teqsti da qronotopiliteraturatmcodneoba.tsu.ge/Irma Ratiani___Bolo.pdf · 2020. 7. 22. · irma ratiani. nawili pirveli qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi esqatologiuri antiutopiis interpretaciisaTvis

teqsti da qronotopi

IRMA RATIANI TEXT AND CHRONOTOPE

Tbilisi University Press 2010

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

i r m a r a t i a n i

teqsti da qronotopi

wignSi `teqsti da qronotopi~ gamokvleulia Tanamedrove literaturis Teoriis iseTi mniSvnelovani problema, rogoricaa teqstisa da qronotopis konceptualuri da meTodologiuri urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi.

naSromi gansazRvrulia rogorc literaturis Teoriisa da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis specialistebis, ise literaturis problemebiT, kerZod, ilia WavWavaZis, mixeil javaxiSvilisa da vladimir nabokovis Semoqme-debiT dainteresebuli farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis.

wignis, rogorc damxmare saxelmZRvanelos, Sedegebis, debulebebisa da daskvnebis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia filologiuri da, zogadad, humanitaru-li profilis studentebisaTvis swavlebis sxvadasxva safexurze.

redaqtorebi: prof. Tengiz kikaCeiSvili

prof. merab RaRaniZe

recenzentebi: f. d. gaga lomiZe

prof. bela wifuria

© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010

S i n a a r s i

w i n a T q m a 7

n a w i l i p i r v e l i qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi

esqatologiuri antiutopiis interpretaciisaTvis

S e s a v a l i 13

T a v i 1 . literaturuli antiutopia da misi ganviTarebis zogadi tendenciebi 19

1.1. utopia. Ou topos Tu Eu topos? 19 1.2. utopia da antiutopia — ambivalenturi mTlianobidan konceptualuri determinaciisken 26 1.3. antiutopiis Janris filosofiuri da literaturuli wanamZRvrebi 35

T a v i 2 . antiutopiis Janris gaazrebis Teoriul-meTodologiuri aspeqtebi da Janruli specifika 47

2.1. Janris Teoriis evolucia sinqronuli da diaqronuli koncefciebis konteqstSi 48 2.2. holistikuri Teoria — antiutopiis Janris gaazrebis Teoriul-meTodologiuri orientiri 64 2.3. antiutopiis Janruli specifika 70

T a v i 3 . droisa da sivrcis cnebaTa gaazrebisaTvis. qronotopi literaturul antiutopiaSi 90

3.1. droisa da sivrcis gaazrebis filosofiuri da mecnieruli aspeqtebi subieqtivisturi da obieqtivisturi Teoriebis konteqstSi 91 3.2. droisa da sivrcis kategoriaTa mxatvrul-literaturul sistemaSi implantaciis Teoriuli paradigma. qronotopis roli literaturuli antiutopiis Janruli determinaciis procesSi 102 3.3. liminaloba da droisa da sivrcis gaazrebis liminaluri Teoria 109

T a v i 4 . qronotopis liminaluri modelebi me-20 saukunis esqatologiur antiutopiaSi (v. nabokovis romanebis `mopatiJeba sikvdilze~, ` Bend Sinister~ da m. javaxiSvilis romanis _ `jayos xiznebi~ _ mixedviT) 120

4.1. drois gaazrebis subieqturi paradigma 121 4.2. mxatvruli drois liminaluri modelebi da maTi JanrganmsazRvreli funqcia 124 4.3. mxatvruli sivrcis liminaluri modelebi da maTi transformaciuli funqcia 151

n a w i l i m e o r e qronotopi ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi

(xuTi Txzulebis analizi)

S e s a v a l i 179

T a v i 1 . Txrobis dro-sivrculi orientacia 186 1.1. avtoriseuli dro-sivrce rogorc mxatvruli dro-sivrcis aRqmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi pozicia 186 1.2. Txrobis dro-sivrculi struqtura 188

T a v i 2 . mxatvruli, anu siuJeturi dro da sivrce 203 2.1. mxatvruli drois struqtura da misi realizebis formebi i. WavWavaZis prozaul TxzulebebSi 204 2.2. ZiriTadi sivrculi modelebis analizis Tavisebureba 223

T a v i 3 . mxatvruli qronotopuli sistema 225 3.1. personaJTa individualuri qronotopi 225 3.2. gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi 248 3.3. percefciuli dro da sivrce, anu percefciuli qronotopi 258

T a v i 4 . mkiTxveliseuli qronotopi 264

n a w i l i m e s a m e n a r k v e v e b i

mixail baxtinis Teoriuli koncefcia. dialoguri kritika 273

gzis metaforizebuli modelebi: `glaxis naambobidan~ òTaraanT qvrivamde~ 294

ilia da misi mkiTxveli 307

b o l o T q m a 314

damowmebuli literatura 315

bibliografiuli SeniSvnebi 325

Text and Chronotope 326

pirTa saZiebeli 349

7

w i n a T q m a

wigni `teqsti da qronotopi~ sami nawilisagan Sedgeba da TiToeuli maTgani eTmoba Tanamedrove literaturis Teoriis iseT mniSvnelovan problemas, rogoricaa teqstisa da qronotopis konceptualuri da meTo-dologiuri urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. wignSi xangrZlivi kvlevis masa-lebia Tavmoyrili, igi aerTianebs avtoris or samecniero monografiasa da Svid samecniero statias, Tumca kvlevis yoveli etapi gansxvavebul Wril-Si gaiazrebs sakvlev problemas da, Sesabamisad, gansxvavebul samecniero Sedegzea orientirebuli.

nawili pirveli — `qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi. esqatologiuri antiutopiis interpretaciisaTvis~ eTmoba literaturuli Janris dadge-nisa da gansazRvris procesSi qronotopuli modelebis funqciis gamokve-Tis Teoriul problemas. kerZod, naSromi warmoadgens literaturuli an-tiutopiis Janris gansazRvrisa da Janrul TaviseburebaTa kvlevis mcde-lobas qronotopis literaturuli da anTropologiuri Teoriebis kon-teqstSi. problema Seswavlilia konkretuli literaturuli teqstebis ma-galiTze, xolo teqstebis interpretacia ganxorcielebulia SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis meTodologiur WrilSi. naSromSi, erTi mxriv, ganxilulia literaturuli antiutopiis Janris genezisisa da Janruli spe-cifikis sakiTxi, xolo, meore mxriv, dadgenilia qronotopuli kategorie-bis realizebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi da maTi Janrul-makoordinebeli fun-qcia, zogadad, literaturuli antiutopiisa da, kerZod, esqatologiuri antiutopiis farglebSi.

literaturuli Janrebis deskrifcia da klasifikacia JanrTa raobis, arsisa da daniSnulebis gansazRvris ZiriTad konceptualur-meTodolo-giur saSualebas warmoadgens. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebul yuradRe-bas imsaxurebs tradiciuli literaturuli Janrebis paralelurad aRmo-cenebuli axali Janrebi, romlebic ara mxolod amkvidreben da ayalibeben azrovnebis stils garkveul literaturul epoqebSi, aramed mudmivi gan-sjisa da analizisaken ubiZgeben literaturis kritikosebs. erT-erTi ase-Ti Janria literaturuli antiutopia, romelmac bevrad gansazRvra me-20 saukunis literaturis esTetika da samarTlianad iqca seriozuli lite-raturaTmcodneobiTi kvlevis obieqtad. magram, warmoebuli kvlevis mas-Staburobis miuxedavad, literaturuli antiutopiis analitikuri Seswav-la mraval principul kiTxvas badebs. SeimCneva kvlevis novatoruli meTo-debisa da koncefciebis danergvis aucilebloba. naSromi warmoadgens ara mxolod mecnierul diskusias literaturuli antiutopiis Janris irgvliv formirebul kritikul azrTan, aramed literaturuli antiutopiis Janris axleburi interpretaciis mcdelobas Janris holistikuri Teoriisa da qronotopis Teoriis rakursebSi. pirveli uzrunvelyofs literaturuli

8

antiutopiis gaazrebas Janris sinqronuli da diaqronuli Teoriebis sinTe-zirebuli modelis konteqstSi, xolo meore — literaturuli antiutopii-saTvis niSandoblivi qronotopuli kategoriebis realizebis tendenciebisa da Janrul-makoordinebeli funqciis gansazRvras.

literaturuli antiutopiis Janris gaazreba qronotopuli Teoriis prizmaSi pirvelad iqceva sagangebo kvlevis sagnad. aseve pirvelad, Janris definiciis mizniT, ganxorcielebulia pozitiuri anTropologiis wiaRSi Se-muSavebuli liminalobis Teoriis meTodologiuri gadmotana mxatvruli teqstis sibrtyeze da qronotopuli modelebis interpretaciac warmodgeni-lia liminalobis anTropologiuri Teoriis WrilSi. Sesabamisad, kvleva ga-farToebulia masStaburi literaturul-Teoriuli da kulturologiuri analizis mimarTulebiT da moiTxovs rogorc ukve cnobili wyaroebis kriti-kul aTvisebas, ise axali wyaroebis aqtiur danergvas samecniero mimoqcevaSi.

kvlevis aRniSnuli etapis ZiriTadi Sedegebi SeiZleba amgvarad Camoya-libdes: naSromSi gamovlenilia literaturuli antiutopiis Janris formi-rebisa da ganviTarebis zogadi aspeqtebi, gamokveTilia misi Janruli evo-luciisaTvis arsebiTi filosofiuri da literaturuli wanamZRvrebi; war-moCenilia literaturuli antiutopiis gaazrebis specifika Janris Teoriis sinqronuli da diaqronuli koncefciebis konteqstSi; dasabuTebulia li-teraturuli antiutopiis gaazrebis marTebuli Teoriul-meTodologiuri kriteriumi — holistikuri Teoria da dadgenilia literaturuli antiuto-piis Janruli specifika; gansazRvrulia droisa da sivrcis kategoriaTa mniS-vneloba msoflio inteleqtualuri azris ganviTarebis istoriaSi da warmo-Cenilia maTi araerTgvari interpretaciis tendenciebi rogorc filosofi-ur-mecnierul, ise literaturaTmcodneobiT sferoebSi; dasabuTebulia qronotopuli kategoriebis makoordinebeli funqcia literaturuli antiu-topiis metateqstis Janruli klasifikaciis procesSi da aqcentirebulia es-qatologiuri antiutopiis literaturuli modeli; literaturuli antiu-topiis JanrTan Sejerebulia liminalobis anTropologiuri Teoria da dad-genilia misi ganvrcobis xarisxi zogadad literaturuli antiutopiis da, kerZod, esqatologiuri antiutopiis farglebSi; ganxilulia qronotopis liminaluri modelebi me-20 saukunis esqatologiuri antiutopiis specifi-kur nimuSebSi; gamokvlevisaTvis masalad gamoyenebulia vrceli samecniero literatura agreTve mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstebi: v. nabokovis roma-nebi `mopatiJeba sikvdilze~ da “Bend Sinister~ da m. javaxiSvilis romani `jayos xiznebi~; teqstebi ganxilulia komparativistuli analizis principiT.

wignis meore nawili — `qronotopi ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi. xuTi Txzu-lebis analizi~ eTmoba literaturuli mimdinareobis farglebSi specifi-kuri qronotopuli modelebis formirebisa da realizebis zogadi tenden-ciebis analizis Teoriul problemas. naSromi miznad isaxavs mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis zogad-struqturuli Taviseburebebis dadgenasa da Ser-Ceul TxzulebebSi maTi realizebis specifikis kvlevas. ilia WavWavaZis prozauli Txzulebebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze gamovlenilia klasikuri

9

realizmisaTvis niSandoblivi qronotopuli modelebis specifika, maTi struqturuli araerTgvarovnebisa da recefciis principebi.

interesis arealSi imTaviTve moqceulia qronotopis problemiT dainte-resebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis mniSvnelovani problemebi: rogoria Txrobis dro-sivrculi struqtura da orientacia, rogor jgufdeba mxatvruli dro-is zogadi maxasiaTeblebi, ras niSnavs siuJeturi dro da sivrce, rogori spe-cifikiT gamoirCeva igi, ra kavSirSia erTmaneTTan avtoris, personaJisa da mkiTxvelis individualuri qronotopebi da sxva. naSromi miznad isaxavs zo-gadad realizmisa da, kerZod, qarTuli realizmis literaturuli mimdinare-obis meTodologiur dafuZnebas, qarTuli realizmis lideris ilia WavWava-Zis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis axleburad wakiTxvas, mis inovaciur recef-cias qronotopis Teoriis WrilSi, rac esadageba Tanamedrove literaturaT-mcodneobiT standartebs.

ilia WavWavaZe aris avtori, romlis memkvidreobis analizi gasuli sa-ukunis dasawyisidan dRemde ucvlelad Semodis qarTvel (da ara mxolod qarTvel) kritikosTa interesis sferoSi. Sesabamisad, misi SemoqmedebiTi damsaxurebani mudmivad ganaxlebadi recefciis konteqstSia moqceuli. wi-namdebare wignis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelic gansxvavebu-li recefciaa. recefciis kuTxisa da poziciis cvalebadoba dinamikaSi warmoaCens rogorc sakvlevi obieqtis sirTules, aseve kvlevis meTodebis mravalferovan perspeqtivebs.

kvlevis aRniSnuli etapis ZiriTadi Sedegebi Semdegi aqcentebiT aris gamoxatuli: qronotopis Teoria, rogorc teqstis kvlevis meTodologia, gaazrebulia interkulturul (evropuli literaturuli procesebis) konteqstSi; qronotopis Teoriis, rogorc sakiTxis axleburad kvlevisa da gadaWris Teoriuli meTodologiis gamoyenebiT warmoCenilia realiz-mis literaturuli mimdinareobisa da meTodis ganmasxvavebeli principe-bi; dadgenilia ra qronotopuli CarCoebi, SemoTavazebulia maTi sistemu-ri da sinTezuri Teoriuli analizi teqstTan mWidro kavSirSi — ilia Wav-WavaZis xuT saetapo Txzulebis magaliTze; konkretuli teqstebis analizi Sesrulebulia kompleqsurad; dasabuTebulia, rom nebismieri mwerlis Se-moqmedeba, rogor kargad da zedmiwevniT Seswavlilic ar unda gveCvenebo-des igi, arsobrivad Sreobrivia da, mudmivad ganaxlebadi mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegad, sruliad moulodnel elfers iZens.

wignis rogorc pirvel, ise meore nawilSi damuSavebuli interpreta-ciuli meTodologiebi, rogorc aprobirebuli Teoriuli modelebi, war-matebiT SeiZleba dainergos (da, garkveulwilad, ukve dainerga kidevac) sxva literaturuli Janrebis, epoqebis, mimdinareobebisa da teqstebis no-vatoruli analizis mizniT.

wignis mesame nawili moicavs samecniero narkvevebs, romlebic bolo wlebSi gamoqveynda qarTulenovan da ucxour samecniero gamocemebSi da eTmoba teqstisa da qronotopis calkeul problemebs. wignSi maTi ganTav-sebis mizezi sxvadasxvaa. statia `mixail baxtinis Teoriuli koncefcia. dialoguri kritika” warmoadgens interpretirebis mcdelobas me-20 sau-

10

kunis literaturaTmcodneobis erT-erTi lideris, mixail baxtinis Ziri-Tadi mecnieruli Sexedulebebisa, romelTac mravali TvalsazrisiT dae-fuZna wignis —`teqsti da qronotopi~ — avtori. statia, romelSic ganxi-lulia mecnieris fundamenturi Teoriebi literaturuli Janris, karnava-lisa da qronotopis problemebze, realizebaa avtoris didi xnis Canafiq-risa, daewera maqsimalurad momcveli da wakiTxvadi kritikuli esse qro-notopis Teoriis fuZemdeblis, mixail baxtinis Sesaxeb. .statiebi `gzis me-taforizebuli modelebi: `glaxis naambobidan~ òTaraanT qvrivamde~ da ìlia da misi mkiTxveli~ warmoadgens avtoris mier monografiaSi `qrono-topi ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi~ dasmul problemebTan mibrunebas, rogorc maT ganzogadebasa da siRrmiseul kvlevas, ise — gadaazrebasa da reinter-pretacias. statia `gzis metaforizebuli modelebi: `glaxis naambobidan~ òTaraanT qvrivamde~ miznad isaxavs ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi gamokveTili sivrculi modelebis recefciis gafarToebas metaforizebis konceptua-luri meTodis mimarTulebiT; statia ìlia da misi mkiTxveli~ ki azustebs mkiTxvelTan ilia WavWavaZis komunikaciis Taviseburebebs qronotopuli CarCos principebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Sesabamisad, narkvevebis SerCeva gani-sazRvra, erTi mxriv, wignis konceptualuri kriteriumebiT, xolo, meore mxriv — avtoris profesiuli mosazrebebiT.

vimedovnebT, rom sam nawilad warmodgenili wigni, romelic eTmoba erTi fundamenturi problemis — teqstisa da qronotopis urTierTmimar-Tebis problemis interpretacias gansxvavebul Teoriul rakursSi — xels Seuwyobs literaturaTmcodneobiTi kvlevebis Semdgom ganviTarebasa da gaRrmavebas aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT.

dasasruls, gvsurs gansakuTrebuli madliereba da pativiscema mivagoT adamianebs, romelTa profesiulma da kolegurma Tanadgomam SesaZlebeli gaxa-da wignis am saxiT gamocema: redaqtorebs — iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-sis saxelmwifo universitetis zogadi da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneo-bis mimarTulebis profesors, baton Tengiz kikaCeiSvils, ilias universitetis qarTuli literaturis mimarTulebis profesors, baton merab RaRaniZes; re-cenzentebs — SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomares, filologiis doqtors, baton gaga lomiZes, ilias saxel-mwifo universitetis SedarebiTi literaturis mimarTulebis profesors, qalbaton bela wifurias; uRrmesi madloba osakis universitetis (iaponia) profesors, baton sadao cukuis, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-mwifo universitetis inglisuri filologiis mimarTulebis maswavlebels, mTargmnels, baton ariane Wanturias, agreTve, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbi-lisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakultetis sagamomcemlo sabWosa da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemlobas mxardaWeri-saTvis wignis gamocemis saqmeSi.

irma ratiani

n a w i l i p i r v e l i

qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi

esqatologiuri antiutopiis interpretaciisaTvis

13

S e s a v a l i

literaturuli antiutopiis Janris definicia, misi Janruli specifi-kisa da Taviseburebebis kvleva Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobis erT-erT centralur problemas warmoadgens. literaturaTmcodneobiTi kvlevis am geziT warmarTva aRniSnuli problemis uaRresad aqtualurma xasiaTma ganapiroba: sruliad cxadad gamoikveTa antiutopiuri azrovne-bis arsebiTi roli da funqcia me-20 saukunis xelovnebisa da literaturis formirebis procesSi.

antiutopiuri romanis, rogorc gankerZoebuli, magram mniSvnelovani struqturis, Seswavla gasuli saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi iRebs saTaves. 80-iani wlebidan interesi mis mimarT izrdeba da literaturuli antiuto-pia samarTlianad eqceva Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobis yuradRe-bis centrSi. sagulisxmoa, rom mkvlevarTa damokidebuleba literaturu-li antiutopiis mimarT garkveuli araerTgvarovnebiT gamoirCeva. mavani-saTvis literaturuli antiutopiis gansazRvreba politikuri koniunqtu-ris cnebasTan aris gaigivebuli da propagandistul xasiaTs atarebs, mava-nisaTvis ki is scdeba viwropolitikur CarCoebs da srulfasovani litera-turuli Janris statuss iZens. am gansxvavebis mizezad, Cveni azriT, ideo-logiuri pozicia unda miviCnioT. Tu sabWour sivrceSi antiutopiuri gan-wyobileba komunisturi harmoniis rRvevis sinonimi iyo, dasavlur lite-raturul wreebSi igi me-20 saukunis kulturuli konteqstis aucilebel atributs warmoadgenda. mogvianebiT, ideologiuri kliSeebis rRvevis procesSi, postsabWouri, kerZod, rusuli literaturaTmcodneoba Seuer-dTa antiutopiis globaluri kvlevis tendenciebs da srulad airekla is dispozicia, romelic Seiqmna rusul literaturaTmcodneobaSi antiuto-piis Janris irgvliv.

àntiutopia efuZneba socializmisa da komunizmisadmi mtrulad gan-wyobil liberalur-burJuaziul cnobierebas, — miuTiTebs literaturis enciklopediuri leqsikoni, — amasTan, socialuri sazogadoebis realuri maxasiaTeblebi eqstrapolirebulia, gamoirCeva saSiSi totalitaruli anturaJiTa da gamrudebuli perspeqtiviT, ise rom antiutopia xSirad iq-ceva antisocialisturi, antisabWoTa propagandis iaraRad~ (enciklope-diuri... 1987: 30). analogiur pozicias iziarebs e. arab-oRlic: `komuniz-misa da socialisturi revoluciis winaSe SiSi, — aRniSnavs igi, — romel-mac xeli Seuwyo antiutopiuri Janris ganviTarebas dasavleTSi, droTa ganmavlobaSi gadaizarda progresisa da momavlis, mecnierebisa da teqni-kis, zogadad, adamianuri inteleqtis winaSe SiSSi... antiutopiam kurTxeva mii-Ro antagonisturi sazogadoebis gabatonebuli klasebisagan da didi xniT iq-ca antikomunisturi propagandis wamyvan Temad~ (arab-oRli 1988: 85). antiu-

14

topiis gansazRvrebis msgavsive socialur-ideologiuri tendenciebi ikveTe-ba v. Sestakovis werilSi `SesaniSnavi axali samyaro~ da s. sizovis monografi-aSi ùtopia da sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba~.

antiutopiis pirvel seriozul ganmartebas, dafuZnebuls ara ideo-logiur, aramed konceptualur-struqturul analizze, gvTavazoben r. galceva da i. rodnianskaia werilSi àdamiani — xelis SemSleli/saukunis gamocdileba antiutopiis sarkeSi~. àntiutopiuri romani, — aRniSnaven isi-ni, — warmoadgens adamianuri arsebobis literaturul gamoZaxils àxali wesrigis~ zewolaze~ (galceva... 1988: 219). miuxedavad imisa, rom avtorebi marTebulad aerTianeben haqslis, oruelis, platonovis, dombrovskisa da sxvaTa antiutopiur romanebs antiutopiuri metateqstis konteqstSi da mraval sayuradRebo debulebasac gvTavazoben, aRniSnuli werili warmoad-gens literaturuli antiutopiis ganxilvas kulturologiur aspeqtSi da ver akmayofilebs problemis literaturaTmcodneobiTi analizis dones. avtorTa interesi metwilad mimarTulia istoriul-sazogadoebrivi moti-vaciisaken da naklebi yuradReba eTmoba iseT mniSvnelovan problemas, ro-goricaa Janris poetika.

literaturuli antiutopiis sayuradRebo Sefasebas Seicavs a. zvere-vis werili `rodesac dadgeba samyaros bolo wuTi. antiutopia, XX sauku-ne~, romelSic avtori gamokveTs literaturuli antiutopiis erT-erT Zi-riTad Janrul kanons — brZolas individualuri `me~-obis SesanarCuneb-lad. àntiutopia aris ara SewinaaRmdegeba sistemasTan, — wers igi, — ara-med mcdeloba sistemis gareSe, piradul da xelSeuxebel zonaSi darCenisa~ (zverevi 1989: 67).

Zalze mniSvnelovan dakvirvebebs literaturuli antiutopiis ir-gvliv gvTavazobs i. latinina statiaSi òqros xanis molodinSi: zRapridan antiutopiisken~. antiutopia misTvis warmoadgens literaturas totali-taruli saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb, xolo saxelmwifo — `ritualis aRmasru-lebel mowesrigebul organizacias~. `sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, — askvnis av-tori, — am samyaros aqvs ara fizikuri obieqtis, aramed niSanTa sistemis statusi, igi Sedgeba ara sagnebisagan, aramed — niSnebisgan, da misi funqci-onirebis mTavari principi aris ara mizezSedegobrivi kavSirebi, aramed wesrigi da mizanmimarTuleba~ (latinina 1989: 178). antiutopiis rogorc ritualuri samyaros latininaseuli ganmarteba exmianeba s. frankis pozi-cias, romlis Tanaxmadac, reglamentirebuli utopiuri ritualisa da mis winaSe ajanyebuli antiutopiis samyaro identuria, gansxvavebas qmnis mxo-lod paTosi: utopia, wesrigis mkacri logikis operirebiT, iswrafis ritu-alis srulyofisaken, antiutopia ki ebrZvis utopiur kvazilogikas da ar-Rvevs mis mowesrigebul models. am tragikuli Seusabamobis mizezebs franki wminda zneobriv sibrtyeze ganixilavs: ìsini (mizezebi — i. r.) mdgo-mareobs ara mxolod xsnis gegmis simcdareSi, aramed adamianis, rogorc `mxsnelis~ masalis uvargisobaSi (Tundac saubari iyos moZraobis beladeb-ze an maTiT aRtacebul saxalxo masebze, romlebsac surT warmosaxuli si-marTlis ganxorcieleba da borotebis aRmofxvra): es `mxsnelebi~, rogorc

15

axla vrwmundebiT, TavianT brma siZulvilSi (friad azviadebdnen) warsu-lis uvargisobas, mTeli empiriuli, garesamyaros borotebasa da, rac mTa-varia, sakuTar gonebriv da zneobriv SesaZleblobebs; Tavad xsnis gegmis simcdarec maTi zneobrivi sibrmavis Sedegi gaxldaT~ (franki 1992: 11).

utopiisa da antiutopiis globalur dapirispirebaze miuTiTebs e. ba-talovi wignSi ùtopiis samyaroSi~: àntiutopia aris ara martivad negati-uri utopia, — miuTiTebs igi, — aramed Tavad utopiis ideis, utopiuri ori-entaciis uaryofa~ (batalovi 1989: 265). antiutopias rogorc utopiasTan radikaluri polemikis formas ganixilavs cnobili amerikeli literatu-raTmcodne r. beikeri: `me-20 saukunis I naxevris literaturuli antiuto-pia anu distopia, — wers igi, — daefuZna umniSvnelovanes movlenebs, rom-lebic amZafrebdnen utopiuri momavlis koSmarulobas Tanamedrove tota-litaruli ideologiis SiSisa da arakontrolirebadi teqnologiuri da mecnieruli procesebis pirobebSi~ (beikeri 1990: 22). magram beikeri prin-cipulad emijneba antiutopiis definicias Janris Teoriis konteqstSi mi-si istoriul-ideologiuri analizis sasargeblod: èrTi gza utopiuri da distopiuri Txrobis kvlevisa gaxlavT Janris kvleva, magram, vSiSob, li-teraturuli teqstis formaluri analizi ar iqces uSedego Sromad mkiTx-velisaTvis saWiro farTo istoriuli da ideologiuri konteqstis gareSe~ (beikeri 1990: 46). aRniSnul pozicias beikeris naSromi dahyavs literatu-ruli antiutopiis mxolod politikur da socialur aspeqtSi gaazrebis doneze da ver farTovdeba Janris Teoriis mimarTulebiT.

antiutopiis rogorc utopiis social-politikuri kontrmodelis ganmartebas gvTavazobs e. veberic werilSi `me-20 saukunis antiutopia~: ùtopiebi da antiutopiebi gamoxataven Cveni drois udides davas, — aRniS-navs igi, — rogor SeiZleba erTmaneTTan morigdnen Tavisufleba, Tavisu-fali arCevani da mowesrigebuli sazogadoeba~ (veberi 1971: 83).

aRniSnul winaaRmdegobas met siRrmes sZens r. darendarfi, romelic ikvlevs ra utopiur struqturas da upirispirebs mas antiutopiurs, as-kvnis: ùtopia, antiutopiisagan gansxvavebiT, krZalavs individualurobis nebismier gamovlenas, rac ewinaaRmdegeba arsebul wesrigsa da normebs~ (darendarfi 1971: 105).

utopiisa da antiutopiis uaRresad sayuradRebo analizs vxvdebiT r. s. eliotis naSromSi ùtopiis forma~, sadac avtori zedmiwevniTi skru-pulozurobiT ikvlevs utopiis genezisisa da evoluciis sakiTxs da masTan mimarTebaSi ganmartavs antiutopias. winamorbedi avtorebisagan gansxva-vebiT, r. s. eliotis wignSi moniSnulia antiutopiuri azrovnebis saTaveebi da mimoxilulia misi ganviTarebis zogadi paradigma: àntiutopia istori-is logikuri naSieria, — miuTiTebs avtori, — negatiuri utopia, romelic Tavis gamrudebul sarkeSi amaxinjebs utopiur impulss, axdens mis satiri-zebas, karikaturizebas, eWvqveS ayenebs Tavad utopiis ideis saWiroebis sa-kiTxs~ (elioti 1970: 89). r. s. elioti gansazRvravs antiutopias, rogorc damoukidebel saliteraturo Janrs.

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Zalze seriozul kontribucias, antiutopiis kvlevis sferoSi, warmo-adgens k. kumaris saprogramo naSromi `Tanamedrove utopia da antiutopia~. wigni gvTavazobs utopiisa da antiutopiis, rogorc azrovnebis ori gansxva-vebuli modelis, farTo da masStabur analizs. masSi detaluradaa warmoCe-nili utopiisa da antiutopiis ganviTarebis zogadistoriuli da kulturo-logiuri suraTi, ganxilulia TiToeuli maTganis mimarTeba politikur, socialur, religiur da kulturul realiebTan, dadgenilia mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani kanonzomierebani. magram k. kumaris naSromi, msgavsad bevr sxva zemoT CamoTvlil avtorTa naSromebisa, sakiTxis mxolod erT mxares aSuqebs — socialur-istoriulsa da kulturuls, anu gaiazrebs antiutopi-as garkveuli socialur-istoriuli da kulturuli konteqstis farglebSi. problemis Janruli specifika ar Sedis mkvlevris interesis sferoSi.

am TvalsazrisiT, sagulisxmoa b. laninis monografia `rusuli lite-raturuli antiutopia~, sadac avtori, pirvelad rusul literaturaT-mcodneobaSi, gansazRvravs antiutopias, rogorc àxal Janrs~, antiutopi-uri azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs me-20 saukunis rusuli prozis nimuSebs da, konkretuli teqstebis analizis safuZvelze, gamokveTs rusu-li literaturuli antiutopiis Taviseburebebs. miuxedavad avtoris sain-tereso dakvirvebebisa da daskvnebisa, naSromis seriozul naklad migvaC-nia kvlevis Semofargvla rusuli literaturuli sivrciT da, Sesabamisad, problemebis izolireba globaluri analitikuri sqemisgan.

amrigad, literaturuli antiutopiis mkvlevarTa azri antiutopiis rogorc `Janris~ definiciis problemis irgvliv gamijnulia: erTni (iseTi avtoritetuli literatorebi, rogoric gaxlavT: r. beikeri, k. kumari, i. rodnianskaia, r. galceva da sxvani), miuxedavad imisa, rom antiutopias miiCneven uaRresad mniSvnelovan literaturul movlenad, Tavs ikaveben misTvis `Janris~ statusis miniWebisgan, meoreni (aseve Zalze avtoritetu-li mkvlevrebi — r. s. elioti, b. lanini da sxvani) Tvlian, rom antiutopia sruluflebian literaturul Janrs warmoadgens. viTvaliswinebT ra sa-kiTxis kvlevis istoriis ZiriTad tendenciebsa da Sedegebs, mizanSewoni-lad migvaCnia poziciis dafiqsireba: winamdebare naSromSi literaturuli antiutopia moazrebuli iqneba ara rogorc utopiis martivi socialur-politikuri oponenti, aramed rogorc damoukidebeli da sruluflebiani literaturuli Janri. mosazreba Semdgom argumentacias efuZneba:

me-20 saukune gamoirCa araoden swrafviT axali saliteraturo Janre-bis formirebisaken, aramed novatoruli mimarTebiT Tavad `Janris~ cne-basTan. Janris tradiciuli gaazrebis anu Janris sinqronuli Teoriis pa-ralelurad aRmocenda Janris aratradiciuli Teoria, Seiqmna Janris di-aqronul WrilSi gaazrebis sayuradRebo da mecnierulad argumentirebu-li precedenti. magram arsebiTi, kardinaluri novacia, romelic am fonze aRiniSna me-20 saukunis literaturaTmcodneobaSi, iyo Janris tradiciu-li, sinqronuli Teoriisa da aratradiciuli, diaqronuli Teoriis sinTe-zirebis mcdeloba (es sakiTxi detalurad iqneba gaanalizebuli winamdeba-re naSromSi). Sesabamisad, Janris rogorc gvareobrivi, SefasebiT-fsiqo-

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logiuri da mxatvrul-saxeobrivi saklasifikacio kategoriis tradiciu-li ganmartebis paralelurad dafiqsirda gansxvavebuli, magram principu-lad mniSvnelovani saklasifikacio motivaciebi: Janri rogorc mraval-planiani semiologiuri sistema (m. baxtini), Janri rogorc teqstisa da eq-strateqstis faseuli integracia (i. lotmani), Janri rogorc recefciuli da interpretaciuli modifikacia (e. hirSi, h. iausi, v. izeri), Janri ro-gorc arqetipuli konstruqciis Sida da gare struqturebis kombinaciebis invariantuli forma (n. frai) da sxva. migvaCnia, rom Janris Teoriis sin-qronul da diaqronul rakursTa gamTlianebis tendencia uaryofs Janris rogorc oden gamyarebuli struqturis ganmartebas da iTvaliswinebs mis dinamikur-transformaciul mimarTebas realur konteqstTan. Sesabamisad, Janris Teoriis sinqronul da diaqronul rakursTa gamTlianebul model-Si anu Janris sinTezuri, holistikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, nebismieri àxa-li Janri~ yalibdeba rogorc kargad aTvisebuli da gaazrebuli memkvidre-obis transformacia epoqaluri novaciebis konteqstSi. amrigad, àxali Janris~ gaformeba ukavSirdeba Janris sinqronuli perspeqtivis kveTas mis diaqronul perspeqtivasTan garkveul, ontologiurad Rirebul fazaSi. vfiqrobT, literaturuli antiutopia savsebiT akmayofilebs am pirobas. literaturulma antiutopiam saukuneebis manZilze Semoikriba JanrisaT-vis specifikuri maxasiaTeblebi, magram Janris gaformeba mxolod gansazR-vrul istoriul-sazogadoebriv, socialur da kulturul konteqstSi ganxorcielda (es procesi Tanamimdevrulad iqneba warmoCenili winamdeba-re naSromSi). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, antiutopiam konkretul, ontologi-urad Rirebul fazaSi moaxdina saukuneebis wiaRSi gamomuSavebuli speci-fikuri ideebis, poziciebis, azrebisa da SegrZnebebis kristalizacia da formaluri reagregacia garkveul Janrul sistemaSi. antiutopia, rome-lic utopiasTan ambivalentur mTlianobaSi Camoyalibda, ar dasjerda utopiis `socialur-politikuri kontrmodelis~ statuss da Tamamad ga-farTovda globaluri Janruli modelis mimarTulebiT. amis dasturia li-teraturuli antiutopiisaTvis niSandoblivi mkveTrad gamoxatuli kon-ceptualuri, motivaciuri da struqturuli maxasiaTeblebis arseboba, ris safuZvelzec literaturuli antiutopia Tavad gvTavazobs SidaJan-ruli determinaciis iseT formebs, rogoricaa: mecnieruli, fantastiku-ri, satiruli, socialuri, esqatologiuri antiutopia da sxva. aRniSnuli procesis mizezi, vfiqrobT, isaa, rom antiutopia ar warmoadgens mxolod literaturul movlenas, igi me-20 saukunis esTetikis globaluri tenden-ciaa, romelic xelovnebis praqtikulad yvela dargSi iCens Tavs da gan-sazRvravs epoqis kardinalur amocanas: ltolvas mecnieruli progresis, teqnokratizmisa da maskulturis wiaRSi Cakarguli adamianis `me~-obis, uaryofili da nivelirebuli individualobis aRorZinebisken.

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, winamdebare naSromis avtors mizanSewonilad miaCnia literaturuli antiutopiis rogorc damoukide-beli, àxali Janris~ gaazreba Janris sinqronuli da diaqronuli koncef-ciebis sinTezirebis konteqstSi. Teoriul-meTodologiuri pozicia, rom-lis safuZvelzec warmoebs literaturuli antiutopiis kvleva winamdeba-re naSromSi, SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc holistikuri anu sinTezuri

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meTodi, rac warmoadgens meTodologiur novacias antiutopiis Janris kvlevis istoriaSi.

naSromis kidev erTi arsebiTi meTodologiuri siaxlea antiutopiis Janruli determinaciis motivireba mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis anu qro-notopuli kategoriebis gaazrebis subieqturi paradigmiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, literaturuli antiutopia ganixileba qronotopis Teoriis, kerZod, qronotopis literaturaTmcodneobiTi da anTropologiuri Te-oriebis konteqstSi. moniSnulia literaturuli antiutopiisaTvis niSan-doblivi qronotopuli kategoriebis realizebis tendenciebi da gansazR-vrulia maTi Janrul-makoordinebeli funqcia.* Janris gaazrebis qrono-topuli Teoria Sejerebulia holistikur TeoriasTan.

Teoriuli mosazrebebi naSromSi gamyarebulia konkretuli litera-turuli teqstebis detaluri analiziT. v. nabokovisa da m. javaxiSvilis romanebis gamTlianeba erTian antiutopiur modelSi adasturebs avtoris rwmenas antiutopiuri metateqstis arsebobis Sesaxeb me-20 saukunis lite-raturaSi da ganamtkicebs antiutopiis, rogorc masStaburi literaturu-li movlenis, avtoritets. aRniSnuli antiutopiuri teqstebis qronoto-puli modelebis analizi efuZneba SedarebiT anu komparativistikis Tana-medrove meTods, romelsac xelewifeba nebismieri literaturuli fenome-nis Seswavla sxvadasxva nacionaluri literaturebis doneze. a. o. aldri-jis marTebuli SeniSvniT, komparativistikis meTodi `gulisxmobs ara calkeuli nacionaluri literaturebis SepirispirebiT analizs, aramed im universaluri meTodis realizebas, romelic zogad perspeqtivaSi gaiaz-rebs konkretul literaturul nawarmoebs, anu scdeba nacionaluri maxa-siaTeblebis sazRvrebs da adgens gansxvavebuli nacionaluri kulturebi-sa da literaturebis integraciis xarisxs~ (aldriji 1969: 1-6). am procesis esTetikuri perspeqtiva SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc èrTmaneTTan da-axloeba~. ànalogiebi kontaqtis gareSe~ uzrunvelyofs konkretuli li-teraturuli teqstebis sinTezirebas specialur SemoqmedebiT modelSi. gansxvavebiT istoriul-SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobisagan, kompa-rativistikis meTodi, i. gorskis marTebuli mosazrebiT, warmoadgens `li-teraturul-analitikuri azris globalur mimarTulebas... romlis sabo-loo mizania Semoqmedebis literaturuli safuZvlebis gamovlena~ (gorski 1990: 156). komparativistikis meTodi, Cveni azriT, zedmiwevniT kargad esadageba literaturuli antiutopiis JanrSi aqcentirebuli specifiku-ri qronotopuli modelebis rogorc zogadi da kanonzomieri struqture-bis kvlevas da adasturebs nacionaluri literaturebis msoflio lite-raturul procesebSi faseuli integraciis tendencias.

amrigad, winamdebare naSromi miznad isaxavs literaturuli antiuto-piis genezisis, misi Janruli definiciisa da qronotopuli orientaciis problemebis kvlevas Tanamedrove literaturul-Teoriuli meTodolo-giebis konteqstSi.

* mxatvruli qronotopis Janrul-kompoziciuri funqcia pirvelad msoflio lite-

raturaTmcodneobaSi warmoaCina da Camoayaliba m. baxtinma. misi qronotopuli Teoriis mizans warmoadgenda konceptualuri qronotopuli modelis Seqmna rainduli romanisaTvis.

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T a v i 1

literaturuli antiutopia

da misi ganviTarebis zogadi tendenciebi

antiutopiis rogorc azrovnebis formis mniSvneloba me-20 saukunis literaturisa da xelovnebisaTvis mokled, magram amomwuravad Seafasa k. boldingma: àntiutopia SeiZleba miviCnioT me-20 saukunis esTetikis ganmsazRvrel modelad.~

ra aris antiutopia da rogoria misi gaazrebis Teoriul-meTodolo-giuri aspeqtebi? ramdenad emorCileba antiutopia Janris ganmsazRvrel parametrebs da rogoria misi realizebis specifika literaturuli teq-stis doneze? mizanSewonilia Tu ara qronotopuli kategoriebis aqcenti-reba literaturuli antiutopiis konteqstSi?

ai kiTxvebi, romlebic Zalze aqtualuria Tanamedrove literaturaT-mcodneobisaTvis da romelTa gadaWrac naTels mohfens me-20 saukunis an-tiutopiuri romanis kvlevas.

naSromis Sesaval nawilSi, vfiqrobT, cxadad gamoikveTa erTi aspeqti: az-rovnebis antiutopiuri modeli mWidro kavSirSi imyofeba azrovnebis utopi-ur modelTan. Sesabamisad, migvaCnia, rom pirvel etapze, dasaxuli problemis ufro masStaburi gaazrebis mizniT, marTebuli iqneba ùtopiis~ cnebis gan-marteba da misi komentireba garkveul, CvenTvis saintereso rakursSi∗.

1.1. utopia. Ou topos Tu Eu topos?

ùtopiuri ideebi da fantaziebi, iseve, rogorc sxva ideebi da fanta-ziebi, im sazogadoebrivi wiaRidan aris amozrdili, romlis winaSec grZnobs pasuxismgeblobas, — aRniSnavs m. a. finlei, — arc Zveli da arc axa-li samyaro ar warmoadgens ucvlel realobebs da, Sesabamisad, utopiuri azrovnebis analizi, romelic ugulebelyofs antikur Tu Tanamedrove

∗ aqve SevniSnavT, rom utopiis Sesaxeb dabeWdilia araerTi gamokvleva, romlebSic vrclad da detalurad aris warmodgenili utopiis formirebisa da ganviTarebis procesebi, mi-moxilulia utopiis filosofiuri da literaturuli aspeqtebi. aseT gamokvlevebs Soris aRsaniSnavia: topia, ed. by George Kateb. – Atherton Press, New York, 1971; R. S. Elliot, The Shape of Utopia. Studies in a Literary Genre. – The University of Chicago Press; K. Kumar, Utopia and Anti-utopia in Modern Times. – T. J. Press Ltd.. Padstow, 1991; Баталов Э. Я., В мире утопии. — М.: Политиздат, 1989 da sxva; utopiis Temas eTmoba Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis profesoris m. filinas sayuradRebo naSromic «Что делать»? Н. Г. Чернышевского и социально-философский утопический роман (Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата филологических наук). — Тбилиси, 1978.

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epoqaSi istoriulad mimdinare socialur cvlilebebs, imTaviTve mcdari da usafuZvloa~ (finlei 1967: 33).

utopia socialuri fantaziaa, warmosaxuli socialuri ideali, rom-lis iluzoruli modelic jer kidev antikuri epoqis evropul azrovneba-Si Caisaxa, ganviTareba pova msoflio socialur-kulturuli procesebis konteqstSi da, Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli, aqtiuri roli Seasrula sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoriaSi.

utopiis saTaveebi miTologiur warsulSi unda veZioT. samarTlianad miuTiTebda artur koecleri: `yvela utopia miTologiidan iRebs saTaves; Tanamedrove stamburi nabeWdebi uZvelesi teqstebis ganaxlebul gamoce-mebs warmoadgens~ (elioti 1970: 3). utopiis miTologiur arqetipad Rmer-Ti kronosi da idealuri òqros xanaa~ miCneuli.

kronosi zecis, mamri RmerTis uranosisa da dedamiwis, mdedri Rmer-Tis geas umcrosi vaJi iyo. miTis Tanaxmad, kronosma gailaSqra Svilebze moZalade mamis winaaRmdeg da `namglis marjve dasmiT mohkveTa mamas aso nayofierebisa~ (gordeziani 1997: 16). uranosis damarcxebis Semdgom samya-ros gamgeblad kronosi iqca: `kronosis dros iSvnen da gamravldnen adami-anebi. isini uzrunvelad cxovrobdnen. dedamiwa imden sarCos iZleoda, rom maT ar awuxebdaT arc yinva da arc sicxe, arc sneulebebi da arc sibere. am xanis adamianebma ar icodnen, Tu ra aris daundobeli sikvdili; isini Zalze didxans cxovrobdnen, maTi gardacvaleba ki saocari gardasaxva iyo. ro-gorc sizmarSi, ise qrebodnen isini da yvelani miwiszeda, keTilismqmnel demonebad iqceodnen. maTi cxovreba ar iTxovda arc kanonebs, arc daundo-bel omebs da davas. maT xom yvelaferi TavisTavad eZleodaT, Sromobdnen ki imdens, ramdenic exalisebodaT. kronosis drois mokvdavni yvelaze uf-ro bednierad iTvlebodnen. amis aRsaniSnavad maT oqros xanis adamianebsac uwodebdnen xolme~ (gordeziani 1997: 23).

magram yovlisSemZle kronoss, romelic adamianebs miwier samoTxeSi anebivrebda, eSinoda sakuTari Svilebis Zlierebisa. gaaCenda Tu ara Svils rea, kronosis da da coli, mama umalve ylapavda mas; kronoss tanjavda wi-naswarmetyveleba, romlis Tanaxmadac Zalaufleba misTvis Svils unda wa-erTmia. mamis sasjels mxolod zevsi gadaurCa da manve gamoutana kronoss sabediswero ganaCeni: daamxo mamis xelisufleba da Tavad daidga Tavze mokvdavTa da ukvdavTa mefis gvirgvini.

vfiqrobT, miTi cxadyofs kronosis miTologiuri personis moulod-nelad orgemage xasiaTs: erTi mxriv, kronosi idealuri mmarTvelia, mefe, romlis zeobis drosac adamianebi idiliur pirobebSi arseboben da arafe-ri ician wuxilis, SiSisa Tu tanjvis Sesaxeb, meore mxriv, kronosi SemaZ-rwunebeli moZaladea, romelmac daasaWurisa mama da SeWama sakuTari Svi-lebi erTi mizniT: mieRwia ganuyofeli xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobi-saTvis. kronosis ikonografia erTdroulad aris datvirTuli pozitiuri da negatiuri simbolikiT, sadac pozitiuri simbolika utopiis, rogorc axdenili ocnebis, relevanturi modelia, negatiuri ki — utopiis realize-bisaTvis saWiro brutaluri Zalisxmevisa.

rogor warimarTa uZveles miTSi konstruirebuli pozitiuri da nega-tiuri motivebis bedi? rogor realizda TiToeuli maTgani mxatvrul li-teraturaSi?

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kronosis miTSi warmodgenili utopiuri sazogadoebis pozitiuri idea warmatebiT iqna aTvisebuli antikuri epoqis moazrovneebisa da mwer-lebis mier. arqetipul teqstad aq, albaT, hesiodes `Sromani da dReni~ un-da miviCnioT, sadac kronosis figuris ambivalenturi simbolikidan av-torma idiliuri mxare gamohyo da oqros xanis literaturuli modeli SesTavaza Tanamedrove sazogadoebas: òlimpos mTaze mcxovrebma maradi-ulma RmerTebma / pirvel yovlisa Seqmnes mokvdavi adamianebis oqros Tao-ba, / da im dros zecas ganagebda mefe — kronosi. / adamianebi cxovrobdnen, rogorc RmerTebi, / maTi gulebi mSvidi iyo da aumRvreveli, / maT ar icod-nen, ra iyo mwuxareba an mZime Sroma. / da sibere ar ekareboda maT. / maTi xe-lebi da fexebi mudam mZlavrobdnen. / cxovrebas atarebdnen lxinSi, / ga-Wirvebisa da tkivilis gareSe. / da rodesac kvdebodnen, sikvdili TiTqos sizmari iyo. / maT arasdros uWirdaT nayofieri miwebi, Tavad aZlevdnen / didsa da uxv mosavals. / isini ki / Sromobdnen survilisamebr, / mSvidad ir-gebdnen simdidres, / uvlidnen didZal naxirs da cxovrobdnen TanxmobaSi RmerTebTan~ (hesiode 1969: 266).

oqros xanis hesiodeseuli versia Tavisuflad SeiZleba miviCnioT pirvel utopiur teqstad. magram hesiodem ara mxolod gaacocxla oqros xanis periodi, aramed Seudara igi Tavis Tanamedrove sazogadoebas da sa-zogadoebis momavali warsuli idiliis srul rRvevad aRiqva: àxla deda-miwa rkinis adamianebiTaa dasaxlebuli. / arc RamiT, arc dRisiT ar iqneba mosveneba Sromisgan, mwuxarebisgan, / da ubedurebebisgan. umZimes tvirTs daakisreben maT RmerTebi. / Svilebi ver gamonaxaven saerTo enas mamebTan, mamebi —SvilebTan, / amxanagi gauucxovdeba amxanags, maspinZeli — stu-mars, / Zmebs Soris aRar iqneba siyvaruli, rogoric iyo adre. / moxuc mSoblebs aRar scemen pativs... / simarTles muSti Secvlis. qalaqebs ga-Zarcvaven da aRaravis eqneba pativiscema mlocvelis, / samarTlianis, ke-Tilis. met pativSi iqnebian Tavxedebi da borotmoqmedebi, / sadac iqneba Zala, iq iqneba samarTalic. daikargeba sindisi~ (hesiode 1969: 267).

sad uCinardeba kronosis xanis utopiuri idilia? ratom unda Secva-los pozitiuri sistema negatiurma?

es principulad mniSvnelovani kiTxvebi upasuxod darCa hesiodes qmni-lebaSi, magram idealuri oqros xanis ganmeorebis romantikuli survili sa-mudamod Seesisxlxorca adamianis meocnebe suls. utopiuri harmonia, rome-lic adamianisa da bunebis, adamianisa da RmerTis srul Tanxmobas efuZnebo-da, maradiuli silamazis, samarTlianobisa da Tanasworobis simbolod iqca. utopiis inteleqtualuri koncefcia ganagrZobda Tavis arsebobas da amis erT-erT saintereso dasturad platonis `saxelmwifo~ gvevlineba.

platonis mier `saxelmwifoSi~ warmodgenili samoqalaqo wesrigi aSka-rad ganicdis oqros xanis utopiuri wesrigis zegavlenas. `saxelmwifoSi~ konstruirebuli sazogadoeba, Tavisi mowesrigebuli struqturebiT, fi-losofosTa mmarTvelobiT, aRmasrulebeli moxeleebiT, mcvelebiT, ker-Zoze sazogadoebrivis primatiTa da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis regulaciiT, zedmiwevniT kargad asaxavs elineli filosofosis utopiur zmanebebs.

idealur qalaqSi, platonis azriT, idealuri kanonebi unda moqmedeb-des: TiToeuli moqalaqe im saqmiT unda dakavdes, rac mas yvelaze ukeT xe-lewifeba; adamianebi erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebulad unda cxovrobdnen, iTva-

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liswinebdnen erTurTis azrs da moTxovnilebebs, Tanabrad inawilebdnen sakuTrebas, metic, `qalebi unda iyvnen saziaroni mamakacebisaTvis, arc er-Tma qalma ar unda icxovros romelime erT mamakacTan. bavSvebic saerToni unda iyvnen, dae ar icodes mamam, romelia misi Svili da ar icodes Svilma, romelia misi mama~ (platoni 1971: 206).

platonis idealuri saxelmwifo oTx postulats efuZneba: sibrZnes, si-mamaces, samarTlianobasa da windaxedulebas. filosofosis rwmeniT, mxolod am postulatebis kombinirebuli realizaciis Sedegad damyardeba idealuri wyoba, Seiqmneba idealuri saxelmwifo, mowodebuli ara imisaTvis, `rom gansa-kuTrebiT gaabednieros mosaxleobis romelime fena, aramed, — Seqmnas erTi, mTliani bednieri saxelmwifo~, `Cven axla warmosaxvaSi vZerwavT saxelmwi-fos, — wers platoni, — Cvenis azriT, bedniers, ara calkeuli bednieri nawi-lebis Semcvels, aramed — mTlianobaSi bedniers~ (platoni 1971a: 207).

magram miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa, platoni gadaulaxavi dilemis winaSe dgeba: igi ver adgens korufciisa da garyvnilebis sruli amoZir-kvis meTodebsa da kanonebs Tavis idealur saxelmwifoSi. ratom? vfiq-robT, am sakiTxis gasarkvevad, pirvel yovlisa, unda CavuRrmavdeT Ta-vad terminis — ùtopia~ — etimologias da mis orazrovan mimarTebas droisa da sivrcis kategoriebTan.

`saxelmwifos~ me-4 wignSi, romelic moicavs msjelobas idealuri saxel-mwifos modelis Sesaxeb, platonma Semoitana utopiis gageba, riTac filoso-fiaSic da literaturaSic samudamod daamkvidra gansja utopiis Sesaxeb. mag-ram ras niSnavs ùtopia~? ùtopia~ sityvaTa orazrovani TamaSia: ~Ou topos~ niSnavs àrarsebul adgils~, ~Eu topos~ — `karg adgils~. dro-sivrculi para-metrebis TvalsazrisiT gamijnuli cnebaTa kompoziti or gansxvavebul mniS-vnelobas amTlianebs: erTi mxriv, igi asocirdeba drois miRma ganfenil fan-taziasTan, warmosaxvis dausazRvrav sivrceebTan, meore mxriv ki — idealuri sazogadoebrivi modelis konstruirebis aqtiur eqsperimentTan, `kargi adgi-lis~ praqtikuli realizebis mcdelobasTan. ùtopiis~ gaazrebis am ori kon-ceptualurad gansxvavebuli variantidan platoni sruliad aSkarad aniWebs upiratesobas meores da, Sesabamisad, ganicdis marcxs. klasikuri periodis utopiis (platonis `saxelmwifo~, plutarqes `cxovrebani~) centraluri problema iyo swored is, rom moazrovneTa utopiuri imedebi realur yofaSi, realur dro-sivrcul parametrebSi ganxorcielebad proeqtebs ufro war-moadgendnen, vidre miRmier dro-sivrcul koordinatebSi warmosaxul àrar-sebul adgils~. TiTqos miviwyebul iqna hesiodes gafrTxileba: TxzulebaSi `Sromani da dReni~ hesiode sruliad garkveviT miuTiTebs idealuri oqros xanis preistoriulobas — ~in illo tempore~, — wers hesiode, riTac migvaniSnebs, rom oqros xana istoriis gareSe mdgomi, drois miRma arsebuli movlenaa. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, idealuri samyaro anu arkadia misTvis droisagan Ta-visufal, ucvlel da usasrulo eqsistenss warmoadgens. hesiodes gaaqvs utopia realobis sazRvrebidan, vinaidan uwyis: idilia ar eqvemdebareba rea-lizacias, idilia zedrouli, transistoriuli movlenaa, rameTu realoba yo-velTvis amarcxebs ocnebas, nebismieri tipis marTva emorCileba istoriuli cvalebadobis kanons, xolo adamiani verasodes Tavisufldeba misi negatiuri sawyisebisgan — keisris samyaro realuria.

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utopiis Sua saukuneobrivi koncefcia mkveTrad gansxvavda cnebis klasikuri interpretaciisgan da amis safuZvels ùtopiis~ kontrvarian-tuli gaazreba warmoadgenda. sityvaTa ambivalenturi TamaSidan àxalma utopistebma~ gamoricxes utopiis rogorc `kargi adgilis~ gageba da er-Tpirovnulad mianiWes mas àrarsebuli adgilis~ mniSvneloba.* amrigad, Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis epoqis utopia ara mxolod Seenacvla kla-sikur utopias, aramed arsobrivad Secvala utopiis cnebis gaazreba.

ram gamoiwvia Tomas morisa da misi Tanamedrove utopistebis amgvari gadawyvetileba? ratom Camoyalibda utopia àrarsebuli, idiliuri sazo-gadoebis~ amsaxvel literaturul modelad?

Sua saukuneebis evropa mogzaurobis senma Seipyro. mamaci mezRvaure-bi uSiSrad kveTdnen zRvebsa da okeaneebs erTi mizniT, aRmoeCinaT axali miwebi, miekvliaT axali civilizaciebisTvis, gaemdidrebinaT kultura axali STabeWdilebebiT. TiToeuli aRmoCena SesaZleblobaTa realizebis morigi placdarmi iyo, wyaro, romelic saintereso da ucxo informaciiT amaragebda adamianis gons. àxali utopia~ àxali samyaros~ logikur Se-degs warmoadgenda, renesansis tradiciebiTa da reformatoruli politi-kiT gaJRenTili evropis nayofs. msoflios sazRvrebis gafarToeba Sesa-niSnavi sazrdo aRmoCnda idealuri da utopiuri ocnebebis mdevarTaTvis, erTi amosunTqviT SeiTxza literaturul-utopiuri miTebi: Tomas moris `kunZuli ùtopia~, Tomazo kampanelas `mzis qalaqi~ da frensis bekonis àxali atlantida~. utopiebi ar arsebobda realuri geografiuli rukis arc erT meridianze, magram arsebobda avtorTa warmosaxvaSi da, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, edreboda realuri yofis modelebs.

