 5( touri#t# and *"tian# and in@ured 24 touri#t#.

!ere are ot!er @i!adi orani#ation# ba#ed in *"t li:e*"tian I#lamic 7i!ad rani#ation; aliaa at Fata! etc. w!ic! areal#o in0ol0ed in man* terror acti0itie#. ,ome time t!e#e 7i!adrani#ation# al#o u#e t!e #tudent# to carr* out attac:#. ,uc!tec!ni>ue# are u#ed to ##ca"e from #earc! b* o0ernmentaut!oritie#.

c) un;a5entali8t I8la5ic Mo9e5ent:-

!i# orani#ation i# ba#ed in 7ord!an Durin t!e ei!tie# t!ewa# "rinci"le orani#ation wor:in aain#t t!e monarc!ical rule of

?a#!emite. !i# orani#ation #tarted it# terror acti0itie# in ninetie#.It i# di0ided into two cateorie#.

1- faction of t!e Pale#tinian I#lamic 7inuel in#"irited b* Iranand ,*ria.

2- Fundamentali#t I#lamic orani#ation e#tabli#!ed under t!einfluence of '!omeini re0olution.

!e oal of t!o#e orani#ation wa# to o0ert road t!e?a#!emite minaret. 6an* of it# aent# were trained in t!e

mu@a!idin cam"# in f!ani#tan. #ama Bin )anded wa#ma#! #ource of t!eir financial #u""ort. !e* carried outman* terror attac:# to to""led t!e e#tabli#!ed aut!orit* andwanted to e#tabli#! I#lamic reliiou# #tate. !e* were al#oaain#t t!e we#tern 0alue# and culture.

;) Te Ar5e; I8la5ic ront:-

6an* lerian 0olunteer# left *ou f!ani#tan durinei!tie#. !e* @oined f!ani#tan 6u@a!idin to fi!t aain#t #o0ietin0ation in f!ani#tan. fter t!e #o0iet wit!draw from t!e

f!ani#tan; t!e#e 0olunteer# bein to retain to leria wit!con#iderable e="erience of uerrilla wae far and @oined rmedI#lamic rani#ation; )?i@ra and Ma:fir radical Blamicmo0ement in leria. li Bel!a@ #er0iced a# #"iritual leader for mo#tof t!e radical o""o#ition# to e#tabli#!ed rule ba#ed on Blamic0alue#. !e orani#ation !a# #tarted #"oradic attac:# aain#t t!eo0ernment in 1++1 taretin o0ernment in#titution# w!ic!raduall* re#ulted in ci0il war w!ic! !a# claimed #e0eral t!ou#and#li0e#.

!*


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It i# an I#lamic terror orani#ation belie0e# in e#tabli#!mentof I#lamic #tate li:e rab countrie# and 0iewed 8nited ,tate#; I#raeland 7ew# a# t!e enerie# of t!e F#lam. !e I ; an AAAA Blamicfront al#o #tarted terror "lot abroad "articularl* France and Frenc!citizen# in forein countrie#. !e attac:# are @u#tified on t!e roundt!at France o0ernment #u""ort# t!e current o0ernment /1++5- in

leria. !e #ucce##ful tenor attac:# in France e="o#e# t!e infracture and terror networ: i# uro"ean countrie# li:e Belium;Britain; erman*; Ital*; ,wede# and #"la#!. !e terror cell in t!erecountrie#; e0en t!rou! t!e* are #mall in number coo"erate in#!arin data; loi#tic #u""ort; financial and o"erational role#.

e)


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wit! rut!le##l* t!at furt!er led to 0iolence and terrori#t attac:# inc!ina.

#. TERRORISM IN SOUT, ASIA:

a) In;ia:-

India !a# been continuou#l* fi!tin wit! c!allene# "a##edb* terrori#t# rou"# ba#ed in forein countrie# a# well a# on it# own#oil #ince la#t mo0e t!en t!ree decade#. !e ,i:! fundamentali#t#terrori#t mo0ement in Pun@ab t!rou! t!e 1+(


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encourain )e to rel* u"on Indian 6u#lim# for it# o"eration inIndia territor*.

6) Pa?i8tan:-

Pa:i#tan i# located at t!e @unction of #out!; central and We#t

#ia and border# on f!ani#tan; %!ina; India and Iran wit! 1$uir* or arre#t. Debate o0ernow to "re0ent terrori#t attac:# i# a# im"ortant a# to debate aboutw!* indi0idual# enae in terrori#t acti0itie#. ,ome e="ert# #a*"olicie# rat!er t!an "olice are im"ortant to fi!t terrori#m. Inbac:ward reion of t!e world; "articularl* t!e frican and #iancountrie# are more 0ulnerable. ,tate wit! low economicde0elo"ment will !a0e o0er all im"act on t!e t!in:in "roce## of anindi0idual. Peo"le will be 0ulnerable to recruitment in t!e terrori#torani#ation#. Wit! no bri!t future future a!ead of t!en and littleo""ortunitie# for t!e #elf de0elo"ment; "eo"le will naturall* loo: bet!e !o"e; become anr* and underta:e irrational act.

lon wit! de0elo"ment "olicie#; t!e effort# to im"ro0e t!edome#tic "olice# in cor"oration wit! ot!er countrie# nece##ar* to"re#ent terrori#t acti0itie#. !e famou# e=am"le of effecti0ecounter#en#e "olicin; t!e o0ernment of Peru u#ed on elitein0e#tiati0e team of national "olice force to arre#t t!e leader I#!inin "at! mo0ement; w!ic! at are "oint of time controlled 2


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endor#ement for u#e of militar* force for limited u#e includinround troo"#. ain#t I#lamic #tate and it# allie# in 2


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"o#t +K11 de0elo"ment; became nece##ar* to "ut in "lace #"eciallaw to deal wit! terrori#t act#. !e law wa# "a##ed b* "arliament in2uall* irrational. ?a0e *ou e0en !eard about t!eni# animal enocide b* an animalA ?a0e *ou e0er !eard ma##animalA 'illin b* animalA ?a0e *ou e0er* !eard animal ra"e b*animalA If not t!en on w!at ba#i# can we #a* we are #o relationalcom"are to animal.

In brief; it i# nece##ar* to ma:e #cience effort# b* t!einternational communit* to eliminate #uc! e0il element# w!ic! are

al#o #u""orted #ome #tate#. nl* collecti0e effort# will !el"eliminate t!e AAAA of ma## de#truction.

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Reference8 :-

1. Protta; 6ar* /2


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1. Joun #un #on; 1++1; !e 'orean Nuclear I##ue; 'oreaand World ffair#; I, No.3; P. 4(.

1(. Francoi# ?ei#bour; 1++1; International ?eral ribune;No0ember 22; 1++1; P. (.

1+. ,tatement b* offline of Director of National Intellience onNort! 'orea# Declarul Nuclear e#t on Februar* 12; 2

Documents

Temporary Issues of International Importance