èrTi mxriv, — wers mori, — me ganvixilav utopielebis brZnul da wmida-Tawmida organizaciebs, romlebsac sul mcireodeni kanonebiT marTavs sa-xelmwifo, magram iseTi warmatebiT, rom RmerTsac ki moswons... meore mxriv, utopiis wes-Cveulebebs vadareb sxva erebis Cveulebebs, romlebic mudam cdiloben daamyaron wesrigi, magram verasodes axerxeben amas... utopma, rom-lis Zlevamosil saxelsac atarebs kunZuli, uxeSi da veluri xalxi kulturi-sa da ganaTlebis iseT safexurze aiyvana, rom yvela mokvdavi mas Senatris~ (mori 1970: 90—102). kunZul utopiis mcxovrebTa bedniereba maT Rrma religi-ur rwmenaSia, sulze zrunvasa da RvTis siyvarulSi. Tomas morma Seqmna àrar-sebuli realobis~ idealuri modeli da safuZveli Cauyara utopiis litera-turul Janrs. moris tradicia warmatebiT gaagrZeles italielma filoso-fosma Tomazo kampanelam da ingliselma filosofosma frensis bekonma.

* aq ar SeiZleba yuradRebis miRma darCes SoTa rusTavelis aSkarad utopiuri xasiaTis kontruqcia: `yovlTa sworad wyalobasa viTa Tovlsa moaTovdes; / obol-qvrivni daam-didrnes da glaxakni ar iTxovdes; / avTa mqmnelni daaSinnes, kravni kravTa ver uwovdes, / Sigan maTTa sabrZanisTa Txa da mgeli erTad sZovdes~. qarTulma poeturma geniam erT frazaSi Camoayaliba idealur-utopiuri struqtura da orazrovnad miakuTvna igi realur, magram, amav dros, idumalebiTa da misticizmiT mocul sivrces. `Txa da mgeli erTad Zovdes~ — es fraza Tamamad SeiZleba miviCnioT WeSmaritad utopiur teqstad qarTul literaturaSi da vivaraudoT is saintereso gagrZelebani, romlebic, SesaZloa, mohyoloda mas Semdgom saukuneebSi. magram, samwuxarod, istoriulma realobam ar misca qarTul literaturas saSualeba, ganviTarebuliyo evropuli literaturuli standartebis kvaldakval: gam-wvavebulma Sida da sagareo politikam didi xniT mowyvita saqarTvelo mWidro literaturul kontaqtebs dasavleTTan, evropasTan, sadac aqtiurad iwyebda musirebas utopiis Tema da seriozul pretenzias acxadebda literaturuli Janris statusze.

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kampanelas ìdealur saxelmwifoSi~ `simSvides hpovebs sindisi, nad-gurdeba sixarbe — yvela borotebis, tyuilis, qurdobis saTave, nadgurde-ba siRaribe, uzrdeloba, zedmeti problemebi, jafa, fuli, romelsac kad-rebi awarmoeben, sixarbe, siamaye da sxva damRupveli Cvevebi, romlebsac ba-debs gonebis gayofa — pativmoyvareoba, mtroba, Suri, mkvleloba da a.S.~ (kampanela 1970: 154-155; 188). kampanelas `mzis qalaqi~ Sromismoyvare moqa-laqeebis, solarianelebis erTobliobaa, isini adreuli asakidanve eufle-bian yvela tipis Sromas (miwaTmoqmedebas, mecnierebas, meTevzeobas) da Sromas moaqvs maTTvis pativi. kampanelas `mzis qalaqs~ mRvdeli marTavs da `masTan erTad ganageben Zliereba, sibrZne da siyvaruli~ (kampanela 1970: 39). qalaqi adamianuri inteleqtis fizikur gamoxatulebas warmoad-gens, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis fizikur gansxeulebas.

Tu Tomas morisagan memkvidreobiT miRebul religiurobas kampanelam mecnieruli azris miRwevebi Sehmata, frensis bekonma religiisa da mecnie-rebis sruliad eqstraordinaruli sinTezi moaxdina. qristofer hili aR-niSnavs: `bekonma adamianis codvaddacemis bibliuri siuJeti mecnieruli winsvlis koncefciasTan gaamTliana. alqimikosebisa da sxva jadoqrebis zegavleniT man ganacxada, rom samoTxe kvlavac SeiZleba aRdges miwaze eq-sperimentebis, meqanikuri cdebisa da didi mondomebis saSualebiT. codva bekonisaTvis ucodinarobisa da siRaribis Sedegs warmoadgenda. is miiCnev-da, rom Sroma, dacemuli adamianis anaTema, unda gamxdariyo amave adamia-nis aRdgomis sawindari~ (kumari 1991: 29).

bekonma ganaviTara Zalze sayuradRebo azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda gaaZlieron adamianebma kacobrioba TavianTi codniT, ara misi rCeuli nawili, aramed kacobrioba zogadad. koleqtivizmis am paToss Tan daerTo inglisis revoluciis movlenebi da ukan, miraJuli oqros xanisa da dakarguli samoTx-isaken mimarTuli nostalgiuri mzera iqca miwieri cxovrebis srulyofis ime-dad, adamianebis ZalisxmeviT damyarebuli idiliis realur SegrZnebad. beko-nis utopiuri Txzulebis àxali atlantida~ mecnierulma Teoriam reforma-toruli cvlilebebi Seitana ùtopiis~ cnebis gaazrebaSi: bekonis filoso-fiam ganapiroba Semdgomi epoqebis — me-17 da me-18 ss.-is — utopiuri azrovne-bis uaRresad mecnieruli da pragmatuli xasiaTi maqsimalurad daaxloebuli realur yofasTan. mecnieruli progresis ideam praqticizmis da utilita-rizmis elferi SesZina utopias, àrarsebuli adgilidan~ kvlavac `karg adgi-lad~ aqcia igi, iluzoruli imedidan — realizebad survilad.

mecnieruli revoluciis mzardi aRmavloba sul ufro metad da metad adasturebda bekonis ideebis realizebis SesaZleblobas. platonisa da mo-riseuli SeboWili, statikuri da asketuri utopia dinamikur filosofi-ur-literaturul struqturaSi transformirda, specifikur mxatvrul-esTetikur formaSi, romelic aqtiurad gamoxatavda mimdinare socialur, ekonomikur da mecnierul cvlilebebs. àxali samyaros~ warmomadgenlebs dausazRvravad miaCndaT adamianis SesaZleblobebi, Tvlidnen, rom ganaT-lebul da ganswavlul adamianTa erTian Zalisxmevas SeeZlo samyaros gar-daqmna. adre Tu gvian, mecnieruli aRmafrena gamsWvalavda sazogadoebis

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TiToeul wevrs da individualuri genia koleqtiuris wiaRSi integrirde-boda. mecnieruli progresis suliskveTeba utopiur azrovnebaSi mWidrod gadaejaWva istoriuli progresis suliskveTebas, èutopia~ èuchronia~-s, anu `kargi adgili~ `karg dros~ Seerwya: mogzaurTa da geografTa axal-axali aRmoCenebi dRiTi dRe amcirebda ìdiliuri miwis~ aRmoCenis alba-Tobas, msoflios TiTqmis dasrulebuli ruka aRar tovebda Sanss utopiu-ri `terra incognita~-s ganxorcielebisaTvis. amieridan utopiuri sivrce gan-sazRvruli drois farglebSi unda yofiliyo moazrebuli. swored am kon-cefciiT gamoirCa frangi social-utopistebis sen-simonis, furies da in-gliseli social-utopistis r. ouenis radikalizmiT gaJRenTili moZRvre-bebi. social-utopistebma SeimuSaves `koncefcia istoriis aRmSenebluri da damangreveli periodebis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac, damangreveli pe-riodebi niadags amzadebdnen axali aRmSeneblobisaTvis. gamomdinare aqe-dan, yvela istoriuli procesi met-naklebad progresuli iyo~ (sen-simoni 1971: 505). mudmivmoqmedi progresis idea ganamtkicebda uaxloes momavalSi utopiis realizebis rwmenas. klasikuri da Sua saukuneebis utopiuri teq-stebis miamiturad martivi socialuri struqturebi kardinalurad Secva-la industriuli revoluciis Sedegad formirebulma socialurma siWre-lem. swored am klasobriv gansxvavebaTa mospoba miaCndaT social-utopis-tebs utopiis damyarebis umTavres pirobad. adamiani socialurad aqtiur fenomenad moiazreboda, gaxsnil konstruqciad, romelsac xelewifeboda potenciuri progresis realizeba. sen-simonis, furies, ouenisa da sxva so-cial-utopistebis azriT, istoria amzadebda niadags utopiis ganxorcie-lebisaTvis: istoriasa da mecnierebas unda gadaesinjaT sazogadoebis war-suli, zusti diagnozi daesvaT misi sisusteebisaTvis da, analizis meTodze dayrdnobiT, gamoemuSavebinaT sasurveli momavali, socializmi, rogorc àbsoluturi WeSmaritebis, gonierebisa da samarTlianobis~ gansaxiereba. socializmi iqca Tanamedroveobis erTaderT utopiad.

socializmis ganxorcielebis kidev ufro realuri SesaZleblobebi iqna dasaxuli marqsisa da engelsis moZRvrebebSi. miuxedavad jerovani da-fasebisa, marqsma da engelsma èkleqtikuri socializmi~ uwodes social-utopistebis moZRvrebas da socializmis ganxorcielebis umTavres piro-bad `realur niadagze~ dgoma miiCnies. `realuri niadagi~ ara mxolod `rea-luri movlenebis~ piruTvnel analizs gulisxmobda, aramed socializmis gamarjvebisaTvis saWiro `realuri atmosferos~ Seqmnas. marqsizmis Tanax-mad, ganviTarebuli kapitalizmis pirobebSi, rodesac `sazogadoebriv war-moebasa da kapitalistur miTvisebas Soris arsebulma winaaRmdegobam Tavi iCina proletariatisa da burJuaziis antagonizmis saxiT~ (engelsi 1952: 322), Tavis mwvervals miaRwia èkonomikurma koliziam~, sruliad rea-luri gaxda `sawarmoo Zalebis ajanyeba warmoebis wesis winaaRmdeg~ (en-gelsi 1952: 328). amgvar pirobebSi, miiCnevda marqsizmi, proletariati, ga-datrialebis gziT, xelT igdebs Zalauflebas da `warmoebis saSualebebs saxelmwifos sakuTrebad aqcevs~ (engelsi 1952: 333), ispoba klasobrivi

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gansxvaveba da dapirispireba, sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba jabnis kerZo sa-kuTrebas, cxovrebis koleqtiuri wesi — cxovrebis individualur wess. es procesi engelsma Seafasa rogorc `kacobriobis naxtomi aucileblobis samefodan Tavisuflebis samefoSi~ (engelsi 1952: 338).

Tavisuflebis ideebiTa da mecnieruli progresis suliskveTebiT Se-pyrobilma evropam utopiuri Janris sagrZnob aRmavlobas Seuwyo xeli. er-Timeoris miyolebiT daibeWda sxvadasxva tipis utopiuri idealebiT gaJ-RenTili nawarmoebebi: batleris èrevoni~, hadsonis `kristaluri xana~, belemis `mzera ukan~, herckas `Tavisufali miwa~, morisis àxali ambebi ar-saidan~, uaildis `kacis suli socializmis pirobebSi~, uelsis `molodini~ da `Tanamedrove utopia~. aRniSnuli utopiebi warmoadgendnen tradiciu-li utopizmis novatorul aTvisebas.

cxadia, arc marqsi, arc engelsi da arc maTi mimdevrebi ar miiCnevdnen TavianT moZRvrebas utopiur misticizmad: utopia xom miraJuli iluzia iyo, maTi naazrevi ki sruliad realizebad proeqts waagavda. magram anJei valickis moswrebuli SeniSvniT, `Tomas moris utopia ar Seicvlida Tavis utopiur xasiaTs, Tundac avtors misTvis `saxumaro sketCi~ ewodebina~ (lanini 1993: 15). saxelwodeba aq meoradi movlena gaxldaT, pirveladi da arsebiTi Tavad doqtrinis principebi iyo. utopia nebismier SemTxvevaSi msoflmxedvelobis nairsaxeobas warmoadgenda, mizanmimarTul azrovne-bas, romelic novatorul xedvas da axal socialur perspeqtivebs sTava-zobda kacobriobas. sruliad cxadi gaxda, rom sayovelTao Tanasworobis, saxelmwifoebrivi struqturis rRvevis, Zmobis, erTobis, Tavisuflebis, cxovrebis koleqtiuri wesisa da mecnieruli progresis ideebiT SeiaraRe-buli utopia arasasurveli realobisgan damcavi meqanizmidan reformato-ruli funqciiT aRWurvil aqtiur orientirad gadaiqca da realuri pro-eqtis saxiT miuaxlovda me-20 saukunes. utopiis erTaderT ganxorciele-bad proeqts socializmi warmoadgenda da swored socializmi iqca pirvel realizebul utopiad, romelmac srulad warmoaCina `karg drosa~ da `karg adgilas~ ganxorcielebuli idealis totalitaruli xasiaTi. rogor Sex-vda mas msoflio inteleqtualuri azri? sad moiZia masTan brZolis ener-gia? ra daupirispira kacobriobam utopiis realizebis jer SiSsa da mere — faqts? utopiis erTaderT muxruWad antiutopia iqca.

1.2. utopia da antiutopia — ambivalenturi mTlianobidan konceptualuri determinaciisken

àntiutopia~, negatiuri utopia, utopia uaryofiT konteqstSi — in-triga Janris saxelwodebaSivea Cadebuli da imTaviTve migvaniSnebs mis araerTgvarovansa da orazrovan bunebaze. sruliad cxadia, rom antiuto-piis rogorc cnebisa da, mogvianebiT, Janris formireba mWidrod ukavSir-

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deba utopiis cnebasa da Janrs: Tu utopia warmoadgens ocnebas idealur sazogadoebaze, antiutopia ewinaaRmdegeba nebismier gamyarebul sazoga-doebriv struqturas, romelic ama Tu im socialuri idealis, anu utopiu-ri harmoniis ganxorcielebis mizniT aris Seqmnili. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, antiutopia Tavis TavSive moicavs utopias, romelsac upirispir-deba da ebrZvis.

ùtopiebi udides rols TamaSobs istoriaSi, — werda n. berdiaevi, — ...isini adamianis bunebas axasiaTebs. garemomcveli samyaros borotebiT da-kodili adamiani grZnobs lamazi warmosaxvis, srulyofil, harmoniul sazo-gadoebaSi cxovrebaze ocnebis saWiroebas~. magram problemas utopiebis re-alizeba qmnis. ùtopiebi damaxinjebulad realizdeba, — agrZelebs berdiae-vi, — realizdeba damaxinjebis aucilebeli pirobiT... utopiis mTavari niSani erTianobaa. utopia cdilobs gadalaxos danawevreba da miaRwios mTlianobas. amdenad, utopia yovelTvis totalitarulia arsebuli samyaros pirobebSi, totalitarizmi ki — yovelTvis utopiuri~ (berdiaevi 1995: 353-354).

ramdenad Seesabameba warmosaxva realobas? ramdenad Tavsebadia utopiu-ri ocneba adamianis bunebasa da xasiaTTan? ramdenad SesaZlebelia idiliis damyareba dedamiwaze da rogor miiRweva igi? Seesabameba ki damyarebuli ide-aluri wesrigi adamianis realizebul ocnebas da Tu ara, maS, ra gzas adgeba imedgacruebuli adamiani?

ai, problemaTa rigi, romlis winaSec daayena inteleqtualuri azri utopiis ganxorcielebis jer SiSma, Semdeg ki — simwarem: erTi SexedviT uwyinari, mSvenieri, amaRlebuli ocneba, droTa ganmavlobaSi, organizaci-ul diqtatad da axdenil koSmarad iqca, brutalur gaugebrobad, romel-mac umTavresi ram waarTva adamians — Tavisufleba. utopiis realizebis kronosiseul miTSi kodirebuli atemporaluri òqros xana~ jer plato-nis ìdealuri saxelmwifos~ statikur wesrigSi transformirda, Semdeg organulad Seerwya morisa da kampanelas mier SemuSavebul organizaciul diqtatsa da bekoniseul mecnierul pragmatizms, konceptualurad Seu-rigda social-utopistebis mier aRzevebul koleqtivizmis ideas, marqsiz-misaTvis niSandobliv sayovelTao Tanasworuflebianobis koncefciasa da darvinis evoluciis Teorias da socializmis simbiozuri modelis saxiT realizda ruseTSi me-20 saukunis I naxevarSi. socializmi iqca pirvel ax-denil utopiad da sruliad cxadad warmoaCina ganxorcielebuli idealis Seusabamoba realobasTan: `miwieri idiliis~ realizeba negatiuri Zalis-xmeviT iyo aRbeWdili — sisxlisRvriT, msxverpliT, tragediiT. xelovnu-rad damyarebuli wesrigi drois diqtats emorCileboda da imedgacrue-bul adamianTa mTel Taobas mouZRoda istoriaSi.

inteleqtualuri goni, romelic axdenili utopiis pirobebSi serio-zulad dadga Tavsmoxveuli koleqtiuri bednierebis diqtatisa da indivi-dualurobis dakargvis safrTxis winaSe, alternativis Ziebis gzas daadga. utopiis erTaderT konceptualur alternativad antiutopia mogvevlina.

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àntiutopia feniqsiviT wamoimarTa revoluciis nangrevebidan da utopiis SiSad iqca, — aRniSnavs r. s. elioti, — istoriis logikur naSie-rad, romelsac unda gaeqarwylebina utopiuri miTi~ (elioti 1970: 86).

Cven, cxadia, viziarebT mkvlevris mosazrebas antiutopiis ZiriTadi mi-siis Sesaxeb, magram ver daveTanxmebiT misi aRmocenebis qronologiur defi-nicias. antiutopia, rogorc Janri, gaformda me-20 saukuneSi, magram misi aR-moceneba, gacilebiT adreuli periodidan iRebs saTaves, sakmaod xangrZliv dros moicavs da evoluciis Zalze saintereso paradigmiT gamoirCeva.

antiutopia, vfiqrobT, CanasaxSive gadaejaWva utopias da, vidre aqtiu-rad daupirispirdeboda mas kontrJanris saxiT, masTan erTad ganvlo ganvi-Tarebis rTuli gza: hesiodeseuli uzrunveli òqros xana~ `rkinis xanam~ Secvala Tavis tkivilebiTa da tragediebiT, platonis `saxelmwifos~ aCrdi-liviT aedevna aristofanes sarkastuli komediebi, xolo moris, kampanelasa da bekonis utopiuri ocnebebi imTaviTve seriozul eWvqveS daayenes makiave-lim, hobsma, mandevilma da sviftma. antiutopia ara erTbaSad, aramed Tanda-Tan Camoyalibda utopiis kontrpoziciur sistemad, mis sarkismier anarek-lad, romelic saRad afasebda utopiuri miraJis iluzorul xasiaTs.

utopiuri da antiutopiuri motivebisaTvis niSandoblivi Sinagani wina-aRmdegoba jer kidev pirveli utopiuri personaJis — kronosis ambivalentu-ri fenomenis doneze gamovlinda. kronosi erTdroulad warmoadgenda pozi-tiurisa da negatiuris kuriozul simbiozs, sadac pozitiuri (didebuli me-foba, oqros xana, uzrunveli cxovreba) negatiuris (mamis dasaWuriseba, Svi-lebis SeWma) uSualo Sedegi iyo, negatiuri ki — pozitiuris aucilebeli wina-piroba. kronosis miTidan moyolebuli vidre uelsis mecnierul utopiamde, ambivalenturoba utopiisa da antiutopiis urTierTmimarTebis ZiriTad ma-xasiaTeblad iqca: dualisturi struqturiT gamoirCa utopiis ara mxolod zogadzneobrivi formula — realuri sazogadoeba/idealuri sazogadoeba, aramed Tavad ìdealuri sazogadoebis~ modelic — idealuri wesrigi/adamia-nis codvili buneba. am ukanasknelma Seusabamobam ukve platonis `saxelmwi-foSi~ iCina Tavi da seriozuli dilemis winaSe daayena idealuri struqturis ZiebiT gatacebuli filosofosi, amave opoziciam gamoiwvia idealuri samya-ros modelis principuli gamijvna realuri samyaros modelisagan qristia-nul msoflmxedvelobaSi da imave opoziciis Sedegad unda miviCnioT TiTqmis yvela utopiuri Txzulebis mTavar gmirTa brZola xelSemSleli, brutaluri elementebis, e.w. realobis gadmonaSTebis winaaRmdeg.

sagulisxmoa, rom utopiis Sidastruqturuli dualizmi sruliad lo-gikurad transformirda perceptualur dualizmSi. utopiuri teqstis Se-mecneba anu percefcia iseTive ambivalenturobiT gamoirCa, rogorc Tavad masala. TvalsaCino ingliseli literaturaTmcodne norTrop frai aRniS-navs: ìs, rac avtorisaTvis seriozul utopias warmoadgens, araerTi mkiTxvelisaTvis SeiZleba satirul aplikaciad iqces~ (frai 1973: 11), anu utopiuri teqsti, Tavisi Sinagani winaaRmdegobriobiT, dasaSvebs xdis mis gaazrebas opoziciur WrilSi. utopiuri da kontrutopiuri motivebis am-gvari ambivalenturi urTierTmimarTeba, sadac zRvari Zalze mkrTalia da

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Wirs dominantas dadgena, vfiqrobT, zedmiwevniT kargad gamoixata antiku-ri epoqis satirul TxzulebebSi, romlebic pozitiuri da negatiuri ele-mentebis kontrastul sinTezs warmoadgendnen. Tu pozitiurs pirobiTad vuwodebT utopiurs, negatiurs ki — antiutopiurs, maSin SeiZleba davas-kvnaT: satira utopiuri da antiutopiuri motivebis winaaRmdegobrivi mTlianoba iyo. antikuri epoqis satiris esTetikuri da eTikuri proeqcia gulisxmobda cudisa da miuReblis sarkastuli kritikis fonze ukeTesi alternativis dasaxvas. droTa ganmavlobaSi utopiurma da antiutopiurma elementebma iwyes gancalkeveba da swrafva damoukidebeli literaturu-li formisaken, magram es procesi arc swrafi aRmoCnda da arc radikalu-ri, misi mimdinareoba literaturis istoriaSi utopiuri da antiutopiuri motivebis sruliad araerTgvarovani mimarTebebiT aRiniSna.

utopiuri modelis pirvel oponentebad, albaT, klasikuri periodis satirikosebi unda miviCnioT — aristofane da lukiane. maTi Txzulebebi, cxadia, ar warmoadgens antiutopiis klasikur nimuSebs, magram mTel rig komediebSi utopiuri modelis gverdiT Tavs iCenda antiutopiuri motivi, ara rogorc damoukidebeli mxatvruli modeli, aramed rogorc negatiuri aucilebloba utopiuri modelis realizebisaTvis. marTebulad SeniSnavs a. velikanovi: `gamovlinebis adreul etapze antiutopiebi utopiuri struqturebis damxmare satirul saSualebebs, utopiebis ideologiur da praqtikul komentarebs warmoadgends~ (enciklopediuri... 1987: 18).

aristofanesa da lukianes CvenTvis saintereso TxzulebebSi satira utopiuri modelebis maprovocirebel elementad gvevlineba. mizani naTe-lia: dadebiTisa da pozitiuris miRweva mxiaruli, magram damangreveli kritikis Sedegad.

sim. yauxCiSvili Tavis naSromSi — `berZnuli literaturis istoria~, aristofanes komediebs, Tematikis TvalsazrisiT, sam jgufad yofs: `1) ko-mediebi, romlebSic aristofane ilaSqrebs omis winaaRmdeg; 2) komediebi, romlebSic Tavs esxmis demokratiis wamomadgenel politikursa da sazoga-doebriv moRvaweebs da 3) komediebi, romlebSic avtori asaxavs utopiuri samyaros Ziebas~ (yauxCiSvili 1950: 389). am ukanasknel jgufs mkvlevari mi-akuTvnebs komediebs `qalTa kreba~, `plutosi~ da `frinvelebi~. vfiqrobT, swored am komediebSi gamovlinda antiutopiuri Temis rogorc utopiuri struqturis satiruli aplikaciis modeli.

aristofanes saboloo mizans dasaxelebul TxzulebebSi idealuri, harmoniuli, swored utopiuri sazogadoebis Seqmna warmoadgens, rac das-turdeba mwerlis simpaTiiT praqsagoras programisadmi (`qalTa kreba~), plutosis qmedebisadmi (`plutosi~) da Rrubel-guguleTis idealuri qa-laqisadmi (`frinvelebi~). magram am etapze CvenTvis mniSvnelovania mwer-lis ara mxolod saboloo mizani, aramed — miznis ganxorcielebis procesi: aristofane, romelic, erTi mxriv, wesrigisaken miiswrafvis, amave dros, arsebuli wesrigis winaSe amboxebul moazrovned warmodgeba. antiutopiu-ri motivi aq àrasasurveli realobis~ relevanturi cnebaa da `cudis~ mniSvnelobas iZens, utopiuri motivi `sasurveli realobis~ Sesabamisi ana-

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logiuri modelia da `kargis~ mniSvnelobiT inergeba. antiutopiuri xasia-Tis teqsti — aristofanes politikuri satira, mimarTuli xelisufalTa winaaRmdeg, nebismieri tipis uzneobis jansaRi kritika Tu asaxvis realis-turi manera — am SemTxvevaSi pirvelad struqturas warmoadgens, baziss, romelzec utopiuri teqstis saxiT unda daSendes meoradi struqtura anu zednaSeni.

utopiisa da antiutopiis erTsxeulebrivi simbiozi sacnauria lukia-nes satirebSic, magram SedarebiT gamijnul xasiaTs atarebs. realuri yo-fis kritikas, romelic moicavs arsebuli religiuri dogmebis, filosofi-uri skolebisa da socialuri wes-wyobilebis gamaTraxebas, Tan sdevs Zvel-berZnuli utopiuri modelis, rogorc popularuli ocnebis, kritikac. magram lukianes mier ganqiqebis mizniT aRwerili idiliuri yofis suraTe-bi imdenad damajerebelia, rom maTi mniSvneloba Sua saukuneebis utopis-tebisaTvisac ki Zalze didi iyo.

utopiisa da antiutopiis aRqma rogorc erTiani, magram ambivalentu-ri konstruqciis Semadgeneli elementebisa, garkveulwilad Seicvala stoicizmis epoqaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki senekas moZRvrebaSi. am Tvalsazri-siT, Cveni interesis sagans warmoadgens senekas Txzuleba ùzrunveli cxovrebis Sesaxeb~, sadac filosofosma seriozul eWvqveS daayena idea-luri sazogadoebis realurad formirebis perspeqtiva da moniSna is magis-traluri gezi, romelsac, misi azriT, unda ganesazRvra idiliisaken mswrafveli adamianis arseboba.

`yovel adamians surs bednieri cxovreba, Zmao galione, — wers seneka,— magram maT Zalze bundovnad aqvT warmodgenili bednieri cxovrebis arsi. misi miRweva uaRresad rTulia... mTavar amocanas aq Semdegi warmoadgens: Cven jogiviT ukan ar unda vdioT menaxireebs, Cven iqiT ki ar unda wavideT, saiTac midian sxvebi, aramed iqiT, saiTac sakuTari movaleoba gvibiZgebs~ (seneka 1969: 509).

moyvanili citata cxadyofs, rom seneka principulad emijneba utopii-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli `koleqtiuri bednierebisa~ da sayovelTao erTsu-lovnebis ideas da praqtikulad aRusrulebel iluziad Seracxavs mas: `yvelaze didi ubedureba CvenTvis sxvebis ayolas moaqvs, — aRniSnavs fi-losofosi, — imas, rom xSirad Cven marTebulad vcnobT iseT Sexedulebebs, romlebsac meti TanamgrZnobi da mimdevari hyavT, vcxovrobT ara ise, ro-gorc goneba gvkarnaxobs, aramed ise, rogorc cxovroben sxvebi... rodesac saubari bednier cxovrebas exeba, Sen me ver damakmayofileb arCevnebis Se-degad senatSi gaJRerebuli tradiciuli pasuxiT: àlbaT, am mxares aris umetesoba!~ swored amitomaa igi mcdari! kacobrioba ar Sesula jer iseTi brwyinvale mdgomareobis fazaSi, rom WeSmariteba misawvdomi iyos umete-sobisaTvis. brbos keTilmosurneoba sruli uunarobis dasturia~ (seneka 1969: 509-510).

maS, ra gziT unda iaros `bednieri da uzrunveli cxovrebis~ ZiebiT Sepyrobilma adamianma? sad aris gamosavali? `Cveni Ziebis sagans, — gvTava-zobs seneka, — unda warmoadgendes qmedebis is saxeoba, romelic ufro Rir-

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seulia adamianisaTvis, da ara is, romelic ufro xSirad gvxvdeba; Cven unda vifiqroT imaze, Tu ra aRgvavsebs maradiuli bednierebis flobis niWiT da ara imaze, rasac iwonebs WeSmaritebis mteri — masa. masaSi me vgulisxmob ara marto ubralo xalxs, aramed — didebulebsac... sulier Rirsebaze mxo-lod sulma unda izrunos~ (seneka 1969: 510).

vfiqrobT, utopiis antikuri interpretaciis fonze, senekas koncefcia gansakuTrebuli kategoriulobiT gamoirCa: daisva ara mxolod utopiuri koleqtivizmis, rogorc fuWi struqturis albaTobis sakiTxi, aramed gamo-ikveTa ìdiliuri bednierebis~ miRwevis alternatiuli gzac, gza pirovnu-li da sulieri TviTgamorkvevisa. swored suliereba warmoadgens senekasaT-vis bednieri cxovrebis erTaderT models, esoden daSorebuls antikuri xa-nis azrovnebis utopiuri modelebisgan. `ra gansxvavebaa aseT adamiansa da sxva adamianebs Soris? — kiTxulobs seneka, — is, rom erTni msubuqad arian mijaWvulni, meoreni — ufro Zlierad, mesameni ki ise mtkiced, rom ganZre-vac ki ar ZaluZT. adamians, romelic adis sulieri srulyofis garkveul si-maRleze, ar awuxebs borkilebi: is, marTalia, jer ar aris Tavisufali, mag-ram ukve sargeblobs Tavisufalis uflebebiT~ (seneka 1969: 516).

senekas moZRvrebaSi gamokveTili ùzrunveli cxovrebis~ paradigma, individualuri faseulobani — sulieri srulyofa — Tavisufleba, Cveni azriT, principul opoziciaSi imyofeba klasikuri utopiuri modelis pa-radigmasTan: Tanasworoba — koleqtiuri yofa — keTili mmarTveli an swo-ri mmarTveloba. gamomdinare aqedan, marTebulad migvaCnia senekas ùz-runveli cxovrebis~ teqstis rogorc antiutopiuri ganwyobilebis matare-beli pirveli seriozuli teqstis definicia, teqstisa, sadac aqtiurad da-isva, erTi mxriv, utopiis, rogorc realizebadi sistemis saTuobis sakiTxi, xolo, meore mxriv, gamoikveTa bednierebis ganxorcielebis alternatiuli gza, individualizmis niSniT aRbeWdili Sinagani, sulieri proeqcia.

arsebiT problemas senekas da, Semdgom, zogadad qristianul msof-lmxedvelobaSi, vfiqrobT, warmoadgenda ùtopiuri ocnebis~ ganxorcie-lebis meTodi. am TvalsazrisiT, sagulisxmoa r. s. eliotis SeniSvna: ùto-pia warmoadgens adamianis arsisa da nebis erTgvar realizebas miTis winaSe. es aris adamianis Zalisxmeva warmosaxvis foliantebSi, anu adamianis mcde-loba gaerkves, Tu ra moxdeba maSin, rodesac `miTi realobis sazRvrebs da-arRvevs. am SemTxvevaSi adamiani aRar ocnebobs idealuri wesrigis Seqmna-ze miRmier, ararsebul droSi, igi Tavad kisrulobs Semoqmedis funqcias~ (elioti 1970: 8-9). magram ra mosdevs Sedegad amgvar eqsperiments? des-truqcia, — acxadebs qristianuli msoflmxedveloba utopiis klasikuri interpretatorebisagan gansxvavebiT da saukeTeso argumentad pirvel-codvis bibliur teqsts asaxelebs. pirvelcodvis bibliuri teqstis Tanax-mad, adamianebma ver gaamarTles uflis ndoba: daukiTxavad igemes ra keTi-lisa da borotis Secnobis xis akrZaluli nayofi, maT erTgvarad ikisres demiurgis roli, SeiWrnen Semoqmedis funqciebSi da, sanacvlod amisa, RvTis risxva daimsaxures: SeaCvena RmerTma adami da eva, waarTva maT mara-diuli sicocxlis bedniereba, aqcia isini mokvdavebad, mouvlina mravali

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satanjveli da gamodevna samoTxis baRidan. `samoTxis baRi~ Tavisuflad SeiZleba asimilirdes òqros xanasTan~. Sesabamisad, ikveTeba daskvna: Se-uZlebelia ìdiliuri bednierebis~ mopoveba adamianuri SesaZleblobebis farglebSi, es mxolod da mxolod RvTis sauflos prerogativaa.

qristianulma msoflmxedvelobam kidev ufro gaaRrmava da gaaSinaarsa winaaRmdegoba utopiasa da antiutopias Soris, rodesac keisris sauflos codvian da garyvnil models aqtiurad daupirispira zeciuri samoTxis mo-deli. am TvalsazrisiT, yuradRebas iqcevs ioane mociqulis `gamocxadebis~ teqsti, sadac amqveyniuri, miwieri qalaqis — babilonis, rogorc codvilTa, mruSTa, `meZavTa da dedamiwis sibilweTa dedis~ damxobis motivs upirispir-deba imqveyniuri, RvTiuri qalaqis, axali ierusalimis aRmocenebis motivi: gansxvavebiT babilonisagan, axali ierusalimi RvTis qalaqia, dabrunebuli samoTxe, sadac aRzevebul adamianebTan mudam iqneba RmerTi, `moswmends yve-la cremls maTi Tvalebidan da aRar iqneba sikvdili, glova, godeba da tki-vilic aRar iqneba, vinaidan pirvelebma gadaiares~ (gamocx. 21 : 4).

`gamocxadebis~ am koncefciis erTgvar gagrZelebad gvevlineba netari avgustines `RvTis qalaqi~, sadac filosofosi mkveTrad mijnavs religiur miznebs saero, saqveyno miznebisa da amocanebisagan. `RvTis qalaqSi~ is cxadad gamoxatavs gulistkivils adamianTa mudmivi zrunvisa da fiqris gamo àmqveyniuri qalaqis~ problemebze, rac, hiponeli episkoposis azriT, `RmerTis qalaqisagan~ adamianTa daSorebis ueWvel winapirobas warmoad-gens. netari avgustine Tvlis, rom adamianebis erTaderTi misia miwaze aris ganwmenda amqveyniuri codvebisagan, vinaidan maTi `namdvili cxovreba~ ze-caSia. miwieri piligrimobis dasasruls gankiTxvis dRe moaswavebs, dRe, romelic gaaTavisuflebs Rirseulebs àmqveyniuri qalaqis~ borkilebis-gan da `RvTis qalaqSi~ gadaanacvlebs: àm dRis Semdeg, — wers netari avgus-tine, — Zveli adamianis ganadgurebiT, moxdeba gardasaxva, romelic ange-lozebr sicocxles uqadis adamianebs~ (avgustine 1969: 605).

amave sakiTxis Rrmad Teologiur modifikacias vxvdebiT `sibrZne bala-varisa~-s teqstSi: `da viTarca esma kacsa mas RmrTisa, aRiZra goneba misi da cremliTa. da hrqua: `cxovnde, mefeo, ukunisamde, rameTu warmavalsa wil aRgirCevies waruvali da umjobesi, rameTu arara¡ ars soflisa amis dideba¡, rameTu viTarca aCrdili warvals da viTarca kuamli ganikargebis. aw war-marTe gulis sityua¡ Seni, rameTu keTil ars, ra¡Ta warmavalsa amisa dateve-biTa waruvali igi sofeli moiyido~ (sibrZne balahvarisi 1960: 233).

negatiuri teqsti aq ukve aSkarad makoordinebel funqcias asrulebs: ze-ciuri samoTxe anu pozitiuri teqsti ara mxolod masTan Sepirispirebis, ara-med masze gamarjvebis Sedegs warmoadgens. qristianuli msoflxedvis paTosi arsebul realobasTan dakavSirebiT Tamamad SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc aqtiuri antiutopizmi.

antiutopiuri ganwyobilebis SesamCnevi gaaqtiureba aRiniSneba Sua sa-ukuneebSi. aq, pirvel yovlisa, unda dasaxeldes n. makiavelis `mTavari~, T. hobsis `leviaTani~, b. mandevilis ìgavi futkrebze~, j. sviftis `guli-veris mogzauroba~.

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antiutopiuri motivebis promocia, erTi mxriv, Sua saukuneebis evro-paSi mimdinare politikur da ekonomikur procesebs daukavSirda, meore mxriv ki — gaZlierebul eklesiur dogmatizms, e.w. `monastrul diqtatsa~ da ganviTarebad mecnierul tendenciebs. aRniSnul konteqstSi aSkara simwva-viT gamoirCa n. makiavelis Txzuleba `mTavari~. arsebiTi CvenTvis aris is ga-remoeba, rom makiavelis realur niadagze dafuZnebuli da praqtikuli msjelobebiT argumentirebuli moZRvreba mkveTrad daupirispirda mis epo-qaSi farTod miRebul da popularul utopizms: `bevrs Seuqmnia, Tavisi war-mosaxviT, respublikebi Tu samTavroebi, romlebic aravis uxilavs da arc is smenia, rom isini marTlac arseboben sinamdvileSi, — wers makiaveli, — mag-ram, erTia, rogor cxovroben da meore is, Tu rogor unda cxovrobdnen kac-ni, da maT Soris imxela sxvaobaa, rom vinc imis gulisTvis, rac unda momxda-riyo, iviwyebs imas, rac axla xdeba, umal Tavis damxobas uwyobs xels, vidre Tavissave dRegrZelobas~ (makiaveli 1984: 51). makiavelizmis CvenTvis sainte-reso es aspeqti Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: ar arsebobs araviTari utopizmi, moeSviT fuW ocnebebsa da fantaziebs, myarad dadeqiT miwaze da dainaxeT is sibinZure, romelSic cxovrobT! realurad Seqmnili demorali-zebuli viTarebidan erTaderT gamosavals makiavelisaTvis Zlieri xeli-sufleba warmoadgens, Zlevamosili mTavari, `naxevrad kaci da naxevrad mxe-ci~, romelic, Tuki aucilebeli Seiqna, araviTari saSualebebis winaSe ar da-ixevs ukan dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad~ (makiaveli 1984: 53), tirani gamoaf-xizlebs xalxs uniadago ocnebebisgan da Seqmnis mZlavr saxelmwifos, rea-lobis mowesrigebis erTaderT meqanizms: mizani amarTlebs saSualebas.

makiavelizmisaTvis niSandoblivi antiutopizmi, mimarTuli nebismie-ri miamituri iluziis winaaRmdeg, gamoricxavs utopiuri idiliis praqti-kulad realizebis SesaZleblobas da adamianTa bednierebis garantad Zli-er mTavars, xelisuflebasa da kanons miiCnevs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maki-avelizmi realuri adamianisa da realuri sinamdvilis analitikur Seswav-las warmoadgens. Sua saukuneebis utopiur paradigmas: ararsebuli adgili — idealuri socialuri wyoba — bedniereba, makiavelim principulad daupi-rispira paradigma: realuri adgili — Zlieri socialuri struqtura — er-Tpirovnuli mmarTveloba — normaluri cxovreba. da mainc, miuxedavad mkveTri antiutopiuri ganwyobilebisa, makiavelis `mTavars~ verasgziT ver miviCnevT Camoyalibebul antiutopiur teqstad, erTi, magram mniSvne-lovani garemoebis gamo: makiavelim gaamarTla diqtatura da ugulebelyo zrunva individualuri fenomenis bedze diqtaturis pirobebSi. es sakiTxi man Segnebulad gadauloca momaval Taobebs.

antiutopiuri azrovnebis saintereso gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos T.hobsis `leviaTanic~, sadac me-16 saukunis ingliselma filosofosma da moazrovnem warmoadgina traqtati sazogadoebis keTilmowyobis Sesaxeb da Seudara igi bibliuri urCxulis leviaTanis arqetips. hobsis naSromSi gamo-ikveTa sruli skepticizmi utopiis mimarT. metic, utopizmisaTvis mniSvne-lovani sayovelTao Tanasworobis idea hobsma adamianTa sazogadoebaSi arse-buli yvela ubedurebis wyarod miiCnia: `SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobidan, —

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wers hobsi, — aRmocendeba miznis misaRwevad saWiro imedebis Tanasworoba. amitomac aris, rom ori adamiani, romlebsac erTi da igive ram undaT, magram, cxadia, orive ver daeufleba sasurvel sagans, erTmaneTis mteri xdeba~ (hob-si 1970: 34). maS, sad aris gamosavali? Zlier xelisuflebaSi, — acxadebs hobsi.

hobsis realisturi antiutopizmis erTgvar gagrZelebad iqca ber-nand mandevilis ìgavi futkrebze~, alegoriuli satira idealuri sazo-gadoebis nebayoflobiTi damxobis Sesaxeb. magram antiutopiis rogorc specialuri literaturuli erTeulis tendenciebi yvelaze aSkarad j. sviftis `guliveris mogzaurobaSi~ gamoikveTa.

TavisTavad mogzaurobis Temisa da àxali qveynebis~ xilvis motivis rogorc satiris obieqtis gamoyeneba, albaT, ukve gamoxatavda avtoris srul skepticizmsa da cinizms utopiuri TxzulebebisaTvis niSandoblivi ZiriTadi Temebisa da motivebis mimarT. utopistebi mogzaurobisaken mou-wodebdnen? ai, gaemarTa batoni guliveri samogzaurod. utopistebi ìdea-luri~, magram `Soreuli adgilis~ aRmoCenas eswrafodnen? ai, miadga bato-ni guliveri ucnob miwebs — liliputebis, goliaTebisa da jadoqrebis qveynebs. da ra aRmoaCina batonma guliverma? aRmoaCina, rom utopiuri kunZulebi, qalaqebi da saxelmwifoebi mxolod fuWi ocnebebi da warmosax-vebia, iluziebi, romelTa ganxorcielebac SeuZlebelia realur sinamdvi-leSi: iqneba es liliputebis qveyana Tu goliaTebis samefo, an nebismieri sxva ùcnobi miwa~, adamianebi erTnairad emorCilebian amqveyniur cdune-bebs — oms, qiSpobas, TvalTmaqcobas, mliqvnelobas. am samwuxaro faqts verc partiaTaSoris brZola aRmofxvris, romelic ase dawvrilebiT aqvs svifts aRwerili wignis I nawilSi, verc `ganaTlebuli monarqi~, romelsac igi II nawilSi TanaugrZnobs da verc respublikuri wyobileba, romlis mom-xredac avtori III nawilSi gvevlineba. wignis damamTavrebel IV nawilSi ada-mianebisagan imedgacruebuli svifti warsulisaken imzireba, patriarqa-luri wyobilebisaken, magram es ar aris tradiciuli patriarqalizmi. sviftis ocneba ufro ironiuli skepsisia, mware sarkazmi, romelic adamia-nobis gamomricxav primitiul mdgomareobas uTanabrdeba, yofas, sadac ga-velurebuli adamianebi cxenebs morCileben da Tavs bednierad grZnoben. kritikosTa didi nawili huihnhnmebis sazogadoebas sviftiseul utopiad miiCnevs da Tvlis, rom antiutopiuri ganwyobilebiT gaJRenTili Txzu-leba sviftma mainc daiyvana utopiur iluziamde. vfiqrobT, es varaudi mcdaria: swored huihnhnmebis qveyana warmoadgens sviftis iluziebis (Tuki mas saerTod gaaCnia iluziebi) dasasruls adamianuri humanizmis, Tanasworobisa da erTobis realuri implantaciis Taobaze. sruliad aS-karaa tragikuli ganxeTqileba, romelic arsebobs sviftis Semoqmede-biT individualobasa da sazogadoebis gamyarebul normebs Soris. wig-nis dasasruls svifti daufaravad gadahkravs maTraxs utopistebs:

àxla isic unda giTxra, — aRniSnavs svifti, — rom sulac ar micdia sinam-dvile Semelamazebina da amitomac, Cemi wignis erTaderT samkauladac simar-Tle davtove. ra Tqma unda, msgavsad sxvaTa da sxvaTa, mec SemeZlo gameocebi-ne ararsebuli da daujerebeli, Tumca metad saocari ambebiT; magram varCie,

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ubralo da gasagebi eniT SiSveli faqtebi momeTxro SenTvis, radganac Cems mi-zans Seadgenda meambna, rac sinamdvileSi gadamxda Tavs da ara is, rom gamerTe da gamekvirvebine... oRond wignebi saintereso gavxadoTo da mTeli rigi mwer-lebisa, aTasgvar uxeS sicrues sTavazobs miamit mkiTxvelebs... TiTqmis mTe-li dedamiwa moviare da sakuTari gamocdilebiT davrwmundi, rom maTSi mrava-li zRapruli da mogonili ambebia moTxrobili. aman sabolood SemaZula im saxis wignebis kiTxva da SemazizRa is mwerlebi, romlebic gulubryvilo da mimndob xalxs atyueben. amitomac.... gadavwyvite, radac ar unda damjdomoda, simarTlisTvis ar gadamexvia~ (svifti 1998: 347-348).

magram sviftis TxzulebaSi ara mxolod utopiuri idiliebis rRveva da adamianur mankierebaTa sarkastuli mxilebaa CvenTvis saintereso, ara-med evropuli sinamdvilisa da utopist mwerlebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelo-vani siaxlis — mecnieruli progresis kritika.

`guliveris mogzaurobis~ III nawilSi svifti aqtiurad ilaSqrebs beko-nis mecnieruli utopizmisa da misi mimdevrebis mier danergili mecnieru-li Teoretizmis winaaRmdeg. svifti mwared dascinis laputel mecnierebs, romlebic, misi azriT, sruliad unayofo da usargeblo kvleviT samuSao-ebs awarmoeben. swrafad ganviTarebadi mecniereba sviftisaTvis, gansxvave-biT utopisti moazrovneebisgan, sruliad ar warmoadgens pozitiur samo-mavlo perspeqtivas, is ufro TviTmizania, saSiSi tendencia, romelic ada-mians garkveuli monobisaken ubiZgebs.

sviftis `guliveris mogzaurobam~ sabolood cxadyo utopiisa da an-tiutopiis ambivalenturi mTlianobis rRveva da gamoavlina antiutopiis principuli ltolva damoukidebeli Janruli formisaken.

1.3. antiutopiis Janris filosofiuri da literaturuli wanamZRvrebi

me-18—me-19 saukuneebis TxzulebebSi sruliad aSkarad gamoikveTa msoflio inteleqtualuri wreebis, rbilad rom iTqvas, undobloba uto-piuri moZRvrebebis mimarT. es undobloba SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc mzardi socialuri da industriuli revoluciebis pirobebSi aRmocenebu-li Rrma skefsisi, globaluri daeWveba, romlis erT-erT pirvel, serio-zul gamovlinebad meri Selis Txzuleba `frankenStaini anu axali prome-Te~ unda CaiTvalos.

meri Selis Txzuleba `frankenStaini~, rogorc amas nawarmoebis saTau-ri cxadyofs, promeTesa da faustis uZveles miTologiur arqetipebs ukav-Sirdeba. msgavsad promeTesa da faustisa, frankenStainic wiravs suls da-faruli codnis Sesacnobad da, am mizniT, sagrZnoblad arRvevs adamianuri qcevis eTikasa da normebs. adamianuri Tvisebebisa da tradiciebis nivelire-ba Sesabamis nemeziss iwvevs: frankenStaini qmnis monstrs, romelic anadgu-rebs ara mxolod Tavad frankenStains, aramed misTvis Zvirfas adamianebsac.

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meri Selis frankenStaini ar warmoadgens miTologiuri prototipis kon-servatorul remisias, igi Tanamedrove promeTea, modernistuli ideebiT Sepy-robili mecnieri da ara Zveli farestianuli alqimikosis martivi reinkarna-cia. axalgazrda frankenStaini xarbad isrutavs Sua saukuneebis okultur tradiciebs, magram interesiT azavebs maT Tanamedrove mecnierul Teoriebsa da meTodikebTan. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Zveli xvdeba axals, miTi integrirde-ba industriul epoqaSi. magram vin dgas am integraciis miRma? mecnieri da mon-stri. erTica da meorec Zvelisa da axlis xelovnuri nazavia, xelovnuri simbi-ozi, romelic amarTlebs mecnieruli progresis ideebiT Sepyrobili sazoga-doebis meqanistur koncefcias adamianis Sesaxeb.

`frankenStainis~ monstrma naTlad gamoxata romantikosebis ara mxo-lod aRSfoTeba, aramed SiSic adamianis meqanizebuli imijis winaSe. meri Selis monstri bekonisa da social-utopistebis meqanisturi filosofiis SeSlili azris realizebad iqca, mis, Tumca utrirebul, magram winaswar-metyvelur xorcSesxmad.

magram vin Seqmna monstri? frankenStainma, genialuri mecnieris ambi-ciiT Sepyrobilma adamianma, romelmac mkrexelurad miiTvisa RvTis Semoq-medebiTi funqcia. miTma daarRvia realobis sazRvrebi, anu utopiuri oc-neba realuri proeqtis saxiT ganxorcielda. da ra mohyva mas Sedegad? qao-si da sasowarkveTileba; utopiuri dapireba àdamianis srulyofilebis~ Sesaxeb koSmarad iqca. utopiuri imedebis gacruebam cxadad gamokveTa an-tiutopiuri tendenciebi. meri Selis Txzulebam dasabami misca literatu-ruli antiutopiis kardinalur Temas: adamianur kontrols damorCilebu-li im mistikuri da damRupveli Zalis warmoCenas, romelic spobs da anad-gurebs yovelive humanurs.

`frankenStainSi~ gamokveTili antiutopiuri paTosi sagrZnoblad gaR-rmavda me-19 saukunis I naxevris filosofiur da literaturul azrovneba-Si. Setevis obieqtad amjerad iqca ara mxolod mecnieruli progresis idea, aramed demokratiis, liberalizmis, socializmis axladgamoCekili ideebi, romlebic kvebavdnen da asazrdoebdnen utopiur moZRvrebebs. pirveladi mniSvnelobis problemas warmoadgenda ara mxolod Tanamedrove miRwevebis Sedegad gamefebuli Zaladobisa da teroris atmosfero, aramed individua-lurobis dakargvis saxifaTo tendencia `koleqtiurisa~ da `sayovelTaos~ wiaRSi. Sopenhaueris, kirkegorisa da nicSes filosofiaSi cxadad aisaxa ka-cobriobis winaSe wamomarTuli am safrTxis siRrmiseuli proeqcia.

Sopenhaueris, kirkegorisa da nicSes moZRvrebebSi gamoikveTa erTsu-lovani agresia pozitivizmisa da `moangariSe-buxhaltruli~ teqnikuri azrovnebis mimarT, mwvaved daisva adamianis Tavisufali aqtivobis, Se-moqmedebiTi nebisa da individualuri azrovnebis dakargvis problema. axali filosofiuri mimarTuleba, romelsac SemdgomSi `sicocxlis fi-losofia~ ewoda, mkveTrad daupirispirda rogorc klasikur filoso-fias, ise pozitivizmis gabatonebul filosofiur tendenciebs. Tana-medroveTa utopistur-optimisturi ganwyobilebisgan gansxvavebiT, axali filosofiuri azrovnebis wiaRSi Camoyalibda pesimisturi gan-

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wyobileba, Rrma skefsisi arsebuli realobisadmi. `sicocxlis filoso-fiis~ mesveurTa mizans warmoadgenda sicocxlis garegansazRvrulobis ideis Secvla TviTgansazRvrulobis ideiT, anu mimarTebis `me da samya-ro~ tradiciuli da racionaluri garexedvis poziciis transformireba grZnobadisa da aRqmadis primatze dafuZnebul Sigaxedvis poziciaSi. SigniT da Signidan xedvis proeqcia win wamoswevda me-s individualur aspeqtebs, amkvidrebda kondicias, romlis pirobebSic adamiani aRar sjerdeboda ukve arsebuli, gamyarebuli, TavisTavadi `samyaros repro-ducirebas~ da koncentrirdeboda sakuTari individualuri SesaZleb-lobebisa da perspeqtivebis realizebaze.

artur Sopenhaueris mTavar TxzulebaSi `samyaro, rogorc neba da warmodgena~ (1819 w.) damajereblad realizdeba axali filosofiuri mi-marTulebis amosavali debuleba: `samyaro aris Cemi warmodgena~. Sopenha-uris moZRvrebaSi samyaro subieqtis ara mxolod Semecnebis obieqti gax-lavT, aramed misi warmodgenac, yvela Tavisi formiT — droiT, sivrciTa da sagnebiT. mecnierebas, — miiCnevs Sopenhaueri, romelsac esodeni pativiT ekidebodnen social-utopistebi, ar SeiZleba hqondes pretenzia Sesamec-nebeli obieqtis, rogorc `TavisTavad nivTis~ Semecnebaze: nebismieri ti-pis mecniereba `sakmao safuZvlis kanons~ emorCileba da warmodgenaTa sam-yaroSia moqceuli. specialur mecnierebebs ar ZaluZT gasvla warmodgenis samyarodan. maS, rogor CavwvdeT samyaros saidumlos? amis erTaderT gzad Sopenhauers `warmodgenis samefodan~ `nebis samefoSi~ gadanacvleba esaxe-ba, anu mzeris gadatana garesamyarodan `me~-ze, sakuTar Tavze, subieqtze, romelsac gaaCnia TviTcnobiereba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, adamiani ki ar gaigeba samyaros safuZvelze, aramed — samyaro adamianis saSualebiT. adamiani SopenhauerisaTvis is mikrokosmosia, romlis gamocanis amoxsna mTeli samyaros — makrokosmosis — gamocanas amogvacnobinebs~ (buaCiZe 1986: 24). subieqts gaaCnia neba, romelic, Sopenhaueris rwmeniT, ar emorCi-leba `sakmao safuZvlis kanons~, anu ar emorCileba logikurs, goniseuls, igi brmad da aracnobierad miiswrafvis arsebobisaken, sicocxlisaken: `yvelaferi miiltvis da iswrafvis arsebobisaken, sadac es SesaZlebelia, — wers filosofosi, — organulisaken, e.i. sicocxlisaken, — Semdgom amisa ki gaZlierebisaken~ (Sopenhaueri 1971: 684). magram nebis brma inercia, mizans moklebuli ltolva Rrmad pesimistur Sinaarss sZens Sopenhaueris filo-sofiur anTropologias. àdamiani gaiazreba, rogorc arseba, romlis mis-wrafebas, ltolvas ara aqvs bolo, ar ZaluZs SeCerdes, dakmayofildes miRweuliT, moisvenos~ (buaCiZe 1986: 43). adamianis cxovreba mudmivad mer-yeobs survilsa da kmayofilebas Soris. survili Tavisi arsiT tanjvaa, radgan naklovanebis gancdas ukavSirdeba, kmayofileba ki mowyenilobaa, vinaidan aRsavsea sicarieliT. da yvelaferi meordeba: kmayofilebas kvlav mosdevs tanjva, tanjvas — kmayofileba. amrigad, adamianis cxovreba aris mudmivi meryeoba tanjvasa da mowyenilobas Soris. SopenhauerisaTvis adamiani ar warmoadgens koleqtiuri cxovrebis stiliT gabrwyinebul ri-giT individs, igi martosuli tanjulia, msxverpli, romelic bednierebas

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eZebs, bedniereba ki tanjvisagan gaTavisuflebas gulisxmobs. tanjvas So-penhaueri amqveyniuri arsebobis ZiriTad niSnad Tvlis, sasjelad, rome-lic, misi azriT, daimsaxura kacobriobam. magram rogor daaRwios adamian-ma Tavi tanjviT aRsavse samyaros? tanjvisagan Tavis daxsnis erTaderT gzad Sopenhaueri sulis ukiduresad siRrmiseul proeqcias — asketizms miiCnevs: adamianma zurgi unda aqcios samyaros, sivrces, arsebobas, — miaR-wios `nebayoflobiTi uaryofis, rezignaciis, WeSmariti simSvidisa da neba-survilis arqonebis mdgomareobas~, anu gadainacvlos adamianis arsebobis umaRlesi kondiciisaken — asketobisken. asketizmi anu sicocxlis nebis ro-gorc tanjvisa da ubedurebis wyaros nebayoflobiTi uaryofa adamianis xsnis erTaderT gzas warmoadgens Sopenhaueris eTikaSi. Sopenhaueriseuli asketi maRldeba sakuTar Tavze, mSviddeba, ganiwmindeba da amiT aRwevs su-lier netarebas, xsnas tanjviT aRsavse samyarosagan. asketizmi gamoxatavs ara mxolod adamianis sulieri gadarCenis koncefcias, aramed moazrovnis Rrmad pesimistur damokidebulebas realuri samyarosadmi: àr SemiZlia Ta-vi Sevikavo imis Tqmisagan, — wers filosofosi, — rom CemTvis optimizmi, Tu ki is ar aris uazro sityva im adamianebisa, romelTa viwro SublqveS arafe-ria sityvebs garda — warmodgeba ara marto rogorc absurduli, aramed ama-ve dros, rogorc WeSmaritad bilwi wesi azrovnebisa, rogorc mware dacinva kacobriobis tanjvisa~ (Sopenhaueri 1971: 698). Sopenhaueris erTaderTi Se-saZlebeli utopia miRmier, uxilav sivrceebSia ganfenili.

adamianis individualuri fenomenis, samyarosTan misi urTierTmimar-Tebisa da realobis aRqmis pesimistur-melanqoliuri tendenciebi kidev metad gamoikveTa da originaluri mimarTulebiT ganviTarda kirkegoris moZRvrebaSi.

soren kirkegoris filosofia germanul idealizmTan kamaTSi, kerZod ki hegelis filosofiasTan antagonistur mimarTebaSi Camoyalibda. kirke-gorisaTvis, rogorc axali tipis moazrovnisaTvis, sruliad miuRebeli aRmoCnda hegelis òbieqturi azrovnebis~ stili, romelic, `danieli gan-degilis~ azriT, qmnida `mecnierul filosofias~ da `sabolood iviwyebda~ Tavad moazrovnes rogorc subieqts. Tu `hegelisaTvis calkeuli adamiani aqcidenciaa~, xolo àdamianis daniSnuleba gaiazreba, rogorc individua-luris, sakuTrivis, intimuris daZleva da zogadTan gaerTianeba~ (buaCiZe 1986: 91), kirkegorisaTvis adamiani, pirvel yovlisa, TavisTavadi indivi-dia, romlis umTavres Rirsebas misi ganumeorebloba warmoadgens. amri-gad, gansxvavebiT marqsisgan, romlis dialeqtikuri moZRvrebac aseve hege-lis filosofiis uaryofidan amoizarda, kirkegorma Tavisi koncefcia adamianis WeSmariti bunebis wvdomis mimarTulebiT ganaviTara. `danieli filosofosisaTvis adamiani miT ufro srulyofilia, rac ufro metadaa is `TviTon.~ adamians aqvs Tavisi cxovreba da mas istoria ver exeba — es pi-rovnebis sferoa, arCevanis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis — àn-anis~ sferoa~ (buaCiZe 1986: 91.) kirkegoris moZRvreba aris brZola adamianis TviTmyofa-dobis SenarCunebisaTvis, brZola, romelic warmoebs filosofosis Tana-medrove evropul sazogadoebaSi aSkarad gamokveTili totalitaruli

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tendenciebis, pirovnebisa da pirovnulobis nivelirebis winaaRmdeg. kir-kegoris mizans adamianis kvlav aRmoCena, misi xsna, Svela, gadarCena warmo-adgens. tragikul realobaSi gamomwyvdeuli adamianis gadarCenis erTa-derT saSualebad ki filosofoss RmerTTan Taviseburi miaxloeba esaxeba — RmerTTan Tanxmoba, anu religiuri cxovreba da rwmena.

pirvelcodvisgan damZimebuli adamiani, kirkegoris azriT, kvlavac unda mivides RmerTTan. magram maradiulisa da istoriulis amgvar kavSirs kirkegori `paradoqsuls~ uwodebs. paradoqsi misTvis àzrovnebis vnebaa~ da emsaxureba adamianis uzenaes gaTavisuflebas. paradoqsuli azrovneba standartebis rRvevis relevanturi procesia, gaTavisuflebis aqti, ro-desac adamiani axal TvisebriobaSi gadainacvlebs. is cxovrobs rwmeniT da `misi rwmena misive pirovnebaa — individualuri, subieqturi~ (buaCiZe 1986: 99). kirkegori individualizmis siRrmeebSi eZebs adamianis rwmenisa da Ta-visuflebis masStabebs. misi azriT, `mravali pirovnebis Sinagan gadawyve-tilebaTa gamovlenis urTierTkavSiri iZleva erT mTlians, romelsac Si-naganoba dakarguli aqvs da aucileblobas emorCileba. Tavisufal pirov-nebaTa moqmedeba nivTTa aucilebel wesrigSi eqceva. amitom Tavad moqmed-ma ar icis, ra Sedegi mohyveba mis moqmedebas. am aspeqtiT adamiani Tavadac nivTTanaa gaTanabrebuli. adamianis es masobrivi arseboba, kirkegorisaT-vis adamianis anonimizaciasa da amoralizacias niSnavs~ (TevzaZe 1970: 506). mxolod sakuTari Tavis realizeba badebs adamianSi rwmenas, romlis wya-lobiTac is Tavisufldeba sasrulis morCilebisgan da usasrulobaSi ga-dainacvlebs. aseT dros, miiCnevs kirkegori, munyofierebis ZalebiT gare-mocul adamians eufleba Zrwola, Zlieri grZnoba, romelic cxadyofs ada-mianis gaucxoebas realur samyarosTan da miuTiTebs mis maRal daniSnule-bebze maradiuli Tavisuflebis samyaroSi: mxolod ìq~, RvTis maradiul saufloSi miiRweva idilia.

protesti koleqtivizmisa da masobrivi fsiqologiis mzardi tendenci-ebis mimarT ukiduresi agresiulobiT gamovlinda nicSes filosofiaSi. nic-Ses filosofiis iseTma kardinalurma Temebma, rogoric gaxlavT `nihiliz-misa~ da `RmerTis sikvdilis~ tragikuli Temebi, zedmiwevniTi sizustiT ai-rekles evropul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare Rrma krizisuli procesebi.

`nicSes filosofia aRsavsea ngrevis paTosiT. mas surs daamxos evropu-li civilizaciis yvela kerpi, moarRvios fuZe im Rirebulebebisa, romlebic mravali saukunis manZilze iTvlebodnen adamianTa moqmedebis umaRles da myar sazomad. tradiciul moralsa da qristianul religiaSi is xedavs dace-mis simptomebs, Tanamedrove adamianSi — gadagvarebas~ (buaCiZe 1970: 25).

nicSes filosofiuri agresia maxinji realobis swor ukufenas warmo-adgens. samomavlo iluziebiT gaJRenTili da mecnieruli progresiT aR-tyinebuli sazogadoeba filosofosis mxolod ironias imsaxurebs. nicSe aqtiurad upirispirebs erTmaneTs `dionisur Semoqmeds~, anu miTologiu-ri samyarodan amozrdil adamians, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs dioni-suri da apolonuri sawyisebisaTvis niSandobliv pesimizmsa da sicocxli-sunarianobas da `Teoriul adamians~, anu mecnieruli suliskveTebiT aR-

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savse adamians, romelic logikisa da racionalizmis simbiozs warmoadgens da Zlevamosilad ipyrobs samyaros. nicSe upiratesobas `dionisur Semoq-meds~ aniWebs da kategoriulad upirispirdeba mecnieruli pragmatizmis momZlavrebasa da gaabsolutizebas, vinaidan Tvlis, rom absolutizebuli mecniereba adamianis individualurobis, misi intimuri avtonomiis dasas-ruls moaswavebs, subieqtis meTodur da daundobel integracias masaSi. masa nicSesaTvis amorfuli cnebaa, adamianobis bundovani asli, istoriis brma Zala da iaraRi. istoriisa da kulturis mizans ki, misi azriT, warmo-adgens ara masisa da masobrivi fsiqologiis, aramed adamianisa da adamia-nobis ùmaRlesi egzemplarebis~ Seqmna. swored adamianisa da adamianobis xsnis Ziebis tendencia amkvidrebs nicSes filosofiaSi tragikul Temebs. idealuri samyaro daingra, — Tvlis filosofosi, `kacobriobas gamoecala sayrdeni. adamiani rCeba orientirebis gareSe, is rCeba Tavis Tavis anabara. adamianma aRar icis, Tu risTvis cxovrobs, saiT midis, ar icis riT gaamar-Tlos Tavisi moqmedeba da azrovneba. mas eufleba martoobis, uperspeqti-vobis, uimedobis grZnoba~ (buaCiZe 1970: 26). idealuri Rirebulebebi ufa-surdeba, `RmerTi mokvda, RmerTis arsebobiT gamarTlebuli Rirebulebe-bi, romelTac adamiani aqamde eTanxmeboda, kargaven Tavis fass. es ki imis mauwyebelia, rom karTan momdgaria `yvela stumarTagan yvelaze Semzaravi~ — nihilizmi~ (buaCiZe 1970: 26). nicSes frazam — `RmerTi mokvda~ — gamoxata ara Tavgadakluli aTeistis suliskveTeba, aramed filosofosis Rrma pi-raduli tragedia, amozrdili èvropuli kacobriobis sulieri cxovrebis istoriuli moZraobis Sinagani logikidan~ (buaCiZe 1986: 76). evropul sa-zogadoebaSi gamokveTili tendenciebi, nicSes azriT, anadgurebs pirov-nul sawyisebs adamianSi da joguri cxovrebisaken mouwodebs mas. Tanamed-rove morali nicSesaTvis joguri moralia, antimorali, romelic sayo-velTao bednierebis liton lozungs umorCilebs adamianis pirovnul Rir-sebas. amgvari morali akninebs adamians, aqcevs mas Sinaur cxovelad, ro-melsac panikurad eSinia Zlieri vnebebis da gancdebis. nebismieri tipis so-cializmi Tu demokratia, filosofosis azriT, Tavad sicocxlis specifi-kas ewinaaRmdegeba, vinaidan Tanasworuflebianoba ar aris sicocxlis Tvi-seba da funqcia.

maS, sad veZioT gamosavali? nicSe momavlisaken apyrobs mzeras da ru-dunebiT Zerwavs Tanamedrove adamianis antipods — zekacs, romelic axali RirebulebebiT cxovrobs da srulad asaxierebs sicocxlis mamoZravebel energias. nicSes zekaci arc àqlemia~, SeboWili principiT `Sen unda~ da arc `lomi~, gaampartavnebuli principiT `me msurs~. is bavSvia, romelic cxovrobs principiT `TamaSi~ da Tavad aris Semoqmedi. SemoqmedebiTi pa-Tosi, mudmivi qmnadoba, RirebulebebiT gansazRvruli sicocxle — ai, nic-Seseuli gamosavali Seqmnili dilemidan.

Sopenhaueris, kirkegorisa da nicSes filosofia srul antagonizmSi aRmoCnda me-19 saukuneSi ganviTarebul socialistur da demokratiul moZRvrebebTan, gabatonebul mecnierul progresTan da saerTo-revolu-ciur atmosferosTan. maT naazrevSi cxadad aisaxa ara mxolod epoqis kri-

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zisi, aramed krizisuli epoqis CarCoebSi moqceuli adamianis tragedia. in-dividualizmis ZiebiTa da subieqtivisturi ganwyobilebiT gaJRenTili `sicocxlis filosofia~, vfiqrobT, Tamamad SeiZleba miviCnioT litera-turuli antiutopiis filosofiur-konceptualur safuZvlad.

kacobrioba realizebadi safrTxis winaSe idga. sayovelTao Zmobis, er-Tobisa da Tanasworobis, industrializaciisa da koleqtivizaciis idee-biT SeiaraRebuli moZRvreba TandaTan uaxlovdeboda praqtikuli ganxor-cielebis mijnas. goni radikaluri arCevanis winaSe aRmoCnda: sazogadoeb-rivi, saerTo-saxalxo da mecnierul-teqnokratiuli sistema cxadad dau-pirispirda individualur-piradul da SemoqmedebiT sistemas. pirveli re-alizebadi utopiis flagmani iyo, meore — masTan dapirispirebuli antiu-topiuri azrovnebis safuZveli da mizani.

Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare, am periodSi aqtiurad iwyo gamov-lena antiutopiurma paTosma: 1899 w. daibeWda v. soloviovis `sami sauba-ri~, 1911 w. — n. berdiaevis `Tavisuflebis filosofia~, 1916 w. — misive `Se-moqmedebis azri~.

`Cems mier warmodgenili polemikis WeSmariti mizani, — miuTiTebda so-loviovi, — gaxlavT ara konkretuli religiis uaryofa, aramed namdvili tyuilis aRmoCena. am tyuils ara aqvs gamarTleba~ (soloviovi 1914: 85); ùtopia yovelTvis totalitarulia, — azustebda n. berdiaevi, — totalita-rizmi ki yovelTvis utopiuria arsebuli samyaros pirobebSi. amasTan dakav-Sirebulia yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi — Tavisuflebis sakiTxi. arsebi-Tad, utopia yovelTvis ewinaaRmdegeba Tavisuflebas. Tomas moris, kampane-las, kabes da sxvaTa utopiebi araviTar adgils ar tovebs TavisuflebisaT-vis. paradoqsia, magram Tavisufleba, Tavisufali cxovreba, yvelaze auxde-nel utopiad gvevlineba... swored am Tavisufal Zalisxmevas iviwyebs socia-luri utopiebi, rodesac srulyofilebasa da harmonias ar axorcielebs Ta-visuflebis meSveobiT... ra aris socialuri utopiebis mTavari Secdoma?... marqsis socialuri utopia, msgavsad furiesi, miiCnevs, rom keisris samyaro SeiZleba iqces srulyofil, harmoniul sazogadoebad da es Zireuli Sec-domaa. srulyofili da harmoniuli mxolod RvTis sauflo SeiZleba iyos, sauflo sulisa da ara keisrisa~ (berdiaevi 1995: 354-55). seriozul safrTxes aRmavali teqnokratiisa da biurokratiis saxiT Wvretda bertran raselic naSromSi `mecnieruli Tvalsazrisi~. raselis SromaSi cxadad igrZnoboda mo-azrovnis SiSi mzardi Zalmomreobisa da mecnieruli instrumentalizmis wina-Se. rasels aSfoTebda mecnieruli progresis agresiuli kursi samyaros mi-marT, rac, misi azriT, udavod gamoiwvevda sazogadoebis mkacrad kontroli-rebad marTvas: `Cveni epoqa, — werda raseli, — aris Zveli idealebis Secvla Za-ladobiT da es mxolod mecnierebis damsaxurebaa~ (beikeri 1990: 64).

amrigad, me-19 saukunisa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisis filosofiurma azrovnebam cxadad gamoavlina epoqaluri mniSvnelobis problema: samyaro aSkarad idga individualuri fenomenis nivelirebis safrTxis winaSe.

`samyaro Tavis dasasruls uaxlovdeba, — ganacxada SeZrwunebulma Sarl bodlerma, — teqnokratia sabolood gagvanadgurebs Cven, progresi

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ki iseT sulier SimSils dasTess, rom utopistTa sisxlnakravi, fuqsavati da arabunebrivi ocnebebi mogoneba iqneba masTan... samyaros nangrevebi sac-nauri gaxdeba ara politikuri sistemebis an sxva raime ubedurebis saxiT, aramed Cveni gulebis siRrmeebSi~ (kumari 1991: 117).

analogiuri ganwyobileba aisaxa didi rusi mwerlis f. dostoevskis Se-moqmedebaSi, romelic mTeli Tavisi arsebiT ewinaaRmdegeboda nebismieri tipis tiranias da individualizmis dakargvis saSiSroebas. dostoevski ab-soluturi antagonizmiT Seegeba utopiis SesaZlo realizebis ideas. mis-Tvis axdenil koSmars warmoadgenda racionalizebuli sazogadoebis Camo-yalibebis perspeqtiva. sazogadoebis racionalizacia dostoevskiseuli `SeuzRudavi despotizmis~ relevanturi cneba iyo, mecnierulis, logiku-risa da sayovelTaos wiaRSi samudamod Cakarguli Tavisuflebis sinonimi.

mwerlis protesti mTeli sisruliT gamoikveTa 1880 w. gamoqveynebul mis ukanasknel romanSi `Zmebi karamazovebi~, kerZod, romanis me-5 TavSi, romelsac mweralma `didi inkvizitori~ uwoda. dostoevskis am genialur qmnilebaSi Cveuli literaturuli virtuozulobiTa da siRrmiT gamov-linda literaturuli antiutopiis kidev erTi magistraluri Tema: uto-pia, romelic realizebis mijnas uaxlovdeba, damRupvelia adamianis Tavi-sufali nebisa da SemoqmedebiTi bunebisaTvis.

legenda `did inkvizitorze~, romelsac aTeisti da skeptikosi ivane karamazovi mouTxrobs Tavis umcros Zmas aleqseis (alioSas), SesaniSnavad asaxavs irgvliv gamefebuli qaosis, mecnieruli materializmisa da prog-resis Sedegad daTrgunuli rwmenis tragikul proeqcias, romelsac adami-ani uSeRavaTo monobamde mihyavs. siuJets ori gmiri hyavs — didi inkvizi-tori, ukve Rrmad moxucebuli kardinali da qriste.

kardinali brals sdebs qristes da braldebis umTavresi muxli Tavi-suflebaa. kardinalis braldeba SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: qristem adamia-nebs Tavisuflebis gausaZlisi tvirTi ahkida, nacvlad imisa, rom waerTmia maTTvis Tavisufleba da mieca amqveyniuri puri da bedniereba. qristem uaryo sami cduneba: uaryo saocreba, rodesac, Tavisuflebis saxeliT, ua-ri Tqva qvebis purad qcevaze, vinaidan CaTvala, rom àra puriTa oden scxondes kaci~, xolo puriT nayidi morCili verasdros iqneba Tavisufa-li; uaryo saidumlo, rodesac Tavisufali rwmenis saxeliT, uari Tqva kldidan gadavardnaze, vinaidan CaTvala, rom àr gamoicdebis ufali~, xo-lo gansacdels damorCilebuli rwmena verasodes iqneba mtkice; uaryo av-toriteti, rodesac uari Tqva jvridan gadmosvlaze, vinaidan CaTvala, rom ara Zala, aramed siyvaruli aris Tavisufali rwmenis safuZveli. saoc-rebis, saidumlosa da avtoritetis uaryofiT qristem Tavisuflebis seni Sehyara adamianebs, romelTac ar ZaluZT Tavisuflebis miReba. eklesiam iTava mudmivi mousvenrobis, areulobisa da ubedurebis mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebis gadarCena. eklesiam SeiTvisa qristes mier uaryofili samive cduneba da mtanjveli Tavisufleba TandaTan Seucvala adamianebs maZRari bednierebiT. adamianebma miiRes, rasac iTxovdnen: puri, kerpebi da morCileba. cxvris farad qceulni, rogorc iqna, gaTavisufldnen qristes

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mier boZebuli sastiki niWisgan da arcTu usafuZvlod iwyes ocneba sayo-velTao Zmobasa da Tanasworobaze. qristes SeeZlo emarTa adamianTa sindi-si, magram ar moindoma, adamianebs ki marTva sWirdebaT. Tu qriste mxolod im rCeulebiT amayobs, romlebic erTgulad misdeven mis sityvas, eklesia maseb-ze fiqrobs: `CvenTan yvela bednieri iqneba, — ambobs didi inkvizitori, — da isini aRar ajanydebian, aRar daxocaven erTmaneTs, rogorc amas Sens mier na-boZeb TavisuflebaSi sCadiodnen. o, Cven davarwmunebT maT, rom isini mxolod maSin iqnebian Tavisufalni, rodesac uars ityvian Tavisuflebaze da Cven dag-vmorCildebian~ (dostoevski 1991: 291). isini eklesias gaaRmerTeben, rogorc mxsnels. eklesiis tvirTi ki iqneba mZime, radgan mZimea maTi tvirTi, vinc mar-Tavs masebs da flobs saidumlos. magram sxva gza ar aris. vinmem xom unda it-virTos keTilisa da borotis garCeva xalxis bednierebis saxeliT? `Cven mas-Tan (satanasTan — i.r.) varT, — aRiarebs didi inkvizitori, — ...Cven misgan mivi-ReT romi da keisris maxvili~ (dostoevski 1991: 290), qriste ki unda wavides, gaecalos xalxs, rom kvlavac ar Sehyaros Tavisuflebis Wiri.

`didi inkvizitoris~ teqsti aris umniSvnelovanesi teqsti antiutopi-uri Janris literaturis istoriaSi. morCilebis, diqtatis, dogmatizmis, koleqtiuri da masobrivi fsiqologiis ideebiTa da ganwyobilebiT dat-virTuli monologi cxadad asaxavs utopiuri sazogadoebis realizaciis moaxloebul safrTxes, èvklidur gonze~ dafuZnebuli yofis sisastikes, romelic axSobs da anadgurebs adamianis `meobas~, individualobasa da Ta-visuflebas. dostoevskis am enigmur novelaSi gamoikveTa antiutopiuri JanrisaTvis niSandoblivi kanonzomierebani: sakraluri, bibliuri Temati-kis profanacia da Tavsmoxveuli bednierebis motivi, romliskenac rkinis xeliT mierekebian kacobriobas.

sagulisxmoa, rom me-19 saukunis rus mwerals qarTul literaturul siv-rceSic hyavs analogi, pirovnulobis koncefciiTa da individualuri nebis damkvidrebis paTosiT gamorCeuli fenomeni — vaJa-fSavelas poeturi genia.

vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis CvenTvis saintereso teqstebs warmoad-gens misi sami poema: àluda qeTelauri~, `stumar-maspinZeli~ da `gvelis mWameli~. poemebs, cxadia, gansxvavebuli siuJetebi aqvs, magram erTi saer-To principi amTlianebs: pirovnebisa da pirovnuli TviTmyofadobis dam-kvidrebis principi. vaJa-fSavelas yuradRebis umTavres sagans adamiani warmoadgens, subieqti, romelic arsebobs garkveuli sazogadoebis, anu obieqturi garemos pirobebSi da cdilobs damkvidrdes masSi, rogorc in-dividualuri pirovneba.

aluda qeTelauri mklavs ar sWris mters — qist mucals, joyola al-xastaisZe ki sakuTar WerqveS ifarebs aseve mters — xevsur zviadaurs. miu-xedavad Temis (rogorc pirvel, ise meore SemTxvevaSi) mxridan gaweuli wi-naaRmdegobisa, arc aluda Tmobs Tavis pirovnul principebs da arc joyo-la. Sesabamisad, saxezea konfliqti Temsa da pirovnebas Soris, ukompromi-so winaaRmdegoba, romlis Sedegic pirovnebis Temisagan mokveTa gaxlavT. SesaniSnavi qarTveli literaturaTmcodne da vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis brwyinvale mkvlevari gr. kiknaZe aRniSnuli problemis Zalze saintereso

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interpretacias gvTavazobs. igi svams kiTxvas: ramdenad aris aludasa da joyolas saqcieli Temis adaT-wesebis darRveva da, Sesabamisad, ramdenad marTebulia vaJas interesis SemozRudva Temis problemiT? Tu Temis ada-Ti amtkicebs, rom damarcxebul mters marjvena unda moekveTos, TemSive arsebobs Rirseuli vaJkacis pativiscemis tradicia, Tu Temis adaTi iTx-ovs sisxlis aRebis wesis dacvas, Temive mouwodebs Rirseuli stumarTmoy-vareobisaken. Sesabamisad, Tu vaJas centraluri gmirebi arRveven Temis erT adaTs, icaven meores. `saqme isaa, — askvnis mkvlevari, — rom TviT Temi Seicavs erTimeorisadmi dapirispirebul, garkveul SemTxvevebSi erTimeo-resTan SeuTanxmebel tradicia-adaTebs. swored amitom pirovneba SeiZle-ba tragikul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes... Temis aTaswlovani tradiciis mo-winaaRmdeged ki ar gamodis pirovneba, aramed igi xdeba TemSive arsebuli winaaRmdegobis msxverpli~ (kiknaZe 1978: 162). amrigad, `pirovnebis trage-dia sazogadoebis SigniT arsebuli winaaRmdegobis safuZvelzea aRmocene-buli~ (kiknaZe 1978: 162) da am tragikuli Seusabamobis meqanizmi, Cveni az-riT, axasiaTebs ara mxolod vaJas poemebSi aRweril Temur struqturas, aramed nebismieri saxis wyobilebas, romelic koleqtiuri cxovrebis wessa da saerTo-sayovelTao kanonmdeblobis principebs emorCileba.

poemaSi `gvelis mWameli~, vfiqrobT, kidev ufro metad Rrmavdeba va-Ja-fSavelas msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia. mindia imTaviTve rCeulia. igi ar hgavs Temis danarCen wevrebs, vinaidan dajildoebulia sxvebisaTvis mi-uwvdomeli sibrZniTa da mixvedrilobiT, agreTve, niWiT, esmodes yoveli sulieris ena. ra aris es, codna Tu intuicia? ès namdvili codna ar aris, — amtkicebs gr. kiknaZe, — ...mindias gamecniereba arc Tavisi SinaarsiT da arc Tavisi safuZvliT WeSmariti codna araa... mindias codna mopovebuli ar aris im gziT, rogoriTac namdvili codna SeiZineba. codnis dakargvac ise ar SeiZleba, rogorc amas mindias SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili... `gvelis mWa-melSi~ warmodgenilia bunebis wvdomisa da saWiro moqmedebis warmoebis grZnobiTi gza. aq cxadad Cans vaJas azri, rom bunebasTan siaxlove Tavise-buri gziT aris SesaZlebeli. es gzaa intuiciis gza~ (kiknaZe 1978: 164). Cven savsebiT veTanxmebiT mkvlevars da migvaCnia, rom mindias `codna~ koncep-tualurad emijneba frankenStainis `codnas~. `gvelis mWamelSi~ vaJa-fSa-velam seriozulad gailaSqra mecnieruli pragmatizmis winaaRmdeg da naT-lad gamokveTa saTqmeli: arsebobs samyaros aRqmis alternatiuli saSua-leba — samyaros intuitiuri Semecneba, rac ewinaaRmdegeba masaSi adamiane-bis integrirebis process da individualizms unarCunebs TiToeul subi-eqts. mindias Tavisufleba mis individualizmSia, mis gamorCeul unarSi, Sei-mecnos samyaro sakuTari Tavis miRma da iyos ara mravalTagan erT-erTi, aramed erTi — mravalSi. ìntuicias mkafiod moraluri saxe aqvs, misi war-mmarTveli principi humanurobaa~ (kiknaZe 1978: 166). Sesabamisad, intuiciis dakargva dehumanizaciis relevanturi procesia. kargavs ra Tavis gansakuT-rebul unars, mindia daRmavali SveuliT eSveba miwaze da kargavs Tavisuf-lebas. mindias bedniereba dasrulebulia, is uyoymanod irCevs sikvdils.

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àluda qeTelaursa~ da `stumar-maspinZelSi~ dasmuli individis Tavi-suflebis problema, vfiqrobT, apokaliptikur siRrmes iZens `gvelis mWa-melSi~: pirovnebis Tavisuflebis erTaderT proeqciad vaJa-fSavela su-lier proeqcias miiCnevs da sulieri RirsebiT Semkul `kai ymas~ aseve did-sulovnad uanderZebs me-20 saukunis centriskenul romans.

esoden Zlier istoriul, filosofiur da literaturul fundamentze dayrdnobiT, me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi mTeli sisruliT Camoyalibda msof-lios inteleqtualuri wreebis negatiuri ganwyobileba zogadad utopiis, kerZod ki, realizebadi utopiis winaaRmdeg. cxadi gaxda, rom uZvelesi sa-tiruli utopiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pozitiuri da negatiuri aspeqte-bi radikalurad gaimijna erTmaneTisagan da gansxvavebuli Janruli speci-fikiT aRiWurva. Tu me-20 saukunis utopiis umTavres amocanas rekonstruq-cia warmoadgenda, idealis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis procesis asaxva da popularizacia, antiutopiis mamoZravebel miznad destruqcia iqca, reali-zebadi utopiiis kontrimijis Seqmna da kontrenergiis gamomuSaveba. èrTi kacis ocneba bednier cxovrebaze jojoxeTur sizmars warmoadgens meore kacisaTvis,~ — acxadebdnen utopiuri lozungebis barbarosulobasa da ti-ranulobaSi darwmunebuli oponentebi da utopiur wesrigs jiutad upiris-pirebdnen antiutopiur antiwesrigs. ganwyobilebis aqcentirebis mizniT, erTmaneTis miyolebiT iqmneboda antiutopiuri xasiaTis Txzulebebi, rom-lebic ara mxolod utevda maT Tanamedrove teqnicistur prognozebs, ara-med gaJRenTili iyo universaluri skepticizmiT da Tanamimdevrulad aya-libebda antiutopiur principebs, mimarTuls sayovelTao identifikaciis, sazogadoebis genetikuri standartizaciisa da maskulturis winaaRmdeg. saukunis dasawyisSi amgvari paTosiT aRsavse mravali nawarmoebi daibeWda: batleris ìruoni~, stokeris `drakula~, uelsis `drois manqana~, Cesterto-nis `napoleoni notinghilidan~, kiplingis ànbanze martivi~, forsteris `manqana Cerdeba~, noqsis `mogonebani momavalze~, Capekis `R. U. R.~. magram antiutopiis Janris oficialurad gaformeba odnav mogvianebiT, 20-ian wlebSi ganxorcielda da daukavSirda Janris klasikur nimuSebs: e. zamiati-nis romans `Cven~, o. haqslis antiutopiur bestselers ò, mSvenieri axali samyaro~, j. oruelis Txzulebebs `1984~ da `saqonlis baki~.

Tu SevajamebT antiutopiis Janris winamdebare TavSi Camoyalibebul evoluciur paradigmas, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos:

1. antiutopiis rogorc cnebisa da, mogvianebiT, Janris formireba mWidrod ukavSirdeba utopiis cnebasa da Janrs;

2. termini ùtopia~ aRmocenebisTanave dualistur datvirTvas atarebs, rac gamoixateba mis orazrovan mimarTebaSi droisa da sivrcis kategorieb-Tan. Sesabamisad, utopiis evoluciuri formebi mudmivad gansazRvrulia kon-kretuli istoriuli da socialuri konteqstiT;

3. me-19 saukunis miwuruls utopia arasasurveli realobisgan damcavi meqanizmidan reformatoruli funqciiT aRWurvil aqtiur orientirad iq-ceva da realuri safrTxis saxiT uaxlovdeba me-20 saukunes. realizebuli utopiis erTaderT muxruWad antiutopia gvevlineba;

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4. antiutopiuri motivi antikur epoqaSi iRebs saTaves da viTardeba uto-piasTan ambivalentur mTlianobaSi;

5. antikuri periodis satirul TxzulebebSi antiutopiuri motivi mWid-rod ukavSirdeba utopiur motivs da mis satirul aplikacias warmoadgens;

6. utopiisa da antiutopiis rogorc erTiani ambivalenturi mTelis ga-azrebis rRveva SeiniSneba stoicizmis epoqaSi: seneka uaryofs utopiis ro-gorc realur garemoSi realizebadi proeqtis ideas da gamokveTs idiliis miRwevis alternatiul gzas, aRbeWdils sulierebiTa da individualizmiT;

7. qristianuli azrovneba aRrmavebs opozicias: codvili qveyana / RvTis harmoniuli sauflo;

8. Sua saukuneebi gamoirCeva realisturi antiutopizmiT, upirispir-deba utopiur iluziebs da upiratesobas aniWebs `Zlieri xelisuflebis~ realistur models;

9. antiutopiis rogorc damoukidebeli Janris tendenciebi sarkastuli modelis saxiT ikveTeba sviftis TxzulebaSi `guliveris mogzauroba~. aqve aRiniSneba pirveli seriozuli galaSqreba mecnieruli utopizmis winaaRmdeg da antiutopiis principuli ltolva damoukidebeli Janruli formisaken;

10. romantikuli msoflmxedvelobis wiaRSi yalibdeba literaturuli antiutopiis kardinaluri Tema: protesti adamianur kontrols damorCi-lebuli mistikuri da damRupveli Zalisadmi, romelic anadgurebs yoveli-ve humanurs;

11. Sopenhaueris, kirkegorisa da nicSes TxzulebebSi ikveTeba lite-raturuli antiutopiis filosofiuri safuZveli: maT naazrevSi cxadad aisaxeba ara mxolod epoqis globaluri krizisi, aramed krizisuli epoqis CarCoebSi moqceuli adamianis tragedia;

12. antiutopiuri suliskveTeba Rrmavdeba me-19 saukunis miwurulis filosofiur da literaturul sivrceSi da seriozul masStabebs aRwevs me-20 saukunis dasawyisis inteleqtualur wreebSi;

13. me-20 saukuneSi literaturuli antiutopia gaformdeba rogorc damo-ukidebeli literaturuli Janri.

antiutopiis axali Janri gaZlierda, ganitota, Seivso mravalferovani TematikiT da ara mxolod daimkvidra adgili msoflio literaturul procesSi, aramed gansazRvra stilic. totalitaruli antiutopiis mxar-damxar aRmocenda fantastikuri, fsiqologiuri, esqatologiuri antiu-topiebis specifikuri formebi, romlebSic mTeli simwvaviT daisva moce-mul drosa da sivrceSi individualuri fenomenis arsebobis problema da subieqtis SesaZlo transformaciis sakiTxi gamyarebuli parametrebis pi-robebSi. gamomdinare aqedan, Cvens mizans, vfiqrobT sruliad samarTlianad, warmoadgens antiutopiis rogorc sruluflebiani literaturuli Janris gaazrebis zogadTeoriuli meTodikisa da Janruli specifikis dadgena.

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T a v i 2

antiutopiis Janris gaazrebis Teoriul-meTodologiuri

aspeqtebi da Janruli specifika

literaturuli Janrebis deskrifcia da klasifikacia odiTganve iqca literaturaTmcodneobis erT-erT centralur problemad. ra aris lite-raturuli Janri? ris safuZvelze SeiZleba misi definicia? rogoria Jan-ris mimarTeba arsebul kulturul garemosTan da ra princips efuZneba Janris interpretacia? mimarTeba am da Janris TeoriisaTvis mniSvnelovan sxva sakiTxebTan araerTgvarovan xasiaTs atarebs. Janruli kritikis ganvi-Tarebis yvela etapze araerTgvarovnebas ganapirobebs: a) Tavad msjelobis obieqtis sirTule; b) kritikosTa individualuri konceptualur-meTodo-logiuri strategia;

Janris Teoria, romelmac met-naklebi sisruliT moaRwia dRemde, Cveni azriT, SeiZleba oTx ZiriTad etapad daiyos:

1. Janris antikuri Teoria; 2. Janris renesansuli da neoklasikuri Teoria; 3. Janris romantikuli da postromantikuli Teoria; 4. Janris Tanamedrove Teoria. oTxi gamokveTili etapidan, vfiqrobT, centralurad unda miviCnioT

antikur da Tanamedrove epoqebSi SemuSavebuli Janruli koncefciebi, vi-naidan swored maT gansazRvres literaturul JanrTa rogorc Tavdapir-veli, anu klasikuri determinacia da interpretacia, ise gviandeli, anu ganmeorebiTi redeterminacia da reinterpretacia.

Cvens interesebSi ar Sedis Janris Teoriis ganviTarebis zogadi ten-denciebis kvleva da Zieba. CvenTvis arsebiTia JanrTa determinaciisa da interpretaciis im ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebis gamokveTa, romlebmac, vfiqrobT, seriozuli kvali datoves Janris Teoriis istoria-Si da mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules antiutopiis rogorc Janris, deter-minaciisa da interpretaciis saqmeSi.

amTaviTve marTebulad migvaCnia Janruli kritikis makoordinebeli modelebis, rogorc Janris Teoriis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli kriteri-umebis, dadgena da definicia.

Janris Teoria, antikuri epoqidan vidre dRemde, or gansxvavebul, garkveulwilad, antagonistur rakursSi moiazreba: sinqronul da diaqro-nul rakursebSi. sinqronizmi Janruli formebis permanentulobasa da mud-mivobas asaxavs, diaqronizmi ki — maT periodul transformacias istoriu-li da kulturuli cvalebadobebis konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, Janris gan-

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sazRvreba sinqronul WrilSi efuZneba formulirebuli literaturuli konvenciebis daSvebas, diaqronul WrilSi ki — araformulirebuli lite-raturuli konvenciebisas. T. kenti miuTiTebs: `formulirebuli litera-turuli konvencia Tavisi arsiT preskrifciuli da dakanonebulia... igi Seesabameba teqstis statikur anu sinqronul elementebs, romlebic kodi-ficirdeba teqstis doneze. am TvalsazrisiT, sinqronuli anu formulire-buli literaturuli konvenciebi asocirdeba im logikur molodinTan, romelic warmoiqmneba teqstTan uSualo kontaqtis Sedegad... gansxvave-biT formulirebuli literaturuli konvenciebisagan, araformulirebu-li konvenciebi Tavisi arsiT arapreskrifciula da diaqronul xasiaTs atareba. isini asocirdeba cvalebadobasTan, romelic yovelTvis faseu-lia~ (kenti 1986: 37-38). amrigad, sinqronul perspeqtivaSi Janri aRiqmeba rogorc dadgenili, formulirebuli da gamyarebuli konstruqcia, ganpi-robebuli Sidaliteraturuli kanonebiT, diaqronul perspeqtivaSi ki — rogorc permanentulad qmnadi sistema, damokidebuli konkretuli epoqi-saTvis niSandobliv istoriul da kulturul Rirebulebebze. SeiZleba da-vaskvnaT: Janris sinqronuli determinacia amkvidrebs Janris struqtu-rul orientirebsa da niSnulebs, romlebTan mimarTebaSic gaiazreba nebis-mieri Janris wiaRSi mimdinare cvalebadoba, regresi Tu ganviTareba; gan-sxvavebiT sinqronulisagan, diaqronuli determinacia realuri, istori-ul-kulturuli parametrebis fonze ganixilavs Janrs da, am Tvalsazri-siT, dasabams aZlevs mraval saintereso koncefcias.

Janris Teoriis gaazrebis sinqronuli da diaqronuli rakursebi arsebi-Tad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan — pirveli koncentrirebulia fiqsirebul struqturebze, meore ki — mudmivad cvalebad sistemebze. ibadeba kiTxvebi: rogor aisaxa sinqronuli da diaqronuli Wrilebis dapirispireba Janris Te-oriis istoriaze? rogoria sinqronuli da diaqronuli Tvalsazrisebis Tana-arsebobis optimaluri varianti? ra roli Seasrula sinqronizmisa da diaq-ronizmis koncefciebma antiutopiuri Janris determinaciis saqmeSi? Sevec-debiT, Teoriul analizze dayrdnobiT, pasuxi gavceT dasmul SekiTxvebs.

2.1. Janris Teoriis evolucia sinqronuli da diaqronuli koncefciebis konteqstSi

`yoveli literaturuli teqsti, sul mcire, erT Janrs mainc ganekuT-vneba~ — wers alasTair fouleri (fouleri 1982: 20) da am gancxadebiT im-TaviTve ukuagdebs eWvebs Janris, rogorc literaturuli kategoriis de-finiciis usargeblobis Sesaxeb. viziarebT ra cnobili amerikeli litera-turaTmcodnis pozicias, vamtkicebT: literaturuli teqstis mimarTeba JanrTan xorcieldeba ara garkveuli sistemis pasiuri wevrobis, aramed struqturulad faseuli modelis gaaqtiurebis statusiT.

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Janrebis determinaciisa da interpretaciis problema dResac iseTive aqtualuria Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis, rogoric iyo an-tikuri epoqis Teoriuli azrovnebisTvis. aqtualobas ganapirobebs Jan-rTa mudmivi transmutaciis Tviseba, permanentuli modificirebis unari, rac nebismieri literaturuli nawarmoebis eTikur-esTetikuri Rirebu-lebis warmoCenis ueWvel garants warmoadgens. Janrebi erTgvari mekavSi-ris rols asruleben istoriisa da literaturis ganviTarebis kanonzomie-rebebs Soris.

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platonis `saxelmwifos~ III wignSi sokrate amtkicebs, rom arsebobs sa-mi da mxolod sami meTodi xelovnebis nimuSis warmodgenisa: pirveli gu-lisxmobs `wminda Txrobas~ anu Txrobas avtoris piriT, meore meTodi — baZvis maneras anu Txrobas `sxva mTxrobelis~ piriT, mesame ki — Txrobis am ori meTodis kombinacias. `saxeldobr, — askvnis sokrate, — poeziisa da mi-Tologiis erTi saxeoba mTlianad efuZneba mibaZvas — es, rogorc Sen aR-niSnav, axasiaTebs tragedias da komedias; meore saxeoba Sedgeba Tavad poe-tis gamoTqmebisgan — amis magaliTs Sen metwilad diTirambebSi ipovni; epi-kur poeziaSi da mraval sxva saxeobaSi ki orive es meTodi gamoiyeneba~ (platoni 1971: 175-176). amrigad, diTirambuli poezia, romelic realurad odis Canasaxovan formas warmoadgenda, sokrates azriT, ganekuTvneboda pirvel meTods, tragedia da komedia — meores, eposi ki — mesames. litera-turuli Janrebis sokrateseulma klasifikaciam, triaduli principis mi-xedviT, dasabami misca Janris Teoriis ganviTarebas sinqronul rakursSi, romlis pirvel da uaRresad avtoritetul warmomadgenlad aristotele gvevlineba.

àristoteles `poetika~, — marTebulad SeniSnavs h. diubrou, — warmo-adgens Janruli kritikis locus classicus-s. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aristoteles Semdgomdroindeli literaturis Teoria ikiTxeba, rogorc misi `poeti-kis~ sqolioebi~ (diubrou 1982: 47). aristoteles ganmsazRvrel rols Jan-rTa specifikis kvlevis saqmeSi `poetikis~ pirvelive gverdebi warmoaCens, sadac filosofosi (da, albaT, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, literaturaT-mcodne), isaxavs ra miznad msjelobas `zogadad poeturi xelovnebisa, ker-Zod ki misi calkeuli saxeobebis Sesaxeb~ (aristotele 1957: 39), gamoyofs am saxeobaTa definiciis sam principul meTods: a) baZvis saSualebas; b) baZ-vis obieqts; g) baZvis stils. TiToeuli es meTodi aireklavs aristoteles Teoriis sayrden koncefcias: xelovneba aris realobis baZva anu mimezisi. baZvis samive meTodis detaluri analizis safuZvelze aristotele naTel-yofs orientirebs, e. i. adgens Janruli triadis — eposis, tragediisa da komediisaTvis damaxasiaTebel logikur kanonzomierebebs. ganmsazRvrel kriteriumebad aristotele, erTi mxriv, JanrTa struqturul agebulebas miiCnevs, meore mxriv ki — mayurebelze maTi zemoqmedebis unars. Janris

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aristoteleseuli koncefciidan CvenTvis saintereso da sayuradReboa `de-qorumis~, sxvagvarad, wesrigis koncefcia, romelsac, vfiqrobT, centra-luri adgili uWiravs `poetikis~ avtoris Teoriul naazrevSi. aristote-leseuli deqorumi gulisxmobs mimarTebis regulirebas konkretul sa-gans, formasa da stils Soris. `regulireba~ `wesrigis~ relevanturi cne-baa, romelic iTvaliswinebs debulebas: yovel sagans esaWiroeba saTanado anu Sesatyvisi forma da stili. am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, aristotele axmia-nebs zogadad klasikuri epoqisaTvis niSandobliv princips, romlis Tanax-madac, xelovnebis nebismieri nawarmoebisaTvis moiZebneba idealuri struqturuli modeli. gamomdinare aqedan, SeiZleba davaskvnaT: antikuri azrovnebis, kerZod ki aristoteles `poetikis~ doneze, xelovanis ZiriTad daniSnulebas warmoadgens ara individualizmis gamovlena, rac dadgenili normidan originalur gadaxvevaSi gamoixateba, aramed maqsimaluri miax-loeba idealur normasTan. vfiqrobT, swored am fundamenturi kredos konteqstSi unda moviazroT aristoteles Semdgom epoqebSi ganviTarebu-li Janris Teoria: erTi nawili uyoymanod iziarebs `poetikis~ avtoris po-zicias (mcire SeniSvnebiTa da gadaxrebiT), meore nawili principulad upi-rispirdeba mas da gansxvavebul koncefcias ayalibebs.

horaciusi namdvilad miekuTvneba kritikosTa pirvel jgufs. misi ~Ars Poetica~ aristoteles `poetikis~ seriozul gavlenas ganicdis da samar-Tlianad miiCneva misi ideebis populizatorad evropul literaturul sivrceSi. horaciusi, aristoteles kvladakval, aviTarebs dadgenili da koherentuli struqturebis ideas, romelic vrceldeba xelovnebis yvela sferoze da uzrunvelyofs mTlian da mudmiv kanonzomierebaTa sistemis arsebobas.

antikuri epoqis Janruli kritikis cikls asrulebs kvintiliane da mi-si ~Institutiones Oratoriae~. kvintilianes naSromSi warmoCenilia is ZiriTadi kavSirebi, romlebic, avtoris azriT, arsebobs literaturul kategorieb-sa da oratorul kategoriebs Soris. igi ar uxvevs aristoteles mier mo-niSnuli kursidan da antikuri tipis azrovnebis klasikur warmomadgen-lad gvevlineba.

amrigad, antikuri periodis Teoriulma azrovnebam, romelic sakmaod seriozulad iyo dainteresebuli JanrTa determinaciis sakiTxiT, Camoaya-liba da ganaviTara Janris TeoriisaTvis principulad mniSvnelovani ram-denime debuleba:

1. xelovneba, Sesabamisad, literatura aris realobis baZva; 2. baZvis manera ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan literaturul Janrebs; 3. Janris definiciis ganmsazRvrel kriteriums warmoadgens, erTi

mxriv, Janris struqturuli agebuleba, meore mxriv ki — mayurebelze misi zemoqmedebis unari;

4. yovel sagans misi Sesatyvisi idealuri forma da stili moeZebneba; 5. xelovanis mizani aris swrafva idealuri normisaken. gamomdinare debulebaTa am nusxidan, SeiZleba davaskvnaT: antikuri

epoqis Teoriulma azrovnebam gansazRvra Janri rogorc dadgenili da re-

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gulirebuli wesrigi, e.w. deqorumi, romelic Seesabameba xelovnebis kon-kretuli nimuSis specifikas da ganisazRvreba misTvis niSandoblivi struqturul-recefciuli maxasiaTeblebiT.

mediavalurma anu Sua saukuneebis Janrulma kritikam zedmiwevniT kar-gad aiTvisa antikuri kritikis tradiciebi, Tumca globalurad ver Secva-la klasikuri kredo. garkveuli gardatexebi Janris TeoriaSi Seitanes re-nesansisa da neoklasikuri epoqis moazrovneebma, romlebic, msgavsad maTi antikosi kolegebisa, did yuradRebas uTmobdnen literaturuli sistemis Janrul klasifikacias.

amTaviTve mizanSewonilad migvaCnia poziciis dafiqsireba: renesansisa da neoklasikuri periodis Janruli kritika warmoadgens klasikuri sin-qronizmis ara mxolod dinamikur gagrZelebas, aramed ganviTarebasa da gamyarebas. amasTan, aRniSnuli epoqebis Janruli kritika dasaSvebad miiC-nevs garkveuli koreqtivebis Setanas JanrTa tradiciul klasifikaciaSi, rac amzadebs niadags Janris Tanamedrove kritikis Sesaqmnelad.

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renesansis periodis evropuli Janruli kritika garkveuli preskrif-ciulobiT gamoirCeva. amis magaliTs warmoadgens bedes traqtati ~Historia Ecclesiastica Grentis Anglorum~ da Coseris `kanterberuli moTxrobebi~. TiToe-uli maTgani klasikuri epoqidan momdinare JanrTa triadul sqemas da maT tradiciul analizs efuZneba. novaciis TvalsazrisiT, yuradRebas iqcevs SoTa rusTavelisa da dantes Teoriuli Sexedulebani. `vefxistyaosnis~ prologSi rusTaveli xazs usvams poeziis anu Sairobis sargeblianobas da gamoyofs Sairobis sam sxvadasxva saxeobas. k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs: èrTi — Sairi, romliTac iTqmis grZeli epiuri ambebi; meore — `leqsi cotai, nawi-li moSaireTa~, romelsac àr Zaluc srulqmna sityvaTa gulisa gasagmire-Ta~, mesame — es aris leqsi sanadimo, samRereli, saaSiko, salaRobo, amxanag-Ta saTreveli, ese igi — mokle, lirikuli Janris leqsi~ (kekeliZe 1981: 206). sruliad cxadia, rom poeti eposisa da lirikis Sesaxeb msjelobs. marTa-lia, igi ar mimarTavs JanrTa triaduli sistemis ganmartebas, magram, Cveni azriT, klasifikaciis saZirkvlamde dadis da uaRresad sainteresod mij-navs or saliteraturo gvars — epossa da lirikas. kidev erTi geniosi — dante, miuxedavad imisa, rom traqtatSi ~De Vulgari Eloquentia~, rogorc Teo-retikosi, iziarebs JanrTa dadgenil triadul klasifikacias, rogorc po-eti da moazrovne, avtori `RvTaebrivi komediisa~, ver Tavsdeba aristote-les mier fiqsirebul normatiul CarCoebSi. am faqtma imTaviTve miiqcia italiuri renesansis epoqis kritikosTa yuradReba da intensiuri kvlevis obieqtadac iqca. centraluri problema, romelic dadga italiel Teore-tikosTa winaSe, iyo originaluri, SidaJanruli variaciebis daSvebis prob-lema statikuri normebis SenarCunebis pirobebSi. Teoriuli azri, marTa-lia, msubuqad, magram mainc gaimijna: erTni saWirod miiCnevdnen axladaR-

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mocenebuli Janrebis determinacias, meoreni — ewinaaRmdegebodnen am wa-mowyebas. ai, magaliTad, axali Janrebis definiciis saWiroeba ver ganWvri-ta im droisaTvis gavlenianma da saxelovanma italielma literatorma an-tonio sebastiano minturnom, romelic TavgamodebiT icavda JanrTa perma-nentulobisa da ucvlelobis ideas. misgan gansxvavebiT, j. s. skalierim, me-ore aRiarebulma metrma, daafiqsira literaturul JanrTa mravali saxeo-ba, Tumca, a. fouleris marTebuli SeniSvniT, àra mxolod ver gaisigrZega-na maTi Rirebuleba, aramed mxedvelobidan gamorCa ramdenime specifikuri saxeoba, magaliTad, soneti, romelic namdvilad ar warmoadgenda Zvel Janrs~ (fouleri 1982: 26). amrigad, miuxedavad aristoteles `poetikis~ didi zegavlenisa da, Sesabamisad, sinqronizmis koncefciis dominanturo-bisa, renesansis epoqis Janruli kritika mainc gamoirCa garkveuli novaci-ebiT, ramac, Cveni azriT, Tavi iCina Teoriuli azrovnebisa da praqtikuli Semoqmedebis mWidro, intermediul urTierTobaSi.

renesansis epoqis Janruli kritikis erT-erT centralur Temas warmo-adgenda ierarqiuli principiT JanrTa ganTavsebis sakiTxi, rac, cxadia, ex-mianeboda `maRali~ da `dabali~ Janrebis aristoteles mier SemoTavaze-bul koncefcias. magram miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri iziarebda aristote-leseul ierarqiul sqemas, bevric arRvevda gamyarebul kanons da mzera JanrTa reorganizebuli sistemisaken gaurboda. am ukanasknelis maprovo-cirebel faqtors warmoadgenda JanrTa aSkarad gamoxatuli mobiluroba da fleqsiuroba: `titulovani~ Janrebis (eposi, tragedia) gverdiT yalib-debodnen axali `gvirgvinosnebi~ (romani, bukolikuri poezia) da ara mar-to yalibdebodnen, aramed qmnidnen Zalze saintereso, subJanruli kombi-naciebis precedentebsac. JanrTa am intensiur `gamococxlebas~ h. diub-rou mWidrod akavSirebs renesansis epoqisaTvis niSandoblivi sazogado-ebriv-socialuri modelis mobilurobasa da fleqsiurobasTan: `migvaCnia, — aRniSnavs igi, — rom renesansis epoqis araordinarulma socialurma ga-remom, misma swrafma cvalebadobam gamoiwvia literaturuli Janrebis uC-veulo moqniloba~ (diubrou 1982: 60). mkvlevris azri namdvilad ar aris safuZvels moklebuli: gviani renesansis epoqam, vfiqrobT, pirvelad Jan-ris TeoriaSi, cxadyo gare anu eqstraliteraturuli faqtorebis mniSvne-loba Sida anu interliteraturuli procesebis regulirebis saqmeSi.

* * *

renesansuli epoqa neoklasikurma anu klasicizmis epoqam Secvala. am-TaviTve unda davafiqsiroT pozicia: klasicizmis epoqaSi danergili Jan-ris Teoria ukiduresi pragmatizmiT, preskrifciulobiTa da diqtatiT ga-moirCa, Tumca `gamonaklisis~ faqtori aqac arsebobda.

klasicizmis epoqis Janruli kritikis tendenciebi bevrad gansazRvra n. bualos traqtatma ~L’art puetique~, sadac frangi klasicistis mier sruliad cxadad da garkveviT iqna Camoyalibebuli ara mxolod Janris, aramed, zoga-

53

dad, literaturisaTvis mosargebi sqematuri Teoria. bualo daubrunda Jan-rTa determinaciis klasikur koncefcias da principulad dasva JanrTa kla-sikuri ierarqiis aRorZinebis sakiTxi. marTebulad SeniSnavs g. lomiZe: `kla-sicizmis Teoria, upirvelesad yovlisa, emyareba Janrebis absoluturi sxvao-bis (urTierTisagan gamijvnis) gagebas. igi realuri sinamdvilis rTuli da mravalferovani movlenebis warmosaxvas moiTxovs ara mTlianobaSi, aramed erTmaneTisagan gaTiSulad~ (lomiZe 1969: 14).

franguli klasicizmis Teoriul postulatebs araerTgvarovani ga-moxmaureba mohyva inglisur neoklasikur wreebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, yu-radRebas imsaxurebs jon draidenis naSromi èseebi dramatuli poeziis Se-saxeb~, romelic, a. fouleris azriT, `gamoirCa Segnebuli paTosiT, daecva literatura arsebuli wesebisagan~ (fouleri 1982: 27). draideni, romlis avtoritetic Zalze maRali iyo inglisur literaturul wreebSi, ara mar-to aRwerda literaturul formebs maTi dakanonebuli normebis fargleb-Si, aramed eZiebda konkretuli tipis teqstisaTvis mizanSewonil indivi-dualur wesebs, anu afasebda nawarmoebs arsebul normebs miRma. draideni konceptualurad enaTesaveboda ben jonsons, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mou-wodebda kritikosebs, meti masStaburobiT gaeazrebinaT Janris specifika: àraferia imaze ufro sasacilo, vidre avtoris gadaqceva diqtatorad, rogorc es aristoteles SemTxvevaSi moxda, — werda jonsoni, — xSirad ada-miani valdebulia, garda imisa, rom gamoxatos sakuTari rwmena da azri, Ta-vi daixsnas samudamo tyveobisa da imedgacruebisagan. de, miezRoT aristo-telesa da sxvebs sakadrisi pativi; magram, Tu Cven ZalgviZs nayofierad Sroma simarTlisa da srulyofilebis dasadgenad, ratom ar unda moviqceT ase?~ (jonsoni 1947: 103).

magram miuxedavad jonsonisa da draidenis mravalgzis mcdelobisa, Janris Teoriis ganviTarebis zogadi suraTi klasicizmis epoqaSi statiku-ri da rigidulia. amas qarTuli klasicizmis tendenciebic adasturebs, kerZod, me-18 saukuneSi Seqmnili Teoriuli traqtatebi — anton kaTaliko-sis `wyobilsityvaoba~ da mamuka baraTaSvilis `WaSniki~, romlebic, Tavisi arsiTa da struqturiT, sqolastikur-didaqtikur xasiaTs atareben da savsebiT esadagebian neoklasikur atmosferos.

vfiqrobT, a. foulerma zedmiwevniT kargad Camoayaliba Janris neok-lasikos kritikosTa ZiriTadi Secdomebi: `pirvel yovlisa, maT mkacrad hqondaT gansazRvruli Janris wesebi. axali tipis teqstebi an iZulebiT emorCileboda Zvel wesebs, anac warmoadgenda maT Rirseul damatebebs, mcire gadaxvevebs arsebuli kriteriumebidan. meore didi Secdoma Janris neoklasikuri Teoriisa gaxldaT Janris viwro da lokaluri gagebis gene-ralizacia. antikur epoqaSi Camoyalibebuli Janruli formebi xelovnu-rad asimilirdeboda klasicizmis epoqisaTvis niSandobliv JanrebTan. es kargi iyo Janris klasikuri formebis aRorZinebisaTvis, magram — damangre-veli axali Janruli formebis ganviTarebisTvis~ (fouleri 1982: 27-28).

amrigad, gansxvavebiT renesansis epoqisagan, Janris Teoriis ganviTa-rebis neoklasikuri periodi aRiniSna ukiduresi normatiulobiT, sqema-tizmiTa da meqanicizmiT. klasikuri epoqisagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli in-

54

teresi literaturis Janruli determinaciisadmi `racionaluri xanis~ az-rovnebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes berketad iqca: sinqronizmi JanrTa de-terminaciis erTaderT meTods warmoadgenda. Sidastruqturuli kanonebi, wesrigi, anu antikuri deqorumi gansazRvravda ara mxolod literaturuli, aramed sazogadoebrivi da individualuri sistemebis funqcionirebas.

* * *

klasicizmis momdevno, me-18 — me-19 saukuneebis wiaRSi gamoikveTa ara mxolod gansxvavebuli nakadi romantikuli da postromantikuli ganwyobi-lebebis saxiT, aramed Seiqmna Janris Teoriis sinqronuli da diaqronuli gaazrebis Tanaarsebobis precedenti.

klasicizmisa da romantizmis diqotomiuri urTierTmimarTebis fon-ze, vfiqrobT, cxadad warmoCinda Janris cnebis implantaciis procesSi Ca-moyalibebuli principuli antagonizmi. poziciaTa radikaluri sxvadas-xvaobis umTavres mizezs, Cveni azriT, warmoadgenda araerTgvarovani da-mokidebuleba Janris kategoriis mimarT: Tu neoklasikosi kritikosebi ganmsazRvrelad miiCnevdnen konkretuli Semoqmedisa Tu nawarmoebis ana-lizs konkretuli Janris normebis konteqstSi, romantizmis epoqis kriti-kosebisaTvis konceptualurad prioritetuli iyo Janruli formebis ga-azreba individualuri parametrebis konteqstSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, romantikosebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo Janris ara struqturul-fizio-logiuri, aramed sulier-fsiqologiuri aspeqti.

hegelma, germanelma filosofosma, romlis Txzulebebmac udidesi ze-gavlena iqonia msoflio filosofiur da esTetikur azrovnebaze, specia-luri gamokvleva miuZRvna triadis — eposis, lirikisa da dramis proble-mas. hegelma ara mxolod gansazRvra am ZiriTadi Janruli formebis mimar-Teba yofisa da azrovnebis obieqtur da subieqtur modelebTan (sadac eposi mWidrod daukavSira obieqtur garepirobebs, lirika ki — Sinagan, su-bieqtur ganwyobilebas), aramed gaamyara Tavisi Teoria dialeqtikuri principiT. hegelis dialeqtikuri principis Tanaxmad, sami ZiriTadi Jan-ruli sistemis urTierToba gardauvalad efuZneba ganviTarebis dialeq-tikur kanons, lirikis Tezisi da eposis antiTezisi logikurad gvirgvin-deba dramis sinTezisSi.

triadis problemas CauRrmavdnen goeTe da Sileric. SromaSi ~Über epische und dramatische Dichtung~ maT sruliad naTlad gamokveTes literaturu-li Janrebisa da temporaluri modelebis mWidro kavSiris problema (am ide-am gadamwyveti roli Seasrula me-20 saukunis Janris Teoriis istoriaSi). germaneli metrebis azriT, eposi ukve dasrulebul qmedebas asaxavs, drama — mxolod awmyoSi mimdinares, Sesabamisad, dro Janris determinaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes faqtors warmoadgens. paTosi, romliTac dawerilia goeTesa da Sileris Sroma, SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc `maZiebeli paTo-si~, anu dauokebeli survili axali literaturuli formebis Ziebisa.

55

siaxlis WeSmarit trubadurad iqca viqtor hiugo. misi reaqcia klasi-cizmis epoqis literaturul principebze radikalurobiTa da ukompromi-sobiT gamoirCa. `literaturuli nawarmoebis mimarT, — wers igi, — gamudme-biT gaismis frazebi: Janris `Rirseba~, JanrTan `Sesabamisoba~... tragedia `krZalavs~ imas, ris ùflebasac iZleva~ romani... am wignis avtors, samwuxa-rod, ar esmis msgavsi frazebis Sinaarsi~ (hiugo 1961: 7). Semoqmedis intere-sis erTaderT sagnad hiugo bunebas miiCnevs, xolo erTaderT megzurad — simarTles. `man unda weros ara ise, rogorc werdnen adre, aramed ise, ro-gorc suli da guli karnaxobs~ (hiugo 1961: 8). hiugos meTodi, Janris kri-tikosTa TvalsazrisiT, mdgomareobda literaturuli formebis ontolo-giur SefardebaSi arsebobis istoriul da individualur formebTan. Jan-ris tradiciuli, mowesrigebuli, Sidaliteraturuli principebiT ganpiro-bebuli sinqronuli deqorumis fonze hiugos meTodi gamoirCeoda garepriz-muli xedviT, anu Janruli modelebis kavSiris ZiebiT gare, e.w. eqstralite-raturul sistemasTan. hiugos Teoriulma koncefciam gamoavlina Janris ga-azrebis ara mxolod sinqronuli, aramed diaqronuli SesaZleblobebic: ori-entacia `gareganze~ niSnavda literaturis akumulirebis daSvebas `cvaleba-dobis~ principTan, rac, Tavis mxriv, zedmiwevniT kargad SeiTvises postro-mantikuli periodis kritikosebma.

* * *

me-19 sukunis meore naxevarSi Camoyalibebuli Janris Teoria, erTi mxriv, msoflmxedvelobrivad gaemijna romantikosebis mier damkvidrebul `xelovanis individualuri avtonomiis~ ideas, meore mxriv ki, myarad daey-rdno misi Tanamedrove epoqis mecnierul miRwevebs. rusi revolucioner-demokratebi — b. belinski, n. CerniSevski, a. gerceni da sxvani, romlebic ga-nicdidnen hegelis dialeqtikuri Teoriis zegavlenas, prioritets aniWeb-dnen JanrTa ara subieqturi, aramed obieqturi genezisis ideas: èpopea, — werda b. belinski, — win uswrebda maTTan (Zvel berZnebTan — i.r.) lirikas, iseve rogoc lirika uswrebda win dramas. xelovnebis amgvari ganviTareba Tavad cnobierebiT aris gamarTlebuli: Cvilis asakSi myofi xalxisaTvis obieqturi Semecneba bunebisa da cxovrebisa, rogorc TavisTavad arsebu-li sagnebisa, da azri, rogorc warsulis gadmonaSTi, win unda uswrebdnen TviT Semecnebasa da azrovnebas, rogorc damoukidebel cnobierebas~ (be-linski 1948: 11).

Janrebis problemas araerTgzis Seexo qarTuli kritikuli azris kori-fec i. WavWavaZe. ilia seriozul yuradRebas iCenda dramatuli Janrebis — tragediis, komediisa da sakuTriv dramis mimarT da realisturi msoflmxed-velobis konteqstSi gaiazrebda maT. sruliad cxadia, rom ilia ara mxolod iTvaliswinebda Janris Teoriis monapovars, aramed aRavsebda mas originalu-ri SexedulebebiT. CvenTvis arsebiTi gaxlavT is faqti, rom xelovanis indi-vidualuri poziciis garda, SemoqmedebiTi procesis umniSvnelovanes kompo-

56

nentad ilia gare sinamdvilis gaazrebasa da asaxvas miiCnevda. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, xelovneba iliasTvis empiriuli sinamdvilisa da mxatvruli princi-pebis sinTezs warmoadgens, ambivalentur kondicias, rodesac `mogonili am-biT cxadyofilia marTali~. ilias Teoria, vfiqrobT, arcTu dausabuTeblad warmoaCens sinqronuli da diaqronuli rakursebis SorsmWvreteluri sinTe-zis SesaZleblobas.

me-19 saukunis Janris Teoriaze STambeWdavi zegavlena moaxdina C. darvi-nis èvoluciurma Teoriam,~ rac gamoixata darviniseuli evoluciuri princi-pebis gadatanaSi literaturuli teqstebis doneze. jon edington saimondis naSromi èvoluciuri principebis gamoyenebis sakiTxisaTvis xelovnebasa da literaturaSi~ amis naTeli dadasturebaa. misi azriT, Janrebis Camoyalibebi-sa da ganviTarebis procesi arsobrivad Seesabameba kacobriobis Camoyalibeba--ganviTarebis sam ZiriTad safexurs: siyrmes, simwifesa da siberes, anu dabade-bas, zrdasa da dacemas.

darvinizmis literaturul praqtikaSi danergvis sayuradRebo mcde-lobas warmoadgens ferdinand brunetieris naSromic ~L’ evolution des genes dans I’historie de la Litterature”. brunetieri mWidrod akavSirebs cvalebad lite-raturul procesebs socialuri cvalebadobis procesebTan da am Tval-sazrisiT ganixilavs uZvelesi Janrebis genezisisa da evoluciis sakiTxs. `Janrebis diferenciacia, — wers igi, — iseTive progresulobiT mimdinare-obs istoriis wiaRSi, rogorc bunebis wiaRSi gvarTa gadarCeva. aRiniSneba gadanacvleba erTidan mravlisken, martividan — rTulisaken, homogenuri-dan — heterogenulisken~ (diubrou 1982: 79).

msgavsad saimondisa da brunetierisa, socialuri faqtorebis gavle-nas JanrTa formirebis procesSi iTvaliswinebs evropuli kritikuli az-rovnebis aRiarebuli metri m. arnoldic, magram, sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar miiCnevs aRniSnul models JanrTa ierarqiuli sistemis ganmsazRvrel koeficientad: `poetze mxolod maSin SeiZleba iTqvas àRzevda~ an `gaqra~, — miuTiTebs arnoldi, — rodesac is, rogorc Semoqmedi, ukve amowuravs Ta-vis SesaZleblobebs; Tuki poeti mSvenivrad JRers da ismineba, igi Seesaba-meba ara mxolod arsebul, aramed jer ararsebul socialur garemos~ (ar-noldi 1960: 186).

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: romantikuli da postromanti-

kuli Janruli kritika uaRresad saintereso da produqtiuli aRmoCnda

Janris Teoriis istoriisaTvis, erTi mxriv, ganviTarebis araTanabari sib-

rtyis, meore mxriv ki — konceptualuri mravalferovnebis gamo. romanti-

kuli periodis Janrulma kritikam aqtiurad CarTo Semoqmedis individua-

luri `me~ Janris determinaciis procesSi da gamoavlina ara mxolod mowi-

weba gamyarebuli Janruli formebisadmi, aramed axali Janruli formebis

Ziebis dauokebeli survilic. marTalia, romantikulma Janrulma kritikam

ver daZlia sinqronizmis meTodologiuri problema, magram dauSva alter-

natiuli meTodologiis — diaqronizmis arsebobis SesaZlebloba. diaqro-

nizmis, rogorc praimaruli meTodologiis realizacia ukavSirdeba pos-

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tromantikuli periodis Janrul kritikas, romelic gamoirCa argumenti-

rebuli gareprizmuli xedviT da Janris diferenciaciis problema mWid-

rod daukavSira istoriul-socialuri diferenciaciis sakiTxs.

* * *

Janris Tanamedrove Teoria me-19 — me-20 saukuneebis mijnaze iRebs sa-Taves da, Cveni azriT, poziciuri maravalferovnebis uprecedento siux-viT gamoirCeva.

pirveli seriozuli avtoriteti, romelic dainteresda Janris prob-lemiT da daafiqsira Tavisi araordinaruli pozicia, iyo italieli filo-sofosi benedeto kroCe. aRiarebul naSromSi — èsTetika~ — kroCe Semecne-bis or formas ganasxvavebs: intuitiurs, romelic warmosaxvis miRma daiZ-leva da logikurs, romelic inteleqtis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. pirveli qmnis saxeebs, meore — koncefciebs. Janruli kategoriebi, kroCes Teoriu-li sistemis Tanaxmad, arRvevs am aucilebeli determinaciis kanons: isini amrudebs da amaxinjebs im mkiTxvelis, imave kritikosis reaqcias, romelic gamudmebiT cdilobs moargos romelime Janruli modeli xelovnebis kon-kretul nimuSs, anu aRqmis intuitiuri formidan gadainacvlos logikur formaSi. es, kroCes azriT, ara mxolod dauSvebelia, aramed erTgvari Za-ladobis gamovlinebasac warmoadgens. Zaladobis obieqtebi, am SemTxveva-Si, Tanabrad arian kritikosi da nawarmoebi. kroCe miiCnevs, rom xelovne-bis yvela Rirseuli nimuSi Janruli kanonebis, rogorc CarCoebis, rRvevis paTosis matarebelia. kroCem undobloba gamoucxada Janrul formebs da seriozul eWvqveS daayena JanrTa determinaciis aucileblobis sakiTxi. kro-Ces mier wamoyenebul `Janris uaryofis~ Teorias seriozuli oponentebi ga-mouCnda me-20 saukunis kritikul sivrceSi rusuli formalisturi skolisa da Cexuri struqturalizmis saxiT.

rusuli formalisturi skolis upirveles mizans warmoadgenda mxat-vruli teqstis literaturul-RirebulebiTi modelis dadgena, rasac for-malistebi literaturis formalur aspeqtebSi Wvretdnen — specifikur mxatvrul da enobriv formebSi, romlebsac eyrdnoboda esa Tu is litera-turuli teqsti. `literaturuli nawarmoebi wminda formaa, — werda v. Sklovski, — ara sagani, ara masala, aramed masalebis urTierTmoqmedeba~ (Sklovski 1929a: 226). formalistur aspeqtebze yuradRebis koncentrireba, cxadia, ar niSnavda literaturis moraluri an socialuri funqciebis igno-rirebas, Tumca, am TvalsazrisiTac formalistebs sakmaod originaluri pozicia ekavaT: maTi azriT, literaturas axasiaTebda samyaros kvlav da xe-laxla aRmoCenis niWi, dadgenilis, nacnobis, familarulis gaucxoebis anu defamilarizaciis unari. defamilarizaciis procesi, formalisturi Teo-riis Tanaxmad, saSualebas aZlevda Semoqmeds, gadaefasebina erTxel ukve Se-fasebuli realiebi, gadaesinja poziciebi da samyaro aReqva ara rogorc mo-cemuli piroba, aramed rogorc individualurad SegrZnebuli siaxle. `xe-

58

lovnebis mizans, — aRniSnavda v. Sklovski, — warmoadgens sagnis SegrZneba da ara misi amocnoba~ (Sklovski 1929b: 13).

defamilarizaciis meTodi formalistebma literaturis Zireul struqturebs daukavSires da misi meSveobiT scades literaturuli teq-stis Janrul-xarisxobriv kanonzomierebaTa dadgena.

Janrebi, formalistebis SexedulebiT, transformirebad modelTa qsels warmoadgenda da eqvemdebareboda èvoluciis kanons~, rac, i. tinia-novis azriT, ganuwyveteli `brZolisa~ da `cvalebadobis~ pirobebSi rea-lizdeboda: àra dagegmili evolucia, aramed Senacvleba, — miuTiTebda igi, — Janris cnobiereba tradiciul JanrTan SejaxebaSi ibadeba~ (tiniano-vi 1977a: 256-257). evolucia, formalistebis azriT, niSnavda Zveli Janre-bis ara gaqrobasa da amoZirkvas, aramed konstruqciul gadanacvlebas Jan-ruli sistemis farglebSi. gadanacvlebis safuZvels, formalisturi Teo-riis Tanaxmad, warmoadgenda `dominantas~, anu Janris dominanturi maxasi-aTeblebis gamoyofis principi. dominantas definicia mWidrod ukavSirde-boda JanrTa gadanacvlebis process zogadJanrul sibrtyeze. JanrTa ga-danacvlebis procesi literaturuli sistemis wiaRSi mimdinareobda da gulisxmobda JanrTa mudmiv moZraobas periferiasa da centrs Soris. sagu-lisxmo CvenTvis aris is garemoeba, rom literaturuli Janrebis gadanac-vlebis mizezs formalistebi eZiebdnen ara gare, e.w. eqstraliteraturul, aramed Sida, e.w. interliteraturul kanonzomierebebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, principulad mniSvnelovan cnebebs warmoadgens àvtomatizaciis~, `kon-struqciuli principisa~ da `deavtomatizaciis~ cnebebi.

formalistebis azriT, literatura warmoadgenda dinamikur metyve-lebiT konsturqcias, romelic Tavisi arsebobis garkveul etapze avtoma-tizirdeboda anu iqceoda Cveulebriv, familarul movlenad da cxadyof-da axali movlenis, anu deavtomatizirebuli konstruqciuli principis warmoqmnis aucileblobas. sistemis deavtomatizacia gulisxmobda mis de-familarizacias, anu arsebuli modelis gaazrebul transformacias axal, uCveulo, originalur mxatvrul modelSi. ganaxlebuli sistema eyrdnobo-da axal dominantebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen Janris gadanacvlebas `periferiidan~ `centrisaken~. amrigad, Janri, formalistebis Teoriuli Sexedulebebis mixedviT, warmoadgenda gaxsnil konstruqciul tendenci-as, dinamikur mimarTulebas, romelic gamoirCeoda sazRvrebis fleqsiu-robiT da, Sesabamisad, dasaSvebs xdida interJanruli urTierTobebis ax-leburi, defamilarizebuli sistemis realizacias. Janrs SeeZlo miezida sxva Janri, STaenTqa igi an Serwymoda mas, anu `Secvliliyo Zirfesvianad, rogorc Janri~ (tinianovi 1977b: 245.)

magram, miuxedavad Janris, `rogorc masalis, cvalebadobis unarisa erTi literaturuli sistemidan meorisaken~ (tinianovi 1977g: 275), JanrTa klasikuri determinacia (~eposi~, `tragedia~, `komedia~, `romani~ da sxva) myarad inarCunebda Tavis poziciebs formalistur TeoriaSi da sayovel-Taod miRebul, stabilizebul modelad gaiazreboda: formalistebi miiC-nevdnen, rom literaturuli Janrebis specifika da raodenoba ucvleli

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gaxldaT, icvleboda mxolod Janris statusi da rezonansi, misi dominan-turoba da mniSvneloba literaturis ganviTarebis konkretul etapze. ga-momdinare aqedan, miuxedavad formalistebis didi interesisa literatu-rul JanrTa ganviTarebis `dialeqtikuri~ da èvoluciuri~ principebi-sadmi, maT mier Camoyalibebuli Janris Teoria SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc Sidaliteraturul, avtonomiur, teqnikur-formalur kanonzomierebebze dafuZnebuli sinqronuli koncefcia.

rusuli formalizmis kvaldakval evropaSi kidev erTi Teoriuli sko-la aRmocenda, romelic `praRis struqturalizmis~ saxelwodebiTaa cno-bili. `praRis struqturalizmis~ warmomadgenlebi — ian mukarJovski, bo-guslav havraneki da sxvebi, iziarebdnen ra rusi formalistebis mier wamo-yenebul defamilarizaciis Teorias, meTodurad aviTarebdnen e.w. `wina planis princips~. Cexi struqturalistebis mier SemoTavazebuli `wina planis principi~, T. kentis azriT, `samarTlianad SeiZleba miviCnioT struqturuli lingvistikisa da teqstis lingvistikis seminalur idead, romelic asrulebda Teoriuli xidis rols gansxvavebul esTetikur mode-lebs — literatura, kino da musika, — Soris~ (kenti 1986: 47-48). Cex struq-turalistTa termini `wina plani~ formaluri `dominantas~ mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda da mimarTuli iyo opoziciis avtomatizacia / deavtomatizacia gaRrmavebisaken. b. havraneki werda: `wina planis principiT~ Cven xazs vus-vamT enobrivi meqanizmis gamoyenebas im mizniT, rom man miiqcios yuradRe-ba da aRqmul iqnes, rogorc uCveulo, araavtomatizirebuli, anu deavto-matizirebuli sistema~ (kenti 1986: 48). amrigad, avtomatizacia, Cexi struqturalistebis mier gaiazreboda rogorc enis ordinaruli, standar-tad qceuli modelis relevanturi cneba, `wina planis principi~ ki — am fami-laruli struqturis gaucxoebis, e.w. defamilarizaciisaTvis saWiro domi-nantebis erToblioba. vfiqrobT, am principis damkvidrebiTa da ganzogade-biT Cexma struqturalistebma gaamyares rusi formalistebis mier mecnie-rulad damuSavebuli sinqronuli koncefcia.

pirveli moazrovne, romelmac Tamamad daarRvia Janris sinqronuli gaazrebis tradicia da warmatebulad ganaxorciela diaqronuli koncef-ciis mecnieruli dasabuTeba, iyo m. baxtini. `literaturul Janrebs mudam safuZvlianad ganixilavdnen, — aRniSnavs igi, — magram antikuri epoqidan moyolebuli dRemde Janrebs Seiswavlidnen maTi literaturul-mxatvru-li specifikis WrilSi, diferencialur gansxvavebaTa (literaturis far-glebSi) TvalsazrisiT da ara rogorc gamoTqmaTa garkveul tipebs, rom-lebic gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, magram inarCuneben saerTo sityvier (enobriv) sivrces~ (baxtini 1986a: 429).

baxtinma sakuTari meTodologia gansazRvra rogorc mijnis daZleva àbstraqtul formalizmsa~ da ìdenturad abstraqtul ideologizms~ So-ris sityvis xelovnebis Seswavlis sferoSi. daZlevis sirTule mdgomare-obs baxtinis meTodologiis ZiriTadi postulatis realizebis efeqturo-baSi: Tu sityvas gaviazrebT rogorc socialur fenomens, maSin forma da Sinaarsi sityvis erT segmentSi moqceul mTlianobad warmogvidgeba. dis-

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kursis socialurobis idea mWidrod ukavSirdeba Janris ideas: Janri iZens socialur statuss anu gvevlineba socialur struqturad, romelic Seuq-cevad damokidebulebaSia nebismier individualur talantTan. Janris WeS-mariti poetika baxtinisaTvis `mxolod Janris sociologiaa~ da nebismier Janrs igi ganixilavs rogorc transmisiur kavSirs socialur da lingvis-tur struqturebs Soris. Janris mediatiuri funqciis determinacia gan-sazRvravs Janrs rogorc segments, romelic erTdroulad moicavs lin-gvistur da istoriul ganzomilebebs. Sesabamisad, Janri baxtinis Teoria-Si `SemoqmedebiTi mexsierebis~ relevanturi cnebaa, romelic Semoqmedebi-Tad aireklavs mimdinare cvalebadobaTa evoluciur process.

formalistebis msgavsad, baxtini yuradRebas amaxvilebs romanis sity-vis Taviseburebaze da miiCnevs mas xelovnurad konstruirebul sistemad, magram, gansxvavebiT formalistebisagan, misi sistema eyrdnoba ara winas-war SemuSavebul sqemebs, aramed cocxal enasa da frazeologias. romanis Janris upirveles maxasiaTeblad baxtini stilistur samganzomilebiano-bas Tvlis, dakavSirebuls mravalenovan cnobierebasTan da realizebads swored romanis farglebSi. `gansxvavebiT sxva didi Janrebisagan, — wers baxtini, — romani Camoyalibda da ganviTarda Sinagani da garegani enobrivi mravalferovnebis gaaqtiurebis procesSi, es romanis mSobliuri stiqiaa~ (baxtini 1986b: 401). amdenad, romani, baxtinis azriT, aris sxvadasxva tipis socialuri metyvelebisa da individualuri xmebis xelovnurad organize-buli mravalferovneba. baxtini ar mijnavs sasaubro enis mravalferovne-bas enobrivi mravalferovnebisagan da gansazRvravs romans rogorc enebs Soris warmoebuli dialogebis qsels. gamomdinare mocemuli gansazRvre-bidan, romans veRar miviCnevT sazogadoebisa da adamianebis Sesaxeb SeTx-zul martiv ambad. romani sazogadoebis sityvier modelad gvevlineba, fundamentur struqturad, romelic aireklavs sxvadasxva socialur fe-nebs Soris arsebul Tanxvdomebsa da uTanxmoebebs.

TavisTavad cxadia, rom m. baxtinis yuradReba diskursuli planisadmi ganpirobebulia formalistebis interesiT Txrobis sistemisa da sxvadasxva TxrobiTi modifikaciebisadmi. magram, gansxvavebiT formalistebisagan, ena baxtinis meTodologiaSi ganixileba ara rogorc abstraqtuli gramatikuli kategoriebis simravle, aramed ideologiurad faseuli sistema, msoflSeg-rZneba, azri. romanis Janri, baxtinis mtkicebiT, emyareba lingvisturi for-mebis Rirebul kombinaciebs, romelTa miRmac gansxvavebuli msoflmxedve-lobrivi sistemebi moiazreba.

urTierToba enebs Soris, m. baxtinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, sociolingvis-tur poziciaTa Sejaxebis relevanturi movlenaa, winaaRmdegobrivi procesi, romelic dialoguri formiT aris gamoxatuli. amrigad, romanis Janri dia-loguri formiT warmoCenili socialuri realobis models warmoadgens, anu ena avtomaturad miiCneva romanis warmoSobis istoriul winapirobad.

romanis Janris umTavres maxasiaTeblad baxtini poliglasias anu mra-valxmianobas miiCnevs. poliglasia uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva diskursuli modelebis Tavisufal moZraobas sxvadasxva Janrul modelebs Soris. iq-

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mneba erTgvari eqstraJanruli an interJanruli samyaro, romelsac Sinaga-ni mTlianoba gamoarCevs da romelic, baxtinis azriT, SeiZleba ganisazR-vros romanul Janrad. amrigad, romani baxtinisaTvis multiJanrul siste-mas warmoadgens, uwyvet process, romelic piruTvnelad aireklavs ro-gorc gansxvavebul diskursul plastebs, ise — konkretuli epoqis, xalxi-sa da kulturisaTvis niSandobliv mravalxmianobas. literaturuli Janri gaiazreba rogorc mravalplaniani semiologiuri sistema da efuZneba dia-loguri diskursis cnebas.

mkveTrad gamoxatuli diaqronuli Tvalsazrisi baxtinma `qronoto-pis~ cnebiT gaamyara. baxtiniseulma qronotopma warmoaCina mkvlevris Rrma daintereseba literaturul teqstsa da garesamyaros Soris arsebu-li kavSiris dasabuTebaSi. m. baxtinis Teoriulma koncefciam Zireuli si-axleebi Seitana Janris TeoriaSi da, rac CvenTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania, Seiqmna Janris diaqronul WrilSi gaazrebis sayuradRebo da mecnierulad argumentirebuli precedenti.

sapirispirod amisa, Janris gaazrebis sinqronul tendencias, mxolod modificirebuli formiT, daubrunda struqturalisturi poetika. msgav-sad rusuli formalizmisa, struqturalizmi fokusirebulia literatu-ruli teqstis Sidastruqturuli elementebis interteqstualur urTier-Tobebze. struqturalistebi Janrs poetikis kvlevis erT-erT umniSvne-lovanes kategoriad miiCneven, magram mTeli principulobiT icaven misi Sidaliteraturuli ganpirobebulobis ideas. `Janris istoriuli arsebo-ba motivirebulia Janruli diskursiT~ (todorovi 1990: 17), — miuTiTebs c. todorovi, anu diskursuli kodi, mkvlevris azriT, uzrunvelyofs teq-stis individualur enobriv models da gansazRvravs mis Janrul statuss. Janrs, rogorc kodificirebul sistemas, gaiazrebs jonaTan qaleric. qa-leri Tvlis, rom Janris kvlevis procesSi mniSvnelovania ara imdenad misi zogadi formis dadgena, ramdenadac am formis Semadgenel elementTa ma-koordinebeli funqciis gansazRvra teqstis aRqmis procesSi. `leqsis an moTxrobis werisas, — miuTiTebs qaleri, — aucilebelia Tavad leqsis an moTxrobis ideis gacnobiereba~ (qaleri 1975: 116). Tu vimsjelebT todo-rovisa da qaleris mecnieruli poziciis mixedviT, davaskvniT, rom Janris Teoriis struqturalisturi interpretacia ar Ralatobs tradiciuli sinqronizmis gzas. magram nebismieri wesis farglebSi dasaSvebia gamonak-lisi da amgvar gamonaklisad, aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, gvevlineba rusuli struqturalisturi skolis lideris, iuri lotmanis Teoria.

i. lotmanma erT-erTma pirvelma scada Janris gansazRvrebis sinqronu-li da diaqronuli rakursebis gaerTianeba `teqstisa~ da èqstrateqstis~ modelebSi. lotmanis koncefciis meTodologia efuZneba xelovnebis ro-gorc meoradi modelirebadi sistemis determinacias. `fraza, `meoradi~ enasTan mimarTebaSi, — wers lotmani, — unda aRviqvaT enis, rogorc masalis `gamoyenebis~ mniSvnelobiT... meoradi modelirebadi sistemebi, msgavsad se-miotikuri sistemebisa, ZiriTad enobriv modelze arian konstruirebulni~ (lotmani 1977: 9). amrigad, ena axdens realobis modelirebas, mxatvruli

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teqsti ki imarTeba enis mier da meorad modelirebad sistemad gvevlineba. modelirebis es koncefcia ukavSirdeba èqstrateqstis~ cnebas: `nawarmoe-bis eqstrateqstualuri kavSirebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc kavSire-bi teqstSi fiqsirebul elementebsa da teqstis gareT arsebul faseul ele-mentebs Soris~, — aRniSnavs i. lotmani (lotmani 1977: 51). nebismieri litera-turuli teqsti efuZneba avtoris mier SemuSavebul specifikur enobriv mo-dels da iwereba garkveul dro-sivrcul garemoSi. amrigad, yoveli teqsti moiazreba istoriis anu eqstrateqstis konteqstSi. eqstrateqsti Seesaty-viseba teqstisagan damoukideblad arsebul elementebs, romlebic ganapi-robebs teqstis mniSvnelobas konkretul epoqaSi: ìstoriulad gansazR-vruli mxatvruli kodebis erToblioba, — miuTiTebs i. lotmani, — romelic Rirebuls xdis teqsts, ganekuTvneba eqstrateqstualuri kavSirebis sfe-ros. da es kavSirebi savsebiT realuria~ (lotmani 1977: 51).

i. lotmanis mier gamokveTil iniciativas analogebi gamouCnda, erTi mxriv, hermenevtikul kritikaSi, meore mxriv ki — recefciuli esTetikis Teo-riul mimarTulebaSi. am skolebis liderebi — e. d. hirSi, h. r. iausi da v. ize-ri, — sruliad gansxvavebul Teoriul safuZvlebze idgnen, magram, Cveni az-riT, Tanabrad acnobierebdnen Janris swori interpretaciis aucileblobas.

`Janris koncefciis cvalebadi xasiaTi, — wers hirSi, — interpretaciis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens... Janris ideas principuli mniSvneloba aqvs nawar-moebis marTebuli interpretaciisTvis~ (hirSi 1967: 207). interpretaciis procesi misTvis gaxsnili perspeqtivaa, masalis marTebulad gaazrebaTa inva-riantuli sistema, romelic avtoris mier SemoTavazebul albaTobebsa da va-raudebzea orientirebuli. hirSi Seecada, garkveuli kompromisebis gziT, warmoeCina kavSiri Janris gaazrebis sinqronul da diaqronul rakursebs So-ris, rac ufro metad gamoikveTa iausisa da izeris Teoriul koncefciebSi.

`literaturuli nawarmoebi, — wers iausi, — maSinac ki, rodesac is axlad-Seqmnilia, warmoadgens ara absolutur siaxles informaciul vakuumSi, ara-med garkveul gancxadebebze, aSkara da farul signalebze, nacnob xasiaTebsa da gamoucnob iluziebze dayrdnobiT, ganawyobs mkiTxvel auditorias speci-fikuri recepciisTvis. is aRviZebs mogonebebs ukve wakiTxulis Sesaxeb da uyalibebs mkiTxvels specifikur emociur ganwyobas, kerZod, qmnis teqstis `Sua~ da `damamTavrebeli~ nawilebis molodinis atmosferos. aravin icis, ro-gor dakmayofildeba molodini. teqstis calkeuli nawilebi kiTxvis proces-Si sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba iqnen aRqmulni: ucvlelad an Secvlilad, tra-diciulad an reorientirebulad, ironiuladac ki, mxolod Janris kanonebis anu teqstis tipis farglebSi mudmivi cvalebadobis tendencia warmoaCens konkretuli teqstis mimarTebas Janris dakanonebul specifikasTan. axali teqsti axali molodinis horizontebs xsnis mkiTxvelis winaSe da axdens arse-buli wesebis gardaqmnas, koreqtirebas, reproducirebas. nebismieri saxis va-riacia da koreqcia gansazRvravs Tvalsawiers, gardaqmna da reproducireba ki — Janris struqturul sazRvrebs~ (iausi 1982: 139).

amrigad, Janris percefcia iausis TeoriaSi erTdroulad eyrdnoba sin-qronul da diaqronul rakursebs: sinqronul WrilSi teqsti `qmnis molo-

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dinis atmosferos~, molodinisa, romelic an gamarTldeba, an ar gamar-Tldeba `Janris kanonebis, anu teqstis farglebSi~; diaqronul WrilSi ki mkiTxveli iyenebs misi Janruli percefciis individualur unars, anu gar-daqmnis, gardasaxavs Janris tradiciul perspeqtivas JanrTa istoriuli urTierTmimarTebis dadgenisa da aTvisebis mizniT.

iausis poziciisagan bevrad ar gansxvavdeba izeris pozicia. teqstis swori interpretaciis gasaRebs izerisaTvis warmoadgens rogorc konkre-tuli nawarmoebis mxatvrul teqnikasTan da maxasiaTeblebTan siaxlove, rac teqstis arsebiTi `kodebis~ flobaSi gamoixateba, ise literaturuli teqstis unari, CaiTrios mkiTxveli misi Cveuli kodebisaTvis ucxo da sru-liad axal kondiciaSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mkiTxveli gaiazrebs teqsts masSi arsebuli socialuri kodebisa da konteqstebis miRma, teqsti ki gar-daqmnis mkiTxvelis perceptualur rutinas percefciis dinamikur siste-mad. amrigad, izeris azriT, teqstisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTmimarTeba sinqronul da diaqronul ganzomilebaTa integraciazea damokidebuli: mkiTxveli ara mxolod iTvisebs teqstSi kodirebul gamocdilebas, e.i. sinqronul rakursSi acnobierebs teqstis Janrul models, aramed aaqtiu-rebs perceptualur potencials da individualur yaidaze gardaqmnis teqstis tradiciul kods, anu gaiazrebs mas diaqronul konteqstSi.

magram yvelaze seriozuli ganacxadi Janris, rogorc sinqronuli da diaqronuli aspeqtebis interaqtiuli modelis gaazrebaSi, ekuTvnis nor-Trop frais, avtors saprogramo naSromisa — `kritikis anatomia~.

norTrop frais Teoriuli aliansi aristotelesTan imdenad aSkaraa, rom igi Tamamad SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT neoaristoteleanuri orientaciis kritikosTa ricxvs. magram aq aris erTi magram: frai aseve mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli me-20 saukunis fundamentur Teoriul skolebTan — rusul formalizmTan, struqturalizmTan, iungis fsiqologizmTan da frezeris anTropologiur TeoriasTan. frais naazrevi am mniSvnelovan Teoriul sistemaTa nazavs warmoadgens, mxolod ara ekleqtikurs, aramed kontra-versiulsa da faseulad winaaRmdegobrivs. frais Teorias xSirad gansazR-vraven rogorc arqetipul kritikas, magram, vfiqrobT, es misi koncefciis mxolod erTi mxarea.

`Tu kritika arsebobs, — wers norTrop frai, — is unda iqces litera-turis im konceptualuri modelis kvlevad, romelic literaturis induq-ciuri mimoxilvis Sedegad warmoiqmneba. sityva ìnduqciuri~ moicavs gar-kveul mecnierul mniSvnelobas. iqneb kritika iseve aris mecniereba, ro-gorc — xelovneba?.. mecniereba cvlis nebismieri sagnis xasiaTs SemTxvevi-Tidan kanonzomierisaken, mouwesrigebeli da intuiciuridan — sistemuri-saken~ (frai 1973: 7).

Tuki literatura, frais azriT, aris sistema, romelic eqvemdebareba mecnierul analizs, maSin gasagebia kritikosis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba literaturis Janruli kategorizaciisadmi. `kritikis anatomia~ literatu-ris klasificirebis ramdenime urTierTdakavSirebul variants gvTavazobs. makavSirebel rgols arqetipuli modeli warmoadgens, romlis wiaRSic frai

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jiutad cdilobs yvela saklasifikacio sistemis gaazrebas. pirvel sistemas e.w. modelebis sistema warmoadgens, saklasifikacio kategoria, romelic aristoteles `poetikidan~ iRebs saTaves da baZvis obieqtis invariantul mo-difikaciebs efuZneba. meore sistemaa `miTosi~, arqetipuli fabula, romlis terminologiuri definicia `fabulis~ aseve aristoteleseuli gansazRvre-bidan momdinareobs. mas emyareba `kritikis anatomiaSi~ gamokveTili mesame saklasifikacio kategoria — Janri, romlis ganviTarebis istorias frai àR-zevebisa~ da `dacemis~ proeqciaSi ganixilavs. Janrebis `logikur winapiro-bad~, anu preJanrul mTlianobad frai arqetipul modelebs moiazrebs. miuxe-davad Sidastruqturuli gansxvavebisa, arqetipuli modelebi, frais Teori-is Tanaxmad, ar warmoadgens avtonomiur kategoriebs. isini urTierTobs, ik-veTeba, integrirdeba da ayalibebs warmosaxvisa da simbolikis makoordine-bel modelebs — apokaliptikurs, demonurs, analogiurs, romlebic gansazR-vraven literaturuli Janrebis specifikas. frais uWirs konkretuli Janris moqceva konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis CarCoebSi. Janri misTvis fleqsiuri ka-tegoriaa, cocxali organizmi, romelic aerTianebs ara mxolod formulire-bul, aramed araformulirebul pirobiTobebsac. norTrop frais `kritikis anatomia~ Janris definiciis sinqronuli Wrilis, anu formulirebuli kon-venciebisa da diaqronuli Wrilis, anu araformulirebuli konvenciebis Se-rigebis Zalze saintereso mcdelobas warmoadgens.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: winamdebare qveTavSi Cven warmovaCineT Janris Teoriis evoluciis su-

raTi Janris gaazrebis sinqronuli da diaqronuli rakursebis prizmaSi. Janris Teoriis evoluciis mimoxilvam, antikuri epoqidan vidre dRemde, cxadyo, rom antikuri xanidan me-20 saukunis Sua periodamde Janris, ro-gorc ZiriTadi saklasifikacio kategoriis gansazRvreba, calmxrivad ukavSirdeboda an sinqronul, an diaqronul ganzomilebebs. àn-an~-is ra-dikaluri principis rRveva me-20 saukunis wamyvani literaturul-kriti-kuli skolebis meTodologiaTa wiaRSi aRiniSna da Camoyalibda sinqronul da diaqronul rakursTa sinTezirebis mcdelobaSi.

amjerad, Cveni amocanaa, davadginoT literaturuli antiutopiis Jan-ris mimarTeba Janris formirebis rogorc sinqronul, ise diaqronul kanon-zomierebebTan da gamovkveToT is Teoriul-meTodologiuri fundamenti, romelsac, Cveni azriT, emyareba antiutopiis Janri.

2.2. holistikuri Teoria — antiutopiis Janris gaazrebis Teoriul-meTodologiuri orientiri

Janris Teoriis evoluciis sinqronuli da diaqronuli koncefciebis zogadi paradigmisa da antiutopiis Janris formirebis arsebiTi tendenci-ebis mimoxilvis Sedegad, Tavs uflebas vaZlevT, ganvacxadoT, rom antiu-topiis Janris Camoyalibeba ganpirobebuli iyo rogorc sinqronuli anu

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formulirebuli, Sidastruqturuli normebiT, ise diaqronuli anu ara-formulirebuli istoriul-kulturuli aspeqtebiT. Cveni azriT, litera-turulma antiutopiam: 1) zedmiwevniT kargad aiTvisa literaturuli utopiis gamocdileba da specifika; 2) warmatebiT mosinja utopiuri roma-nis Janris interJanruli kombinacia antikuri komediisa da satiris Jan-rebTan; 3) gamokveTa sakuTari pozicia arqetipuli konstruqciebis mi-marT; 4) moergo garkveuli epoqebis socialur sivrces; 5) gamoimuSava in-dividualuri istoriuli da kulturuli cnobiereba. aqedan gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom literaturulma antiutopiam gaamTliana Janris ganviTare-bis sinqronuli da diaqronuli kanonebi da moaxdina maTi Rirebuli sinTe-zireba. Teoriul-meTodologiuri fundamenti, romelic, Cveni azriT, warmoadgens antiutopiis Janris struqturisa da specifikis gansazRvris marTebul kriteriums, aris Janris globaluri anu holistikuri Teoria. Janris holistikuri Teoria amTlianebs Janris gaazrebis sinqronul da diaqronul rakursebs anu aerTianebs Janris Sidastruqturuli statiku-robisa da garestruqturuli dinamikurobis koncefciebs da amkvidrebs Janrs rogorc Sida da garegansazRvrulobas.

Janris holistikur modelSi xorcieldeba sinqronuli da diaqronu-li elementebis interaqcia. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, holistikuri modeli asaxavs im rTul, araTanabar, arastabilur da xSirad daudgenel urTier-Tobebs, romlebic arsebobs teqstis formulirebul elementebsa da ara-formulirebul motivaciebs Soris. Janris holistikuri modeli aTavi-suflebs Janris cnebas taqsonomiurobisa da tendenciurobisgan, sZens mas sinTezur xasiaTs da ganixilavs faseuli integraciis konteqstSi. litera-turuli antiutopia zedmiwevniT kargad Tavsdeba Janris gaazrebis holis-tikuri meTodis modelSi. vecdebiT, davasabuToT Cveni mosazreba.

winamdebare Tavis pirvel qveTavSi Cven SevecadeT detalurad warmog-vedgina Janris Teoriis evoluciis is ZiriTadi etapebi, romlebmac, Cveni azriT, gansazRvres Janris determinaciis rogorc sinqronuli, ise — diaq-ronuli rakursebi. erTi ram cxadia: Janris definiciis aRniSnul rakur-sebSi Janri moiazreba an rogorc gamyarebuli da normirebuli, an — ro-gorc fleqsiuri da auCqareblad cvalebadi konstruqcia. samarTlianad aRniSnavs n. kopistianskaia: `dilemis `myari/cvalebadi~, `mudmivi/droebi-Ti~ warmoqmna JanrSi ukavSirdeba obieqtur mizezs, romlis Tanaxmadac, Janri ar warmoadgens `monoliTur~ cnebas~ (kopistianskaia 1987: 181). mkvlevari aqve miuTiTebs, rom Janris cnebis masStabur determinacias zustad gamoxatavs spiralis grafikuli modeli da gvTavazobs am tipis spiralis Semadgeneli oTxi ZiriTadi sferos detalur aRweras. n. kopis-tianskaias mier SemoTavazebuli spiraluri formis sqematuri gamosaxu-leba amgvarad gamoiyureba:

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sfero 1. Janri, rogorc abstraqtuli, zogadTeoriuli cneba, rome-lic gamoxatavs Janris ZiriTadi, gansazRvruli da dadgenili maxasiaTeb-lebis erTianobasa da urTierTkavSirs, Camoyalibebuls xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi da mowodebuls sxvadasxva epoqebsa da qveynebSi Seqmnili na-warmoebebis gaerTianebisaTvis saerTo niSnis qveS: romani, balada, poema da sxva.

sfero 2. Janri, rogorc istoriuli cneba, SemozRuduli droiTa da `socialuri sivrciT~... Janri aq ganixileba dinamikaSi, misi aRmocenebis, ganviTarebis, cvalebadobis, gaRaribebis ideur-esTetikur mizezTa kom-pleqsSi, rac ukavSirdeba epoqisaTvis niSandobliv istoriul-sazogado-ebriv viTarebas, ormxriv kavSirebs literaturul mimdinareobasTan, mi-marTulebasTan, memkvidreobiTobisa da uaryofis Sidaliteraturul pro-cesebTan, kritikisa da Teoriis ganviTarebasTan.

sfero 3. Janri — cneba, romelic iTvaliswinebs konkretuli naciona-luri literaturis specifikas... nebismier literaturaSi Janri formir-deba da viTardeba qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri mdgomareobisa da kulturuli tradiciebis garemocvaSi, masSi Seqmnili Janris literatu-ruli gamocdilebisa da koleqtiuri cnobierebis pirobebSi. igi mdidrde-ba originaluri nacionaluri maxasiaTeblebiT da, amasTan, rTavs maT Jan-ris zogadi ganviTarebis procesSi.

sfero 4. cnebis Semdgomi konkretizacia mimarTulia individualuri Se-moqmedebisaken. saxezea dialeqtikuri mTlianoba, vinaidan aRiarebuli mwer-lebis Txzulebebi — da swored isini axdens gavlenas `Janris~ cnebaze — war-moadgens ganumeorebel, gansakuTrebul movlenebs, romlebic did mniSvne-lobas iZenen spiralis meore da mesame sferoebis donezec~ (kopistianskaia 1987: 181-182).

Cven veTanxmebiT spiralis xveulebis (da ara vertikalis an wris) meSve-obiT Janris specifikis grafikuli gamosaxvis ideas, magram migvaCnia, rom mkvlevris mier SemoTavazebuli sqema damakmayofilebeli ar aris.

pirvel yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom warmodgenili spiraluri sfe-roebis determinacia zedmetad detalizebuli da konkretizebulia. me-3 da me-4 sferoebi, romlebic, Sesabamisad, asaxavs nacionaluri literatu-risa da individualuri Semoqmedebis specifikas, sruliad Tavisuflad da logikuradac ki Tavsdeba me-2 sferos farglebSi: literaturuli Janris damokidebuleba literaturis nacionalur maxasiaTeblebsa Tu calkeuli avtoris SemoqmedebiT stilze, Cveni azriT, korelatiur mimarTebaSia Jan-

sf.1sf.2 sf.3 sf.4

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ris moazrebasTan mudmivad cvalebadi istoriul-socialuri da kultu-ruli faseulobebis konteqstSi.

CvenTvis aseve gaugebaria, Tu ratom ar aRniSnavs n. kopistianskaia spi-ralis pirvel da meore sferoebs saTanado terminebiT: sinqronuli da di-aqronuli. pirveli sfero anu `Janri rogorc abstraqtuli, zogadTeori-uli cneba~, Cveni azriT, sinqronuli speqtris relevanturi struqturaa, meore sfero ki, `Janri rogorc istoriuli cneba, SemozRuduli droiTa da `socialuri sivrciT~ — diaqronulisa.

garda amisa, vfiqrobT, rom n. kopistianskaias mier konstruirebuli spirali ramdenadme gamartivebulad asaxavs Janris specifikis ganmsazR-vrel kriteriumTa urTierTdamokidebulebas: mecnieris mier warmodgeni-li spirali martivad farTovdeba an viwrovdeba romelime konkretuli sferos mimarTulebiT ise, rom `sfero~ ar gulisxmobs araviTar xarisxob-riv Sefasebas~ (kopistianskaia 1987: 182). Cveni azriT, xarisxobrivi deter-minaciis gamoricxva iwvevs procesis meqanizirebas da im Rirebuli kombi-naciis ugulebelyofas, romelic mudmivad arsebobs Janris determinaciis sinqronul da diaqronul aspeqtebs Soris.

alternativis saxiT, Cven mivmarTavT antikuri epoqis TvalsaCino mo-azrovnis, filosofosisa da geometris, arqimedes sistemas.

arqimedes auracxel kontribuciebs Soris geometriis mimarT, moipove-ba erTi saintereso figura, cnobili rogorc àrqimedes spirali~. figura ase gamoiyureba:

arqimedes spirali sqematurad asaxavs ori samyaros — gansazRvrulisa

da ganusazRvrelis — urTierTmimarTebas: gansazRvruli samyaro, dafuZ-

nebuli gamyarebul maxasiaTeblebze, martivad farTovdeba ganusazRvre-

li samyaros mimarTulebiT, Tavis mxriv, ganusazRvreli samyaro, romelic

SemoqmedebiTi cvalebadobis kanons efuZneba, mudmivad viwrovdeba gan-

sazRvrulis mimarTulebiT. faseuli da Rirebuli am difuziuri kon-

struqciis xarisxobrivad determinirebuli sferoebis kveTaa: erTi mode-

li mudmivad miiswrafvis meorisaken da mudmivad ikveTeba masTan ontolo-

giurad faseul wertilSi.

ganusazRvreli samyaro

gansazRvruli samyaro

kveTis wertili

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vfiqrobT, arqimedeseuli spiralis struqtura zedmiwevniT miesada-

geba Janris Teoriis sinqronuli da diaqronuli rakursebis urTierTda-

mokidebulebasac.

meti TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, Cven odnav gavamartivebT arqimedes figuras da am-

gvar konstruqcias SemogTavazebT:

sfero 1 asaxavs Janrs rogorc dadgenil, formirebul, pirobiTad gam-yarebul konstruqcias, anu Seesabameba Janris gaazrebas sinqronul WrilSi. sfero 2 asaxavs Janrs rogorc permanentulad qmnad sistemas, gansazR-vruls istoriuli da kulturuli konteqstiT, anu Seesabameba Janris gaaz-rebas diaqronul WrilSi. sinqronuli modeli stabiluri da myaria, marTa-lia, emorCileba garkveul cvalebadobas, magram — iSviaTad da nela. diaq-ronuli modeli, gamomdinare misi specifikidan, mudmivi transformaciis pirobebSi imyofeba da Janris mexsierebisa da axali perspeqtivis dinamikur sinTezs warmoadgens. sinqronuli modeli mudmivad miiswrafvis diaqronu-li modelisaken da farTovdeba istoriul-kulturuli konteqstis mimar-TulebiT. Tavis mxriv, diaqronuli modeli mudmivad miiswrafvis sinqronu-lisken da viwrovdeba konkretuli Janruli maxasiaTeblebis mimarTulebiT. faseuli da Rirebuli am fleqsiur spiralur konstruqciaSi sinqronuli da diaqronuli modelebis kveTaa, rac gamoxatavs Janris gaazrebis ori gan-sxvavebuli rakursis kavSiris aucileblobasa da mudmivobas da grafiku-lad Seesabameba Janris gaazrebis globalur anu holistikur Teorias.

holistikuri Teoria moicavs da amTlianebs Janris determinaciis orive models: sinqronulsa da diaqronuls. sinqronuli modeli safuZ-vlad edeba Janris etimologiur, tipologiur da semiotikur klasifika-cias, anu Janris definicias Sidaliteraturul kanonzomierebebze day-rdnobiT. diaqronuli modeli axdens Janris rogorc gamyarebuli kon-struqciis sinTezirebas konkretul garemo pirobebTan, adgens Janris adaptaciis xarisxs garkveul istoriul-kulturul konteqstSi, anu axor-cielebs Janris definicias gare, e.w. eqstraliteraturuli kanonzomiere-bebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

Cveni azriT, literaturuli antiutopia, rogorc Janri, SeiZleba dad-gindes da Sefasdes mxolod da mxolod holistikuri Teoriis prizmaSi.

naSromis I TavSi Cven SevecadeT dagvesabuTebina azri: antiutopiuri teqstebis Camoyalibeba saTaves iRebs literaturis ganviTarebis klasi-

kveTis wertili

sf 2

sf 2

sf 2

sf 2

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kur periodSi, sagrZnoblad aqcentirdeba Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis epoqis literaturaSi, konceptualur mniSvnelobas iZens romantizmis wi-aRSi, seriozul pretenzias acxadebs Janris statusze me-19 saukunis miwu-ruls da oficialurad formdeba rogorc Janri me-20 saukunis pirvel na-xevarSi. amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom antiutopiis Janris faseuli evo-luciis procesi sakmaod xangrZlivia, Janris gaformeba mxolod erTi arasruli saukunis winandeli movlena gaxlavT. antiutopia axali Janria. daskvna aseTia: antiutopiam saukuneebis manZilze Semoikriba JanrisaTvis niSandoblivi specifikuri maxasiaTeblebi, magram Janris gaformeba anu Janris determinacia gansazRvrul istoriul-sazogadoebriv, socialur da kulturul konteqstSi ganxorcielda. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Janris Camoyalibebis diaqronuli perspeqtiva garkveul, ontologiurad Rire-bul fazaSi gadaikveTa Janris sinqronul perspeqtivasTan.

rodis yalibdeba axali Janri? anu, ra pirobebSia SesaZlebeli axali Janris formacia? am problemas ikvlevs Janris yvela fundamenturi Teo-ria, formaluri skolidan moyolebuli ultraTanamedrove Teoriuli skolebis CaTvliT. winamdebare Tavis pirvel qveTavSi Cven dawvrilebiT mimovixileT am Teoriuli sistemebisaTvis niSandoblivi ZiriTadi tenden-ciebi, romelTa Soris, vfiqrobT, zemoT dasmul kiTxvebzec gamoikveTa pa-suxebi. arsebiTi CvenTvis aris is garemoeba, rom mavani Teoriuli skolebi-saTvis axali Janris damkvidreba sinqronul Tvalsazriss ukavSirdeba, ma-vanisaTvis — diaqronuls, mavanic cdilobs, SeZlebisdagvarad Seajeros es ori Tvalsazrisi.

ZiriTadad ikveTeba Semdegi motivaciebi: 1. interJanruli urTierTobebis gaaqtiureba: Sidastruqturuli ga-

danacvleba da transformacia (formalisturi skola); 2. defamilarizaciis, dominantasa da `wina planis~ koncefciebi (ru-

suli formalizmi da praRis struqturalizmi); 3. Janris socialuri, lingvisturi da qronotopuli maxasiaTeblebis

cvalebadoba (baxtini); 4. Janris diskursuli maxasiaTeblebis istoriulad kodificirebuli

sistemis transformacia (todorovi, qaleri); 5. teqstisa da eqstrateqstis interaqtiuli modifikaciebi (lotmani); 6. Janris recefciuli da interpretaciuli modifikaciebi (hirSi, iau-

si, izeri); 7. Janris arqetipuli konstruqciis Sida da gare struqturuli kombi-

naciebis invariantuli formebi (frai). globaluri anu holistikuri meTodis safuZvelze determinirebuli

literaturuli antiutopiis Janri iTvaliswinebs yvela aRniSnul motiva-cias, e. i. àxali Janris~ formirebis rogorc sinqronul, ise diaqronul koncefciebs da met-naklebi prioritetulobiT moicavs maT.

a. fouleri, aanalizebs ra Janris Teoriis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva sa-fexurebs, yvelaze seriozul kontribuciad Janris Teoriis sferoSi miiC-nevs interJanruli urTierTobebis koncefciis SemuSavebas. `Tu arsebobs

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raime Janruli sistema, — aRniSnavs mkvlevari, — igi am specifikuri inter-Janruli urTierTobebis Sedegia~ (fouleri 1982: 253). Cven veTanxmebiT kritikosis azrs da Tavs uflebas vaZlevT, ganvavrcoT igi: interJanruli urTierTobebis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia rogorc sinqronul, ise di-aqronul rakursSi. sinqronuli rakursi iTvaliswinebs SidaJanrul kombi-naciebs (rusuli formalizmi, axali struqturalizmi). kombinirebs ara mxolod msgavsi an monaTesave, aramed erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gan-sxvavebuli Janrebi, wyvildeba similaruli da asimilaruli, Tanmxvedri da kontrastuli sistemebi. Sesabamisad, ikveTeba SidaJanruli kombinaciebis ramdenime saxeoba: a) erTi Janri STanTqavs da moicavs meores; b) yalibdeba hibriduli modusi, sadac sinTezirebuli Janrebi Tanabari proporciulo-biT vlindeba; g) iqmneba antagonisturi Janrebis kontrastuli mTlianoba. diaqronuli rakursi iTvaliswinebs konkretuli Janris mimarTebas, erTi mxriv, zogadJanrul gamocdilebasTan da, meore mxriv, arsebul socia-lur-kulturul garemosTan (m. baxtini, i. lotmani). Sesabamisad, àxali Janri~ yalibdeba rogorc kargad aTvisebuli da gaazrebuli memkvidreo-bis transformacia epoqaluri novaciebis konteqstSi.

vfiqrobT, literaturuli antiutopia, rogorc axali Janri, efuZneba da amTlianebs sinqronuli da diaqronuli rakursebis zemoT CamoTvlil maxasiaTeblebs. amis dasturia literaturuli antiutopiis evoluciis is paradigma, romelic dawvrilebiT warmovaCineT winamdebare naSromis I Tav-Si. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi antiutopia dafiqsirda rogorc axali, damo-ukidebeli Janri, kontrutopia, mimarTuli utopiis winaaRmdeg. antiuto-pia ara mxolod damkvidrda rogorc Janri, aramed ganviTarda, gaRrmavda, gafarTovda da samarTlianad iqca invariantuli recefciuli da inter-pretaciuli modifikaciebis saintereso obieqtad.

winamdebare qveTavSi Cven SevecadeT gamogvevlina literaturuli an-tiutopiis Janris dinamikuri mimarTeba Janris gaazrebis sinqronul da diaqronul modelebTan da dagvesabuTebina antiutopiis interpretaciis globaluri, e. w. holistikuri meTodis marTebuloba, rac aRniSnuli mo-delebis sinTezsa da integracias iTvaliswinebs.

momdevno qveTavis mizans warmoadgens im Janruli maxasiaTeblebis aq-centireba, romlebmac gansazRvres axlad Seqmnili antiutopiis Janris specifika.

2.3. antiutopiis Janruli specifika

antiutopiis Janrs, msgavsad sxva literaturuli Janrebisa, gamoar-Cevs mkveTrad determinirebuli Janruli specifika, romelic, rogorc uk-ve aRvniSneT, erTdroulad moiazreba sinqronuli da diaqronuli rakur-sebis prizmaSi. maTi sinTezi da mTlianoba gansazRvravs antiutopiis Jan-ris konceptualur, motivaciur da struqturul modelebs.

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aq, pirvel yovlisa, erTxel kidev unda CamovayaliboT literaturuli antiutopiis gansazRvreba: literaturuli antiutopia aris utopia uar-yofiT konteqstSi, negatiuri utopia anu kontrJanri, mimarTuli utopiis Janris winaaRmdeg. gansxvavebiT utopiisgan, romelic SedarebiT mSvid is-toriul viTarebaSi iqmneba, antiutopia istoriuli gardatexebis, krizi-sebisa da kataklizmebis pirobebSi yalibdeba. Tu utopia warmoadgens so-cialur fantazias idealuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, antiutopia, rogorc kontrutopia, aqtiurad upirispirdeba ama Tu im socialuri idealis gan-xorcielebis mizniT Camoyalibebul nebismier sazogadoebriv struqtu-ras. utopia aris ocneba idealurad marTul sazogadoebaze, antiutopia ki — protesti, mimarTuli Tavsmoxveuli bednierebis praqtikuli reali-zaciis winaaRmdeg. amrigad, realizebuli utopiisa da amboxebuli antiu-topiis samyaro identuria; mxolod erTis idilia koSmaruli zmanebaa meo-risaTvis, erTis bedniereba meoris ubedurebaa, erTis Tavisufleba meoris monobis tolfasi cnebaa. Tu utopia, veberis terminiT rom visargebloT, Tanaswori sazogadoebis ìdealuri tipia~, antiutopia monuri sazogadoe-bis ìdealur tips~ warmoadgens.

marTebulad SeniSnaven r. galceva da i. rodnianskaia: ùtopiebSi, ro-gorc wesi, daxatulia `yvelas~ samyaro, gadaSlili gareSe damkvirveblis aRfrTovanebuli mzeris areSi da ganmartebuli adgilobrivi xelmZRva-nel-ìnstruqtoris~ piriT. es aris samyaro, romelic aRiqmeba ucxo stum-ris mier uvnebeli distanciidan da dasaxlebulia `Soreuli xalxebiT~. an-tiutopiebSi imave miznebiT aSenebuli samyaro danaxulia Signidan, misi erTeuli binadris SegrZnebebs miRma, binadrisa, romelmac Tavis Tavze ga-moscada samyaros kanonebi da Zalze àxlobelia~ CvenTvis. mecnieruli terminologia rom moviSvelioT, utopia sociocentrulia, antiutopia ki — personalisturi~ (galceva... 1988: 219-220).

literaturuli utopia im àxali, idealuri wesrigis~ flagmania, ro-melic gonivrulad imarTeba `zemodan~ da sayovelTao-masobriv xasiaTs atarebs. sapirispirod amisa, literaturuli antiutopia ver da ar urig-deba àxali, idealuri wesrigis~ iZulebiT xasiaTs da ibrZvis individua-luri Rirsebis gadarCenisaTvis masobrivis wiaRSi.

gamomdinare aqedan, migvaCnia, rom antiutopiis umTavres Janrul ma-xasiaTebels, ZiriTad da ganmsazRvrel Janrul niSans warmoadgens opozi-ciis — mowesrigebuli `sazogadoeba/adamiani~ identifikacia opozicias-Tan — masa/pirovneba, sadac sazogadoeba hipertrofirebul saxelisufle-bo meqanizms damorCilebuli masis relevanturi cnebaa, adamiani ki masTan dapirispirebuli, nonkonformisti pirovnebisa.

antiutopiur romanSi warmodgenili masa `Tavisufali monebis~ er-Tobliobaa, nebayoflobiT morCilTa mTlianoba, romelic ierarqiuli sa-xelmwifo manqanis meSveobiT imarTeba. am saxelmwifo struqturebs Tavi-anTi liderebi da damcvelebi hyavT, mxurvale agitatorebi, romlebic axa-li wesrigis idealurobaSi arwmuneben xalxs, gansakuTrebiT ki gaurCebul protagonists. antiutopiuri romanis mTavari gmiris Tviseba misi gansa-

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kuTrebulobaa, rac, upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs individualuri meo-bis SegrZnebas da brZolas am meobis SenarCunebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, antiu-topiur romanSi ori gansxvavebuli fsiqologiuri tipi ikveTeba: masobri-vi da individualuri, romelTa antagonisturi urTierTmimarTeba cxadad vlindeba antiutopiuri JanrisaTvis niSandobliv motivaciur modelSi.

antiutopiuri Janris motivaciuri modelis safuZvels ramdenime gam-yarebuli motivi Seadgens:

1) koleqtiuri Sromisa da kvazinominaciis motivi; 2) lideris motivi; 3) mecnieruli progresisa da teqnokratizmis motivi; 4) SemoqmedebiTi gonis nivelirebis motivi; 5) SiSis motivi; 6) ojaxuri tradiciis destruqciis motivi; 7) fsevdokarnavaluri da fsevdoritualuri motivi; 8) parodirebis motivi. koleqtiuri Sroma antiutopiur romanSi konveierul xasiaTs atarebs.

Sroma, romelic adamianTa modgmis umZimes sasjelad moiazreba, antiuto-piur romanSi TiTqmis biologiur moTxovnilebad aris qceuli. Sromis procesi gamoricxavs nebismieri saxis individualur iniciativas da mimar-Tulia masis idealuri da zneobrivi sibecis provocirebisaken. prolet-kulturis erT-erTi Teoretikosi aleqsei gastevi werda: `sworia ara mxo-lod Jestebisa da warmoebiT-SromiTi meTodebis meqanizireba, aramed meqa-nizireba Cveulebriv-yofiTi azrovnebisa. azrovnebis Serwyma obieqtivi-zaciasTan proletaruli fsiqologiis gasaocar normalizebas axdens... swored es Strixi hmatebs proletarul fsiqologias ukidures anonimu-robas da saSualebas iZleva ganvsazRvroT TiToeuli SromiTi erTeuli, rogorc b, C, an rogorc 325, 075, Tu 0... aseT SemTxvevaSi, aRar arsebobs mi-lionobiT Tavi, aris mxolod erTi saerTo Tavi. SemdgomSi amgvari tenden-cia iwvevs individualuri azrovnebis likvidacias, iqceva mTeli klasis obieqtur fsiqologiad, rac vlindeba fsiqologiuri CarTvebis, gamor-Tvebis, gadarTvebis sistemaSi~ (gastevi 1919: 10). koleqtiuri Sromis re-gulatori saxelmwifoa, erTiani da Zlieri saxelmwifo manqana, romelic bednierebis lozungiT imonebs adamianebs da uspobs maT individualuri TviTmyofadobis gamovlenis yovelgvar Sanss. adamianebi Sromoben cxove-lebis msgavsad, TandaTanobiT kargaven Rirsebis grZnobas da usaxelod, ugvarod integrirdebian masaSi. Sesabamisad, Tavs iCens antiutopiisaTvis niSandoblivi kvazinominaciis motivi.

kvazinominacia gulisxmobs masaSi integrirebuli usaxelo da ugvar-tomo arsebebis, agreTve, stabilurad ganmeorebadi movlenebisa da proce-sebisaTvis axali saxelebis, e.w. metsaxelebis miniWebas. metsaxelis seman-tika naklebad esadageba obieqtis WeSmarit bunebas, magram savsebiT See-satyviseba, erTi mxriv, axal saxelmwifoebriv wesrigs, meore mxriv ki, an-tiutopiisaTvis Cveul ambivalenturobas. magaliTad, pirveli klasikuri antiutopiis — `Cven~ — personaJebi warmoadgenen gadanomril arsebebs —

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D-503, I-330, 0 da a.S. — e. w. `nomrebs~, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT saxelebi da gvarebi, xolo haqslis gaxmaurebuli antiutopiis — ò, mSvenieri axali samyaro~ — personaJebi Segnebulad asimilirdebian im ùryev~ avtorite-tebTan (~marqsi~, `lenina~), romelTac `wilad xvdaT bedniereba~ ecxovraT `proletaruli~ da ìndustriuli~ revoluciebis epoqaSi da Rirebuli wvlili SeetanaT àxali samyaros~ mSeneblobis saqmeSi. metsaxeli antiu-topiur romanSi zogadad saxelmwifos an adgilobrivi xelisuflebis de-miurgiuli funqciis gamovlenis mcdelobaa, rodesac samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebi da movlenebi xelovnurad iZenen axal saxelebs, anu qaosidan xe-lovnurad iqmneba axali kosmosi, `naTeli~ utopiis Sesatyvisi wesrigi.

oficialur struqturas antiutopiur romanSi Tavisi liderebi hyavs, magram lideris cneba ramdenadme ambivalenturi da orazrovania. pirvel yovlisa, lideri aris ara is, vinc imsaxurebs liderobas, aramed is, visac sxvebze metad surs lideroba da yovelnairad miiswrafvis lidero-bisaken. Tu normalur viTarebaSi liderobis miRweva garkveul maxasiaTeb-lebs ukavSirdeba — pirovnebis Wkuas, kompetenturobas, damsaxurebas an, sulac, memkvidreobiTobas — antiutopiur romanSi is mxolod erT prin-cips eqvemdebareba — agresiul survils. yalibdeba erTgvari saxelisuf-lebo ideologia, iracionaluri struqtura, romelic adamians martiv SromiT erTeulad aqcevs. magram lideris cnebas antiutopiur romanSi me-ore, ufro Rrma datvirTvac gaaCnia: demiurgiuli anu aRmSenebluri fun-qcia, rac gulisxmobs axali sazogadoebrivi modelis `Seqmnas~ da adamia-nis `gadakeTebas~ Sesabamis yaidaze. `Seqmnisa~ da `gadakeTebis~ procesi garkveuli regresis niSniT mimdinareobs: lideri qmnis axal sazogadoeb-riv models anu axorcielebs utopiur Canafiqrs, magram organizebuli si-keTisa da bednierebis ZiebaSi, Zalaze dayrdnobiT, cvlis adamianTa cxov-rebas, rac TandaTanobiT gadaizrdeba qaossa da ubedurebaSi da, sabolo-od, organizebuli borotebis saxes iRebs. lideris transformacia garda-uvalia: misi aRmSenebluri funqcia damsjel da damangrevel funqciaSi transformirdeba. swored amgvar liderebs warmoadgenen klasikur antiu-topiebSi gamokveTili `xalxis winamZRvrebi~: `RvTismwyalobeli~ (`Cven~), ùmaRlesi mmarTveli~ mustafa mondi (ò, mSvenieri axali samyaro~), ìdeo-logi~ o’braieni (`1984~) da sxvani. ùtopiur moZraobebs yovelTvis iwyeben Tavdadebuli adamianebi, — aRniSnavs s. l. franki, — anTebulni xalxisadmi siyvaruliT, romlebic mzad arian TavianTi sicocxle gaswiron moyvasi-saTvis; aseTi adamianebi ara marto hgvanan wmindanebs, aramed, raRac Tval-sazrisiT, naziarebni arian kidevac siwmindesTan. magram TandaTan, swored dasaxuli miznis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis moaxloebis gamo, isini an Ta-vad gardaiqmnebian satanuri borotebis ZaliT Sepyrobil adamianebad, an, rogorc memkvidreebs, adgils uTmoben Zalauflebis garyvnil da usulgu-lo maZieblebs. aseTia yvela revoluciis paradoqsuli ganviTareba, yvela utopiuri Canafiqris cxovrebiseul wesad gardaqmnis mcdeloba~ (franki 1992: 54). lideri Zalmomreobis, borotebis personificirebul xorcSes-

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xmad iqceva, monstrad, romelic xalxis anu damorCilebuli masis xelov-nur-paTetikuri aRfrTovanebis obieqts warmoadgens.

masebis damorCilebis yvelaze efeqturi gza antiutopiur romanSi progresis demonstrirebis gzaa. koleqtiuri Sromisa da lideris motivs erwymis mecnieruli progresisa da teqnokratizmis motivi. progresis mo-tivs antiutopiur romanSi ganmsazRvreli funqcia eniWeba: axali adamianis Seqmna wminda teqnikuri procesia, xelovnuri Serwyma-awyobis Sedegi, rac xelewifeba Tanamedrove meqanikur miRwevebs. adamiani manqanis monaa, er-Tdroulad misi produqtica da momxmarebelic. àxal adamians Sens gemoze aawyob da gaakeTeb~, — aseTia axali sistemis lozungi, sadac ieriSis mTavar obieqts subieqtis individualuri buneba warmoadgens. ase magaliTad, za-miatinis romanis mTavari idea integralis mSeneblobaa, universaluri man-qanisa, romelic `moaxdens samyaros usasrulo gaTanabrebis integrirebas~ (zamiatini 1989: 307) da ar dauSvebs ìndividualuri originalurobis~ ga-movlenas. kidev ufro Sors midis haqsli, romlisTvisac mecniereba `kuli-nariuli receptebis~ martiv CamonaTvlad aris qceuli da `mowesrigebuli yoveldRiurobis~ uryev garants warmoadgens. antiutopiur romanebSi asa-xuli samyaro mkacr, geometriul CarCoebSi moTavsebuli ganzomilebaa, ev-kliduri realoba, romelic azrovnebis dogmatizaciisaken ubiZgebs mis binadarT. ricxvebis, integralebis, zusti gamoTvlebisa da moTvinierebu-li gonis pirobebSi xelovneba kargavs Tavis `samarcxvino Tavisuflebas~ da `saerTo-saxalxo~ monapovrad iqceva. mecnieruli progresisa da teq-nokratizmis motivs sruliad bunebrivad erwymis SemoqmedebiTi gonis ni-velirebis motivi.

SemoqmedebiTi sawyisi daxSulia, xelovneba `grZnobaTa cinikur teq-nologiad~ aris qceuli da saxelmwifo diqtatis erT-erT formas warmo-adgens. poetis umaRlesi miRweva am samyaroSi `saxelmwifo poetis~ wode-baa, musikis Seqmnis saukeTeso adgili — fabrika-qarxnebis mogugune da mo-zuzune saamqroebi. `me vfiqrobdi, — sarkastulad SeniSnavs e. zamiatini, — rogor moxda, rom Zvelebs TvalSi ar ecaT maTi literaturisa da poeziis ugunureba. mxatvruli sityvis uzarmazari, SesaniSnavi Zala sul amaod ixarjeboda. ubralod sasaciloa: yvela imas werda, rac TavSi mouvidoda. es xom iseTive sasacilo da ugunuri ram aris, rogorc is, rom ZvelebTan zRvis talRebi dRedaRam napirs exeTqebodnen da talRebSi arsebuli mi-lionobiT kilogrammetrebi SeyvarebulTa grZnobebis agizgizebaze ixar-jeboda. Cven talRebis Seyvarebuli CurCulidan eleqtrooba movipoveT, gaxelebul qafSi moRriale cxovelidan Sinauri cxoveli davamzadeT; da zustad aseve movaTviniereT da movaWkvianeT poeziis odesRac veluri sti-qiac. poezia dRes aRar gaxlavT mercxlis udardeli stvena: poezia saxel-mwifo samsaxuria, poezia sargebelia~ (zamiatini 1989: 351-352). individua-luri kulturis nebismieri gamovlineba ulmoblad nadgurdeba antiuto-piur samyaroSi: iRupeba kulturis uZvelesi Zeglebi, ingreva arqiteqtu-ris saukeTeso nimuSebi, iyideba Zvirfasi xelnawerebi, nivTebi, aRaravin

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kiTxulobs wignebs, maT sajarod wvaven `moqalaqeTa gonebrivi higienis~ mizniT. amgvar viTarebaSi sruliad bunebrivad iCens Tavs SiSis motivi.

SiSi ambivalentur datvirTvas iZens antiutopiur romanSi: erTi mxriv, igi gansazRvravs masis morCilebas liderisa da saxelmwifo struq-turisadmi, meore mxriv, SiSi agrZnobinebs protagonists realobis anu em-piriuli samyaros sisastikes, aZlierebs misi protestis gancdas da mako-ordinebel rols asrulebs gmiris mier alternatiuli realobis gamomu-Savebis saqmeSi.

terorze, SiSsa da `me~-obis ignorirebaze agebul sazogadoebaSi, cxa-dia, gamoricxulia ojaxi misi tradiciuli gagebiT: ojaxi adamianis kuT-vnili sferoa, misi individualuri kuTxe da bude, antiutopiur romanSi ki adamians individualobis yvela ufleba aqvs CamorTmeuli. centralizebu-li evgenikis samyaroSi Tavis WeSmarit funqcias kargavs ojaxi da stereo-tipuli stabilurobis uryev garantad gvevlineba: ojaxi uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis wevrTa rogorc raodenobriv, ise xarisxobriv stabiluro-bas. antiutopiur romanebSi aRwerili ojaxuri urTierTobani ojaxze Seq-mnili utopiuri Teoriebis gaSarJebul-utrirebul, magram konceptualu-rad marTebul variantebs warmoadgens.

b. lanini miuTiTebs: àntiutopias wilad xvda me-20 saukuneSi mimdina-re ojaxuri urTierTobebis rRvevis procesis srulyofilad asaxva. ami-saTvis ori mizezi arsebobda. pirveli mizezi gaxldaT saxelmwifos ganu-sazRvreli da absoluturi Zalaufleba adamianze. saxelmwifom gacilebiT meti aiRo Tavis Tavze, vidre es adamianisaTvis iyo dasaSvebi. cxadia, arse-bobs garkveuli zRvari, romelic mijnavs adamians saxelmwifosgan da, SesaZ-lebelia, amgvar zRvarad iqces ojaxi. iq ki, sadac saxelmwifo `Telavs~ ojaxs, warmoudgenelia saubari srulyofil suverenul pirovnebaze. meore mizezi Tavad antiutopiis arsidan momdinareobs. antiutopiebSi metwilad imgvari suraTia aRwerili, rom pirovnebas mxolod sakuTari gadarCenisaT-vis SeuZlia brZola da sxva gamosavali, garda imisa, rom Tavidan amoigdos yovelgvari fiqri da mogoneba nebismier socialur institutze da ibrZo-los mxolod sakuTari, minimalurad SesaZlebeli arsebobisaTvis, ar gaaCnia~ (lanini 1993: 78-79). Cven mxolod nawilobriv daveTanxmebiT mkvlevars. b. la-ninis mier warmodgenil mosazrebaSi udavod marTebulad unda miviCnioT an-tiutopiebSi asaxuli ojaxuri urTierTobebis rRvevis suraTis pirveli anu saxelmwifoebrivi mizezi. totalitarizmis sapirispirod formirebuli an-tiutopia, bunebrivia, mTeli simwvaviT warmoaCenda organizebuli saxelmwi-fo manqanis mier marTvadi ojaxuri struqturebis uniaTobas, absurdulobas da, rac mTavaria, pirovnebis Rrmad intimuri zonis nivelirebas. magram ver gaviziarebT mkvlevris mier SemoTavazebul meore anu konceptualur mizezs. Tezisi `brZola mxolod sakuTari Tavis gadarCenisTvis,~ vfiqrobT, ramde-nadme amcirebs antiutopiuri romanebis protagonistTa qmedebis masStabu-robasa da faseulobas: antiutopiis nonkonformisti gmirebi ibrZvian ara mxolod `sakuTari tyavis~, aramed zogadad, adamianTa modgmis gadasarCenad. `pirovnulis~ cneba aq Rrmad integrirdeba `sakacobrio~ gagebasTan da bev-

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rad ufro globaluri transformaciis proeqcias warmoaCens, vidre es kon-kretuli individis donezea SesaZlebeli. erTi ram cxadia: saxelmwifo regu-lacias daqvemdebarebuli ojaxi antiutopiur romanSi stereotipuli stabi-lurobis ueWveli maCvenebelia da mas ori aSkara Tavisebureba gamoarCevs: anonimuroba da ltolva identifikaciisaken.

marTebulad aRniSnaven r. galceva da i. rodnianskaia: `SeiZleba winas-war vivaraudoT, rom am sazogadoebaSi, romelmac Secvala adamianuri ar-sebobis ZiriTadi konstantebi, batonobs TviTqmnadobis paTosi: is amayobs imiT, rom Tavad Seqmna sakuTari Tavi~ (galceva... 1988: 221). `TviTqmnado-bis~ paTosi, marTalia, sxvadasxvagvar rakursSi, magram praqtikulad yo-velTvis gamoricxavs `mSoblis~ fenomens. literaturul antiutopiaSi STamomavlobiTi anonimurobis ramdenime gamyarebuli varianti arsebobs:

a) xelovnuri ganayofiereba; b) gaSvileba anu bavSvis gasxviseba; g) mSoblebis adreuli gardacvaleba; d) mSoblebis vercnoba; TiToeuli es varianti aZlierebs antiutopiur romanSi `mSoblis~ cne-

bis, rogorc anonimuri kategoriis, gaazrebis tendencias. mSoblis fun-qciis destruqcia, cxadia, maqsimalurad zrdis saxelmwifos funqcias. sa-xelmwifo enacvleba mSoblebs da Canacvleba xazgasmulad mizanmimarTul xasiaTs atarebs: saxelmwifo gansazRvravs pirovnebas, adgens pirovnebis moqmedebisaTvis dasaSveb da akrZalul zonaTa sazRvrebs, ayalibebs yvela ùgvartomosTvis~ standartuli codnisa da inteleqtis models. vfiq-robT, mSoblebTan kontaqtis dakargva literaturuli antiutopiis uaR-resad mniSvnelovani aspeqtia, vinaidan warmoadgens adamianis saxelmwifo segmentad qcevis winapirobas.

ojaxuri tradiciis cneba antiutopiur romanSi gauCinarebamde fer-mkrTalia: igi an Soreuli warsulis Tviseba gaxlavT an personaJis mexsie-rebaSi SemorCenili mcire fragmenti, an ucxo dro-sivrculi ganfenilo-bidan SemoWrili elementi. mSoblis faqtoris nivelireba antiutopiur romanSi gamokveTili sayovelTao identificirebis tendenciis mniSvnelo-vani winapirobaa, is aucilebeli prerekviziti, romelic gadaWriT ubiZ-gebs individs masisaken. magram isaa antiutopiis nonkonformistis gadar-Cenis erTaderTi gzac: genetikuri Rirsebis SegrZneba, rogorc konceptu-aluri wiaRsvla sakuTar TavSi, bevrad uzrunvelyofs pirovnebis xsnis sa-xeliT warmoebuli brZolis warmatebas.

ojaxuri tradiciebis rRveva antiutopiur romanSi, cxadia, col-qmru-li urTierTobebis standartizaciiTac xasiaTdeba: samyaro, romelsac xe-lewifeba sxvadasxva genetikuri kodis xelovnuri identifikacia, ibrZvis erosisa da vnebis mosaTvinierebladac. zamiatiniseul `pirad saaTsa~ da `vardisfer bileTebs~ haqsliseuli `centraluri inkubatorebi~ da orue-lis `partiuli mandatis mixedviT~ qorwineba enacvleba. moqmedebas iwyebs utopiisaTvis niSandoblivi `moziareobis~ principi rogorc antimodeli.

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utopiis erT-erT fuZemdebels, Tomazo kampanelas saxelmwifo Zlie-rebis umTavres pirobad `racionaluri Sobadoba~ miaCnda. am mizniT, `mzis qalaqSi~ aqtiurad mimdinareobda dasaqorwinebeli wyvilebis samedicino da astrologiuri seleqcia, ganmsazRvrel pirobas ki `moziareobis prin-cipi~ warmoadgenda: `gaerTianebuli cxovrebis filosofiuri tipi [...], — wers Tomazo kampanela, — qalebis gaziarebis principi [...], miRebulia sayo-velTao mTlianobisa da erTianobis koncefciis safuZvelze... STamomav-lobis warmoeba saxelmwifos interesebSi Sedis, sadac calkeul pirTa in-teresebi mxolod imdenad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli, ramdenadac is gvevli-neba saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawilad~ (kampanela 1970: 182).

gacilebiT Sors midis S. furie, romlis moZRvrebaSic warmodgenilia `Tavisufali siyvarulis~ paradoqsuli propaganda: furieseuli `Tavisu-fali siyvaruli~ gvevlineba ara mowodebad garyvnilebisa da aRviraxsni-lobisaken, aramed adamianebis SromiTi gamTlianebisa da, Sesabamisad, saxel-mwifo dovlaTis Seqmnis mtkice garantad. `vnebebi, romlebsac erTianobis mtrebad miiCnevdnen, — wers furie, — da romelTa winaaRmdegac aTasobiT tomebs werdnen, ... vnebebi, vamtkiceb me, mowodebulni arian mxolod SeTan-xmebisaTvis, mxolod socialuri erTianobisaTvis, romlisganac maT esoden dacilebulad miviCnevdiT. magram vnebaTa harmoniuli mowesrigeba erTa-derT SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli: Tu isini sworad viTardeba progresirebad seriebSi an seriul jgufebSi. am meqanizmis gareSe vnebebi aRvirawyvetil vefxvebs hgavs da gaugebar gamocanebs warmoadgens~ (furie 1971: 522).

r. ouenis moZRvreba ganamtkicebs S. furies mosazrebas. `sanam kacTa mod-gma dayofili iqneba calkeul ojaxebad, — wers oueni, — bunebis kanonzomie-rebani ver moikrebs saTanado Zalas. individualizmi, romelic iwvevs adami-anTa da xalxTa Soris interesebis winaaRmdegobas, ver iarsebebs bunebis kano-nebze dafuZnebuli sistemis gverdiT. es gankerZoebuli interesebi da ojaxe-bis individualuri organizebis wesi, kerZo sakuTrebis primatiT, Seadgens Tanamedrove ugunuri sistemis arsebiT nawils. isini unda aRmoifxvras mTel sistemasTan erTad. maT adgilas unda aRmocendes mamakacebis, qalebisa da bavSvebis mecnierulad dasabuTebuli gaerTianebebi~ (oueni 1971: 531).

amrigad, idealuri wesrigis erT-erT naTel perspeqtivad utopisteb-ma Lex sexualis avadsaxsenebeli cneba miiCnies: yvela ekuTvnis yvelas anu mkvidrdeba ulimito ùrTierTmoxmarebis~ principi, romelic uzrunvel-yofs moqalaqeTa standartizebul bednierebas. msgavsi sazogadoebis pi-robebSi aravis aqvs ufleba, iyos sxvaze metad an naklebad bednieri. seqsu-aluri cxovrebaca da ojaxic, utopistebis TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifo me-qanizmis samsaxurSi myofi berketebia, romelTa siswore, simyare da stabi-luroba uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebrivi warmoebis maRal xarisxs.

utopistebis mier SemoTavazebuli `Tanaziarobis~, `sayovelTaobisa~ da ùrTierTmoxmarebis~ motivi antiutopiaSi erT-erT ZiriTad antimoti-vad iqca, antiTemad, romelic arRvevs da anadgurebs ojaxis, rogorc in-timuri erTianobis, ideas.

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ojaxuri stabilurobis ironizebul motivs antiutopiur romanSi er-wymis qalis, rogorc protagonistTan mimarTebaSi gamokveTili garyvnili arsebis motivi. mkvlevarTa garkveuli jgufis mier antiutopiur romanSi dominirebadi qalis garyvnilebis motivi antiutopiaSi aRiqmeba rogorc gonivrulobamde misuli garyvnileba da upirispirdeba utopiis garyvni-lebamde misul gonivrulobas. garyvnileba winaswar gasnazRvrul, goniv-rul aqtad aris miCneuli da warmoadgens qali-personaJis mier TviTga-darCenis mizniT ganxorcielebul iZulebiT qmedebas.

magram ramdenad marTebulia garyvnilebis identificireba TviTgadar-Cenis gonivrul aqtTan? Tu seqsualuri Tavisuflebis motivi moicavs TviT-gadarCenis motivs, maSin nebayoflobiTi garyvnileba aixsneba rogorc dakar-guli an warTmeuli intimuri damoukideblobis dabrunebis ukiduresi mcde-loba. sakiTxis amgvarad dasma, vfiqrobT, mcdaria. nebayoflobiTi garyvni-leba adasturebs ara qalis piradi cxovrebis separatizebas danarCeni samya-rosagan, aramed, piriqiT, individualuri grZnobebis nivelirebas, srul gau-Cinarebasa da ugulebelyofas. antiutopiuri garyvnileba utopiuri `mozia-reobisa~ da ùrTierTmoxmarebis~ cnebaTa relevanturi aqtia da Janrwarmom-qmnel datvirTvas atarebs: qalis garyvnileba, erTi mxriv, aRrmavebs mTavari gmiris antagonizms ìdealur samyarosTan~ da, meore mxriv, gansazRvravs mis centridanul svlas antiutopiuri sazogadoebis wiaRidan gareT. aRniSnuli procesebi urTierTgamomdinareni arian: antiutopiis mTavari gmiri, romel-sac surs aRdges sakuTar, individualur modelSi, sasowarkveTili eWideba siyvarulis warTmeul perspeqtivas da cdilobs daibrunos intimuri cxov-rebis dakarguli ufleba. magram intimis gageba antiutopiur romanSi garda-uvalad ukavSirdeba subieqturobis cnebas: intimi, misi WeSmariti gagebiT, mi-uRebelia antiutopiuri masobriobis pirobebSi da Segnebulad aris gadafa-ruli gmiris rCeuli qalis daufiqrebeli, avtomaturi, meqanikuri garyvni-lebiT. amrigad, vneba, romelic adamianis personalurobis erT-erT Zlier maCvenebels warmoadgens, antiutopiur romanSi sruliad ganiaraRebuli da falsificirebulia. vnebis, intimisa da individualurobis warTmeviT gamow-veuli sicariele aZlierebs nonkonformisti personaJis ltolvas antiuto-piuri romanis wiaRidan gareT. xorcieli Wrilobis simwvave afxizlebs mis sulier SesaZleblobebsa da brZolis Jins. igi cxadad acnobierebs urTules, ironiul-tragikul mimarTebas gamyarebul da ritualizebul sazogadoeb-riv wesrigTan.

yofis ritualizacia da karnavalizacia antiutopiuri romanis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi, magram struqturulad rTuli aspeqtia. proble-mis sirTules Tavad ritualizebisa da karnavalizebis specifikuri xasia-Ti ganapirobebs.

pirveli mkvlevari, vinc Rrmad Seiswavla karnavaluri tradiciebis gadatanis sakiTxi improvizebuli folkloruli samyarodan literaturu-li teqstis doneze, iyo m. baxtini. man mTeli simwvaviT dasva menipeuri sa-tirisa da karnavaluri kulturis makoordinebeli funqciis problema msoflio literaturaTmcodneobis winaSe.

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menipeis baxtiniseuli ganmarteba Zalze farTo da mravalspeqtriania. arsebiTi CvenTvis gaxlavT is garemoeba, rom menipea, baxtinis azriT, aris Janri oficiozis miRma, anu Janri, romelic uaryofs gabatonebul azrs da azrovnebis gansxvavebul modelebs sTavazobs kacobriobas. menipeis Jan-rma, baxtinis rwmeniT, zedmiwevniT kargad gamoxata evropuli filosofi-uri da literaturuli azris tendencia, gaerRvia gansazRvruli, gamyare-buli substanciis CarCoebi da daenerga alternatiuli tipis azrovneba, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavda globaluri transformirebis SesaZleblo-bebs. transformaciis procesi, menipeis principebis Tanaxmad, asaxavs mo-mavlis ambivalentur `gaTamaSebas~ awmyos winaSe: `saxalxo-sadResaswaulo formebi momavlisaken imzireba, — aRniSnavs baxtini, — da ganasaxierebs am momavlis — òqros xanis~ — gamarjvebas warsulze: sayovelTao-saxalxo ma-terialuri simdidris, Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis, Zmobis gamarjvebas. momavlis es gamarjveba saxalxo ukvdavebiTaa uzrunvelyofili~ (baxtini 1986g: 302). swored Sinaarsobriv-struqturulma ambivalenturobam, kon-traversiuli tipis azrovnebam da swrafvam transformaciisaken ganapiro-bes menipeis Janris aqtualoba antiutopiuri Janris Camoyalibebisa da formirebis saqmeSi. jer kidev m. baxtinis mier menipeuri satiris nimuSebad miCneul literaturul ZeglebSi (senekas àpokolokintozisi~, petroniu-sis `satirikoni~, lukianes `satirebi~, apuleiusis òqros viri~) anu lite-raturis ganviTarebis klasikur periodSi Caisaxa da Seikra erTgvari meta-Janruli karkasi dafuZnebuli fsevdokarnavalis, SiSis, danaSaulebrivi, sisxliani xelisuflebisa da martosuli mTavari gmiris myar motivaciur modelebze. TiToeuli am modelis daZleva niSnavs mis Canacvlebas alter-natiuli modeliT da, Sesabamisad, axali wesrigis dausrulebel Ziebas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, xalxuri kulturis wiaRidan aRmocenebulma karna-valma da karnavalurma tradiciam teqstualizebuli forma miiRo da iqca im specifikur kosmogoniad, romelic ar cnobs substanciasa da mizezob-riobas da arsebobs mxolod aqtiuri urTierTobebis saxiT. `karnavalma ar icis dayofa mayureblebad da Semsruleblebad, — miuTiTebs m. baxtini, — ar cnobs rampebs, Tundac Canasaxovan formaSi... karnavals ar Seimecneben, mas-Si cxovroben da cxovroben yvelani, radgan karnavali Tavisi arsiT saer-To-saxalxo movlenaa. sanam mimdinareobs karnavali, miseuli cxovreba cxovrebis erTaderT formas warmoadgens. misgan gaqceva SeuZlebelia, vi-naidan ar gaaCnia sivrculi sazRvrebi. karnavalis dros mxolod karnava-lis kanonebiTaa cxovreba SesaZlebeli, karnavaluri Tavisuflebis kano-nebiT. karnavali msoflio masStabis movlenaa, radgan mTeli samyaros gan-sakuTrebul mdgomareobas asaxavs, aRorZinebasa da ganaxlebas, rac yvelas xvedria... karnavalis amgvari idea mkafiod vlindeboda da aRiqmeboda ro-maul saturnaliebSi, romlebic saturniseuli oqros xanis miwaze realur da srul (magram droebiT) dabrunebad moiazreboda. saturnaliebis tra-diciebi ar Sewyvetila da ganagrZobda arsebobas Sua saukuneebis karna-valSi, romelic Sua saukuneebis sxva dResaswaulebze ukeT da srulyofi-lad asaxavda samyaros ganaxlebis ideas... karnavalSi Tavad cxovreba Tama-

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Sobs... sxva, Tavisufal (laR) formas cxovrebisa, Tavissave aRorZinebasa da ganaxlebas saukeTeso sawyisebze~ (baxtini 1986g: 297-298).

karnavaluri motivebis reinkarnacia Sua saukuneebisa da momdevno epo-qebis literaturaSi SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc Tamami manifestaciebi opoziciuri oficiozis, saeklesio diqtatisa da feodaluri kulturis wi-naaRmdeg. vfiqrobT, antiutopiam, rogorc Tavsmoxveuli reJimisa da tota-litaruli wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma Janrma, warmatebiT aiTvisa kar-navaluri literaturisaTvis niSandoblivi mTeli rigi Taviseburebani, ro-melTa zogadi sistematizacia Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba warmovadginoT:

1. ritualuri sanaxaobisa da karnavaluri inscenirebis warmodgena sa-xalxo TavSeyris adgilebSi;

2. familaruli urTierTobebis provocireba adamianebs Soris, romle-bic gansxvavebul socialur fenebs ekuTvnian;

3. msoflmxedvelobrivad, zneobrivad da eTikurad dapirispirebuli wyvilebis gamTlianeba: dabadeba/sikvdili, siyrme/sibere, maRla/dabla, saxe/zurgi, sibrZne/sicrue, qeba/lanZRva da sxva;

4. aracnobieri instinqtebis — seqsi, Wama-sma, promocia; 5. sikvdilisa da ganaxlebis magistraluri motivebis damkvidreba. opoziciur struqturas — maRla/dabla — baxtini karnavalis centra-

lur opoziciad miiCnevs da Tvlis, rom misTvis damaxasiaTebel inversiul formebSi zedmiwevniT kargad vlindeba karnavalisaTvis niSandoblivi Se-niRbuli urTierTobebis groteskuli Seusabamoba. antiutopiuri teqste-bis konkretuli analizi (romelic qvemoT iqneba warmodgenili) cxadad adasturebs opoziciis — maRla/dabla — arsebiT mniSvnelobas antiutopiu-ri Janris literaturisaTvis, sadac es ambivalenturi mTlianoba scildeba `groteskuli Seusabamobis~ CarCoebs da siRrmiseul datvirTvas iZens.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs Camoyalibebis, cvalebadobis, sik-vdilisa da ganaxlebis magistraluri motivebic. ganaxleba karnavalur si-namdvileSi, baxtinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, arasodes xorcieldeba konkretu-li karnavaluri subieqtis doneze, igi xalxis, rogorc erTi mTliani, mo-noliTuri organizmis Tvisebaa da gardauvalad ukavSirdeba sikvdils. karnavaluri individis sikvdili, baxtinis azriT, xalxis cxovrebis mxo-lod patara fragmentia, wami, romelic am xalxisave ganaxlebisa da srul-yofisaTvis aris saWiro. sikvdilisa da ganaxlebis Temebis amgvar gaazre-bas baxtinologTa nawilma ìndividualuri sxeulis rekviemi~ uwoda (m. riklini, n. glazeneri) da aRiqva rogorc stalinuri reJimis koleqtiu-ri paTosis infiltracia baxtinis Teoriul naazrevSi. vfiqrobT, msgavsi varaudi mcdari da zedapirulia. baxtinis filosofiuri Tu literatu-raTmcodneobiTi xasiaTis Sromebi individualurobisa da personaluro-bis paTosiTaa gaJRenTili, karnavalis SemTxvevaSi ki baxtini principulad icavs pozicias, romlis Tanaxmadac karnavali gamorCeulad arapersona-lur movlenad aRiqmeba. karnavalis swored arapersonaluri paradigma, koleqtiuroba, rogorc Tviseba, iqca antiutopiuri Janris TxzulebebSi warmodgenili `fsevdokarnavaluri~ motivis safuZvlad, im ZiriTad moti-

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vaciur modelad, romelsac aqtiurad upirispirdeba antiutopiis nonkon-formisti gmiris individualuri da personaluri paradigma. Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobaSi gamokveTili damokidebuleba karnavaluri Te-matikis mimarT amyarebs Cvens pozicias. germaneli literaturaTmcodnis b. toiberis azriT, axali drois mijnaze mdgari filologiis umTavres amocanas warmoadgens gonis ambivalenturobis Zieba yovel kulturul mo-delSi, anu miTis im tragikuli niRbis gaazreba, romlis meore mxaresac `karnavalis dionisuri xibli~ warmoadgens. antiutopiuri ambivalentu-robis konteqstSi ganixilaven p. vaili da a. genisi literaturis, rogorc kulturis umniSvnelovanesi formis, ganviTarebis zogad tendenciebsac. literatura, maTi azriT, ori nakadis mTlianobas warmoadgens, òri lite-raturisa~, sadac `pirveli momdinareobda principidan: adamians ganapiro-bebs sazogadoeba — da qmnida pirovnebis, rogorc `Homo socialis~-is kon-cefcias, meore ki — ubralod ~Homo~-si (lanini 1993: 108). Tu pirveli tipis literaturisaTvis `konfliqti konkretul-istoriuli garemoebiTaa gan-pirobebuli da sazogadoebis analizi gardauvalad ukavSirdeba pirovne-bis analizs~, meore tipis literaturaSi àdamiani warmodgeba arsebad, ro-melsac gamoarCevs genetikuri memkvidreobiT miRebuli individualuri Tvisebebi (SeiZleba — RvTisagan momadlebulic. es avtoris Sexedulebazea damokidebuli). sazogadoeba, am SemTxvevaSi, brZolis velia, arena, sadac TiToeuli individis neba upirispirdeba stiqiurad (an organizebulad) Se-muSavebul socialur etikets. bunebrivi arseba da xelovnuri struqtura. vin vis dajabnis?~ (lanini 1993: 108).

Cveni azriT, swored `xelovnuri struqturis~ rogorc koleqtiuri azrovnebis nayofis konstruirebas edeba safuZvlad fsevdomenipeuri da fsevdokarnavaluri Tematika antiutopiur romanebSi. menipea, uxeSi kon-taqtis gziT, warmoaCens arasasurveli ìdeiTa~ da ìdeologiiT~ gaJRen-Tili cxovrebis models da, alternativis saxiT, upirispirebs mas simar-Tles. menipeas simarTle anu simarTlis filosofia mwvave problematikisa da utopiuri fantastikis nazavs warmoadgens, sadac `gaubedavi utopizmi~ dakarguli faseulobebis Ziebisa da aRdgenis ekvivalenturi cnebaa. mag-ram ramdenad damakmayofilebelia warmosaxuli modelis ganxorcieleba teqstis doneze? vfiqrobT, aq aqtiurad moqmedebs bumerangis principi: menipeas siuJetisaTvis niSandoblivi ltolva idealuri modelis ganxor-cielebisaken antiutopiur romanSi fsevdoJanrul datvirTvas iZens: meni-peis gmiri abstraqtuli pirovnebaa, fataluri brZenis analogi, romelic cdilobs ganaxorcielos samyaros mowyobis sakuTari proeqti. Sesabami-sad, adre Tu gvian, igi sakuTarive ideis msxverplad iqceva, individualu-ri maxasiaTeblebisagan daclil marionetad, romelic àRmSeneblis~ pozi-ciidan àRmasruleblis~ poziciaSi transformirdeba. iqmneba `xelovnuri struqtura~ anu organizebuli sistema, romelsac Tavsmoxveuli ideolo-giis funqcia aqvs dakisrebuli da romlis winaaRmdegac gardauvalad ijanyebs `bunebrivi arseba~ anu individualuri TvisebebiT gamorCeuli nonkonformisti gmiri. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dasaxuli modelis reali-

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zeba mudmivad mianiSnebs mis Canacvlebas alternatiuli modeliT da, Sesa-bamisad, axali wesrigis dausrulebel Ziebas. swored `dausrulebloba~ — uwyvetoba, ulimito xangrZlivoba warmoadgens fsevdokarnavaluri at-mosferos ZiriTad maxasiaTebels da ganasxvavebs mas karnavalis `droebi-Tobisgan~. `karnavalSi Tavad cxovreba TamaSobs, — aRniSnavs m. baxtini, — TamaSi ki droebiT iqceva Tavad cxovrebad~ (baxtini 1986g: 299). swored `droebiToba~ ganasxvavebs karnavals `dausrulebeli~ da ùwyveti~ fsev-dokarnavalisgan. karnavaluri dResaswaulebi, romlebic zedmiwevniT kar-gad asaxavdnen kacobriobis realur da msoflmxedvelobriv faseulobebs, mudam jansaR damokidebulebaSi iyvnen drois fenomenTan. `safuZvlad maT yovelTvis edoT bunebrivi (kosmiuri), biologiuri da istoriuli drois garkveuli da konkretuli koncefcia, — wers m. baxtini — ... dResaswauli aq meore cxovrebis formad iqceoda xalxisaTvis, romelic droebiT abijeb-da sayovelTaobis, Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da keTildReobis utopi-ur samefoSi~ (baxtini 1986g: 299-300). antiutopiur romanebSi gabatone-bulma fsevdokarnavalurma atmosferom ukuagdo `droebiToba~, rogorc karnavalis ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTebeli da `ganuwyveteli mudmivobis~ am-pluaSi gadawyvita igi. karnavalis `droebiToba~ `droebiTi idiliis~ re-levanturi cnebaa, im `droebiTi uflebisa~, romlis meSveobiTac cxovre-bis normirebuli CarCoebiT SezRuduli adamiani droebiT imecnebs saku-Tar Tavs da ikmayofilebs Tavisuflebis maradiul wyurvils. fsevdokar-navalis `mudmivoba~ ki, piriqiT, `xelovnuri struqturis~ wisqvilze as-xams wyals. fsevdokarnavali arc `meore cxovrebas~ qmnis da arc arsebuli wesrigis xundebisagan aTavisuflebs adamians. is, rogorc gamyarebuli rea-lobisa da gabatonebuli ideologiis Senelebuli modeli, ganamtkicebs Tavsmoxveuli simarTlis anu diqtaturis mudmivobas. ase magaliTad, roman-Si `Cven~ `musikaluri qarxana~ yovel diliT ukravs èrTiani saxelmwifos marSs~, rigebad dawyobili `nomrebi~ anu `Cven~ niSniT aRniSnuli bednieri `saSualo ariTmetikulebi~ amayad moabijeben qalaqis centralur moedanze, xolo `saxelmwifo poetebi~ regularulad ikribebian `RvTismwyalobelis~ karze da saxotbo leqsebs, himnebsa da odebs uZRvnian mas. sistematuroba, `mudmivoba~ antiutopiuri fsevdokarnavalis myari struqturuli garan-tia: fsevdokarnavali arsebuli wesrigis flagmans warmoadgens, Sesabami-sad, misi dasasruli aRniSnuli wesrigis dasasrulia. `mudmivobis~ SenarCu-nebis erTaderTi gza gaxlavT SiSi, panikuri SiSi, romelic Tan axlavs anti-utopiur romanebSi warmodgenil fsevdokarnavalur inscenirebebs.

`dausruleblobis~ konteqstSi aqtiurad realizdeba karnavaluri literaturisaTvis niSandoblivi `koleqtiurobis~ paTosi, romelic per-manentuli fsevdosazeimo ganwyobilebis matareblad gvevlineba. fsevdo-sazeimo ganwyobilebas antiutopiur romanSi qmnis karnavalisaTvis tipu-ri iseTi fsevdoritualuri movlenebi, rogoricaa: familaruli urTier-Tobebis provocireba gansxvavebul socialur fenaTa warmomadgenlebs Soris, Wama-smisa da seqsualuri instinqtebis uxvi demonstrireba da, ra-sakvirvelia, siuJetis datvirTva parodiuli motivebiT.

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familaruli urTierTobebi gulisxmobs kontaqtis uceremonio da mi-uRebeli formebis Camoyalibebas gansxvavebuli socialuri wreebis warmo-madgenlebs Soris. familarizmebs specifikuri datvirTva eniWeboda sa-karnavalo dResaswaulebis msvlelobisas: isini zedmiwevniT kargad esada-geboda xalxis ltolvas sayovelTao gaTanabrebis, socialuri sazRvrebi-sa da mijnebis daZlevisaken. magram, droTa ganmavlobaSi, metwilad yofi-Ti yoveldRiurobis pirobebSi, urTierTobis familarulma formam dakar-ga siRrmiseuloba da karnavaluri tradiciebis zedapirul anareklad iq-ca. antiutopiuri romanis doneze man cxadad gamokveTili fsevdokarnava-luri mniSvneloba SeiZina: familarizmi, rogorc adamianis pirovnuli Rirsebis ugulebelyofis erTaderTi da ualternativo forma urTierTo-bisa, antiutopiuri sinamdvilis erT-erT ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTeblad mogvevlina. is SesaniSnavad integrirda antiutopiuri sinamdvilis anu da-usrulebeli fsevdokarnavalisaTvis niSandoblivi sicocxlis `materia-lur-sxeulebrivi~ (m. baxtinis terminiT) sawyisebis — Wama-smisa da seqsua-luri instinqtebis demonstrirebis procesTan.

Wama-smis aqti literaturuli antiutopiis fsevdokarnavaluri rea-lobis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia. `wveulebis karnavaluri ganwyobile-ba antiutopiaSi, — miuTiTebs lanini, — loTobis triumfad iqceva. Sem-Tvrali cnobiereba realobis absurduli transformaciis literaturul motivaciad gvevlineba~ (lanini 1993: 112). vfiqrobT, es mtkiceba garkveul dazustebas saWiroebs.

wveuleba anu qeifi karnavaluri zeaweuli mxiarulebis ucilobeli atributia. uxvi Wama-sma naTlad asaxavs im sazeimo da udardel atmosfe-ros, romelic saerTo-saxalxo karnavalisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. metic, m. baxtinis mtkicebiT, àr arsebobs mwuxare saWmeli. mwuxareba da Wama Seu-Tavsebelni arian (magram sikvdili da Wama eTavsebian erTmaneTs). wveuleba yovelTvis gamarjvebas zeimobs — es misi Tvisebaa. zeimi wveulebiT univer-saluria: es gaxlavT sicocxlis zeoba sikvdilze. am TvalsazrisiT igi Ca-saxvisa da dabadebis ekvivalenturia. gamarjvebuli sxeuli Tavis TavSi mo-icavs damarcxebul samyaros da ganaxldeba. amis gamoisobiT wveuleba, ro-gorc Zlevamosili zeimi, da ganaxleba xalxur SemoqmedebaSi Zalian xSi-rad asrulebs dasasrulis funqcias... magram dasasruli mudam dasawyisi-Taa STagonebuli~ (baxtini 1986g: 313).

vfiqrobT, antiutopiuri romanisaTvis niSandobliv fsevdokarnava-lur garemoSi Wama-smis aqti Tvisebrivad orgemage da ambivalentur xasi-aTs iZens. erTi mxriv, igi `xelovnuri struqturis~ maxasiaTeblad gvevli-neba da totalitaruli cnobierebis, rogorc saerTo ideiT Sekruli mono-liTuri mTelis, erTpirovnul zeobas gamoxatavs. meore mxriv, is warmoad-gens aucilebel saSualebas nonkonformisti gmiris `gamoRviZebisaTvis~. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, sadResaswaulo wveuleba Rreobis saxes iZens da iseTi-ve usasrulo da uwyvetia, rogorc Tavad fsevdokarnavali. meore SemTxve-vaSi, misi datvirTva gamorCeulad siRrmiseulia: SemTvrali da saRerRe-laSlili mTavari gmiri uTamamdeba saZulvel realobas, Zlevs SiSs da sam-

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yaros msoflmxedvelobrivi da filosofiuri gaazrebis axlebur models ayalibebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, antiutopiuri Janris TxzulebebSi in-scenirebuli wveuleba, erTi mxriv, uwyveti Rreobis, meore mxriv ki, mTava-ri gmiris sulieri aRtyinebis, TviTcnobierebis gaRrmavebisa da SiSze amaRlebis maprovocirebel impulss warmoadgens. amdenad, fsevdokarnava-luri wveuleba inarCunebs m. baxtinis mier karnavaluri zeimis doneze ga-movlenil `Casaxvisa da dabadebis~, `ganaxlebisa~ da reinkarnaciis makoor-dinebel Tvisebebs.

`materialur-sxeulebrivi~ sawyisebis demonstrirebis kidev erT as-peqts antiutopiur JanrSi seqsualuri instinqtebis promocia warmoad-gens. seqsualuri aRviraxsniloba piradulis nivelirebis maCvenebelia, seqsualuri Zaladoba ki — agresiisa, romelic gabatonebuli xelisufle-bis mxridan momdinareobs. falosi nTqavs `bunebrivi arsebis~ ara mxolod wmidaTawmida Rirebulebebs, aramed — intimuri sivrcis yvela komponents. aq, Cveni azriT, niSandoblivia erTi garemoeba: `Zaladobis~ formiT gamov-lenili àgresia~ umetes SemTxvevaSi `Tanxmobad~ iqceva, rac mianiSnebs `totalitaruli adamianis~, rogorc mTliani, koleqtiuri sxeulis, gav-lenis sferos obobisebur ganvrcobas `gariyuli~ individebis sivrceze. wina planze inacvlebs e.w. `Tojinis motivi~ anu motivi marionetad qceuli individisa, romelic uxeS Zalas emorCileba.

fsevdokarnavali cdilobs, yvela gaaTanabros arsebuli ideologiu-ri sistemis winaSe, rac literaturuli teqstis doneze parodirebuli mo-tivaciuri modelebis miRma xorcieldeba.

parodia, misi klasikuri gagebiT, aris baZva, romlis wiaRSic aRiniSne-ba baZvis sagnis damaxinjeba. `damaxinjeba~ am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs misa-baZi sagnis satirul-ironiul imitacias. parodiis Zirebi antikuri epoqis literaturaSia saZiebeli (aristofane, lukiane, apuleiusi), xolo lite-raturuli asaxvis specifikur xerxad misi transformireba — aRorZinebis epoqaSi (rable, svifti, servantesi). literaturuli parodirebis ganmsaz-Rvrel maxasiaTebels e.w. motivTa damdableba warmoadgens, rac motivTa struqturuli ambivalenturobiTa da groteskuli materializaciiTaa aR-niSnuli. am koncefcias centraluri adgili uWiravs m. baxtinis TeoriaSi karnavaluri literaturis Sesaxeb. baxtinis azriT, degradacia anu dam-dableba groteskisaTvis tipuri da mniSvnelovani procesia, romelic ambi-valentur xasiaTs atarebs da àbsolutur da mkacr topografiul mniSvne-lobas iZens~ (baxtini 1986g: 313). damdableba, erTi mxriv, gulisxmobs radi-kalur `daRmasvlas~, daSvebas cidan miwaze, meore mxriv ki — aRmasvlasa da Tavidan dabadebas. `daRmasvla~ da àRmasvla~, baxtinis azriT, erTmaneT-Tan genetikurad dakavSirebuli cnebebia. `daRmasvla~ da àRmasvla~ miwis relevantur kategoriebs warmoadgenen. mxolod, pirveli moicavs miwas rogorc STanmTqmels (samare an saSo), meore rogorc mSobels (saSo). mag-ram parodiis es siRrmiseuli datvirTva, miiCnevs baxtini, mniSvnelovnad kargavs Tavis makoordinebel funqcias Tanamedrove parodiaSi: `Sua sau-kuneebis parodia sruliadac ar hgavs axali drois formalur literatu-

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rul parodias, — aRniSnavs igi, — literaturuli parodia, msgavsad nebis-mieri sxva parodiisa, amdablebs, magram es damdableba wmindad uaryofiT xasiaTs atarebs da moklebulia amaRorZinebel ambivalenturobas. amito-mac, parodias, iseve rogorc damdablebis Tvisebis mqone sxva Janrebs, axa-li drois pirobebSi, ar ZaluZs Tavisi winandeli udidesi mniSvnelobis Se-narCuneba~ (baxtini 1986g: 314).

vfiqrobT, sakiTxi ase dgas: ramdenad SeiTvisa antiutopiam, rogorc literaturulma Janrma, parodiis JanrisaTvis niSandoblivi damdablebis kardinaluri Tviseba da ramdenad akumulirda damdablebisaTvis damaxasi-aTebel struqturul ambivalenturobasTan?

pirvel yovlisa, Tavs uflebas mivcemT, vamtkicoT: parodireba, ro-gorc asaxvis specifikuri xerxi, imTaviTve iqca literaturuli antiuto-piis erT-erT ganmsazRvrel Janrul kanonad. parodirebis anu literatu-ruli parodiis uZvelesi Janridan momdinare stilisturi xerxis damkvid-reba literaturul antiutopiaSi mWidrod daukavSirda parodiis Janri-saTvis niSandobliv motivTa damdablebas. antiutopiuri damdablebis Zi-riTad samizned sakraluris parodireba iqca, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada Zi-riTadi antiutopiuri opoziciis — mowesrigebuli sazogadoeba/individu-aluri adamiani — Semdgomi transformireba Tvisebrivad axal opoziciaSi — sakraluri/desakraluri. desakralizaciis motivi, cxadia, ucxo ar gax-ldaT mxatvruli literaturisaTvis (amas jer kidev `babilonis godolis~ bibliuri siuJeti adasturebs), magram antiutopiurma Janrma, Cveni azriT, aRadgina da ganaviTara Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis epoqis literatu-raSi gamovlenili misi araerTgvarovani, ambivalenturi gaazreba. iZule-bulni varT, gavemijnoT m. baxtinis zemoT aRniSnul mosazrebas da miviCni-oT, rom antiutopiur TxzulebebSi aqtiurad danergilma parodirebis stilisturma xerxma SeinarCuna Tavisi àmaRorZinebeli ambivalenturoba~ da àxali drois pirobebSi~ moaxdina ara mxolod ZiriTadi sulieri faseu-lobebis dakargvis tendenciis aqcentireba, aramed maTi reinkarnaciisaT-vis saWiro niadagis mosinjva da momzadeba. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, anu religiuri cnobierebis sruli regeneraciis epoqaSi, opoziciam sakralu-ri/desakraluri ukiduresi simwvave SeiZina da Tavi iCina iseT damdable-bul motivebSi, rogoricaa: religiis profanacia, saeklesio Tematikis pa-rodireba da demiurguli funqciis ironizireba ambivalenturi antiuto-piis konteqstSi. vfiqrobT, am mosazrebis SesaniSnavi teqsturi dadastu-rebaa D-503-is viziti `RvTismwyalobelTan~ romanSi `Cven~ da `mister ve-luris~ Sexvedra ùmaRles mmarTvel~ mustafa monddTan romanSi ò, mSve-nieri axali samyaro~. migvaCnia, rom aRniSnul epizodebSi warmoebuli ori-ve dialogi dostoevskis `didi inkvizitoris~ teqstis interpretacias warmoadgens, sadac `mbrZanebeli~ `bralmdeblis~ funqcias iTavsebs, xolo nonkonformisti gmiri — `braldebulisas~. pirveli icavs `mowesrigebul sistemas~ da asabuTebs mis marTebulobas ìndividualuri anarqiis~ winaSe, meore — srulad acnobierebs am mtkicebulebis usafuZvlobasa da viTare-bis absurdulobas. `ra martivia yvelaferi, — aRiarebs e. zamiatinis gmiri,

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— banaluri da sasacilomde martivi... sicili maxrCobda, amoxeTqvas la-mobda~ (zamiatini 1989: 451). parodiuli sicili, am SemTxvevaSi, gvevlineba im umniSvnelovanes safexurad, faseul karibWed, romelic gulisxmobs ìmanentur gadasvlas, pereturbacias garkveuli monobis mdgomareobidan garkveuli Tavisuflebis mdgomareobaSi~ (averincevi 2001: 470). Tavisuf-lebaSi gadasvla aRniSnavs ara yofnas TavisuflebaSi, aramed gaTavisuf-lebis process, romlis dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi Rirebuleba damokidebu-lia im movlenis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT Rirebulebaze, romlisganac Tavi-sufldeba adamiani. `Tavisufleba~ antiutopiis gmirisaTvis gulisxmobs gaTavisuflebas, erTi mxriv, oficiozis, oficialuri reJimisa da kultu-ris Tavsmoxveuli niRbisgan, meore mxriv ki — sakuTari adamianuri sisus-teebis anu `me~-s Crdilovani mxareebisgan.

gamovkveTeT ra literaturuli antiutopiis, rogorc Janris, zogad-motivaciuri modeli, vfiqrobT, mizanSewonilia misi zogadstruqturuli modelis definiciac. Tu Janris motivaciuri modeli gansazRvravs mis konceptualur models, Janris struqturuli specifika, anu Sidakon-struqciuli karkasi ara mxolod naTlad warmoaCens Janris ZiriTad kano-nebs, aramed safuZvlad edeba Janris konceptualuri modelis gaRrmaveba-sa da SidaJanrul determinacias.

antiutopiis ZiriTad struqturul maxasiaTeblebad, Cveni azriT, un-da miviCnioT Semdegi:

1. antiutopiis siuJeti moTavsebulia `jojoxeTisa~ da `samoTxis~ ko-ordinatebs Soris;

2. antiutopiis samyaro mimarTulia sasazRvro zolisaken, faseuli mijnisken, romelic unda daiZlios nonkonformisti gmiris mier.

3. antiutopiis drouli da sivrculi paradigma vertikaluria. antiutopiuri teqstis magistraluri siuJeturi opozicia `jojoxe-

Ti/samoTxe~ warmoadgens Janris centraluri konceptualuri opoziciis — mowesrigebuli sazogadoeba/individualuri adamiani, anu `masa/pirovneba~ — struqturul paradigmas: erTisaTvis `samoTxe~ aris àq~, meorisaTvis — ìq~, erTisaTvis `jojoxeTi~ aris ìq~, meorisaTvis — àq~. konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT, àq~ `keTilmosurne xelisuflebis~ mier Seqmnili `miwieri samoTxea~, ìdealuri wesrigi~, romlis àgitacia da propagandac~ `sa-moTxis mesveurTa~ wmidaTawmida movaleobaa. àq~ koleqtiur suliskveTe-baze agebuli `samoTxea~. r. galcevasa da i. rodnianskaias marTebuli Se-niSvniT, àmgvari samoTxis samagierod isini (samoTxis Semqmnelebi — i.r.) Tavisuflebis, rogorc uwesrigobisa da danawevrebis wyaros msxverplad gaRebas moiTxoven. Tavisi janyis kulminaciur momentSi antiutopiis gmi-ri, rogorc wesi, dgeba alternativis winaSe, romelsac àxali samyaros~ ideologis piriT Seityobs: Tavisufleba an bedniereba. sakmarisia man ir-wmunos am cru dilemis WeSmariteba, rom dauyovnebliv aRoCndeba gausaZ-lisi wesrigis tyveobaSi, ara mxolod fizikuri, aramed inteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT. Tuki samoTxe aris amgvari, maSin is (antiutopiis gmiri — i. r.) jojoxeTsa da gaTavisuflebis jojoxeTur gzas irCevs~ (galceva...

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1988: 223). amrigad, àq~, romelic axali wesrigis medroSeTaTvis bedniere-bisa da samoTxis simboloa, antiutopiis gmirisaTvis ubedurebisa da cru-samoTxis anu jojoxeTis analogad iqceva. sapirispirod amisa, ìq~, sadac ideologebisaTvis saSiSi `jojoxeTi~ anu destabilizaciiT gamowveuli anarqia sufevs, antiutopiis gmirisaTvis Tavisuflebis SeuzRudavi samya-ro anu samoTxea ganfenili (swored am niSniT emijneba `Tanabari mziT~, `ge-ometriuli sizustiTa~ da `gotikuri siCumiT~ aRniSnuli àlgebruli sam-yaro~ `mwvaneSi Caflul~, `Citebis WikWikiT~ gajerebul miwas romanSi `Cven~). yovelive zemoT Tqmuli safuZvels gvaZlevs, davaskvnaT: Tu àq~ struqturulad amTlianebs opozicias samoTxe/cru samoTxe anu jojoxe-Ti, ìq~ aseve struqturulad moicavs opozicias jojoxeTi/cru-jojoxe-Ti anu samoTxe. Sesabamisad, literaturul antiutopiaSi warmodgenili realizebuli utopiisa da mis winaaRmdeg amboxebuli antiutopiis samyaro topografiulad identuria da warmoadgens funqciurad antagonisturi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi niSnebiT, `+~ da `—~ niSnebiT aRniSnuli sistemebis kontrastul mTlianobas. `+~ da `—~ niSnebis maTematikuri maxasiaTebeli maTi mudmivi ganziduloba da mudmivi Tanaarsebobaa. analogiuri suraTi fiqsirdeba antiutopiur romanSic: utopiuri struqtura sociocentru-lia, antiutopiuri — personaluri da maTi moZraobis proeqcia mudmivad urTierTsapirispiro, magram mudmivad urTierTmkveTia. gamomdinare aqe-dan, Tavs uflebas vaZlevT, vamtkicoT: antiutopiis ganmsazRvreli struqturuli kanoni misi binarizmia, binarul opoziciaTa winaaRmdegob-rivi mTlianoba.

binaruli opoziciebis Teoria ekuTvnis anTropologiuri struqtu-ralizmis fuZemdebels klod levi-stross. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, nebismie-ri Zireuli mentaluri operacia faseul opoziciaTa gamovlenis procesSi xorcieldeba. opoziciurad dapirispirebul warmonaqmnebs aerTianebs gansxvavebuli mimarTeba erTsa da imave sagnisa an movlenisadmi: erTi po-zitiurad aris ganwyobili, meore — negatiurad. msgavsad imisa, Tu rogor upirispirdeba erTmaneTs realuri samyaro da lingvisturi niSani, SesaZ-lebelia sxva tipis dapirispirebaTa, e.w. opoziciur wyvilTa gamovlenac: naTeli/bneli, maRla/dabla, xmauri/siCume, wmida/uwmiduri da sxva. bina-ruli opoziciebi SeiZleba gamoxatavda garkveul wes-Cveulebebs, ritua-lebs, stils da a.S., magram CvenTvis mniSvnelovani maTi ontologiurad Ri-rebuli funqciaa, binaruli opoziciebis konceptualurad da struqtu-rulad faseuli datvirTva konkretul kulturul konteqstSi.

literaturul antiutopiaSi binaruli opoziciis modeli, Cveni az-riT, gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas iZens: antiutopia axdens binarul wyvilTa kontrastuli modelis kulturul materializebas da warmoaCens mis kon-tradiqciul anu urTierTgamomricxav mimarTebas realuri samyaros mo-delTan. literaturuli antiutopia am arbitraruli paradigmis struq-turuli realizebaa.

sagulisxmoa, rom antiutopiur romanSi utopiuri modeli mudmivi moce-mulobis saxiT arsebobs, antiutopiuri modeli ki masTan mimarTebaSi ikveTeba.

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utopiuri modeli horizontalurad moicavs sibrtyes, vinaidan idealuri Ta-nasworoba ar SeiZleba iyos uTanabro, antiutopiuri ki alternativis Ziebis procesSia. alternativa gulisxmobs im sabediswero gzas, romelsac arsebuli wesrigis, cruidiliis, crusamoTxis sawinaaRmdegod irCevs antiutopiis mTa-vari mamoZravebeli Zala, nonkonformisti gmiri da Segnebulad gadaadgildeba sasazRvro zolisaken, im faseuli mijnisken, romelic unda daiZlios. antiu-topiur romanSi kodirebuli utopiuri modelis horizontaluroba fsevdo-karnavaluri `mudmivobis~ struqturuli ekvivalentia, anu igi struqturu-lad esadageba `dausrulebeli dResaswaulis~ utopiur ideas. antiutopiuri modeli, misgan gansxvavebiT, vertikalzea ganfenili da `sasrulobis~ koncef-ciis matarebelia. antiutopiuri modeli gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv, realuri samyaros sasrulobis aRmoCenas, meore mxriv ki, im faseuli mijnis, aucilebeli zRvris dadgenasa da gancdas, romlis miRmac ganfenilia e.w. `Tavisufali zo-na~. ase, magaliTad, romanis `Cven~ mTavari gmiris, D-503-is Zireuli transfor-macia mWidrod ukavSirdeba realuri samyaros sasrulobis `maTematikuri da-sabuTebis~ ideas. daskvna naTelia: zRvris gancda da misi daZleva literatu-ruli antiutopiis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes aspeqts warmoadgens. a. zverevi miuTiTebs: `seriozuli antiutopia arasodes aris fataluri, igi aravis aSi-nebs, msgavsad bolo dros gamoxatuli auracxeli birTvuli apokalipsebisa. masSi (seriozul antiutopiaSi — i. r.) asaxuli samyaro mudam zRvris piras dgas, zRvrisa, romlis miRmac `samyaros ukanaskneli Jami~ iwyeba... umeteswilad es aris dapirispireba ara sistemasTan, aramed mcdeloba darCenisa sistemis miRma arsebul piradul da xelSeuxebel sivrceSi, sadac Tundac mkrTalad, magram SesaZlebelia im mSvenieri samyaros xatebis SenarCuneba, romelsac ulmobelad spoben dasaxuli miznis gamo~ (zverevi 1989: 67).

antiutopiis gmiri, pirobiTad rom aRvniSnoT, teqstis `moZravi wer-tilia,~ aqtiuri koordinata, romelic Tavad gamoimuSavebs gadaadgilebis proeqcias. antiutopiuri modelis faseuli proeqcia vertikaluria: misi vertikaluri paradigma utopiis horizontaluri sibrtyidan aris amoz-rdili, Sesabamisad, antiutopiur romanSi teqstis gamTlianebuli sivrcu-li modeli binaruli opoziciis dabla/maRla sqematur realizacias war-moadgens. sivrcis paradigmatuli gardasaxva horizontaluri modelidan vertikalurSi moaswavebs sivrcis konceptualur gardasaxvas desakrali-zebuli sibrtyidan sakralur ganfenilobaSi, anu modelis àq~ faseul transformacias modelSi ìq~. amasTan, sagulisxmoa, rom aq/iq opoziciis arqetipuli konfliqti iwvevs droiTi struqturebis Zireul cvalebado-bas. àm~ dros upirispirdeba `sxva~ dro, ìs~ dro, romelic dadgeba `mere~ da ar aris àxla~. àxla~ sasruli realobis modelia, `mere~ — idumali usasrulobis ekvivalenti. gamomdinare aqedan, SeiZleba davaskvnaT: antiu-topia uaryofs ~eutopia~-s pragmatul sinTezs ~euchronia~-sTan da srulad warmoaCens maT Soris arsebul konceptualur winaaRmdegobas. `mere~ fa-seuli mijnis, sasazRvro zolis miRmaa ganfenili da misken miiltvis ver-tikalur paradigmaze moZravi personaJi.

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Cven mier gamovlenili antiutopiis centraluri struqturuli opo-ziciebi: jojoxeTi/samoTxe, dabla/maRla, axla/mere, vfiqrobT, cxadad gamoxatavs antiutopiuri struqturis dro-sivrcul anu qronotopul orientacias. Sesabamisad, sruliad marTebulad da logikurad migvaCnia qronotopuli koordinatebis aqcentireba antiutopiis zogadstruqtu-rul modelSi. viziarebT ra Janris gaazrebis qronotopul koncefcias, kvleva-Ziebis Semdgomi gaRrmavebis mizniT, vsvamT kiTxvebs: ramdenad mi-zanSewonilia qronotopuli Teoriis morgeba antiutopiis Janrul model-ze? SesaZlebelia Tu ara antiutopiis Janruli determinacia Janris qro-notopuli Teoriis safuZvelze? rogor akumulirdeba Janris qronotopu-li Teoria konkretuli antiutopiuri teqstebis doneze?

am sakiTxebis jerovani gaazreba moiTxovs garkveul eqskurss droisa da sivrcis problemebis Teoriuli interpretaciis sferoSi.

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T a v i 3

droisa da sivrcis cnebaTa gaazrebisaTvis.

qronotopi literaturul antiutopiaSi

msoflio azris ganviTarebis istoria cnebaTa dazustebis istoriaa, aR-savse mudmivi Ziebis, aRmoCenebisa da novaciebisaken swrafvis suliskveTebiT. filosofosebi, mecnierebi Tu kulturis sxvadasxva sferos moRvaweni mudmi-vad cdilobdnen, amoexsnaT samyaros enigma, gaerkviaT samyarosaTvis niSan-doblivi maxasiaTeblebis, parametrebisa da koordinatebis genezisi da Tavi-seburebani, daedginaT kanonzomierebebi, romlebic gaaadvilebdnen samyaros aRqmas. am cnebaTagan umniSvnelovanesi iyo drois prioritetuli cneba, ro-melic ganuxrelad moiazreboda samyarosTan kavSirSi da inteleqtualuri gonis erT-erT upirveles savarjiSos warmoadgenda.

naSromSi `drois naturaluri filosofia~ j. uitrou miuTiTebs: `miu-xedavad misi mWidro kavSirisa samyaros universalur wesrigTan, drois ideis warmoSobis pirvelwyarod adamianis goni gvevlineba~ (uintrou 1964: 64). es Sexeduleba zedmiwevniT kargad aisaxa drois fenomenis gaazrebis xangrZliv da winaaRmdegobriv istoriaze: drois determinaciis nebismieri forma (universaluri dro, individualuri dro, maTematikuri dro, rela-tivisturi dro) adamianis gonis urTules operaciebs daukavSirda da drois cnebis analizis invariantul sistemebad Camoyalibda. winamdebare naSromis mizans ar warmoadgens drois problemis globaluri reprezen-tacia. SevexebiT mxolod im Teoriul koncefciebs, romlebmac, Cveni az-riT, meti damajereblobiT gamoavlines gansxvaveba drois gaazrebis Teo-riul aspeqtebs Soris da, rac arsebiTia, ganapirobes droisa da sivrcis antiutopiuri modelebis formacia.

ra aris dro? ra aris xangrZlivoba? rogoria maTi balansi? aqvs Tu ara dros mimarTuleba? da Tu aqvs, saiT miemarTeba igi? ra aris maradiso-ba? WeSmaritad arsebuli ganfeniloba Tu gonis iluzia? SeiZleba ki drois zusti gazomva? ra aris sivrce? ramdenad integrirdeba igi drosTan? ra mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan yofiereba da dro? dro da subieqti?...

mravalwertili aq erTgvari Tavis dazRvevaa SekiTxvaTa im amouwuravi usasrulobisgan, romelic Tan sdevs drois enigmur problemas da warmoa-Cens misi gaazrebis ara mxolod ambigvur, aramed fundamenturad winaaR-mdegobriv xasiaTs an individualur-subieqtivisturs, an kidev pragma-tul-obieqtivisturs.

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3.1. droisa da sivrcis gaazrebis filosofiuri da mecnieruli aspeqtebi subieqtivisturi da obieqtivisturi Teoriebis

konteqstSi

gansxvaveba drois rogorc obieqturi samyaros logikuri struqtu-ris da drois rogorc subieqturi Semecnebis aspeqts Soris iseTive Zve-lia, rogorc Tavad drois idea. j. koeni amas `maradiul disputs~ uwodebs, romlis Tanaxmadac, `dro aris an samyaros moZravi imiji, gonis uzarmazari da qronikuli halucinaciaa, an fizikuri realobis nawili, damoukidebeli adamianis cnobierebisagan~ (koeni 1972: 29). kavSiri drosa da ritms Soris cxadyofs am diqotomias. drois subieqtivisturi Teoriis momxreTa az-riT, dro Sinagani kategoriaa, mas winaaRmdegobrivi ritmi da arastandar-tuli, individualizebuli pulsacia gamoarCevs, rac zedmiwevniT esada-geba subieqtis araTanabar bunebas: `Cemis azriT, dro erTgvari ganfenilo-baa, — werda netari avgustine, — magram risi ganfeniloba? — es ki ar vici, iqneb, sakuTriv sulisa?~ (netari avgustine 1995: 243). da Tu dro sulis ganfenilobaa, maSasadame, is adamianis SemecnebiTaa gansazRvruli. `dro TavisTavad SeuZlebelia aRviqvaT~ (kanti 1964: 249), — amtkicebda kanti, — `dro (iseve, rogorc sivrce — i.r.) Cveni grZnobadi Semecnebis formaa~ (kan-ti 1965: 101), intuiciis forma, romelic `Cveni sulis subieqtur bunebas axasiaTebs da mis gareSe verc erT obieqts ver miewereba~ (kanti 1964: 130). bergsonis azriT, WeSmariti dro xangrZlivobas warmoadgenda, romlis er-TaderTi mflobeli da matarebeli subieqti gaxldaT. `dros qmnis Cvens mi-er materialuri garesamyaros SegrZnebadi da gancdili mimarTeba subi-eqtis Sinagan xangrZlivobasTan. arsebobs imdenive dro, ramdenic subieq-tia~ (bergsoni 1923: 40), — werda bergsoni. drois subieqturobis ideas icavda `dakarguli drois ZiebiT~ Sepyrobili m. prustic: `dro, romelsac Cven yoveldRe viyenebT, — Tvlida igi, — elastiuria: Cveni gancdebi da vne-bebi ganavrcobs mas, Cveni STagonebebi da aRmafrenebi — kumSavs, Cveulebebi ki — avsebs~ (olson k. mori 1989: 16). drois obieqtivisturi Teoriis momxre-ni namdvilad ar fiqrobdnen ase. maTi mimarTeba drosTan bevrad ufro prag-matuli iyo da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSive ganisazRvra formuliT: ar arse-bobs araviTari Sinagani dro, dro yvelasaTvis saerTo, gazomvadi da ucvle-li koordinataa. fardobiTobis Teoriis Tanaxmad, sinaTlis siCqare aris bunebis universaluri konstata, erTi mudmiva yvela damkvirveblisaTvis, romlebic aTvlis inerciul sistemebs ukavSirdeba. ainStainis mtkicebiT, evklidur sivrceSi sinaTle Tanabrad da sworxazovnad vrceldeba: miuxe-davad imisa, Tu ra RirebulebebiT ivseba dro sxvadasxva sistemebis wiaRSi, igi arc Cqardeba da arc svlas anelebs, dro ganyenebulia da uSinaarso.

principul sxvaobas am koncefciebs Soris mravali mniSvnelovani mi-zezi ganapirobebs. mavanisaTvis es aris drosa da sivrces Soris arsebuli mimarTebis sxvadasxva konglomeratiT Sefaseba, mavanisaTvis — droisa da yofierebis an droisa da subieqtis urTierTdamokidebulebis gansxvavebu-lad Sejereba. magram problemis kvintesencias, vfiqrobT, yovelTvis war-

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moadgenda da dResac warmoadgens erTi principulad arsobrivi sakiTxi: drois sasruloba /usasrulobis, Seqcevadoba/Seuqcevadobis da, Sesabami-sad, sikvdilisa da maradisobis cnebaTa gaazreba. gavkadnierdebiT da ver daveTanxmebiT h. reixenbaxs, romelic Tavis aRiarebul naSromSi `drois mimarTuleba~, wers: `Cveni emociuri reaqcia drois mdinarebaze metwilad misi gardauvalobiT ganisazRvreba. drois mdinareba ar eqvemdebareba Cvens kontrols. Cven Zala ar Segvwevs SevaCeroT igi, davabrunoT, Sevcva-loT... sikvdili drois Seuqcevadi mdinarebis gardauvali Sedegia. Cven rom SegveZlos drois SeCereba, Tavidan avicilebdiT sikvdils. faqti, rom Cven es ar SegviZlia, saboloo jamSi ganapirobebs Cvens uZlurebas... amito-mac SiSi sikvdilis winaSe iqceva drois winaSe SiSad, rameTu drois nakadi gvesaxeba zeadamianuri Zalis gamovlinebad, romelsac verasodes davaR-wevT Tavs... emociuri daukmayofilebloba xSirad logikis sferoSi inac-vlebs. drois problemis logikur analizze, romelsac filosofosebi axorcielebdnen, did zegavlenas axdenda sikvdilis winaSe SiSi... imisaT-vis, rom Tavi daeRwiaT `gardacvalebisagan,~ romelic gardauvlad axlavs drois mdinarebas, gamogonebul iqna zedrouli realoba~ (reixenbaxi 1962: 14-15). vfiqrobT, calsaxa da zedapirulia `zedrouli maradisobis~ cnebis gansazRvra `sikvdilis winaSe SiSis~ gancdiT. SiSi empiriuli kategoriaa, empirizmi ki ver CaiTvleba filosofiuri logikis erTaderT makoordine-bel faqtorad. zedroul maradisobaze fiqri iyo da aris ara martivad gardacvalebis winaSe `SiSis~ Sedegi, aramed gonis umniSvnelovanesi maxasi-aTeblis — samyaros idumalebis, samyaros enigmis amoxsnisaken ltolvis ga-movlineba. drois, sawyisisa da dasasrulis, dabadebisa da sikvdilis nebis-mieri determinacia warmoadgens cnebaTa dazustebis individualur mcde-lobas, masStaburi azrovnebis urTulesi procesis, fiqrisa da gansjis Se-degs da ara martivad panikas an SiSs. SiSi, am SemTxvevaSi, empiriuli biZgia, emociuri muxti, romelic gansjis ukidegano horizontebisaken, Rrma da globaluri fiqrisaken ubiZgebs gons. sagulisxmoa, rom h. reixenbaxi iqve miuTiTebs: `pasuxi am problemaze (drois — i. r.) Tanamedrove fizikis miR-wevebma gasca, romlebic uSualod daukavSirda ara drois, aramed mizezob-riobis problemas~ (reixenbaxi 1962: 13-14). anu, reixenbaxis azriT, swored fizikis mecnierebam SeZlo logikuri axsna moeZebna droisa da misi Seuqce-vadobis procesisaTvis. vfiqrobT, moyvanili argumenti ara Tu ganamtki-cebs, aramed ewinaaRmdegeba mecnieris koncefcias: me-20 saukunis kultu-rulma paradigmam cxadyo, rom sikvdilis dilemuri problema fizikis verc erTma kanonma ver amoagdo gonis maradiuli sazrunavidan. gvinda Tu ara, adre Tu gvian, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, adamiani miadgeba sikvdilis bWes da anazdad iwyebs fiqrs droze, warmavalobasa da maradisobaze. ra aris es samyaro? arsebobs ki miRmieri ganfeniloba? da Tu arsebobs, maSin raRas warmoadgens dro zedroulTan mimarTebaSi?

parmenide eleveli, avtori filosofiuri poemisa `bunebis Sesaxeb~, aRia-

rebda ra zedrouli realobis arsebobas, SeniSnavda: ùmaRlesi realoba arc

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warmoiqmneba da arc qreba, erTi mTlianoba dasasrulis gareSe, ar moZraobs da

ar icvleba, is ar iyo warsulSi, ar iqneba momavalSi, magram arsebobs awmyoSi,

Sesvenebis gareSe, erTi~ (parmenide 1969: 295). parmenides mcdelobas, maradiso-

bis cnebis sasargeblod uareyo drois realurad arsebuli nakadi, qaragmuli

bjeni Seuyena zenonma, romelmac Tavisi ganTqmuli, amouxsneli paradoqsebis

àqilevsisa~ da `mfrinavi isris~ meSveobiT, ganacxada: cvalebadoba da qmnado-

ba iluzorulia, yofiereba arsebobs drois gareSe da ar emorCileba gaqrobisa

da sikvdilis kategoriebs. gansxvavebiT parmenidesa da zenonisagan, pozitiur

damokidebulebas drois mimarT amJRavnebda maTi Tanamedrove heraklite, rom-

lis cnobili frazac — `yvelaferi gaedineba~ — iqca qmnadobis simbolod Zvel

berZnul filosofiaSi: `mze ara marto yoveldRe aris axali, — brZanebda herak-

lite, — aramed mudam da ganuwyvetelad axalia~ (heraklite 1955: 42), `SeuZlebe-

lia erTsa da imave mdinareSi orjer Sesvla~ (heraklite 1955: 49), vinaidan èr-

Tsa da imave mdinareSi Sesuls mudam axali da axali wylebi xvdeba~ (heraklite

1955: 42) aseve SeuZlebelia òrjer Seeswro bunebas erTsa da imave mdgomareo-

baSi cvalebadobis siswrafisa da siCqaris gamo~ (heraklite 1955: 49). TiToeuli

es aforizmi, vfiqrobT, gamoxatavs efeseli brZenis Tumc logikurad dausabu-

Tebel, magram emociurad da intuitiurad gamokveTil pozicias, aRiqvas dro,

rogorc nakadi da gaiazros sagnebi droSi gansazRvruli cvalebadobis mixed-

viT. `sazRvrisa~ da `dasazRvrulobis~ idea mTeli sicxadiT gamovlinda piTa-

gorelebis Teoriul naazrevSi. piTagorelebi, romlebic gatacebulni iyvnen

maTematikuri gamoTvlebiTa da geometriuli figurebis konstruirebiT, cdi-

lobdnen daedginaT bunebis movlenebis raodenobrivi safuZvlebi da ricxvis,

rogorc materiis ganmsazRvreli faqtoris, arsebiToba. piTagorelebi samya-

ros harmonias ciur sxeulTa harmoniasTan aigivebdnen da miiCnevdnen, rom sam-

yaro emorCileboda mudmivi ganmeorebiTobis kanons. samyaros gaazrebis mecnierul-obieqtivistur mcdelobas avlenda de-

mokrites filosofiac. demokritem erT-erTma pirvelma wamoayena atomis-turi koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac, samyaro Sedgeba atomebisgan, `gayofa wydeba ganuyofelze da ar grZeldeba usasrulod~ (demokrite 1969: 324).

piTagorelebisa da atomistebis ricxvisa da dayofis filosofiis kriti-kas daefuZna platonis drois filosofia. platonma, ganicada ra parmenidesa da zenonis filosofiuri naazrevis zegavlena, kategoriulad gamoricxa dro wminda geometriuli mecnierebis sferodan da grZnobad-aRqmadi samya-ros konteqstSi gaiazra igi. platonis mizans warmoadgenda, ara mxolod dro-is genezisis kvleva da misi raodenobrivi Tu Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblebis dad-gena, aramed kvlevis Sedegebis masStaburi da globaluri analizi.

dro platonis filosofiaSi samyaros Tvisebaa, Semoqmedis anu demi-urgosis mier samyarosTan, casTan erTad Seqmnili ganzomileba: `cis daba-debamde arc dReebi iyo da arc Rameebi, — wers igi, — arc Tveebi da wlebi, aramed maTi dasabami ciuri wesrigis SeqmnasTan erTad iqna dasaxuli~ (pla-toni 1971: 477). iseve rogorc kosmosis mowesrigebuli moZraoba warmoad-

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gens ucvleli da uZravi idealuri sinamdvilis dinamiur proeqcias, dro, platonis azriT, ganasaxierebs ucvleli da uZravi maradisobis proeqci-rebas qmnadobis wiaRSi. dro `maradisobis moZravi xatia~, — acxadebs fi-losofosi da `maradisobas~ gaiazrebs, rogorc zedroul, drois gareSe arsebul, eqstratemporalur realobas. `droisa~ da `maradisobis~ cneba-Ta Sepirispirebis procesSi platonisaTvis mniSvnelobs ara kvantitatu-ri, raodenobrivi opozicia sasruli/usasrulo, aramed kvalitaturi, Tvi-sebrivi opozicia danawevrebuli/mTeli. Tu realurad medini `dro~ mis-Tvis nawilebad (dReebi, Rameebi, Tveebi, wlebi) da saxeebad (iyo, iqneba) da-nawevrebuli ganzomilebaa, `maradisoba~ mTliani, ganuyofeli, waruvali awmyoa, maradiuli àris~. platonis Teorias daefuZna aristoteles kon-cefciac drois Sesaxeb, Tumca principulad gansxvavda misgan.

ZiriTadi asparezi, sadac aristotele gaemijna Tavis maswavlebels, iyo msjeloba, erTi mxriv, drois dasabamobisa da dausabamobis, meore mxriv ki — droisa da moZraobis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. Tu platoni fiqrobda, rom dro `ciuri wesrigis SeqmnasTan erTad iqna dasaxuli~, aristoteles miaCnda, rom dro arsebobda metafizikuri `maradisobisgan~ damoukideblad da gaedi-neboda dausabamo samyaroSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aristotele uaryofda drois dasabamobis koncefcias. aseve umarTebulod miaCnda mas drois gaigi-veba samyaros Tanabar moZraobasTan, vinaidan Tvlida, rom moZraoba SeiZleba iyos `Cqari~ an `neli~, Tanabari an gauTanabrebeli, anu moZraobis tipi mudmi-vad ganisazRvreba drois saSualebiT da ara — piriqiT. `dro moZraobis gareSe ar arsebobs~, — acxadebda aristotele (bregvaZe 1995: 411). `Cven SevicnobT dros, roca zRvars vudebT moZraobas da amrigad ganvsazRvravT adrindelsa da mermindels~ (bregvaZe 1995: 411). magram moZraobis romel saxeobaze msje-lobda aristotele? moZraoba xom mravalgvaria? droc mravalgvaria Tu ara?... aristotelem ver SeZlo am winaaRmdegobaTa daZleva. marTebulad Se-niSnavs j. uitrou: `miuxedavad imisa, rom aristotele ase aSkarad ar afuZ-nebda Tavis msjelobas kosmologiur dasabuTebebze, igi ganicdida droze kosmologiuri Sexedulebis Rrma zegavlenas~ (uitrou 1964: 43). saboloo jamSi, aristotelem aRiara mWidro kavSiri drosa da ciur sxeulTa wriul moZraobas Soris, romelic ùwyvetobis~, erTgvarovnebisa da maradiulobis simbolos warmoadgenda Zvel berZenTa kosmogoniaSi. Sesabamisad, dro mis fi-losofiaSi ganisazRvra, erTi mxriv, rogorc wriuli moZraobis sazomi, da, meore mxriv, rogorc wre, romelic wriuli moZraobiT izomeboda.

aristoteles mier drois, rogorc moZraobis sazomis gansazRvra, uaryo plotinma. man seriozul eWvqveS daayena drois gazomvis aucileb-loba, vinaidan SeuZleblad miiCnia drois aTvlis wertilis zusti defini-cia. plotinma uari Tqva drois nebismier subordinaciaze materialuri si-namdvilisadmi da platonis `maradisobis~ cnebas daubrunda. b. bregvaZe ganmartavs: `plotinis mixedviT... dro — maradisobis proeqciaa grZnobad-konkretul sinamdvileSi — samyaros sulis sicocxlea, marad moZravi da boboqari sicocxle, romelic gulisxmobs gamudmebul gadasvlas sicocx-lis gamovlenis erTi romelime formidan meoreze~ (bregvaZe 1995: 413).

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Tu SevajamebT winamdebare qveTavSi warmodgenil drois ZvelberZnuli koncefciebis mimoxilvas, vfiqrobT, ar gagviZneldeba azris ganviTarebis ori, Tumca gansxvavebuli, magram paraleluri proeqciebis gamokveTa:

1. parmenide — zenoni — platoni — plotini; 2. heraklite — piTagora — demokrite — aristotele. gansxvavebas am or proeqcias Soris qmnis maTi invariantuli damokide-

buleba drois problemis mimarT: pirveli TvalsazrisiT, dro aris kosmo-sis Tviseba, `maradisobis moZravi xati~ da ar emorCileba ariTmetikuli gazomvis kanons; meore TvalsazrisiT, dro ufro materiis Tvisebaa da mWidrod ukavSirdeba ricxvisa da sazomis cnebas. aRniSnul proeqciaTa pa-ralelizms ganapirobebs poziciaTa erTgvari bundovaneba, gaurkvevloba, orWofuloba. dro maT naazrevSi arc pirwmindad subieqturi kategoriaa da arc pirwmindad obieqturi. anu, rogorc samarTlianad SeniSnavs b. bregvaZe, àrc adamianis cnobierebiTaa gansazRvruli da arc damouki-debelia misgan. maTi dro sadRac cnobierebasa da obieqtur realobas So-ris miedineba, ase rom, arc erTze daiyvaneba da arc meoreze~ (bregvaZe 1995: 418). pirveli moazrovne, romelmac wertili dausva konceptualur meryeobas, iyo netari avgustine, hiponeli episkoposi, romelmac gadaWriT aRiara drois gansazRvruloba adamianis cnobierebiT da meTodurad Sei-muSava drois subieqtivisturi Teoria.

àRsarebanis~ avtori imTaviTve mijnavs `droisa~ da `maradisobis~ cnebebs: dros medin kategoriad miiCnevs, maradisobas ki ucvlel da uZrav ganfenilobad: `drois xangrZlivobas, — wers igi, — uricxvi mswraflwarma-vali wamis simravle ganapirobebs, gamudmebiT rom enacvlebian erTmaneTs. maradisobaSi ara aris ra warmavali, aramed maradi awmyoa, mTeli Tavisi si-savsiT~ (netari avgustine 1995: 230). sruliad cxadia, rom `maradisoba~ aq RmerTis atributia, dro ki — grZnobad-konkretuli samyarosi. maradiso-bis ucvleli da ganuyofeli awmyosagan gansxvavebiT, realuri dro netari avgustines moZRvrebaSi sam nawilad iyofa: warsulad, awmyod da momavlad. magram drois es tradiciuli determinacia ukiduresad pirobiT xasiaTs iZens: drois erTaderT arsebul formad hiponeli episkoposi awmyos miiC-nevs, rogorc ganuwilvel moments, romelic swrafad gadadis `momavlidan warsulSi~. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, awmyo netari avgustines moZRvrebaSi ìyo~-sa da ìqneba~-s gansazRvris erTaderT kriteriums warmoadgens. su-li Wvrets da aRiqvams mxolod awmyos, igonebs warsuls, rogorc awmyos mexsierebas da warmoadgens momavals, rogorc awmyos molodins. àxla ki erTi ram mainc savsebiT cxadia CemTvis: — msjelobs netari avgustine, — arc warsuli arsebobs da arc momavali~ (netari avgustine 1995: 237). Sesa-bamisad, SeuZlebelia drois gazomva: imisaTvis, rom raime gazomo, miiCnevs filosofosi, saWiroa erTi mocemuloba Seudaro meores, magram Sesadare-beli rom araferia? `rac ar arsebobs, misi gazomva SeuZlebelia. warsuli da momavali ki ar arsebobs. magram ranairad SegviZlia gavzomoT awmyo, ro-melsac xangrZlivoba ar gaaCnia?~ (netari avgustine 1995: 238), `nuTu moZ-raobiT?~ — kiTxulobs netari avgustine da iqve uaryofs aristotelese-

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ul koncefcias: `sxeuli zogjer Tanabrad moZraobs, zogjer ki sulac Cerdeba, da Cven swored droiT vzomavT ara marto mis moZraobas, aramed uZraobasac... maSasadame, dro sxeulTa moZraoba rodia~ (netari avgustine 1995: 242). Sesabamisad, dro ufro `vrceulobaa Tu ganfeniloba~, vidre wre, — askvnis filosofosi, `magram risi ganfeniloba? — es ki ar vici, iqneb sakuTriv sulisa?~ (netari avgustine 1995: 243). netari avgustine myarad eWideba am azrs: rakiRa sulia erTaderTi, romelsac ZaluZs awmyos gan-Wvreta da aRqma, drois arsebobac adamianis suliTaa gansazRvruli, su-liT, romelic Wvrets da ganWvretis miRma igonebs an moelis. gamomdinare aqedan, sulia drois erTaderTi sazomi: `sulo Cemo, — acxadebs netari av-gustine, — SenSi vzomav dros~ (netari avgustine 1995: 245). udavoa, rom am TvalsazrisiT dro aramc da aramc ar warmoadgens obieqtur kategorias, drois percefciis anu gazomvis aqti damokidebulia subieqtis `sulze~, rac ukiduresad subieqtur da interierizebul mniSvnelobas Zens drois cnebas: dro adamianis cnobierebiTaa gansazRvruli. gansxvavebiT misi wina-morbedi moazrovneebisagan, netari avgustines pozicia drois problemis mimarT dabejiTebiT subieqtivisturi da sulismieria, aRsavse qristianu-li rwmeniT. antikurobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel ciklur dros netari avgus-tines moZRvrebaSi enacvleba veqtoruli, sworxazovani, teleologiuri dro, romelic gzas ikvlevs garkveuli miznisken. logikurad ibadeba kiTx-va: saiT miemarTeba dro netari avgustines filosofiaSi? `dro mxolod imitom arsebobs, rom aryofnisaken miiltvis,~ (netari avgustine 1995: 233), — acxadebs àRsarebaTa~ avtori. sruliad cxadia, rom realurad medini drois mimarTulebad netari avgustine àryofnisaken~ apokaliptikur ltolvas miiCnevs, svlas gaqrobisken, dasasrulisken, ris Sedegadac ganu-yofelad daisadgurebs drois xundebisagan Tavisufali maradisoba.

netari avgustines moZRvrebaSi Camoyalibebuli drois koncefcia, drois arsis, moZraobisa da mimarTulebis qristianuli definicia, misi Rrma esqato-logizmi masStaburad aisaxa Semdgomi epoqebis qristianul filosofiaSi da mTeli sisruliT gamovlinda qarTul qristianul azrovnebaSi (ix. siraZe 2008: 23-51). drois qristianuli koncefciis implantaciis uaRresad sainte-reso suraTs gvTavazobs `balavarianis~, ioane petriwis `ganmartebis~, wm. io-ane damaskelis `gardamocemisa~ da sxva qristianuli Sinaarsis teqstebi. aR-niSnuli teqstebis CvenTvis sagulisxmo aspeqtebs warmoadgens: a) drois cne-bis determinacia `xronosad~ da `maradisobad~, sadac `xronosi~ realuri yo-fis sinonimia, `maradisoba~ ki — RmerTis sauflosi (~rameTu mun Soris samara-disoobasa myofobaÁ uZravad gamanebul ars, xolo aqa xronosa Soris maradi-soobaÁ pirvelad da Semdgomad da gardasrulad, da awad da momavalad ganyo-fil ars: rameTu mun saukunoÁ, xolo aqa dinebaÁ xronebri~ (petriwi 1937: 108); b) drois mimarTulebis rogorc apokaliptikuri ltolvis gansazRvra; g) drois fenomenis esqatologiuri gaazreba. sruliad cxadia, rom qarTulma qristianulma filosofiam ara marto SeiTvisa dasavluri Teologiis tradi-ciebi drois problemasTan dakavSirebiT, aramed gaamkveTra da gaaRrmava isi-ni drois esqatologiuri gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT.

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magram qristianul msoflmxedvelobaSi sruliad cxadad warmoCenil opoziciebs dro/maradisoba, es samyaro/is samyaro, aq/iq zusti mecniere-bebis fuZemdeblebma imTaviTve daupirispires mizezobrivi determinizmis principi: demokrites mier Cayril saZirkvelze jer galileis fizika aRmo-cenda, Semdeg ki — niutonis absoluturi droisa da sivrcis postulatiT gansazRvruli Teoria.

galileim dro geometriis CarCoebSi moaTavsa, uaryo misi nebismieri kavSiri subieqtur, individualur percefciasTan da sivrcis meoTxe gan-zomilebad moiazra. drois geometrizaciam seriozuli Zvrebi gamoiwvia maTematikasa da fizikaSi. am procesis umniSvnelovnes rgolad droisa da sivrcis absolutur gagebaze damyarebuli niutonis Teoria iqca.

àbsoluturi, WeSmariti, maTematikuri dro, — vkiTxulobT niutonis moZRvrebaSi, — arsebobs TavisTavad da Tavisi arsebobiT; mas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs garegan movlenebTan, gaedineba Tanabrad da sxvagvarad ewodeba xangrZlivoba~ (niutoni 1936: 32). niutonis absoluturi drois Te-oria efuZneba siCqaris idealuri sazomis aRmoCenis moTxovnilebas. niu-toni miiCnevs rom moZraoba SeiZleba iyos sruliad sxvadasxvagvari (mag., Cqari an neli), magram absoluturi drois dineba mudmivad ucvlelia, sa-ganTa myofadobis xangrZlivoba ar aris damokidebuli saganTa moZraobis siCqareze. niutonis Teoriis Tanaxmad, arsebobs momentTa uwyveti da mTliani rigi, romelic ar aris damokidebuli movlenebze, aramed piriqiT, Tavad movlenebia damokidebuli masze: movlenebs Soris arsebuli droiTi mimarTebebi ganisazRvreba movlenebis mimarTebiT drois im momentebTan, romlebSic isini xorcieldeba. Sesabamisad, mimarTeba adre/mere realiz-deba drois gansxvavebul momentebs Soris.

miuxedavad imisa, rom niutonis Teoria sakmaod kritikulad iqna miRe-buli misi Tanamedrove filosofosebis mier, man seriozuli zegavlena iqo-nia zogadevropul filosofiur sivrceze. Tundac hegelis farTod gaxmau-rebuli drois Teoria ufro niutonianuria Tavisi arsiT, vidre agvustinia-nuri. hegelma dro gaiazra, rogorc bunebis moZraoba, riTac safuZveli Ca-uyara istoriuli dialeqtikis Tavis cnobil princips. am principis Tanax-mad, awmyo warsulis Sedegia da Semoqmedi momavlisa, romelic orive maT-gans, anu warsulsa da awmyos Tanabrad aireklavs. hegelis sistemis centra-luri elementi cvalebadobaa, xolo dro gaiazreba formad, `romelSic ar-sebuli da realuri samyaro viTardeba rogorc mTlianoba da amkvidrebs sa-kuTar racionalur mniSvnelobas~ (Seroveri 1975: 158). drosa da cvalebado-bas, hegelis sistemis Tanaxmad, esaWiroeba samoqmedo sivrce. Sesabamisad, temporaluri da sivrculi elementebi irwymebian àq — da — axla~ mTliano-baSi: `sivrcis WeSmariteba aris dro, — wers hegeli, — amgvarad sivrce gar-daiqmneba drod~ (hegeli 1975: 185). sruliad cxadia, rom hegelis istoriuli dialeqtikis principi, msgavsad niutonis absoluturi drois Teoriisa, dros akavSirebs sivrcesTan da moZraobasTan. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, he-gelma Camoayaliba drois rogorc realobis garegani formis Teoria da ga-modevna dro subieqtis Sinagani samyarodan, sadac mas kantma miuCina adgili.

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kantis droisa da sivrcis koncefciac, msgavsad hegelis dro-sivrculi koncefciisa, niutonis absoluturi drois Teorias daefuZna, mxolod gan-sxvavebul filosofiur rakursSi gaiazra igi. kantisaTvis misaRebi aRmoC-nda niutonis debuleba dro-sivrcis absoluturi bunebisa da wminda xan-grZlivobisa da gangrZobadobis Sesaxeb, magram sruliad miuRebeli maTi rogorc obieqturi kategoriebis definicia. `wminda gonebis kritikaSi~ kan-tma uaryo niutonis azri, romlis Tanaxmadac dro da sivrce sagnebisa da movlenebisagan damoukideblad gaizreboda da miuTiTa maT gardauval kav-Sirze adamianis gonTan. Tu niutonis meqanikurma determinizmma safrTxis qveS daayena adamianis Tavisufali neba, kantma scada misi reabilitacia.

dro da sivrce kantma subieqtisaTvis niSandobliv Sinagan kategorie-bad gaiazra da gaaTavisufla isini nebismieri obieqturi korelatebisagan. kantis Teoriam Secvala droisa da sivrcis aRqmis fokusi da perspeqtiva, aqcia isini cnobierebisa da percefciis umTavres kategoriebad. kantis koncefciis Tanaxmad, dro da sivrce warmoadgenen ara realobisaTvis ni-Sandobliv komponentebs, aramed grZnobadi aRqmis apriorul formebs. `(kantisaTvis — i. r.) adamianis gareSe da adamianisgan damoukidebel sfe-roSi, — SeniSnavs askini, — ar arsebobs dro. is arsebobs mxolod fenomena-lur sferoSi, kantis TqmiT, movlenaTa sferoSi, romelic subieqtur rea-liebs miekuTvneba~ (askini 1966: 13). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dro, msgavsad sivrcisa, kantis TeoriaSi axasiaTebs ara obieqts, aramed subieqts, rome-lic Seimecnebs mas. `dro SeiZleba CaiTvalos realurad, — ganmartavs kanti, — ara rogorc obieqti, aramed rogorc aRqmis saSualeba~ (kanti 1964: 140). subieqti kantisaTvis aramc da aramc ar warmoadgens garesamyaros pasiur recipients, igi rTuli da aqtiuri sistemaa, struqtura, romelic aRiqvams, awesrigebs da aregulirebs samyaros `droisa da sivrcis optikur linzebs~ miRma. dro-sivrce kantis moZRvrebaSi wmindad subieqtur kategoriebad warmodgebian, intuitiuri Semecnebis formebad, sadac sivrce gare wesri-gis, dro ki Sida wesrigis SegrZnebasa da Semecnebas uzrunvelyofs.

droisa da sivrcis arsis, funqciisa da urTierTmimarTebis gansazR-vra mTeli simwvaviT gagrZelda kantisSemdgom epoqebSic, rogorc filo-sofiis, ise zusti mecnierebis sferoSi, magram kritikul fazas a. ainStai-nis fardobiTobis Teoriis Seqmnis Semdgom miaRwia.

a. ainStainis fizika, kerZod ki fardobiTobis Teoria mTlianad dae-fuZna realobis rogorc garegani, ucvleli da adamianuri SesaZleblobi-saTvis miuwvdomeli kategoriis gaazrebas. dro, am Teoriis Tanaxmad, uni-versaluri kategoriaa, magram ara absoluturi. mecnieri uaryofs abso-luturi sivrcis ideasac da dros sivrcis meoTxe koordinatad da erTiani dro-sivrculi kontinuumis komponentad moiazrebs. ainStainis fizikaSi drois gageba mWidrod ukavSirdeba materiis moZraobis gagebas da gamo-ricxavs dro-sivrcis subieqtivisturi gaazrebis albaTobas. misi fardo-biTobis Teoria ikvlevs dro-sivrculi struqturebis damokidebulebas materiis moZraobasa da urTierTmiziduli masebis ganawilebaze da ara konkretuli subieqtis cnobierebaze. ainStainma dRis wesrigidan moxsna

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drois sasrulobisa da maradisobis sakiTxi: `dro-sivrculi maxasiaTeble-bis fardobiToba, drouli da sivrculi masStabebis cvalebadoba, aRmoCe-nili fardobiTobis Teoriis wiaRSi, ontologiur xasiaTs atarebs da gan-pirobebulia ara calkeuli subieqtis nebiT, aramed materialuri sxeule-bis obieqturi moZraobiT~ (askini 1966: 34).

a. ainStainis Teorias daefuZna h. minkovskis Sroma `sivrce da dro~, sa-dac avtori aviTarebs droisa da sivrcis obieqturobisa da mTlianobis ide-as. àr arsebobs arc erTi adgili drois gareSe da araviTari dro adgilis ga-reSe~, — wers igi (uintrou 1964: 288). es idea mkvlevarma `minkovskis diagra-mis~ saxeliT cnobil sqemaSi ganaTavsa.

pirveli filosofosi, romelic gamoexmaura a. ainStainisa da h. min-kovskis dro-sivrculi kontinuumis obieqtivistur koncefcias, iyo neo-realisti filosofosi s. aleqsanderi. Tavis gaxmaurebul SromaSi `siv-rce, dro da RvTaeba,~ aleqsanderi icavs droisa da sivrcis ganuyofelo-bis ideas samyaros struqturul modelSi da amTlianebs maT defisuri hib-ridis `sivrce-dro~ saxiT. TavisTavad is faqti, Tvlis aleqsanderi, rom dro ganicdeba rogorc Tanamimdevroba, xolo sivrce rogorc erTdrou-loba, amtkicebs am ori kategoriis Serwymis aucileblobas: àr arsebobs sivrce drois gareSe da dro — sivrcis gareSe — wers igi, — sivrce Tavisi arsiT temporaluria, dro ki — sivrculi~ (aleqsanderi 1975: 240).

analogiuri tendencia aRiniSneba p. florenskis naSromSic `sivrculo-bisa da drois analizi mxatvrul-saxviT nawarmoebebSi~. p. florenski dros sivrcis meoTxe koordinatad gaiazrebs, xolo dro-sivrcul mTlianobas — realobis erTaderT CarCod. `realoba arsebobs droSi, — miuTiTebs igi, — iseve, rogorcCven Tavad varsebobT droSi da, Sesabamisad, dros ukavSirde-ba Cveni warmodgenebica da realobis Sefasebac~ (florenski 1993: 186).

moazrovne, romelic aqtiurad daupirispirda samecniero da filosofi-ur wreebSi momZlavrebul obieqtivistur tendenciebs, iyo frangi filoso-fosi a. bergsoni.

a. bergsonis mier SemuSavebuli drois Teoria efuZneba diqotomias, ro-melic arsebobs drois or formas Soris: drois yofiT da konceptualize-bul formebs Soris. orive maTgani, filosofosis azriT, Sinagani drois formas warmoadgens: pirveli drois instinqtur Semecnebas gamoxatavs, meo-re ki — inteleqtualurs. realobis xiluli mdinareba, — Tvlis bergsoni, warmoadgens `nakadis~ usasrulo xangrZlivobas, romelsac inteleqti gasa-geb da misawvdom monakveTebad gardaqmnis. gardaqmnas safuZvlad udevs drois `gardaqmna~ sivrcis enaze, dinamikis gadastatikureba, anu mcdeloba drois gaazrebisa sivrcis `niRabqveS~. imisaTvis, rom ori movlena aRqmul iqnes saTanado TanamimdevrobaSi, — miiCnevs filosofosi, saWiroa maTi er-Tdrouli, Tanadrouli wvdoma. Sesabamisad, drosa da sivrceSi dacilebuli movlenebis Sepirispireba inteleqtualuri Semecnebisa da aRqmis aucile-bel rekvizits warmoadgens, kondicias, romelic ganapirobebs urTules mentalur operaciebs. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bergsoni iyo erT-erTi pirveli filosofosi, romelmac wamoayena diaqronuli Tanamimdevrobis

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rogorc gonis Tvisebis sinqronizebis koncefcia. am koncefciis Tanaxmad, nebsimieri mcdeloba calkeul momentTa aRqmisa temporaluri `wesrigis~ konteqstSi iwvevs, Tanamimdevrobis faseul transpozicias erTdrouloba-Si: `viTvaliswinebT ra erTdroul aRqmas, — wers bergsoni, — Cven ganvala-gebT Cveni cnobierebis mdgomareobebs erTurTis gverdiT da ara erTmaneT-Si gamWolad. mokled, Cven vaxdenT drois proeqcirebas sivrceSi, gamovxa-tavT xangrZlivobas ganfenilobis formaSi, ris Sedegadac xangrZlivoba iRebs uwyveti xazis, anu jaWvis formas, romlis nawilebic ki ar iWreba er-TmaneTSi, aramed exeba erTmaneTs. SevniSnavT, rom es forma ukve gulisxmobs `winare~-sa da `momdevno~-s ara Tanamimdevrul, aramed erTdroul aRqmas” (bergsoni 1910: 88). xangrZlivobis es `simboluri reprezentacia~ anu homo-genuri temporaluri mediumi, inteleqtualizebuli aRqmis produqts war-moadgens. Sesabamisad, xangrZlivoba wminda gonismier konstruqciad gvev-lineba da, rogorc inteleqtualizebuli procesi, maqsimalurad emijneba realobas. bergsoni miiCnevs, rom yoveldRiuri yofa-cxovreba, Tavisi nume-raciul-kvantitatiuri qronologizmiT, amsxvrevs xangrZlivobis subieq-tur Semecnebas da gardaqmnis dros izolirebul da ontologiurad gaufa-surebul fragmentebad. bergsoniseuli xangrZlivobis Rirebulebas misi Tvisebrioba anu kvalitatizmi ganapirobebs. `wminda xangrZlivoba, — aRniS-navs igi, — mTlianad xarisxobrivia~ (bergsoni 1910: 90). bergsonis xangrZli-voba, igive La duree, gulisxmobs samyaros uwyveti kontinuumis wvdomas, anu `me~-s mier `me~-s dausrulebel qmnadobas: sruliad cxadia, rom xangrZli-vobis erTaderT matareblad bergsonis TeoriaSi subieqti miiCneva. drois inteleqtualuri warmoeba, romelsac mimarTavs filosofosi, drois tria-duli sistemis — warsuli, awmyo, momavali — arastandartul konfiguraci-ebs gamoimuSavebs. drois am mowesrigebul determinacias àdre~ — `mere~-s principiT, bergsoni upirispirebs mouwesrigebel, personalizebul anarqi-as, e. w. àwewil sxvadasxvaobas~, romlis mTavar Semoqmedadac subieqti war-modgeba. bergsoni Tvlis, rom A da B movlenebi, romlebic garkveuli Tana-mimdevrobiT xasiaTdeba, erTdroulad unda iqnes gaazrebuli subieqtis mi-er, anu unda ganxorcieldes warsuli movlenis perspeqtiuli proeqcireba awmyos cnobierebaSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, warsuli arasworxazovan kate-goriad moiazreba, erTgvar mnemonur sacavad, romelic mexsierebis cvale-badi paradigmis saSualebiT proeqcirdeba awmyoSi. bergsoni sruliad aSka-rad svams drois inversiuli Seqcevadobis sakiTxs. misi es ukiduresad subi-eqtivisturi koncefcia, vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovnad exmianeba m. prustis ide-as `drois inkarnaciis~ Sesaxeb: `dro emorCileba inkarnacias, — wers prusti, — warsuli wlebi kvlavac axlos arian CvenTan~ (olson k. mori 1989: 35).

drois rogorc subieqturi kategoriis gaazrebas, bergsonis kvaldak-val o. Spengleric miemxro. dro Spengleris moZRvrebaSi Sinagani sawyisis, bedis, gardauvalobis sinonimuri cnebaa, rac konceptualurad ukavSirde-ba drois religiur gaazrebas. amis dasturia Tavad filosofosis gulax-dili aRiareba; `Zvel filosofiaSi, — aRniSnavs igi, — me vpove drois mxo-

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lod erTi, WeSmaritad Rrma da RvTisnieri ganmarteba. is avgustines ekuT-vnis~ (Spengleri 1923: 129).

kidev ufro meti kategoriulobiT gamoirCeva v. soloviovis pozicia: filosofosi dauSveblad miiCnevs drois obieqtivizacias da misi rogorc empiriuli kategoriis gaazrebas: `dro, — wers v. soloviovi, — gamoricxavs misi warmoSobis empiriul axsnasa da misi bunebis racionalur gaazrebas~ (soloviovi 1892: 367-368).

bergsonis mier danergilma tendenciam — èZieT drois WeSmariti arsi~ — uaRresad nayofieri Sedegi gamoiRo sakiTxis kvlevis istoriisaTvis. msjeloba droisa da sivrcis, maTi arsis, struqturisa da urTierTmimar-Tebis Sesaxeb farTod moedo msoflio filosofiur da samecniero wreebs. TavianTi wvlili am saqmeSi Seitanes me-20 saukunis gavlenianma filosofi-urma mimdinareobebma, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia eqsistencializmi (m. haidegeri, J.-p. sartri, a. kamiu) da fenomenologia (e. huserli, m. Seleri). am skolebma maTTvis niSandoblivi individualuri Strixebi SesZines problemas: Tu egzistencialistebma gamoyves `droulo-ba~ rogorc `pirvelsawyisi dro~ da miiCnies igi arsebobis anu eqsistensis amosaval kategoriad, fenomenologebma daamkvidres `drouli da sivrcu-li cnobierebis~, rogorc fenomenologiuri Tvisebis, specialuri cneba, magram, saboloo jamSi, TiToeuli maTganis pozicia SeiZleba ganisazR-vros, rogorc subieqtivisturi: drois verc substancializaciam da verc fenomenologizaciam ver SeZlo subieqtivizmis daZleva.

amrigad, gansxvavebiT adreantikuri periodis filosofiuri Teoriebi-sagan, Tanamedrove periodis filosofiuri da samecniero koncefciebi dro-isa da sivrcis Sesaxeb mkveTrad gaimijna dro-sivrcis gaazrebis obieqtivis-turi da subieqtivisturi poziciebis TvalsazrisiT. Tu pirvelni (galilei, niutoni, hegeli, leibnici, darvini, ainStaini, minkovski, aleqsanderi, flo-renski) drosa da sivrces obieqturad arsebul kategoriebad Tvlian (cxadia, gansxvavebul niuansur rakursebSi), meoreni (kanti, bergsoni, Spengleri, so-loviovi, mogvianebiT — eqsistencialistebi da fenomenologebi) maT subieq-tisaTvis niSandobliv maxasiaTeblebad miiCneven. magram principul gansxva-vebas am or pozicias Soris, garda droisa da sivrcis arsis winaaRmdegobrivi gansazRvrebisa, qmnis drois fenomenis Seqcevadoba/Seuqcevadobis, sasru-loba/usasrulobisa da sikvdili/maradisobis problemaTa araerTgvarovani definicia: Tu drois obieqtivisturi Teoriis momxreni uyoymanod iziareben drois Seuqcevadobis kanons, subieqtivisturi Teoriis momxreni cdiloben axsnan drois inversiuli Seqcevadoba mexsierebisa da warmosaxvis awmyoSi proeqcirebis koncefciiT; Tu drois obieqtivisturi Teoriis momxreni er-Txmad aRiareben drois nakadis, rogorc moZravi materiis Tvisebis, usasru-lobis ideas, subieqtivistebi kategoriulad gamoricxaven da uaryofen am azrs; Tu drois obieqtivisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, droisa da sivrcis sidi-deebi damokidebulia ara individis Sinagan samyaroze, aramed moZrav materia-ze, drois subieqtivisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, droca da sivrcec sasrul ka-

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tegoriebs warmoadgenen da maTi, rogorc realurad arsebuli samyaros maxa-siaTeblebis, sasruloba ganpirobebulia Tavad samyaros sasrulobiT; Tu drois obieqtivisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, `maradisoba~ warmoadgens drois raodenobriv sazoms, romelic Seesabameba drois uwyvet xangrZlivobas, dro-is subieqtivisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, `maradisoba~ zedrouli realobis aR-mniSvneli cnebaa, drois raodenobrivi CarCoebisagan Tavisufali Tvisebrio-bisa. `kacobriobis istoria miwaze, — wers berdiaevi, — aris arsebobis trage-dia ramdenime aqtad, mas aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli.... am samyarosa da TiToe-uli CvenTaganis xorci maradisobisaTvis unda gadarCes... zedroul maradi-sobaSi... aRar iqneba drouli, qronologiuri Tanmimdevroba, aramed mxolod idealuri, droisgan Tavisufali srulyofileba~ (berdiaevi 1989: 141-142).

Sesabamisad, drois subieqtivisturi Teoriis centralur diqotomias warmoadgens `droisa~ da `maradisobis~, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, `cvalebadi droisa~ da ùcvleli zedroulobis~ konceptualuri dapirispireba.

amrigad, msoflio azris ganviTarebis istoria cxadad da TvalnaTliv warmoaCens samyaros gaazrebis or centralur tendencias: obieqtivistur-sa da subieqtivisturs. sxvaoba am tendenciebs Soris sacnauria nebismieri orientirebis doneze, magram gansakuTrebul dispozicias droisa da siv-rcis kategoriebze msjelobisas aRwevs. antikuri epoqidan vidre dRemde, aRniSnuli `banakebis~ warmomadgenlebi radikalurad gansxvavebul rakur-sebSi moiazreben droisa da sivrcis definiciisaTvis mniSvnelovan iseT sa-kiTxebs, rogoricaa: droisa da sivrcis raobis, maTi arsisa da urTierTmi-marTebis sakiTxi, drois xangrZlivobis, Seqcevadoba-Seuqcevadobisa da sasruloba-usasrulobis sakiTxi, droisa da maradisobis, rogorc zedro-uli Tvisebriobis, diqotomiis sakiTxi.

3.2. droisa da sivrcis kategoriaTa mxatvrul-literaturul sistemaSi implantaciis Teoriuli paradigma.

qronotopis roli literaturuli antiutopiis Janruli determinaciis procesSi

nebismieri saxis msjeloba droisa da sivrcis kategoriebis Sesaxeb mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstis doneze, pirvel yovlisa, gulisxmobs droisa da sivrcis kategoriebis literaturul sistemaSi implantaciis specifikis gansazRvras, anu mxatvruli droisa da mxatvruli sivrcis cne-baTa Teoriul-literaturul definicias.

droisa da sivrcis gaazrebis filosofiur-mecnieruli interpreta-ciebis kvaldakval, droisa da sivrcis definiciis ganmsazRvrel mimarTu-lebebad me-20 saukunis literaturaTmcodneobaSi obieqtivisturi da su-bieqtivisturi koncefciebi iqca.

droisa da sivrcis gaazrebis obieqtivisturi Teoriis yvelaze mniS-vnelovan konotacias m. baxtinis qronotopuli Teoria warmoadgens.

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qronotopis baxtiniseuli cneba etimologiurad berZnulidan momdi-nareobs: `qronos~ niSnavs dros, `topos~ — sivrces. droisa da sivrcis ka-tegoriaTa gamTlianeba erT terminSi — `qronotopi~ — cxadyofs baxtinis rwmenas am elementTa ganuyoflobis Sesaxeb mxatvrul struqturaSi. àr-sebiT urTierTmimarTebas droul da sivrcul koordinatebs Soris, — wers baxtini, — Cven qronotops vuwodebT (rac sityvasityviT niSnavs `dro-siv-rces~).... CvenTvis mniSvnelovania terminSi sivrcisa da drois ganuyofe-lobis gamoxatva (dro, rogorc sivrcis meoTxe koordinata)... mxatvrul-literaturul qronotopSi xdeba sivrculi da drouli niSnebis Serwyma erT gaazrebul da konkretul mTlianobaSi~ (baxtini 1986: 121).

qronotopi baxtinisaTvis warmoadgens erTgvar sazoms imisa, Tu kon-kretuli epoqisa da konkretuli Janris pirobebSi rogor xorcieldeba realuri anu istoriuli dro-sivrcisa da istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovani pirovnebebis sinTezi, agreTve, mxatvruli drois, sivrcisa da personaJe-bis maTTan korelaciis procesi. baxtinis azriT, qronotopis Semadgeneli elementebis (droisa da sivrcis) dominanturobas Janris Tavisebureba gan-sazRvravs: magaliTad, Tu mxatvruli nawarmoebi mogzaurobiTi an saTavga-dasavlo Janrisaa, maSin dro dominirebs sivrceze, Tu mxatvruli nawarmo-ebi idiliur-pastoralur xasiaTs atarebs, sivrce dominirebs droze da a. S. magram, miuxedavad gardamavali prioritetulobisa, dro da sivrce erTi konkretuli mTlianobaa da erTurTis gareSe ar moiazreba. damokide-bulebani dro-sivrcesa da maTSi ganTavsebul adamianebs Soris, — Tvlis bax-tini, icvleba teqstis istoriuli da literaturuli garemocvis mixedviT. anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, baxtiniseuli qronotopi erTdroulad istori-uli movlenacaa da Janrulic, erTdroulad moiazreba sinqronul da diaq-ronul rakursebSi.

baxtinis koncefciis Tanaxmad, qronotopi sami ZiriTadi mimarTule-biT funqcionirebs:

a) teqstis doneze istoriis warmoCena; b) teqstis doneze Janris realizeba; g) personaJTa individualuri dro-sivrculi velis asaxva. TiToeuli es mimarTuleba mudmivad cvalebad komponentebTanaa da-

kavSirebuli da, cxadia, iwvevs cvalebadi qronotopuli modelebis Camoya-libebas, romelTa upirveles daniSnulebad baxtini istoriuli da Jan-rul-tipologiuri funqciebis realizebas miiCnevs.

marTebulad SeniSnavs c. todorovi: `baxtini arkvevs urTierTobas teq-stsa da samyaros Soris — samyaros modelsa da teqstis models Soris. es mo-dulacia ganixileba misi konstituciuri elementebis — sivrcisa da drois konteqstSi... sagulisxmoa, rom baxtini arasodes iyenebs qronotopis cnebas SezRudulad, droisa da sivrcis organizebis viwro gagebiT, aramed afar-Toebs mas samyaros organizebis mniSvnelobiT~ (todorovi... 1984: 83).

dro-sivrcis, rogorc erTi mTliani segmentis gazrebas seriozuli momxreebi gamouCnda rusul da evropul literaturaTmcodneobiT siv-

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rceSi. ganixilavs ra mxatvruli droisa da mxatvruli sivrcis poetikas, d. lixaCovi ayenebs maTi erTianobis sakiTxs:

`sityvier xelovnebaSi sivrce uSualod ukavSirdeba mxatvrul dros. is dinamiuria. sivrce qmnis samoqmedo fons da Tavadac moZraobs, icvleba — es moZraoba (moZraobaSi mTliandebian sivrce da dro) SeiZleba iyos mar-tivi an rTuli, swrafi an Senelebuli, mWidrod dakavSirebuli.... mizez-Se-degobriv mimarTulebebTan~ (lixaCovi 1979: 335).

`sivrce da dro~ xelovnebaSi mxatvruli saxis universalur gansazR-vrebebs warmoadgens... mxatvruli sivrce da mxatvruli dro erT urRvev mTlianobas qmnis~ (babuSkini 1984: 276), — miuTiTebs s. babuSkini.

n. geis mosazrebiT, `drouli da sivrculi koordinatebi warmoadgens nawarmoebis ara marto karkass, aramed misi Sinaarsis organizebis yvelaze realur saSualebebs~ (gei 1975: 277).

naSromSi — `literaturul-esTetikuri narkvevebi~ — ganixilavs ra qarTuli mwerlobisa da literaturul-esTetikuri azrovnebis sakiTxebs, r. siraZe sagangebod aRniSnavs mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis erTianobis princips Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi:

`siuJeturi dro advilad ukavSirdeba `mxatvrul~ (siuJetur) sivrces da mTlianoba dro-sivrcisa (xronotopi) gansaxovnebis safuZveli xdeba~ (siraZe 1987: 27).

sivrcis dominanturobiT aRbeWdili Taviseburi dro-sivrculi in-tegraciis, e. w. `drois spacializaciis~, anu `sivrculi formis~ suliskve-TebiT aris gaJRenTili d. frenkis cnobili werilic `sivrculi forma Ta-namedrove literaturaSi~. frenki, mimoixilavs ra lesingis `laokoonis~ teqsts, miiCnevs, rom xelovnebis dargebis determinacia `droul~ da `siv-rcul~ saxeobebad erTob rigidulia. miuxedavad imisa, rom dro warmoad-gens literaturuli nawarmoebis prioritetul kategorias, Tvlis mkvle-vari, `Tanamedrove poeziis esTetikuri forma efuZneba sivrcis logikas, romelic mkiTxvelisagan iTxovs srul gardasaxvas enasTan mimarTebaSi~ (frenki 1987: 199). frenkis Teoriis Tanaxmad, me-20 saukunis poezia (e. paun-di, t. s. elioti) da proza (m. prusti, j. joisi, d. bernsi) arRvevs Txrobis tradiciul stils da axdens enobrivi da azrobrivi struqturebis Sinaga-ni kavSiris aqcentirebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, mxatvruli saxis asaxvisa da aR-qmis fragmentul-asociaciur princips efuZneba. fragmentul-asociaciu-ri anu refleqsuri referenciis principis Tanaxmad, dro-sivrculi dua-lizmi universalur kategorias warmoadgens da konceptualurad upiris-pirdeba droisa da sivrcis, rogorc polarulad dapirispirebuli ab-straqciebis gaazrebas. marTebulad aRniSnavs J. v. holdeimi: `drois spe-cializacia frenkis sistemaSi ori gziT xorcieldeba: realobis miTolo-gizaciisa da miTis temporializaciis gziT~ (holdeimi 1984: 196).

magram dro-sivrculi kontinuumis obieqtivistur tendencias serio-zuli alternativa gamouCnda drois kategoriis dominanturobis ideiT gaJ-RenTili subieqtivisturi koncefciis momxreTa saxiT. saprogramo mniSvne-

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lobas, am TvalsazrisiT, iZens u. v. spanosis werili `Tanamedrove salitera-turo kritika da drois spacializacia: eqsistencialuri kritika~.

spanosis pozicia haidegeris naSromis `yofiereba da dro~ esTetikur transformacias warmoadgens da Tanamimdevrulad icavs drois dominan-turobis ideas: `drois ganzomilebis SezRudva literaturaSi anu sivrcu-li warmosaxva, — wers igi, — aris mcdeloba literaturuli movlenis gai-givebisa neitralur esTetikur obieqtTan, wmindad formalur konstruq-ciasTan, romelic daclilia Sinaarsisagan~. spanosi icavs drois ara mxo-lod dominanturobis ideas mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstis doneze, aramed — misi subieqtivisturi gaazrebis aucileblobisa da JanrganmsazR-vrelobis ideas. `Tu dominirebs literaturis temporaluri buneba, — miu-TiTebs igi, — maSin aRmovaCenT, rom literaturuli nawarmoebis `drouli forma~ — sworxazovani, wriuli, spiraluri, wyvetili Tu sxva, — cxadad ga-moxatavs konkretuli mwerlis mimarTebas realur samyarosTan... mxolod `drouli forma~ gansazRvravs avtoris msoflmxedvelobrivi mikrokosmo-sis mimarTebas makrokosmosTan~ (spanosi 1970: 100).

sruliad cxadia, rom droisa da sivrcis kategoriebis literaturul sistemaSi implantaciis zogad-Teoriuli tendenciebi konceptualurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis arsis, funqcii-sa da urTierTmimarTebis Zireuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi konotacie-bi, vfiqrobT, srulad avlenen im sxvadasxvaobas, romelic arsebobs maT Teoriul-meTodologiur safuZvlebs Soris. logikurad Cndeba kiTxva: mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis praqtikulad realizebis romel formas ir-Cevs literaturuli antiutopiis CvenTvis saintereso modeli da rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros misi Teoriul-meTodologiuri CarCo?

qronotopis koncefcia da misi morgebis logikuri mcdeloba antiu-topiis literaturuli Janris sistemaze, Cveni azriT, ara mxolod marTe-buli da safuZvliani, aramed arsebiTic kia antiutopiis Janris Sidas-truqturuli determinaciis procesSi. antiutopiis qronotopuli mode-li, rogorc Janris faseuli struqturuli karkasi, integrirdeba Janris aseve faseul konceptualur da motivaciur modelebTan da iqmneba erTia-ni, mTliani, dasabuTebuli Janruli modeli, romlis gaRrmavebac, vfiq-robT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia antiutopiuri metateqstis mimarTulebiT.

me-20 saukuneSi Seqmnili klasikuri antiutopiebi — zamiatinis `Cven~, haqslis ò, saocari, axali samyaro~, oruelis `1984~, misive `saqonlis ba-ki~, platonovis `Cevenguri~, dambrovskis ùsargeblo saganTa fakulteti~ da sxva — vfiqrobT, zedmiwevniT zustad akmayofileben antiutopiis Jan-ris Cven mier naSromis me-2 TavSi definicirebul models. winamdebare naS-romis mizans ar warmoadgens am klasikuri antiutopiebis detaluri gan-xilva, magram erTi ram ueWvelad unda aRiniSnos: me-20 saukunis klasikuri antiutopiuri romanebi identur harmoniaze agebul gamebs hgavs, koncep-tualurad, motivaciurad da struqturulad Tanxvdenil kompoziciebs, romlebsac saerTo Zala amoZravebs: protesti àxali samyaros~ mimarT. idealuri sazogadoebis mSenebelTa mier SemoTavazebuli àxali samyaro~

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ukuneT wyvdiads warmoadgens antiutopisti mwerlebisaTvis, brma sivrces, sadac realizdeba JanrisaTvis niSandoblivi, Cven mier zemoT gamokveTili maxasiaTeblebi. cxadia, yovel nawarmoebs Tavisi individualuri stili, manera da Tematika gamoarCevs, magram savsebiT dasaSvebad migvaCnia maTi gamTlianeba erT sistemaSi. gamTlianebis safuZvels warmoadgens antiu-topiuri romanebis klasikuri nimuSebis, rogorc àraTavisufali sazoga-doebis~ ìdealuri tipis~ CamoyalibebisaTvis saWiro Rirebuli masalis gaazreba. klasikuri antiutopiuri romani warmoadgens àxali wesrigis~ wnexis qveS gaTelili adamianuri `me~-s sabediswero janyis mxatvrul-li-teraturul gamoxatulebas. iqmneba zeteqsti, e.w. metateqsti, romelic asaxavs samyaros antiutopiur suraTs.

antiutopiuri metateqstis idea ara mxolod amTlianebs antiutopiu-ri Janris literaturas, aramed iZleva misi Sinagani determinaciis saSua-lebas. determinaciis arsebiT aspeqts, Cveni azriT, qronotopuli modele-bis specifika gansazRvravs. sruliad cxadia, rom antiutopiuri Janris Txzulebebad miCneuli f. kafkas `cixesimagre~, misive `procesi~, v. naboko-vis `mopatiJeba sikvdilze~ da `Bend Sinister~ gansxvavdeba zamiatinis, haq-slis, oruelisa da sxvaTa `Janrulad mkacri~ antiutopiebisagan. i. efimo-vi SeniSnavs: `Tuki antiutopiis Janri, im saxiT, rogorac is Sedga zamiati-nis, haqslis, oruelis, bredberis, strugackebis SemoqmedebaSi, enaTesave-ba maT (f. kafkasa da v. nabokovis — i. r.) romanebs, naTesaoba ufro garega-nia, vidre arsebiTi. antiutopisti mwerlebi TavianT Txzulebebs erTsa da imave xerxze dayrdnobiT qmnidnen: irCevdnen maTi Tanamedrove cxovrebis socialur, politikur, samecniero-inteleqtualur sferoebSi mimdinare sagulisxmo tendenciebsa da Zvrebs da iwyebdnen fiqrs: ra moxdeba, Tu es tendenciebi ukiduresi energiulobiT ganviTardeba da politikurad amo-wuravs sakuTar Tavs. Semdgom amisa, moqmedeba viTardeboda absurdul-groteskul sazogadoebaSi, romelSic dasaSvebi iyo msgavsi movlenebis xdomileba. sul sxva saqmea kafkasa da nabokovis Semoqmedeba. maT naklebad itacebdaT sazogadoebrivi mowyobis problema. es sakiTxi TiTqos karg sa-varjiSos warmoadgenda am mwerlebis SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis gafarTo-ebisaTvis... groteskuli hiperbolizaciis xerxi, Tuki is saerTod gamoiye-neba kafkasa da nabokovis romanebSi, mimarTulia ara socialuri tendenci-ebisken, rogorc es antiutopist mwerlebs sCveviaT, aramed — ufro Rrma, Zlieri sulieri konfliqtebisaken, romlebic adamianuri arsebobis wiaRSi arian Cabudebulni~ (efimovi 1985: 82).

Cven savsebiT veTanxmebiT mkvlevris am uaRresad sagulisxmo dakvir-vebas, Tumca, ver gaviziarebT mis erTgvarad calsaxa azrs kafkasa da nabo-kovis dasaxelebuli romanebis `mxolod garegani naTesaobis~ Sesaxeb anti-utopiis JanrTan. rogorc erTi, ise meore mwerlis aRniSnuli Txzulebe-bis CarTva antiutopiur metateqstSi, Cveni azriT, sruliad marTebulia da efuZneba ara zedapirul, `garegan naTesaobas~, aramed arsebiTi kavSi-ris princips. `cixesimagre~, `procesi~, `mopatiJeba sikvdilze~, `Bend Sinis-ter~, vfiqrobT, akmayofileben, cxadia, met-naklebi masStaburobiT, antiu-

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topiis JanrisaTvis niSandobliv konceptualur, motivaciur da struqtu-rul maxasiaTeblebs (mogvianebiT es maxasiaTeblebi aqcentirebuli iqneba konkretuli teqstebis analizis procesSi). logikurad ibadeba kiTxva: maS, ra qmnis gansxvavebas? ra niSniT gamoirCevian kafkasa da nabokovis Txzu-lebebi klasikuri antiutopiebisagan? ra ganapirobebs ùfro Rrma, Zlieri sulieri konfliqtebis~ gaSlasa da realizebas?

Cveni azriT, kafkasa da nabokovis antiutopiuri romanebis gansakuT-

rebulobas anu maT determinacias individualur sistemad antiutopiuri

metateqstis zogadJanrul sistemaSi ganapirobebs ara antiutopiis Janri-

saTvis niSandoblivi motivaciuri modeli, romelic met-naklebi priori-

tetulobiT realizdeba maT TxzulebebSi, aramed specifikuri struqtu-

ruli anu qronotopuli modeli, romelic gansazRvravs aseve specifikur

konceptualur models. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, antiutopiis Janruli de-

terminaciis safuZvlad Cven miviCnevT teqstis qronotopul sistemas, e. i.

mwerlis individualur mimarTebas antiutopiisaTvis niSandobliv qrono-

topul opoziciebTan. Sesabamisad, vTvliT, rom qronotopuli kategorie-

bis individualuri, igive subieqturi, gaazreba ganapirobebs antiutopiis

Janris determinacias calkeuli tipis antiutopiebad: mecnieruli antiu-

topia, fantastikuri antiutopia, satiruli antiutopia da sxva. f. kafkasa

da v. nabokovis dasaxelebuli Txzulebebis wakiTxva, Cveni azriT, mizanSe-

wonili da marTebulia esqatologiuri antiutopiis Janruli modelis

konteqstSi. amave konteqstSi moviazrebT qarTveli mwerlis m. javaxiSvi-

lis romans `jayos xiznebi~. Cven, cxadia, ar vamtkicebT, rom esqatologiu-

ri antiutopiis Janruli CarCo warmoadgens zemoT CamoTvlili romanebis

gaazrebis erTaderT kriteriums (am teqstebis msoflmxedvelobrivi da

mxatvruli siRrme SeuZlebels xdis maT lokalizebas erTi romelime li-

teraturuli modelis CarCoSi), magram migvaCnia, rom esqatologiuri an-

tiutopiis modeli am Rirebul mxatvrul TxzulebaTa wakiTxvis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani, arsebiTi da saintereso rakursia.

esqatologizmi, romelic gansazRvravs antiutopiis am specifikuri

saxeobis struqturas, vfiqrobT, imTaviTve miuTiTebs mwerlis siRrmise-

ul mimarTebas qronotopul modelebTan. esqatologiuri antiutopiis

centraluri problema aris ara mxolod groteskuli protesti arsebuli

reJimis mimarT, aramed ìdealuri wesrigis~, `koleqtiuri~ paTosisa da

`masobrivi~ ideologiis wiaRSi Cakarguli pirovnebis gamoRviZeba, indivi-

dualuri `me~-s sabediswero janyi realobis winaaRmdeg, arsebul dro-siv-

rcul garemosTan misi sruli SeuTavseblobisa da sxva alternatiuli

dro-sivrculi ganfenilobisaken ltolvis demonstrireba. esqatologiur antiutopiaSi aqcentirebulia rogorc antiutopii-

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli calkeuli motivebi da Strixebi, ise droisa da siv-rcis globaluri gaazrebis tendencia, anu aRiniSneba socialur-istoriu-

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li antiutopizmis gadatana apokaliptikur sibrtyeze da qronotopis zne-obrivi funqciis gaRrmaveba.

esqatologia siRrmiseuli fiqria, moZRvreba adamianisa da samyaros ukanasknel bed-iRbalze. qristianobam globaluri SinaarsiT aRavso esqa-tologia, aqcia igi kosmosisa da istoriis ara mxolod dasasrulis, aramed dasasrulis Semdgomi kataklizmebis warmomsaxvel swavlebad. esqatologi-uri dro mesiis — qristes movlinebiT iwyeba da mis meored mosvlamde grZel-deba, vinaidan mesia Tavis TavSi itevs sasufevels da mis centrad gvevlineba. macxovris mier sasufevlis siaxlovis SegrZneba anu misi `mesianuri TviTSeg-neba~ gardauvalad ukavSirdeba tanjvisa da sikvdilis kategoriebs, rogorc sxvaTa gadarCenis erTaderT saSualebas: jvarze sikvdili aris adamiansa da samyaroze Sinagani gamarjvebisaken mimavali WeSmariti gza.

ra iqneba Semdgom? aqvs Tu ara samyaros absoluturi, WeSmariti dasas-ruli? SesaZlebelia Tu ara sazRvris waSla? mravalma moiwadina am globa-lur kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. maT Soris arian v. nabokovi da m. javaxiSvili, mwerlebi, romlebmac ara marto scades maradiuli enigmis amoxsna, aramed SeZles gaeazrebinaT qristianul-esqatologiuri problematika antiuto-piuri Janris konteqstSi.

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia poziciis dafiqsireba: esqatologiur antiutopiaSi, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva Janris

teqstebSi, mxatvruli dro moiazreba rogorc siuJeturi anu mxatvrul na-warmoebSi organizebulad aRweril esTetikurad faseul movlenaTa dro. siuJeturia sivrcec, is pirobiTi sivrculi veli, romelic axasiaTebs kon-kretul nawarmoebs da Seesabameba nawarmoebis msoflmxedvelobriv para-digmas. esqatologiuri antiutopiis teqstSi wamyvan pozicias inarCunebs mxatvruli drois kategoria, romlis gaazrebac arsebiTad subieqtivistu-ria. mxatvruli sivrce masTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan struqturas warmoadgens. iqmneba dro-sivrculi mTlianoba, magram dro am kontinuumSi arc sivrcis meoTxe koordinatas warmoadgens, rogorc es baxtinis Teori-aSia gaazrebuli da arc `spacializebul~ models rogorc amas frenki gan-sazRvravs: dro konceptualuri dominantaa, erTi mxriv, antiutopiis Jan-ris formirebis diaqronuli procesis gamarTleba, meore mxriv ki — Janris sinqronuli struqturis centraluri segmenti.

esqatologiuri antiutopiisaTvis niSandoblivi siuJeturi dro da sivrce dro-sivrcis filosofiuri da mecnieruli gaazrebis mravalsauku-novani gamocdilebis subieqtivistur transpozicias warmoadgens, anu es-qatologiuri antiutopia, romelic droisa da sivrcis kategoriebs Rrma esqatologizmis konteqstSi ganixilavs, droisa da sivrcis interpretaci-is subieqtivistur sistemas gvTavazobs. sistemis zogadi struqturebi Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:

1. erTi mxriv, arsebobs pirobiTad `realuri~ dro da sivrce anu obieq-turi dro da sivrce, romelSic cxovrobs individi da, romelic emorCile-ba gazomvisa da moZraobis obieqtur kanonebs; meore mxriv, arsebobs `Sina-

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gani~ dro da sivrce anu dro da sivrce, romelsac gamoimuSavebs subieqti da, romelic gamoxatavs subieqtis Tavisufal nebas;

2. droisa da sivrcis am ori formidan Rirebulia subieqtis mier gamomuSa-vebuli dro da sivrce rogorc realuri parametrebis faseuli alternativa;

3. realuri, obieqturi dro xasiaTdeba ganwilulobiTa da Tanamimdev-robiT, subieqturi dro ki ganuwilvel xangrZlivobas warmoadgens, `war-sulisa~ da àwmyos~ rTul integracias subieqtis cnobierebis doneze;

4. Tu `momavali~ realuri drois kanonzomieri Tvisebaa, subieqturi parametrebis konteqstSi igi iluzorul saxes iZens;

5. realurad medini dro aRiqmeba, rogorc sasruli `xronosi~, romelic gardauvalad unda damTavrdes, subieqturad gamomuSavebuli dro ki tranzi-tuli etlis funqcias asrulebs, romelic aTavisuflebs subieqts drois CarCoebidan da zedroul maradisobaSi gadahyavs igi;

6. mTavari gmiri mudmivad miiswrafvis faseuli sazRvrisaken, romelic mijnavs miwier, drois diqtatiT marTul samyaros sulieri, droisagan Ta-visufali samyarosgan, romelic transformaciis gziT miiRweva;

7. gza zedrouli da zesivrculi samyarosken TviTSemecnebaze, SiSze, sevdaze, monaniebaze, sikvdilsa da aRdgomaze Zevs.

brZolis, winaaRmdegobisa da am uaRresad rTuli subieqturi paradig-mis realizeba esqatologiuri antiutopiis konteqstSi mWidrod daukav-Sirda fiqrs adamianis miwier bedze, Rirebul zRvarsa da usazRvrobaze. vfiqrobT, Teoria, romelic idealurad moergo dro-sivrculi kategori-ebis esqatologiur gaazrebas da romlis prizmaSic unda ganvixiloT esqa-tologiuri antiutopiis qronotopuli modeli, aris me-20 saukunis 10-ian wlebSi pozitiuri anTropologiis, mogvianebiT ki struqturalisturi an-Tropologiis mier SemuSavebuli `sazRvris~ anu liminalobis Teoria. li-minalobis cneba efuZneba samyaros, kerZod ki droisa da sivrcis gaazrebis subieqtivistur tendenciebs, xolo apokaliptikur siRrmes esqatologiu-ri antiutopiis qronotopul modelSi iZens.

3.3. liminaloba da droisa da sivrcis gaazrebis liminaluri Teoria

terminisa da cnebis — `liminaloba~ — avtoria franguli pozitiuri anTropologiis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli arnold van genepi. naSromSi ~Rites de passage~ (1908) genepma ara mxolod Teoriulad ganmarta liminalo-bis mniSvneloba, aramed praqtikulad warmoaCina misi makoordinebeli ro-li, erTi mxriv, sezonuri cvalebadobebis, meore mxriv ki individualuri cxovrebis stilis Secvlis procesSi. ~Rites de passage~ — gadanacvlebis ri-tuali, genepis azriT, nebismieri tipis cvalebadobis (adgilis, qveynis an socialuri statusis Secvlis, asakobrivi cvalebadobis da sxva) aucile-bel atributs warmoadgens da gamokveTs im diqotomias, romelic arsebobs

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`gamyarebul~ da `gadanacvlebad~ struqturebs Soris. genepi miiCnevs, rom gadaadgilebis, anu tranzitulobis yoveli procesi sami faziT xasiaTde-ba: 1. gamocalkeveba, gamoyofa, anu separacia; 2. marginaloba, anu limina-loba; 3. gaerTianeba, anu inkorporacia. pirveli faza, separacia, gulis-xmobs konkretuli individualuri formis an rCeuli individis, e.w. ìni-ciantis~ izolirebas fiqsirebuli socialuri an kulturuli struqturi-sagan. igi aRniSnavs iniciantis mowyvetas realuri dro-sivrculi garemo-sagan; meore faza, liminaloba, gamoxatavs iniciantis, imave `tranzituli mgzavris~ ambivalentur mdgomareobas, mis gadanacvlebas Sualedur, ambi-valentur socialur zonaSi, e.w. `limboSi~; mesame, inkorporaciis finalu-ri faza, Seesatyviseba iniciantis dabrunebas sazogadoebaSi, mxolod ga-naxlebuli socialuri statusiT, e.i. individis `reagregacias~.

gansakuTrebul interess, sami aRniSnuli fazidan, imsaxurebs meore, anu liminaluri faza, romlis wiaRSic individi iZens socialuri garemos sruli gabundovanebis gamocdilebas da emijneba realobas. termini `limi-naluri~ laTinuridan momdinareobs (limen, liminis) da niSnavs zRurbls, mij-nas, or gansxvavebul adgils Soris moTavsebul gasasvlel derefans. ana-logiuri mizniT inergeba igi genepis TeoriaSic: liminaluri faza Tavisi arsiTa da funqciiT tranzituli, dinamikuri Sualeduri kondiciaa, mo-Tavsebuli gamyarebul da transformirebul struqturebs Soris. Sesaba-misad, genepi miiCnevs, rom gadanacvlebis rituali ~Rites de passage~ SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc sami kondiciis mTlianoba: `preliminaluris~, rac gulisxmobs gamoyofas winare samyarosagan; `liminaluris~, rac aRniSnavs tranzitulobis periods; `postliminaluris~, rac ukavSirdeba axal samya-rosTan inkorporaciis ceremonials. `winare~ da àxali~ aq gulisxmobs ara mxolod mciremasStabian, aramed farTomasStabian kulturul transpozi-cias. samarTlianad SeniSnavs T. l. qarsoni: ès misi (genepis — i. r.) epoqis moazrovnisaTvis riskiani, magram brwyinvale Teoria iyo. struqturuli ordinaruloba da kulturuli nairsaxeoba genepisaTvis warmoadgens ara ormxrivad miuwvdomel cnebebs, aramed cnebebs, romlebic Tanaarsebobs da ikveTeba. ordinaruli modelebi gansxvavebul da unikalur kulturul fenomenebSi transformirdeba. cxovreba TavisTavad aRiqmeba, rogorc passage, anu gadanacvleba da Rites de passage, anu gadanacvlebis ritualebi warmoadgens im satransporto etlebs, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba globaluri gardaqmnebi~ (qarsoni 1984: 3). Tavad van genepi miuTiTebs: àdamianTa jgufisaTvis, iseve rogorc calkeuli individebisaTvis, cxov-reba niSnavs gancalkevebasa da kvlav gamTlianebas, formisa da kondiciis cvlilebas, sikvdilsa da Tavidan dabadebas. cxovreba aris qmedeba da SeCe-reba, molodini da Sesveneba, da kvlav qmedeba, mxolod sxvagvari gziT... da mudam da mudam warmoiqmneba axal-axali mijnebi, romlebic daZleul unda iqnen: mijna zafxulsa da zamTars Soris, sezonuri, wliuri, Tviuri an su-lac dRiuri mijnebi; dabadebis, yrmobis, simwifisa da siberis mijnebi; da, rac mTavaria, mijna sikvdilsa da sikvdilis Semdgom cxovrebas Soris, maT-Tvis, visac es swams~ (genepi 1960: 18). sruliad cxadia, rom tranzitulobis

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kondicia, anu liminaluri faza genepisaTvis Sualeduri struqturis mniS-vnelobas iZens, Rirebuli mediumisa, romelic cvalebadobis impulsiTaa damuxtuli. TiTqmis naxevari saukunis Semdeg, genepis Teorias struqtu-ralisturi anTropologiis sibrtyeze gadaitans viqtor Terneri da limi-nalur fazas gansazRvravs, rogorc ìnterstruqturalur situacias~, aR-mocenebuls `sxvadasxva poziciur struqturebs Soris~.

Terneris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, genepis TeoriaSi, imsaxurebs li-minaluri faza, romelic asrulebs zRurblis funqcias da erTmaneTisagan mijnavs cxovrebis gansxvavebul etapebs. Terneris azriT, individis droebi-Ti gamoyofa gamyarebuli sazogadoebrivi struqturisagan aniWebs individs ara mxolod ambivalentur socialur statuss, aramed aTavisuflebs mas ne-bismieri kanonebis, qcevis normebisa da wesebisagan, misi statusi arsobrivad ambivalenturi da bundovania. `liminaluri fazis pirobebSi, — wers Terneri, — individi arc àqeT~ aris da aRarc ìqiT~. is imyofeba iuridiulad, tradi-ciulad, konvenciurad da ceremoniulad dadgenil poziciebs `Soris~ (~betwixt and between~ — i. r.)~ (Terneri 1995: 126). Sesabamisad, SeCerebulia indi-vidis rogorc `winare~, ise `momdevno~ statusis moqmedeba, individi gariyu-lis, ganusazRvrelis poziciaSia, rekonstruirebuli da ganaxlebuli kul-turuli modelebisa da paradigmebis ganxorcielebis molodinis kondiciaSi. m. i. spariosus marTebuli SeniSvniT, `liminaloba TernerisaTvis warmoadgens ara mxolod tranzitulobis, aramed potencialurobis formas~ (spariosu 1997: 133), radgan liminaloba amJRavnebs ara mxolod gamyarebuli struqture-bisagan izolirebis, aramed alternatiuli struqturebis formirebis poten-ciur SesaZleblobebs. r. palmeri aRniSnavs: ìndivids, romelic gadainacvlebs liminalur fazaSi, gaaCnia individis potenciali, magram moqceulia samyaro-ebs Soris arsebul napralSi, anu warmoadgens erTgvar konceptualur mediums, àq~ da ìq~ arsebul alternatiul struqturebs Soris~ (palmeri 1980: 8).

amrigad, àlternativis~ warmoeba Terneris liminaluri Teoriis um-Tavres funqciasa da mizans warmoadgens. logikurad ibadeba kiTxva: SesaZ-lebelia ki alternatiuli samyaros gamomuSaveba individis gonis doneze? es kiTxva, vfiqrobT, gvabrunebs winamdebare naSromis I TavSi ganxilul problemasTan, sadac Cven SevecadeT warmogveCina adamianis individualuri Tavisuflebisa da `me~-obis saxeliT warmoebuli filosofiuri brZolis zogadi paradigma. ras warmoadgens Sopenhaueris, kirkegorisa da nicSes moZRvrebebi mimarTuli gamefebuli Zaladobis, terorisa da teqnokratiz-mis winaaRmdeg da mowodebuli adamianis Tavisufali aqtivobis, Semoqmede-biTi nebisa da individualuri azrovnebis dasacavad, Tu ara ltolvas al-ternativisaken? rogorc Sopenhaueris sicocxlisaken mimarTuli nebis fi-losofia, ise nicSes agresiisken mimarTuli nebis filosofia faseulia ara mxolod im TvalsazrisiT, rom mijnavs sicocxles Zaladobisgan, aramed imi-Tac, rom dasaSvebad miiCnevs sicocxlis arsebobas ZalasTan daqvemdebare-bis gareSe. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, SesaZlebelia ara marto erTi, xiluli samyaros (romelsac Sopenhaueri, kirkegori da nicSe tanjvisa da sikvdilis sinonimebad moixsenieben), aramed sxva, alternatiuli samyaroebis arsebo-

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bac. Sesabamisad, Tu realurad arsebuli samyaro preliminaluri kondiciis mocemul pirobas warmoadgens, anu iwvevs individis gamocalkevebas misi gamyarebuli struqturebisgan, alternatiuli samyaro postliminaluri kondiciis rezultatia, struqtura, romelic transformaciis Sedegad ya-libdeba. rac Seexeba liminalur fazas, igi konceptualuradac da struqtu-ruladac Seesabameba tanjvis, rwmenisa da sikvdilis im siRrmiseul fazebs, romlebic erTgvari satranzito derefnis, makavSirebeli rgolis, faseuli mijnis rols asruleben àm~ da `sxva~ samyaroebs Soris, rogorc Sopenhaue-risa da kirkegoris, ise nicSes filosofiaSi. magram, istoriuli anu para-digmatuli TvalsazrisiT, Zalze rTuli da praqtikulad SeuZlebelia am miRmieri, garkveulwilad mistikuri kosmosis Tundac intuitiuri floba. is, rogorc pirobiToba, arsebobs subieqtis cnobierebis doneze, misi wvdo-ma mxolod subieqtis nebis miRmaa SesaZlebeli, im Zlieri nebisa, romelic ebrZvis istoriuli anu realuri konteqstisaTvis niSandobliv `monur men-talitets~ da transcendentaluri ganzomilebisaken iltvis.

gamomdinare aqedan, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom gadanacvlebis ritualis, anu Rites de passage-is samive faza — preliminaluri, liminaluri da postlimi-naluri — yalibdeba rogorc sinqronuli anu Sidastruqturuli, ise diaq-ronuli anu kulturul-istoriuli kanonzomierebis wiaRSi da mowodebu-lia pozitiuri alternativis Sesaqmnelad. pozitiuri alternativa Semoq-medebiTi nebis Sedegs warmoadgens, warmosaxvisa da qmnadobis faseul sin-Tezs, romelic emijneba realur, gamyarebul, istoriul-kulturul struqturebs da, umZafresi gancdebis Sedegad, aRwevs sasurvel transfor-macias. sruliad cxadia, rom idealur formas am `mistikuri TamaSebisaT-vis~ warmoadgens literatura. marTebulad miuTiTebs m. i. spariosu: `lite-raturul diskurss Seswevs Zala Seqmnas WeSmaritad axali alternativebi, vinaidan is TamaSis formaa, modeliT `TiTqos~ ganpirobebuli qmedeba, rom-lis wiaRSic erTmaneTs erwymis realuri da warmosaxuli samyaroebi da iq-mneba orive maTganisagan gancalkevebuli Sualeduri samyaro. asaxavs ra ur-TierTobebis realur an warmosaxul formebs da ayalibebs ra maT winaaRmde-gobriv mTlianobas, literatura qmnis arsebobis alternatiul modelebs~ (spariosu 1997: 30). amrigad, literatura, Tavisi arsiTa da daniSnulebiT, liminaluri fenomenia, romelic asrulebs gardamavali fazis funqcias Za-liT marTul destruqciul realobasa da warmosaxviT gamomuSavebul miR-mier kosmoss Soris: literatura asrulebs satranzito etlis rols Zalis-mier, qronologiurad mowesrigebul, teqnologiur-biurokratiuli rea-lobiT SezRudul samyarosa da rwmeniT, Tavisufali ideebiTa da fantazie-biT gaJRenTil samyaros Soris. literaturis liminalurobis ideas, Cveni azriT, amarTlebs Janris Teoriis evoluciuri paradigmac.

winamdebare naSromis meore TavSi, sadac msjeloba exeboda Janris ga-azrebis sinqronul da diaqronul perspeqtivebs, vfiqrobT, aSkarad ga-movlinda Janris TeoriaSi arsebuli sami ZiriTadi tendencia literatu-ruli sistemis gaazrebisa: sinqronuli da diaqronuli rakursebis WrilSi literatura gaiazreba an rogorc subversiuli, sayrdeni marginaloba, an

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rogorc Sualeduri neitraliteti, an rogorc TviTtranscendenturi fleqsiuroba. samive aRniSnuli tendencia, miuxedavad maTi meTodologi-uri araerTgvarovnebisa, literaturas miiCnevs liminalur kondiciad. vecdebiT, davasabuToT Cveni mosazreba.

aristoteles `poetikaSi~ poeziis liminaluri xasiaTi mimezisis anu baZvis makoordinebel cnebaSia koncentrirebuli. poeturi baZva TamaSis, erTgvari ambivalenturi qmedebis mniSvnelobas iZens, sadac poeturi dis-kursi baZavs realurad arsebul diskursebs da qmnis pirobiTobas, rome-lic verasodes gautoldeba verc filosofiur WeSmaritebas da verc is-toriul realobas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aristotele aTavsebs poezias liminalur sivrceSi, romelic erTmaneTisagan mijnavs filosofiasa da is-torias: `poetis amocanaa, — wers aristotele, — isaubros ara realurad momxdarze, aramed imaze, rac SeiZleboda momxdariyo, e. i. aucileblad an saWiroebisamebr SesaZlebelze~ (aristotele 1957: 67). gamomdinare aqedan, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom poezia baZavs ara mxolod filosofias, aramed istoriasac, anu warmoadgens Sualedur formas SesaZleblobasa da auci-leblobas Soris. Sesabamisad, literaturuli diskursi gvevlineba gan-sxvavebuli tipis diskursebis Rirebul mediatorad. `Rirebulebas~ gana-pirobebs literaturuli diskursis ara meqanikuri, aramed SemoqmedebiTi baZvis unikaluri unari: literaturuli baZva ar gulisxmobs gamyarebuli modelebis martivad kopirebas (es tendencia cxadad ikveTeba rogorc platonis naazrevSi, ise `mimezisis~ aristoteleseul ganmartebaSi), is an radikalurad sapirispiro mimarTulebiT cvlis obieqts (mag., satira, pa-rodia), an kidev Zirfesvianad gadaamuSavebs mas (es meTodi misaRebia nebis-mieri literaturuli Janris doneze). gamomdinare aqedan, literatura, an-tikuri epoqis moazrovneebisaTvis, warmoadgens liminalur sivrceSi gan-Tavsebul subversiul-sayrden da koreqtirebad marginalobas.

viTareba ramdenadme icvleba aRorZinebis epoqaSi. ser filip sidnei naSromSi ~The Defense of Poesie~ ubrundeba ra aristoteles `poetikis~ aRniS-nul koncefcias, ganavrcobs mas literaturis mediatoruli funqciis aq-centirebis mimarTulebiT. `filosofosi gvTavazobs cnebas, — aRniSnavs kritikosi, — istorikosi — magaliTs, poeti ki — orives... maS, vis vuwodoT mediatori? rasakvirvelia, poets~ (sidnei 1962: 419). amrigad, ser filip sidneis Tanaxmad, poeti warmoadgens Suamavals istoriul simarTlesa da filosofiur abstraqcias Soris, mediums, romelic realobisa da warmo-saxvis `TamaSiT~ adgens simarTlisa da abstraqciis sazRvrebs da Tanabrad atarebs rogorc erTis, ise meorisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs. sxvag-varad rom vTqvaT, poezia liminalurad Sualeduri neitralitetis fun-qciiT iRWurveba. sidneis Tvalsazriss iziareben ara mxolod misi Tanamed-rove evropeli kritikosebi, aramed romantizmis epoqis moazrovnenic, Tumca romantikosebi gansxvavebul elfers sZenen problemas.

Sileri Tavis cnobil werilTa seriaSi xelovnebas miiCnevs `mesame rea-lobad~, esTetikur fenomenad, romelic asrulebs Suamavlis funqcias au-cileblobasa (mizezsa) da Tavisuflebas (suls) Soris. Sileri wers: `gardas-

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vla SegrZnebis pasiuri kondiciidan fiqris da survilis aqtiur kondiciaSi SeuZlebelia Via-s, esTetikuri Tavisuflebis Sualeduri kondiciis gareSe~ (Sileri 1967: 161). SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom xelovneba da, cxadia, litera-turac SilerisaTvis warmoadgens esTetikur iluzias, anu msgavsebas, rome-lic wyvets kacobriobas misi SegrZnebadi garemosgan da sulierebis Tavi-sufal garemoSi gadahyavs igi. Sileris pozicias kidev ufro metad amwva-vebs persi Seli, romelic gansazRvravs xelovnebasa da poezias, rogorc sinamdvilis miRwevebze amozrdil Sualedur kondicias realobasa da miR-mier samyaros Soris. `poezia, — aRniSnavs Seli, — aRviZebs da aRrmavebs go-nebas, vinaidan Targmnis mis aTasobiT miuwvdomel fiqrTa kombinaciebs. igi asazrdoebs warmosaxvas axal-axali fiqrebiT, romlebic izidaven da asimilirdebian sxva fiqrebTan da ayalibeben axal intervalebsa da Suale-debs, romelTa sicarielec mudmivad iTxovs sazrdos~ (Seli 1921: 33). vfiq-robT, Selis brwyinvale idea poeturi azrovnebis Sedegad warmoqmnili ìntervalebisa~ da `Sualedebis~ mudmivad qmnadi, ganaxlebadi da cvaleba-di bunebis Sesaxeb mTeli seriozulobiT ayenebs literaturis rogorc TviTtranscendenturi liminaluri fleqsiurobis gansazRvris sakiTxs: poezia Selis naazrevSi warmoadgens fiqris paradigmas, liminalur kondi-cias, romelic ganTavsebulia istoriul realobasa da fiqrismier irealo-bas Soris da romelic realobis arsebuli modelisagan mudmivad awarmo-ebs alternatiul irealur models.

sagulisxmoa, rom literaturuli liminalobis gaazrebis samive for-mam araerTgvarovani, magram farTo interpretacia pova Tanamedrove li-teraturaTmcodneobaSi.

eqsistencialuri kritikis fuZemdebeli J. p. sartri naSromSi `warmo-saxvis fsiqologia~ aRniSnavs: `warmosaxuli iqmneba `samyaros safuZvel-ze~, magram, samagierod, realuri samyaros wvdoma gulisxmobs idumal mid-rekilebas warmosaxulisaken~ (sartri 1972: 218). warmosaxva, sartris Teo-riaSi, àraras~ — sicarielis formaa, romelic axasiaTebs cnobierebas da romelsac Seswevs qmnadobis Zala, anu warmosaxva warmoadgens liminalur-fleqsiuri `cnobierebis transcendentalur kondicias~. sartris fenome-nologiuri pozicia, vfiqrobT, mWidrod enaTesaveba Selis pozicias da bevrad ganapirobebs literaturuli liminalobis juzepe maZotaseul versias. maZota, eyrdnoba ra Terneris Teorias, ara mxolod aRiarebs li-teraturis liminalobis ideas, aramed, dantesa da bokaCos Semoqmedebis analizis safuZvelze, literaturuli mediavaciis ramdenime formasac ki ganasxvavebs. amave azrs iziarebs v. izeric naSromSi `SeTxzuli da warmosa-xuli: literaturuli anTropologiis kvaldakval~. literaturis ro-gorc `liminaluri TamaSis~ funqciad izeri miiCnevs ara marto Suamavlo-bas aucileblobasa da warmosaxvas Soris, aramed individis, subieqtis TviTtranscendenturi qmedebis ganpirobebasa da gansazRvras. exmianeba ra Sileris azrs, izeri amtkicebs, rom literaturuli gamonagoni anu iluzia warmoadgens Sualedur fazas realobasa da warmosaxvas Soris, e.i. Seesaba-meba triadul paradigmas: realuri — iluzoruli — warmosaxuli: `litera-tura tranzituli obieqtia, — wers izeri, — sasazRvro fenomeni, romelic

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mudmivad meryeobs realobasa da warmosaxvas Soris da mudmivad akavSirebs maT erTmaneTTan~ (izeri 1993: 4). gansxvavebuli rakursiT ganixilavs aR-niSnul problemas gustavo pereZ-firmati. naSromSi `literatura da li-minaloba~ igi aRiarebs literaturis liminalur bunebas, magram uaryofs misi rogorc TviTtranscendenturi fleqsiurobis ideas. pereZ-firmati, msgavsad m. baxtinisa, p. de manisa da h. blumisa, literaturas subversiul marginalobad miiCnevs, Tumca, kolegebisgan gansxvavebiT, ukiduresad ra-dikaluria: liminaloba misTvis centridanul Zalas warmoadgens, rome-lic maqsimalurad xelyofs da angrevs realurad arsebul models.

amrigad, Tu J. p. sartris, j. maZotas, v. izeris Teoriul koncefciebSi sacnauria Selis gavlena da literatura moiazreba rogorc TviTtrans- cendenturi fleqsiuroba, m. baxtinis, p. de manis, h. blumisa da pereZ-fir-matis Teoriuli sistemebi ubrundeba literaturis rogorc subversiuli marginalobis klasikur ideas.

amJamad CvenTvis mniSvnelovania ara literaturuli liminalobis inva-riantuli gaazreba, aramed is Tanxmoba, romelic arsebobs Janris Teoriis istoriaSi literaturis rogorc liminaluri movlenis gaazrebis Tvalsaz-risiT, is ueWveli faqti, rom literaturuli sistemis sinqronuli da diaq-ronuli analizis WrilSi literatura erTxmad aRiqmeba liminalur fazad. es garemoeba TavisTavad amTlianebs liminalobas, rogorc literaturis Tvisebriv maxasiaTebels, literaturisa da literaturuli Janrebis gaaz-rebis sinTezuri anu holistikuri Teoriis sistemaSi, romelic Janris Teo-riis sinqronuli da diaqronuli rakursebis sinTezs efuZneba.

Tu davubrundebiT odnav zemoT dasmul kiTxvas — SesaZlebelia ki al-ternatiuli samyaros gamomuSaveba individis gonis doneze? — da Tu Seva-jerebT liminalobis gansazRvris filosofiur (Sopenhaueri, kirkegori, nicSe, mogvianebiT — van genepi, Terneri) da literaturaTmcodneobiT (aristotele, sidnei, Sileri, Seli, Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneoba) konotaciebs, davaskvniT, rom alternatiuli samyaros gamomuSaveba ara marto SesaZlebelia individis gonis doneze, aramed aucilebelic kia ka-cobriobis TviTcnobierebisa da TviTSemecnebis gaRrmavebis mizniT. am procesSi umniSvnelovanesi roli ekisreba literaturas, konkretul li-teraturul nawarmoebs rogorc Sualedur, liminalur movlenas, romel-sac Seswevs Zala, ara mxolod gamijnos erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli samya-roebi, aramed, gamomdinare samyaros realuri modelidan, awarmoos al-ternatiuli anu `sxva samyaros~ modeli.

aq, vfiqrobT, dazustebas moiTxovs, erTi mxriv, àlternativis~ cneba, da meore mxriv, urTierTobis is tipi, romelic yalibdeba arsebulsa da alternatiul samyaroebs Soris.

àlternativa~ laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs àrCevans~, Rirebul `sxvas~, romelic garkveuli cvalebadobis procesSi formirdeba. alternatiuli modeli iqmneba arsebuli modelis safuZvelze, magram gansxvavdeba misgan makoordinebeli principebis TvalsazrisiT. alternativa SeiZleba iyos

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mravalgvari: istoriuli, geografiuli, sulieri, fsiqologiuri, religiu-ri, esTetikuri, kosmologiuri da sxva. urTierToba alternatiul samyaro-ebs Soris aris an konfliqturi, an konkurenciuli. m. spariosu ganasxvavebs am urTierTobis oTx ZiriTad tips: SeTavsebads, SeuTavsebels, proporci-uls, araproporciuls da amomwuravad axasiaTebs TiToeul maTgans: `SeTav-sebad samyaroebs aqvs msgavsi, advilad urTierTSeguebadi maxasiaTeblebi... msgavsi socioekonomikuri sistemebi... msgavsi politikuri sistemebi... msgavsi religiuri sistemebi... sapirispirod amisa, SeuTavsebeli samyaroe-bis maxasiaTeblebi ver ikveTeba esoden martivad... amis magaliTebia: mcire kulturebi didi kulturebis wiaRSi... agresiuli sazogadoeba industriu-li sazogadoebis wiaRSi... demokratia totalitarizmis wiaRSi da sxva... al-ternatiuli samyaroebis proporciuloba SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi ZiriTadi principebi SeuTavsebelia, magram SesaZlebelia garkveuli Tanxmobis miRweva... da araproporciulia maSin, rodesac gamoricxulia ne-bismieri SeTanxmeba~ (spariosu 1997: 47). amrigad, dapirispireba alternati-ul samyaroebs Soris SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod SeuTavsebeli, aramed arap-roporciulic, anu sruliad kontrastuli, rasac amJRavnebs dasavluri az-rovnebis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli ontologiuri dayofa: realuri samyaro/-warmosaxuli samyaro. Tu realuri samyaro fizikuri samyaroa, obieqturi sistema, romelsac axasiaTebs samganzomilebiani sivrce, dro rogorc siv-rcis meoTxe koordinata da moZraoba, warmosaxuli samyaro arafizikuri sam-yaroa, subieqturi sistema, romelic upirispirdeba obieqtur sistemas mara-disobis ontologiurad alternatiuli principis safuZvelze. literatura rogorc liminaluri faza anu Sualeduri derefani realursa da warmosa-xuls Soris, cxadia, zedmiwevniT kargad aireklavs am winaaRmdegobas.

Cveni azriT, literaturis, rogorc liminaluri movlenis umTavres

amocanas warmoadgens axali realobis, axali samyaros, axali kosmosis Seq-

mna. es procesi gulisxmobs ara oden TvalsaCino gansxvavebis aqcentirebas

realur da warmosaxul samyaroebs Soris, aramed im logikuri da ontolo-

giuri winaaRmdegobebis warmoCenas, romelic aucileblobasa da SesaZleb-

lobas Soris arsebobs. alternatiuli samyaro mxolod maSin iqceva SesaZ-

leblobad, rodesac igi avtoris warmosaxvaSi yalibdeba da Tanamimdevru-

lad xorcieldeba rCeuli protagonistis transformaciuli suliskveTe-

bis meSveobiT. transformaciis procesis arsebiT mxares warmoadgens li-

minaluri faza, rogorc alternatiul samyaroebs Soris ganfenili tran-

zituli sivrce, arsebuli da warmosaxuli sistemebis wyalgamyofi, ambiva-

lenturi ontologiuri landSafti, romelSic jer inacvlebs protagonis-

ti, Semdgom ki dasZlevs mas. am TvalsazrisiT, warmosaxuli anu gamonagoni

samyaro aRiqmeba ara rogorc àrarsebuli obieqti~, aramed rogorc al-

ternatiul ontologiur principebze dafuZnebuli àrsebiToba~, rome-

lic tranzituli fazis miRma yalibdeba. tranzitulobis umTavres da gan-

msazRvrel kategoriebs droisa da sivrcis kategoriebi warmoadgenen. rea-

117

lobisaTvis niSandoblivi dro-sivrculi paradigma ara Tu ewinaaRmdege-

ba, aramed idealurad Seesatyviseba arsebul socialur struqturebs. am

SemTxvevaSi, Rites de passage anu gadanacvlebis rituali warmoadgens sxva,

opoziciuri realobisken gadebul xids, romelic dro-sivrcul ganzomi-

lebaTa sruliad sxvagvar interpretacias iTxovs. liminalobis Teoriis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli v. Terneri specialur

gamokvlevas àntitemporalobis saxeebi. esse eqsperimentul anTropolo-giaSi~ uZRvnis aRniSnul problemas. sagulisxmoa, rom statiis kvlevis Zi-riTad obieqts, àntitemporalobas~, Terneri imTaviTve moiazrebs opozi-ciur anu alternatiul WrilSi. àntitemporaloba, — wers igi, — aRniSnavs opoziciur kondicias im temporalobasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic gansazR-vruli anu limitirebulia droiT~ (Terneri 1985: 227). drois umTavres funqciad Terneri `wesrigs~ miiCnevs, mwyobr Tanamimdevrobas, romelic upirispirdeba `qaoss~, magram saqme isaa, rom `wesrigi~ arasodes aris srulyofili: kulturuli, socialuri Tu teqnikuri imperativebi, miuxe-davad didi Zalisxmevisa, mudmivad wyvetil xasiaTs atareben da TavisTa-vad iwveven gaurkvevlobis, ambivalenturobis, xSirad, winaaRmdegobrio-bis provocirebas. Tavisi koncefciis argumentirebis mizniT, Terneri ga-nasxvavebs `socialuri yofis~ oTx fazas, romlebic, misi azriT, esadageba `socialuri drois~ Sesabamis etapebs: pirveli faza anu `cxovreba~ asaxavs im normatiul sistemas, romelSic cxovrobs individTa jgufi; meore faza anu `krizisi~ Seesatyviseba kritikul kondicias, romelic ayenebs indi-vidTa jgufs àrCevanis~ winaSe, xolo arCevani SeiZleba iyos `pozitiuri~ an `negatiuri~; mesame faza anu `konfliqti~ esadageba `xelmZRvaneli jgu-fis~ uflebebisa da avtoritetis gamoyenebas individTa `negatiurad gan-wyobili jgufis~ mimarT; meoTxe faza anu `gamosvla~ asaxavs im Sedegebs, romliTac dasrulda mesame fazaSi `gaTamaSebuli~ drama. Terneris gansa-kuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs mesame faza, e. w. `konfliqti~, romelic arRvevs `harmonias~, anu gardaqmnis `harmonias~ `disharmoniad~ da mTeli simwvaviT ayenebs transformaciis sakiTxs. transformacia gulisxmobs `gamosvlas~ anu gamomijvnas ordinaruli `temporaluri~ garemosgan da alternatiuli àntitemporalobis~ formirebas.

àntitemporaloba~, Terneris azriT, temporalobis opoziciuri cne-baa, ganuwilveli ganfeniloba, romelic iZleva kacobriobis socio-kul-turuli gamocdilebis ontologiuri gadafasebis, gardaqmnis saSualebas da arsebiTad Seesatyviseba `maradisobis~ subieqtivistur gaazrebas. `po-zitiuri anTropologiis TvalsazrisiT, — aRiarebs Terneri, — romlis wi-aRSic me aRvizarde, fridrix von hugelis Sromebis kiTxvac ki udides codvad iyo miCneuli. magram axla me gavwev risks da moviyvan citatas misi wignidan `samaradiso cxovreba: implikaciebisa da aplikaciebis kvleva~. moyvanili citata gaamJRavnebs Cems idumal fiqrebs. hugeli wers: `samara-diso cxovreba, misi sruli mniSvnelobiT, moicavs sam aspeqts — mosalod-neli bednierebisa da energetikulobis gancdas; yofierebis Rirebul

118

TviTSemecnebas, romelic realizdeba aRniSnuli gancdis farglebSi; da am yofierebis ara Tanamimdevrul, aramed, erTdroul, Tanadroul aqtivo-bas. samaradiso cxovreba uaryofs sivrcesa da saaTis dros, vinaidan uar-yofs maT intensivobasa da daZabulobas. Tanadrouloba ki srulad gamoxa-tavs umaRles, uzenaes siuxves, aRuwerel simyares, RvTis dausazRvrav energias... igia mTavari opozicia, erTaderTi da WeSmariti abstraqcia~ (Terneri 1985: 246). Terneri uapelaciod iziarebs hugelis koncefcias. hu-gelis kvaldakval, arsebuli, gamyarebuli normatiuli sistemis èrTa-derT da WeSmarit~ alternativad Terneric realuri dro-sivrcis miRma ganfenil zedroul da zesivrcul maradisobas miiCnevs. `zogadi antitem-poralobis an kontratemporalobis an metatemporalobis konteqstSi, — askvnis mkvlevari, — kacobriobis SezRudulobisa da Seusabamobis mudmivi gancda, istoriuli gamocdilebis uwyvetoba xSirad Seimecneba rogorc arsebiToba, romelSic da romlis miRmac kacobrioba TandaTan wvdeba Ta-nadroulobis, spontanurobis, usazRvroebisa da antitemporalobis kvinte-sencias, absolutur zedroulobas anu maradisobas~ (Terneri 1985: 246). Cve-ni azriT, am gancxadebiT Terneri or principul pozicias gamoxatavs: erTi mxriv, igi akeTebs pirad arCevans droisa da sivrcis gaazrebis obieqtivis-tur da subieqtivistur Teoriebs Soris da sruliad aSkarad dgeba udidesi `subieqtivistebis~ — platonis, avgustines, kantis, bergsonis da sxvaTa ri-gebSi; meore mxriv, Terneri gamokveTs liminaluri fazis funqcias da limi-nalobis, rogorc ontologiurad da struqturulad faseuli procesis, pa-radigmas, mimarTuls gamyarebuli sistemidan gareT — alternatiuli siste-misaken. sqematurad es procesi SeiZleba amgvarad gamovsaxoT:

amrigad, liminaluri faza warmoadgens Sualedur, gardamaval, ambiva-lentur, àrc aqeT, arc iqiT~ kondicias, romlis wiaRSic individi emijneba normatiul konteqsts da, transformaciis gziT, awarmoebs opoziciurad sapirispiro samyaros. Sesabamisad, liminaluri faza specialuri, erTgva-rad sakraluri dro-sivrculi zonis datvirTvas iZens. `mistikuri mogzau-robis~, `tranzitulobis~, ìdumali gadaadgilebis~ procesi sikvdilisa da dabadebis, dacemisa da aRzevebis simbolikas efuZneba. Rites de passage anu ga-danacvlebis rituali warmoadgens gadanacvlebas arsebobis erTi modeli-

preliminaluri kondicia

liminaluri faza

realuri

dro-sivrce

[gamyarebuli struqtura]

separacia reagregacia

postliminaluri kondicia

[alternatiuli struqtura]

alternatiuli

dro-sivrce

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dan meoreSi. liminaluri dro, iseve, rogorc liminaluri sivrce, asaxavs, erTi mxriv, mowesrigebuli, qronologiuri sistemidan individis gamomij-vnis urTules process, meore mxriv ki — mis gamTlianebas alternatiul, an-tiqronologiur, antitemporalur sistemaSi.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT da, vfiqrobT, davasabuTeT, literatura limina-luri fazis idealur gamovlinebas warmoadgens. sagulisxmoa, rom liminaluri procesebis TvalsaCino demonstrirebis mizniT Terneri swored literatu-rul, kerZod, dramatuli Janris nawarmoebebs ganixilavs, Tumca, Tvlis, rom igi `Tanabrad aisaxeba literaturis nebismier sxva JanrSic~. albaT, ar Sevcde-biT, Tu `nebismier sxva JanrSi~ erT-erT upirvelesad literaturuli antiu-topiis Janrs moviazrebT. gamomdinare misi filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobri-vi safuZvlebidan (ix. winamdebare naSromis I Tavi), Janruli specifikidan (ix. wi-namdebare naSromis II Tavi) da droisa da sivrcis gaazrebis subieqtivisturi tendenciebidan (ix. winamdebare naSromis III Tavi), Tamamad SeiZleba ganvacxa-doT, rom literaturuli antiutopia, kerZod ki, esqatologiuri antiutopia, misi sruli SeuTavseblobiT arsebul, fsevdoutopiur reJimTan, qronologi-urad, temporalurad da spacialurad mowesrigebul yofierebis modelTan, agreTve, misi dauRalavi ltolviT adamianis individualuri `me~-obis reinkar-naciisken, Tavisuflebisaken, amaRlebisken, qmnis SesaniSnav yalibs liminaluri fazisaTvis. esqatologiuri antiutopia ara mxolod aireklavs im ganxeTqile-bas, romelic arsebobs subieqtsa da obieqtur realobas Soris, aramed warmo-adgens ambivalentur placdarms, `satranzito derefans~ sxva, alternatiul kosmosSi gasasvlelad. dapirispireba preliminalur da postliminalur anu alternatiul samyaroebs Soris esqatologiuri antiutopiis doneze Tviseb-rivad SeuTavsebadi da araproporciulia: esqatologiuri antiutopiis mimar-Teba realobisadmi aRsavsea nicSeseuli agresiiTa da zizRiT; arsebuli samya-ros erTaderT alternativas, msgavsad avgustines, Sopenhauerisa da kirkego-ris moZRvrebebisa, esqatologiuri antiutopiis donezec realuri samyaros miRma ganfenili maradisoba warmoadgens; drois WeSmaritad sasurvel formad avgustineseuli ganuwyveteli àwmyo~ da bergsoniseuli inversiuli èrTdro-uloba~ moiazreba, xolo saboloo miznad — qristianul msoflmxedvelobaSi aqcentirebuli sulieri aRorZineba da Tavisufleba. magram antiutopiuri mo-deli, romelic, erTi mxriv, kategoriulad uaryofs arsebul realobas, meore mxriv, gadaamuSavebs anu gardaqmnis mas warmosaxul, alternatiul realobad. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, antiutopiuri modeli erTdroulad warmoadgens sub-versiuli marginalobiTa da TviTtranscendenturi fleqsiurobiT gamorCeul liminalur kondicias. antiutopiuri modelis am sinTezuri gaazrebis para-digmas, vfiqrobT, zedmiwevniT TvalsaCinod adasturebs me-20 saukunis esqa-tologiur antiutopiebSi gamokveTili mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis limina-luri modelebi, romlebic JanrganmsazRvrel funqcias asrulebs.

120

T a v i 4

qronotopis liminaluri modelebi me-20 saukunis

esqatologiur antiutopiaSi

(v. nabokovis romanebis `mopatiJeba sikvdilze~, ~BEND SINISTER~ da m. javaxiSvilis romanis —`jayos xiznebi~ — mixedviT)

droisa da sivrcis kategoriebi gansazRvravs mxatvruli realobis para-metrebs da individualur gardasaxvebs im sazRvrebisa, romelTa miRmac sa-bolood yalibdeba subieqturi samyaro. Cvens mizans warmoadgens am garda-saxvebis zogadi paradigmis gamokveTa me-20 saukunis mwerlebis — v. nabokovi-sa da m. javaxiSvilis — romanebSi `mopatiJeba sikvdilze~, ~Bend Sinister~ da `jayos xiznebi~.

v. nabokovisa da m. javaxiSvilis Semoqmedebis aRniSnuli nimuSebis gam-Tlianeba erTi Janruli modelis kvlevis farglebSi, Cveni azriT, Tanab-rad efuZneba diaqronul anu istoriul-kulturul da sinqronul anu Si-daliteraturul faqtorebs: a) orive mwerlis moRvaweobis xana erTsa da imave epoqas ganekuTvneba da gaedineba iseTi totalitaruli reJimebis pi-robebSi, rogoric aris komunizmi da faSizmi; b) dasaxelebuli romanebis konceptualuri berketebi erTmniSvnelovnad ukavSirdeba masobrivis wi-aRSi Cakarguli individualuri `me~-obis, agreTve, reJimis mesveurTa Za-lisxmeviT nivelirebuli rwmenisa da RvTis Ziebas; g) samive romani akmayo-filebs literaturuli antiutopiis klasikur Janrul maxasiaTeblebs da Rrmavdeba samyaros esqatologiuri gancdis mimarTulebiT; d) rogorc erTi, ise meore mwerlis aRniSnul TxzulebebSi dro da sivrce warmoad-gens subieqturi Semecnebis aspeqtebs, adamianis gonis maxasiaTeblebs, ga-momuSavebuls Sinagani percefciis Sedegad. drouli da sivrculi para-metrebis gaazrebis subieqturi paradigma cxadyofs v. nabokovisa da m. ja-vaxiSvilis msoflmxedvelobriv naTesaobas da ara mxolod ganapirobebs, aramed amarTlebs aRniSnuli romanebis kvlevas erTiani fenomenis — esqa-tologiuri antiutopiis Janruli modelis farglebSi. Cveni pozicia, cxa-dia, ar gulisxmobs v. nabokovisa da m. javaxiSvilis Semoqmedebis koncep-tualuri an genezuri identurobis mtkicebas. isini gansxvavebuli stilis romanistebi arian. magram, ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT n. frais pozicias, romlis Tanaxmadac, literatura pirobiTi movlenaa da masSi arsebuli ne-bismieri cneba Tu determinacia TavisTavad pirobiTia. am TvalsazrisiT, pi-robiTia, albaT, Tavad `ganpirobebulobis~ cnebac. principulad mniSvne-lovania movlenis ara `metad~ an `naklebad~ ganpirobebuloba arsebuli tradiciebiT (Tumca, es aspeqti, cxadia, gasaTvaliswinebelia), aramed mov-lenis rogorc literaturuli faqtis integraciis xarisxi epoqalur ten-denciebTan. am TvalsazrisiT, v. nabokovisa da m. javaxiSvilis dasaxelebuli romanebis erT sibrtyeze ganxilvis ideas, albaT, gaaCnia arsebobis ufleba.

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Cvens pozicias ganamtkicebs winamdebare naSromis SesavalSi miTiTe-buli komparativistikis meTodi, romelsac veyrdnobiT warmoebuli ana-lizis procesSi. komparativistikis meTodi praqtikulad axorcielebs Ta-namedrove literaturis TeoriaSi farTod miRebul da danergil integra-ciis tendencias, romelic saSualebas iZleva, nebismieri literaturuli fenomeni ganxilul iqnes sxvadasxva nacionaluri literaturebis perspeq-tivaSi da Sefasdes rogorc zogadliteraturuli movlena.

4.1. drois gaazrebis subieqturi paradigma

drois koncefcia v. nabokovma yvelaze mkveTrad Camoayaliba romanSi àda~, sadac axirebuli antitereli filosofosis, van viinis naazrevis sa-xiT cxadad gamokveTa sakuTari kosmologiis konturebi. drois enigmis amoxsnis akviatebuli ideiT Sepyrobili van viini, romelic gatacebiT wers Txzulebebs àvejiT gawyobili sivrce~, `drois qsovili~ da sxva, vfiq-robT, srulyofilad gamoxatavs Tavad v. nabokovis damokidebulebas dro-isa da sivrcis fenomenisadmi. `drois Cveneburi sazomi uazroa, — acxadebs vani, — yvelaze zusti saaTic ki ukbilo xumrobaa da sxva araferi~ (nabokovi 1997: 469). vani uaryofs drois obieqturobis ideas misi qronologiuri de-terminaciebiTa (warsuli — awmyo — momavali) Tu SeuCerebeli dinebiT da, msgavsad bergsonisa, drois Semecnebis erTaderT formad mis gaSinagnebas miiCnevs, subieqtur percefcias, rac arRvevs drois Seuqcevadobis ainStai-niseul kanons da inversiul Seqcevadobad gardaqmnis mas: `me Semwevs Zala, davabruno warsuli da davtkbe am wamebiT... Seuqcevadoba droisa (romelic, pirvel yovlisa, arsaiT ar miemarTeba) msoflmxedvelobrivi sibecis Sede-gia... da igive iTqmis drois evoluciazec~ (nabokovi 1997: 512-515). dro van viinisaTvis konteqstisa da komentarebisagan Tavisufal erTdroulobas warmoadgens, romlis gazomvac SeuZlebelia aristoteles mier dadgenili moZraobis kanonebis mixedviT. gazomvadi anu obieqturi dro, vanis azriT, sivrcis Tvisebaa da zedmiwevniT esadageba dro-sivrcis gaazrebis relati-vistur Teorias, mis mier gamomuSavebuli dro ki `sufTa droa, percefciu-li dro, SegrZnebadi dro~, romelic ar emorCileba ricxobriv gazomvas da sivrcisagan damoukideblad arsebobs. msgavsad netari avgustinesi, vanisaT-visac miuRebelia faseuli drois ganwilva. drois erTaderT Rirebul for-mad vanic awmyos miiCnevs, `nulovan xangrZlivobas~, romelsac `SevimecnebT uSualod da SegrZnebis miRma~ (nabokovi 1997: 527). vanis filosofiaSi aw-myos meSveobiT daiZleva warsuli, magram ar daiZleva momavali, dro, ro-melsac, hiponeli episkoposis kvaldakval, kategoriulad uaryofs antite-reli gandegilic: `var~, — wers igi, — niSnavs imas, rom `viyavi~, àr viqnebi~ gulisxmobs drois erTaderT axal saxeobas: momavals. me mas ùarvyof~ (na-bokovi 1997: 537-538). momavali vanis filosofiaSi mxolod awmyos maqsima-lur gafarToebas warmoadgens da ara drois damoukidebel monakveTs. is

122

àr iyo~ guSin da àr aris~ dRes, iqneba ki `xval?~ momavalSi àris~ mxolod sikvdili, `zedrouli maradisoba, paradoqsi, romelic agvirgvinebs Cveni gabruebuli tvinis esqatologiur varjiSebs~ (nabokovi 1997: 557-558).

sruliad cxadia, rom drois viiniseuli da, Sesabamisad, nabokoviseu-li Teoria yvela parametriT iziarebs drois aRqmis subieqtivistur pozi-cias, sadac drouli da sivrculi ganzomilebani Sinagan kompoziciebs uf-ro warmoadgens, vidre garegans. Tu garesamyarosaTvis niSandoblivi dro Seicavs winaswar dagegmil, sworxazovnad ganviTarebad movlenebs, Sinaga-ni dro uformo da airiseburia, gamorCeuli winaaRmdegobrivi ritmiTa da arastandartuli pulsaciiT. gazomvadi anu saaTis dro mudmivia da drois qseli anu misi Tvladi xangrZlivoba kavSirSi ar aris mis qsovilTan anu mis Sinagan struqturasTan. subieqturi dro ki, piriqiT, drois qselisa da qsovilis mTlianobasa da ganuyoflobas gvTavazobs. gansxvavebiT obieq-turi droisagan, romlis dinebac dayvanilia calkeuli da izolirebuli erTeulebis Tanamimdevrobaze, subieqturi drois xangrZlivoba misi ie-rarqiuli Sinaarsis rezultatia, misi inversiuli unarisa, Caanacvlos aw-myos fazaSi warsulis elementebi da ase anacvlos drois sxvadasxva fazebi mexsirebisa da warmosaxvis meSveobiT.

erTi ram danamdvilebiT icoda m. javaxiSvilma: miuxedavad relativis-tTa mtkicebisa, dro Cerdeba. 1899 wels, dekembris Rames, TavianTsave saxlSi daxoces misi da da deda. am tragediam Zireulad Secvala axalgazrda kacis ara mxolod cxovrebis, aramed azrovnebis wesic: `mis sulSi iseTi Zvrebi mox-da, romelmac Zirfesvianad gardaqmna misi cxovreba. mas aRar SeeZlo laRad ecxovra da iseTive xalisiT damtkbariyo cxovrebiT, rogorc aqamde iyo... is ukve motexili axalgazrda iyo, romelmac didi sulieri tkivili gadaitana. mravali wlis Semdeg is Cawers Tavis ubis wignakSi: `tirilis suraTi kargad ver amiweria, radgan me TviTon TiTqmis arasodes ar mitirnia. magram mZime ka-eSani cremlze ufro mwvaved migrZvnia~ (javaxiSvili 1984: 94).

kaeSani anu sevda adamianis umaRlesi bunebis gamovlinebaa: `sevda zeviT is-wrafvis, — werda n. berdiaevi, — sevdaSi aris raRac orazrovnad transcenden-turi. pirovneba ganicdis sakuTar Tavs, rogorc transcendenturs, gaucxoe-buls samyarosTan, da ganicdis ufskruls, romelic aSorebs mas umaRlesi, sxva, misTvis esoden mSobliuri samyarosagan~ (berdiaevi 1995: 31). tragediidan wamozidulma kaeSanma pirvelad agrZnobina m. javaxiSvils gemo im ganxeTqile-bisa, romelic arsebul, mocemul sinamdvilesa da mis pirovnul miswrafebebs Soris sufevda, ganacdevina is, rasac `sakuTari subieqturobis egzaltacias~ vuwodebT da rac mogvianebiT `jayos xiznebis~ urTules problematikaSi gada-izarda. is veRarafriT daeTanxmeboda azrs, rom realurad medini dro aris usasrulo da sworxazovani, vinaidan garkveviT Seimecna: obieqturi drois Se-uqcevadi mdinarebis niSani misi gardauvali sasrulobaa, sikvdili `xronosis~ ganaCenia. maS, rogori SeiZleba iyos mimarTeba sikvdilTan? sikvdili an marti-vad usvams wertils sicocxles da adamians aqcevs arafrismTqmel ararad, an kidev aRavsebs gons srulyofili codniT da gzas uxsnis subieqts umaRlesi Se-mecnebisken. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, sikvdili kidev erTi Cakarguli kenWia obieq-

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turi drois Tavawyvetil mdinarebaSi, meore SemTxvevaSi — drois zneobrivi sa-zomi, romelic obieqtur dros xdis aRqmads, zedroul maradisobas ki misaw-vdoms. javaxiSvilma meore pozicia irCia. mwerlis damokidebuleba realobis mimarT uaRresi skepticizmiTa da negatiurobiT iyo aRbeWdili. `garyvnilebam imata, — werda igi, — avazakobam, Worma, SimSilma, ZonZebi ecvaT. yvela gamgelda. sityva, dapireba, patiosneba aRarafrad fasobda... saqarTvelo daemgvana muni-an mSier ZaRls, siyvaruli mokvda~ (wiqariSvili 2001: 90), `gulTa ngreva, tvinTa nTxeva, sulTa xeva — ai, Cveni epoqa~ (wiqariSvili 2001: 91). momavali fuye da ga-mousadegar cnebad iqca. arsebuli viTarebis ukiduresad destruqciuli xasi-aTi mwerals kategoriuli Sefasebebisaken ubiZgebda, cxadi iyo, rom Tavsmox-veuli ìdealuri~ wesrigi da realizebuli utopiuri iluziebi monuri morCi-lebisaken mierekeboda xalxs: `buneba smenadaxSuli iyo, xolo zeca — brma da uZiro. darCa mxolod ironia da morCileba~ (wiqariSvili 2001: 91).

maS sad aris gamosavali? gamosavali mxolod adamianSia, individualu-ri `me~-obiT gabrwyinebul subieqtSi, romelic iRviZebs, ibrZvis da ayali-bebs esqatologiuri siRrmiT aRniSnul sakuTar kosmogonias. esqatologi-uri antiutopiis modeli TvalnaTliv warmoaCens antiutopiuri paTosis faseuli gadanacvlebis process saxelmwifoebrivi weswyobilebis kritiki-dan pirovnuli problemebis analizze. miuxedavad imisa, rom msgavsi tran-spozicia literaturuli antiutopiis formirebis CanasaxSivea kodirebu-li, misi masStaburi gaSla me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebidan aRiniSneba da sru-lad esadageba epoqis paToss, anu dgeba dro istoriis wiaRidan amozrdili movlenebis ara mxolod fiqsirebis, aramed Zireulad Sefasebisa. mwvave so-cialuri, mecnieruli da fantastikuri antiutopiebis kvaldakval Camoya-libebuli antiutopiis siRrmiseuli modeli iTvaliswinebs ara oden rea-lobis xazgasmulad totalitarul, industrialur da pragmatul arsebi-Tobas, aramed mis tragikul Sedegs — pirovnebis srul gaucxoebas samyaros-Tan da ltolvas TviTlokalizaciisaken. am gazrdili subieqtivizacis mize-zi aris komunikaciis rRveva adamiansa da garemos Soris. ndobas cvlis skef-sisi, samyaroSi integrirebul gmirs — avtonomiurobis niSniT aRbeWdili nonkonformisti gmiri. ikveTeba Tema saSiSi samyaros hipertrofirebuli modelis wiaRSi gamomwyvdeuli uaryofili individisa, romelic eZebs xsnas. am SemTxvevaSi gadarCenis SesaZlebloba warmoadgens ara mxolod imeds, ara-med — moTxovnilebas, gardauval aucileblobasac ki, romelic aiZulebs adamians, CauRrmavdes sakuTar arsebiTobas da faseuli sazRvris, ambiva-lenturi liminaluri zonis, urTulesi, mtkivneuli transformaciebis miR-ma gamoimuSaos sxva, alternatiuli realoba. qronotopuli sistemis amgva-ri paradigma, v. nabokovisa da m. javaxiSvilis dasaxelebul romanebSi siR-rmiseulad proeqcirdeba antiutopiuri Janris zogadmotivaciur paradig-maSi, integrirdeba literaturuli antiutopiis Janrul maxasiaTeblebTan da gansazRvravs misi specifikuri saxeobis, esqatologiuri antiutopiis konceptualur da struqturul models. Cven, cxadia, ar vamtkicebT, rom v. nabokovisa da m. javaxiSvilis aRniSnuli romanebi amJRavneben absolutur ideur-esTetikur identurobas, magram maTi mimarTeba liminalur proce-

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sebTan da, rac arsebiTia, alternatiul kosmosTan, analogiuria. kompara-tivistikis meTodi saSualebas iZleva davasabuToT Cveni mosazreba.

4.2. mxatvruli drois liminaluri modelebi da maTi JanrganmsazRvreli funqcia

~Comme un fou se croit Dieu nous nous croyons mortels~(Delalande)

(nabokovi 1997a: 25) `mxolod saRi azri gamoricxavs ukvdavebas~

(nabokovi 1951: 372)

v. nabokovis damokidebuleba `saRi azris~ mimarT, rbilad rom vTqvaT, cinikuri iyo. `saRi azri~ arsebulis, dakanonebulis, uryev parametrebSi moqceuli usiamo subsidiis analogs warmoadgenda da Zalze Sors idga mwerlis mudmivi ZiebiT Sepyrobili azrisagan. `saRi azri~ dros damorCi-lebuli cneba gaxldaT, im gazomvadi samyaros Tviseba, romelTanac mudmiv antagonizmSi imyofeboda montreli jadoqari.

`maTematikuri simboloebi verasodes aRweven warmatebas, — werda v. na-bokovi, — maTi urTierTqmedeba, rogori Seuferxebelic ar unda iyos igi, rogori pasuxismgeblobiTac ar unda aRricxavdes Cveni fiqrebis xveule-bisa da asociaciebis umcires kvantumebs, realurad verasodes asaxavs mis-Tvis sruliad ucxo sferos — SemoqmedebiTi gonis moRvaweobas, romelic erTi SexedviT arafrismTqmel detals uyoymanod amjobinebs erTi Sexed-viT Zalze mniSvnelovan zogads. rodesac `saRi azri~ sabolood iqneba aR-mofxvrili misi gamomTvleli manqanebiT, cifrebiTa da ciferblatebiT, merwmuneT, orjer ori arasodes mogvcems oTxs, vinaidan sulac ar aris au-cilebeli, rom orjer ori iyos oTxi~ (nabokovi 1951: 374).

v. nabokovi daJinebiT ebrZoda `saR azrs~ da, masTan erTad, naturaluri ricxvebiTa da saaTis isrebiT Seborkil samyaros. amasve erkinebian nabokovis personaJebi. subieqturi cnobierebiT gansazRvruli maTi arseboba jiutad upirispirdeba obiqturad mocemul gare samyaros, romlis individze zewo-lis meqanizmic cxadad gamokveTs drosTan pirovnebis ukompromiso kon-fliqts da zedroulisaken mimarTuli Sinagani ltolvis proeqcias.

romanis `mopatiJeba sikvdilze~ mTavari personaJi cincinati c. tusa-Ria. mas bralad edeba ùsaSinlesi danaSaulTagani, gnoseologiuri sisa-Zagle~ da, sikvdiliT dasjis molodinSi, cixis sakanSia gamomwyvdeuli. sa-samarTlos gadawyvetileba sabolooa: cincinati gamorCeulia, cincinati ar hgavs sxva moqalaqeebs, vinaidan ar aris maTsaviT gamWvirvale da igi un-da mokvdes. anu, cincinati imTaviTve aRmoCndeba centraluri antiutopi-uri opoziciis — masa/pirovneba — pirispir.

cincinatis danaSauli misi individualobaa. cincinats ar ZaluZs urTi-erToba garSemo myof adamianebTan, misi azrebi da sityvebi gaugebaria sxve-

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bisaTvis, maSin roca ìrgvliv myofT myisve esmodaT erTmaneTisa, radgan ar hqondaT iseTi sityvebi, moulodnelad rom mTavrdebodnen~ (nabokovi 1997a: 53). cincinati erTia mravalTa Soris. amdenad, igi ara mxolod sapyrobileSi fizikurad gamomwyvdeuli patimaria, aramed mentalurad Tavis TavSi Cam-wyvdeuli individic. zurgs ukan ganvlili cxovreba Zevs, win — tanjviT sik-vdili, gardauvali aRsasruli, romlis gaazrebac da Secnobac gasagebs xdis drois artaxebiT Sekruli realobis absurdulobas da erTgvari azartu-lobiT èpatiJeba~ personaJs miRmieri ganzomilebis saufloSi.

cincinati drois tyvea. romanis yoveldRiur yofiT samyaroSi gabato-nebuli dro sivrcis butaforiul danamats warmoadgens, rac araerTxel da xazgasmiT aris miniSnebuli arafrismTqmeli kalendrebiT, areuli saa-TiTa da carieli ciferblatebiT, `romelzec yovel naxevar saaTSi daraji wyliT Slis Zvel isrebs da axlebs axatavs~ (nabokovi 1997a: 136). cincina-tis garemomcveli, monstriviT sazareli samyaro `SeRebili droiT cxov-robs~ (nabokovi 1997a: 136), fiqciiT, romelic mxolod `parodiaa droisa~ (nabokovi 1997a: 136) da ara misi gamovlineba. butaforiul dros fexdafex sdeven misi erTguli ymebi — samTaviani cerberis saxiT warmodgenili cixis direqtori, saknis daraji da advokati, romlebic Tavad rekaven saaTis ku-rantebs, marSireben misi ritmis fonze da keTilsindisierad asruleben standartulad dadgenil Sinaganawess. sulTamxuTavi drois mociqulia cincinatis jalaTic — batoni pieri. swored man unda moiyvanos sisruleSi drois ganaCeni, droisa, romlis WeSmaritebaSic daeWvda cincinati da, Se-sabamisad, gauucxovda mas.

drois tyveobaSia romanis mowesrigebuli struqturac. romani oci Tavisagan Sedgeba, romelTaganac pirveli Tvrameti Seesabameba cincinatis tyveobis pirvel Tvramet dRes. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, struqtura tempo-ralurad rigidulia da teqstis konfiguraciuli elementis mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens. cincinatis iZulebiT kontaqts drois am Tvlad sis-temasTan anu qronologiurad mowesrigebul modelTan ramdenime maCvene-beli adasturebs. es gaxlavT romani `qerqesi~, romelsac tusaRi kiTxu-lobs, fanqari, romliTac is Tavis dRiurebs wers da oboba, romlis qmede-basac is mTeli Tavisi patimrobis manZilze akvirdeba.

romani `qerqesi~, am SemTxvevaSi, wignis saxiT warmodgenili tempora-luri artefaqtia, romelic Tavisi izolirebulobiT, mudmivobiTia da uc-vlelobiT obieqturi drois analogi gaxlavT da naTlad gamoxatavs kon-trpozicias/winaaRmdegobas personaJis Sida da gare perspeqtivebs Soris. sagulisxmoa, rom `romanis idea Tanamedrove azrovnebis mwvervalad iyo miCneuli~ (nabokovi 1997a: 125), im Tanamedrove azrovnebisa, romelsac ve-rafriT auba mxari cincinatma: `romanis gmiri iyo muxa. romani muxis biog-rafias warmoadgenda... sargeblobda ra xis TandaTanobiTi zrdiT (igi mar-Tlac mZlavrad izrdeboda mTis cicaboze, sadac maradis diodnen wylebi), avtori rigrigobiT aRwerda yvela im movlenas — an movlenaTa aCrdils — romelTa mowmec SeiZleboda yofiliyo muxa... TiTqos avtori Tavisi apara-tiT sadRac qerqesis (xis) totebSi ijda — marjved uTvalTvalebda movle-

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nebs da xelsayrel momentebs iWerda. midiodnen da modiodnen cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapebi, mxolod wamiT yovndebodnen mwvane foTlebqveS~ (nabo-kovi 1997a: 125-126). `qerqesi~ myarad aris dafuZnebuli obieqtur, mudmiv, sivrcesTan gadajaWvul drois rwmenaze. misi siuJeti kanonzomieri Tu SemTxveviTi movlenebis Tanamimdevrul asaxvas warmoadgens, romelTa xdomilebis sferoc usulo obieqtis perspeqtividan gansazRvrul para-metrebSia moqceuli. Txroba imdenad aris agebuli realur movlenebze, rom maT Soris arsebul vakuums mwerali iZulebiT avsebs grZel-grZeli, brtyel-brtyeli frazebiT. temporaluri koordinatebi xelSeuxebelia subieqturi Semecnebis poziciidan, vinaidan avtoris Txroba videoapara-tis mier dafiqsirebul sivrcul sazRvrebSi mimdinare movlenaTa aRweris relevanturia. amis Taobaze v. nabokovi sruliad gasagebad werda: `maSin rodesac mecnieri yvelafers, rac xdeba, sivrcis erT wertilSi uyurebs, poeti grZnobs yovelives, rac drois erT wertilSia Tavmoyrili. fiqrebSi Cafluli, igi kiserze ikakunebs fanqris bolos, da, imave wamSi, manqana mix-riginebs gzaze, bavSvi abraxunebs muStebs mezoblis karze, moxuci kaci am-Tqnarebs Turqul baRSi, qviSis marcvlebi migoraven veneras zedapirze, doqtori Jak pirCi sakiTxav saTvales imarjvebs, da trilioni sxva msgavsi ram xdeba... da yvelafris amis birTvia poeti~ (nabokovi 1997a: 161). drois momentis erTdrouli STanTqma anu `kosmiuri sinqronizeba~ aris is feno-meni, rac, nabokovis azriT, principulad ganasxvavebs poeturs, subieq-turs, Sinagans mecnierulisagan, obieqturisagan, gareganisagan. `kosmiuri sinqronizebis~ unariT dajildoebuli Semoqmedi erT mTlianobaSi iSinag-nebs samyaros: iRebs mas, amsxvrevs, isev amTelebs, aferadebs subieqturi warmosaxvebiT da sruliad axal samyaros ubrunebs xelovnebas. xelovneba afarToebs garesamyaros potencials, maSin rodesac mecnieruli meTodi, piriqiT, amcirebs am potencials misi kodirebisa da gamartivebis gziT. am-rigad, xelovnebaca da mecnierebac koncentrirebulia urTierTobaze damkvirvebelsa da dasakvirvebels Soris, mxolod, xelovnebis energia centriskenulia, mecnierebisa — centridanuli. iq, sadac ganivrcoba fizi-kis mecnierebis impulsi, xelovani uRrmavdeba drois realur gagebas. ga-momdinare aqedan, cincinati, Semoqmedi poeti, ver Seurigdeba `qerqesisa~ da, Sesabamisad, gare samyarosaTvis niSandobliv dros: `me is var, vinc cocxalia Tqvens Soris... ara mxolod Cemi Tvalebia sxvanairi, da smena, da grZnoba, — ara mxolod irmis ynosva, an Ramuris Sexeba, — aramed, rac mTava-ria: niWi, SevaerTo es yovelive erT wertilSi~ (nabokovi 1997a: 62). `kosmi-uri sinqronizebis~ anu erTdroulobis niWi aris is mTavari konglomera-ti, rac mijnavs cincinats mwyobrad Tanamimdevruli drois obieqturi CarCoebisagan da ara mxolod tusaRis formas acmevs mas, aramed aZlevs stimuls, gardasaxos da kvlav gardasaxos realoba. cincinati naTlad Wvrets `qerqesis~ avtoris momavals: `warmoidgina, Tu rogor mokvdeboda avtori, jer kidev axalgazrda kaci, romelic, gadmocemiT, CrdiloeTis zRvis erT-erT kunZulze cxovrobda. — es sasacili iyo, — avtori aucileb-lad mokvdeboda odesme, — sasacilo iyo imdenad, ramdenadac erTaderTi

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realoba da ueWveli sinamdvile aq sikvdili gaxldaT, — avtoris gardau-vali fizikuri sikvdili~ (nabokovi 1997a: 126). `qerqesis~ avtoris sikvdi-li obieqturi drois wyvetis uSualo analogs warmoadgens.

realuri drois kidev erTi qronometria cincinatis fanqari, `dakbi-luli, mbrwyinavi~ fanqari, romelic Txrobis dasawyisSi `gasaocrad aris gaTlili, grZeli, rogorc nebismieri adamianis sicocxle, garda cincina-tisa~ (nabokovi 1997a: 126). Tumca, romanis struqtura sxva Tvalsazriss adasturebs: fanqari zustad imsigrZea, ramsigrZec aris cincinatis darCe-nili sicocxle. fanqari mokldeba cincinatis sicocxlis Semcirebis pir-dapirproporciulad da misi sikvdilis dRes `juja~ sagnad iqceva, romlis xelSi daWerac ki uZneldeba cincinats. amdenad, fanqari gvevlineba ara mxolod cincinatis darCenil dReTa aTvlis sazomad (`patimrobis merve dRea (werda cincinati samjer metad damoklebuli fanqriT~) (nabokovi 1997a: 94-95), aramed tyveobaSi myofi patimris tanjvis dasasrulisa da drois obieqturi ritmis wyvetis ueWvel niSnulad.

obiqturi drois gardauval wyvetas moaswavebs obobas sayuradRebo motivic. oboba `patimarTa oficialuri megobaria~, romelsac saguldagu-lod apureben drois mesaWe mecixovneebi. obobas kvebisa da nebivrobis ri-tuali aucilebel qveteqstad gasdevs Txrobas. magram, obobas mTavari msxverplia umSvenieresi pepela Saturnia pavonia, uCveulod didi, lamazi da frTafarfata, romelic romanis erT-erT damamTavrebel, me-19 TavSi Se-mofrindeba cincinatis sakanSi. saknis daraji gaafTrebuli misdevs pepe-las, raTa gamokvebos misi danaxviT saRerRelaSlili oboba, magram — ama-od. pepela cincinatis sawolqveS Seafarebs Tavs, gadarCeba, Semdeg ki mox-denilad gafrindeba gaRebuli sarkmlidan. oboba marcxdeba, Sesabamisad, irRveva drois Cveuli ritmi. Tuki obobas yofis normaluri ritmi xazs us-vamda mowesrigebul yoveldRiurobas da mianiSnebda drois gamarTul svlas, obobas sabediswero marcxis Sedegad drois manqana iwyebs SeCerebas: oboba darRveuli cixesimagris nangrevebqveS aRmoCndeba, rac alegoriu-lad gamoxatavs sivrcesTan gadajaWvuli obieqturi drois wyvetas.

moyvanili magaliTebidan, romlebic adasturebs realuri drois ma-jiscemas romanSi, Tamamad SeiZleba davaskvnaT: obieqturi drois yvela maCvenebeli — `qerqesi~, fanqari Tu oboba — dasasrulisken mieqaneba da es dasasrulia kvdoma.

romanSi ganfenili drois cixe aris sferuli, mas daxSuli aqvs gamo-sasvleli da, rogorc yvela cixes, Tavisi mecixovneebi hyavs miCenili. drois mebWe sami personaJis dajgufebas maTi anbanuri ikonografia gvam-cnobs: cixis direqtoris — rodrigis, saknis meTvalyuris — rodionis da advokat romanis saxeebi erTTavad iwyeba aso `r~-dan, rac rusulad aRiniS-neba, rogorc `P~. sami `~ — `РРР~ uneburad gvagonebs satanis niSnis `666~ gadmobrunebul grafikul gamosaxulebas. eSmakis gamoxatva samTaviani warmonaqmnis saxiT araerTgzis aRiniSneba qristianul xelovnebaSi. adre-ul da Sua saukuneebis qristianul ZeglebSi eSmaki xSirad asocirdeba mTlianad cxovelur, naxevrad cxovelur da naxevrad adamianur formas-

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Tan. èSmaki, rogorc mcveli, gaTanabrebuli iyo cerberTan da misgan mem-kvidreobiT miiRo sammagi Tavi. bevri miTologiuri wyaro miuTiTebs mi-wisqveSa samyaros mbrZaneblis tricefalur saxes... magaliTad, danteseu-li samTaviani eSmakis erTi saxe win iyureba, ori danarCeni — or sxvadasxva mxares. Sua saxe wiTelia, marjvena — TeTr-yviTeli, marcxena — Savi~ (rud-vini 1931: 40). sayuradReboa, rom rodions `wiTeli wveri~ da `kiborCxali-seburi xeli~ aqvs, rodrigs ìdealuri, Savi pariki~ hxuravs da ìseT suns afrqvevs, rogorc SroSanebi TavRia kuboSi~, romans ki saxe `TeTri pud-riT~ aqvs dafaruli da gamudmebiT axteba mxarze Savi kata. romanis meore TavSive rodioni ucnaur simReras mReris: `rodionma magida gaswia da kuTxeze Camojda... miiRo Rvinis sardafSi mjdomi saopero momlxenebis po-za. baritonuli basiT wamoiwyo simRera, Tan Tvalebs aTamaSebda da cariel kaTxas iqnevda... romeliRac notaze kaTxa miwaze daanarcxa da magididan wamoxta. Semdeg ukve gundTan erTad mReroda, Tumca marto iyo~ (nabokovi 1997a: 42). Rvinis sardafi, baritonuli basi da gundi Zalauneburad gvago-nebs mefistofelis cnobil arias operidan `fausti~.

sruliad cxadia, rom realuri drois antisistema demonuri arqetipu-li modeliTaa gansazRvruli. mecixovneebi emsaxurebian dros da dro, Se-sabamisad, aris dominanturi, gabatonebuli Zala romanis Caketil, bruta-lur samyaroSi. am drois erTaderTi sazomi gariyuli cincinatisaTvis mi-si dasasruli, anu sikvdilia: sikvdili ara mxolod logikurad aboloebs obieqturi drois mdinarebas, aramed gamokveTs sxva, alternatiuli, Sina-gani drois proeqcias, romelsac personaJi subieqturi SegrZnebebis done-ze gamoimuSavebs.

romanis `mopatiJeba sikvdilze~ mTavari personaJi cincinati c. mkveT-rad gamoirCeva nabokovis protagonistTa saerTo galereaSi da es gansa-kuTrebuloba, vfiqrobT, literaturis miTosur ZirebTan misi mtkice kav-SiriT aris gansazRvruli. cincinati apokaliptikuri modelis saxiT upi-rispirdeba brutalur realobas.

sayuradReboa cincinatis garegnoba: `cincinatis gamWvirvale TeTri saxe, RinRliT Sebumbluli Rawvebi,

iseTi nazTmiani substanciis ulvaSebi, rom gegonebodaT tuCs zemoT mzis sxivebiao gabneuli, patara da, yvela satanjvelis miuxedavad, axalgazrda saxe, moZravi, cvalebadi elferis, TiTqos molandebaao, Tvalebi — Tavisi gamometyvelebiT CvenSi sruliad miuRebeli iyo... filosofiuri CaCi kin-krixoze da gamWvirvale Tmebis msubuqi moZraoba safeTqlebze avsebdnen am saxes... uxamsobas qmnida aTasi odnav SesamCnevi, urTierTgadamkveTi wvril-mani, tuCebis naTeli moxazuloba, romelic TiTqos bolomde ar daexata, magram moeniSna udides mxatvars, xelebis msubuqi, jer kidev Zaldautanebe-li moZraoba, Tvalebi, sadRac ifantebodnen da kvlav Tavs iyridnen sxive-bi... amasTan yvelaferi daxvewili, mTvlemare, — magram uCveulod Zlieri, mxurvale da TviTmyofadi sicocxliT sunTqavda~ (nabokovi 1997a: 123-124).

cincinatis STambeWdavi portreti uneblieT gvagonebs Zvel xatebsa da freskebze gamoxatul wamebulTa da wmindanTa, pirvelqristian mar-

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TalTa Rrma, mWvretel, yovlismomcvel saxeebs. magram cincinatis gansa-kuTrebuloba oden garegnobiT rodi ganisazRvreba. cincinati gamorCeu-lia Cveulebrivi mokvdavisaTvis miuRweveli simsubuqiT, romelic usxeu-lobas uaxlovdeba: `...TiTqos Tavisi arsebis erTi nawiliT igi mouxelTeb-lad gadadioda meore sibrtyeSi, iseve, rogorc xis foTlebis mTeli sir-Tule gadadis Crdilidan brwyinvalebaSi, ise rom ver gaarCev, sad iwyeba sxva stiqiis CaZirva da TrTolva...~ (nabokovi 1997a: 123-124).

cincinatis simsubuqe kvlav gvabrunebs Zveli qristianuli mxatvrobi-saTvis niSandobliv xatebTan, romelTa konturebsa da moZraobaSic advi-lad amoicnoba sxeulis aramiwieri haerovneba.

cincinatis SesaZlo miTosuri prototipebis farTo wres bevrad azus-tebs avtoris mier xazgasmiT miTiTebuli personaJis asaki: cincinati c. ocdaaTi wlisaa — ìgi zustad ocdaaTisaa~ (nabokovi 1997a: 130). azri Zal-dautaneblad miikvlevs gzas miTologiur siuJetTa nakadSi da cincinatis or saxarebiseul Tanatolze Cerdeba — eseni arian ioane naTlismcemeli da ieso qriste.

sanam problemis detalur analizs mivmarTavdeT, mizanSewonilad migvaC-nia aRvniSnoT Semdegi: miuxedavad ioane naTlismcemlisa da ieso qristes pir-velsaxeebTan cincinatis mxatvruli saxis kavSiris mTeli siRrmisa, miuxedavad am msgavsebis udidesi ideologiuri da esTetikuri mniSvnelobisa, nabokovi ar Ralatobs antiutopiis erT-erT makoordinebel maxasiaTebels — parodirebas da ori mimarTulebis — seriozulobisa da parodiis ambivalenturi TamaSis procesSi rudunebiT Zerwavs Tavis fermkrTalsaxiani protagonistis umaRles zneobriv Rirebulebebs.

amrigad, cincinatis asaki SeiZleba miviCnioT parodiad mis asakobriv Tanxvedraze ieso qristesa da ioane naTlismcemlis asakTan, xolo cinci-natis xvedri sasamarTlos Semdeg, ramdenamde damdablebuli motivebiT, SeiZleba SevadaroT rogorc ioane naTlismcemlis cxovrebis calkeul faqtebs, ise uflis vnebaTa aRsrulebis Tanamimdevrobas.

SevecdebiT davasabuToT Cveni varaudi. tusaR cincinats sikvdiliT dasjis molodinSi nugbariT ànebivre-

ben~, magram cincinati uars ambobs saWmelze, mSieria, iseve, rogorc udab-noSi gaxiznuli ioane naTlismcemeli; cincinats, msgavsad ioane naTlis-mcemlisa cixis jurRmulSi aTavseben da Tavs kveTen. anu, ioane naTlismcem-lis saxesTan cincinatis msgavseba romanSi aRniSnulia ara marto misi asakisa da Sinagani asketizmis parodirebiT, aramed am ukanasknelis sicocxlis da-sasrulis garegani aqtiTac — Tavis mokveTiT.

Tumca sikvdiliT dasjis garemo ramdenadme sxvagvaria: ioanes Tavi sapyrobilis jurRmulSi mohkveTes, cincinatis dasja ki sajaro xasiaTs atarebs.

cincinatis sikvdiliT dasjis sajarooba Cvens yuradRebas uneblieT warmarTavs ieso qristes jvarcmis scenisaken. ioane naTlismcemlis daRupvis motivs zed efineba macxovris jvarcmis motivi. vakvirdebiT cincinatis as-vlas eSafotze, `sadac... idga sajalaTo kunZi~, misi sxeulis mdgomareobas —

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`xelebi gaSala da ... dawva,~ da gvagondeba Ze RmrTisas svla golgoTasaken da jvarcmis cnobili poza.

macxovris jvarcmisas, maxarobelTa mowmobiT, `dRis eqvsi saaTi iqne-boda da mTel dedamiwaze sibnele dadga cxra saaTamde. dabnelda mze~ (lk. 23: 44-45); `da iZra dedamiwa da kldeni daskdnen~ (mT. 27: 51).

romanis teqstis mixedviT analogiuri viTareba iqmneba cincinatis sikvdiliT dasjis drosac.

`ganaTebas raRac daemarTa — mzis saqme ver iyo kargad da cis naxeva-ric iryeoda~ (nabokovi 1997a: 214).

ieso qristes saxesTan cincinati c.-s msgavsebis motivi, kvlav da kvlav parodirebis niRbiT, magram sruli TanamimdevrobiT, romanis fabulaSia realizebuli. amis dasturia:

1. cincinatis misteriuli dabadeba, rac aSkarad exmianeba Ze RvTisas ubiwo Casaxvisa da dabadebis motivs da xazs usvams cincinatis gansakuTre-bulobas;

2. cincinatis usazRvro siyvaruli znedacemuli qalis — marfinkasad-mi, rac warmoadgens ara fiziologiur moTxovnilebaTa nayofs, aramed marfinkas sulis xsnis mZafri survilis gamoxatulebas da exmianeba qris-tes mier codvili meZavis Sewynarebis ambavs;

3. `gaumWvirvalobasa~ da `SeuRwevadobaSi~ mxilebul cincinats dasme-niT apatimreben, rac vfiqrobT, warmoadgens parodias iudas Ralatis mo-tivsa da geTsemaniis baRSi Ze RvTisas Sepyrobis garemoebebze;

4. cincinati, msgavsad macxovrisa, winaswar grZnobs Tavis sakmaod mZi-me momavals da mainc mSvidad, rogorc gardauvalobas, aRiqvams mas;

5. SepyrobisTanave cincinats `marTlmsajulebis~ xelSi gadascemen da `xalxis Tavaziani nebarTviT~ miusjian sasikvdilo ganaCens. cincinatis sasa-marTlo aSkarad warmoadgens parodias Ze RvTisas, ìudevelTa mefis~ sasa-marTloze, romelic agreTve xalxis — sazogadoebis nebiT iqna mokvdinebuli;

vfiqrobT, romanis `mopatiJeba sikvdilze~ teqstis calkeuli monakveTe-bis Sejereba saxarebis teqstebTan adasturebs cincinatis saxis naTesaobas ioane naTlismcemlisa da ieso qristes saxeebTan, anu mis gansazRvrulobas qristianuli ikonografiiT. magram aq ibadeba kiTxva:

nabokovis romani zemoT aRniSnuli paralelebis parodirebis doneze rCeba, Tu Rrmavdeba qristianuli azrovnebis niSniT? Cven migvaCnia, rom `mopatiJeba sikvdilze~ Seicavs ara marto personaJis garegnul msgavsebas pirvelsaxeebTan, aramed mis naTesaobasac samyaros qristianul aRqmasTan, romelic mocemul nawarmoebSi nabokovis stilizaciis siRrmeSi Camalul mniSvnelovan esqatologiurobaSi cxaddeba.

SevecdebiT ganvmartoT Cveni mosazreba. dapatimrebuli da cixis civ sakanSi Camwyvdeuli cincinati gaTangu-

lia molodinisa da SiSis grZnobebiT. cincinatis molodini mWidrod ukavSirdeba im garemoebas, rom perso-

naJma ar icis, rodis dadgeba misi ukanaskneli dRe:

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~mainc minda vicode, kidev didi dro darCa... minda vicode — rodis...~ (nabokovi 1997: 29-30) — itanjeba cincinati;

`me moviTxov, — gesmiT, moviTxov... rom miTxran ramdeni xnis sicocxle damrCa~ (nabokovi 1997a: 51), — yviris cincinati;

~miTxari, romel dRes movkvdebi~ (nabokovi 1997a: 57), — evedreba cin-cinati cixis direqtoris qaliSvils.

cincinati mudam daZabulia, ganuwyvetliv elis da eSinia: àlbaT xval, — amoioxra cincinatma, — dRes Zalian siwynare iyo, ai

xval ki, dilaadrian... cincinati xalaTis Tasmas awvalebda, cdilobda ar atirebuliyo (nabokovi 1997a: 42-44).

cincinatis SiSi antiutopiis erT-erTi centraluri motivis realize-bas warmoadgens da ambivalentur datvirTvas iZens: erTi mxriv, igi empiri-uli impulsia, meore mxriv ki — kirkegoriseuli transcendenturi Zrwola.

cincinati ganuwyvetliv grZnobs `sicives kefaSi~ da es SiSi ara marto aSfoTebs da aZrwunebs reJimisagan ganwirul tusaRs, aramed, ragind ucna-uradac unda gveCvenos, autanel sevdas hgvris mas — sevdas sxva, sasurveli cxovrebis gamo:

`ra sevdaa, cincinat, ra sevda! ra qvasaviT sevdaa... oh, Cemo sevdav — ra giyo Sen, ra vuyo Cems Tavs?~ (nabokovi 1997a: 58-59).

n. berdiaevi werda: `SiSs Tavisi mizezebi aqvs... igi ukavSirdeba saf-rTxes, yoveldRiur empiriul samyaros... ukavSirdeba tanjvis, dartymebis safrTxes. SiSs ar axsovs umaRlesi samyaro, igi qvemoT aris mimarTuli, em-piriulzea mijaWvuli~... magram àdamiani is arsebaa, romelic ganicdis ara marto SiSsa da Zrwolas, aramed sevdasac... sevda zeviT iswrafvis da av-lens adamianis umaRles bunebas. adamiani ganicdis mitovebulobas, marto-obas, samyaros ucxoobas~ (berdiaevi 1995: 31).

cincinatis SiSi aris misi adamianuri gancda, radgan sikvdiliT dasjis win personaJi instinqturad ebRauWeba realobas, cincinatis sevda ki da-sasrulis saidumlo molodinis Sedegia, radgan personaJi mTeli ZaliT cdilobs SeaRwios gamoucnobSi:

`dasasruli dRes ar damdgara, — msjelobs cincinati, — arada, xom Se-iZleboda es dRes momxdariyo, iseve rogorc xval SeiZleba moxdes~ (nabo-kovi 1997a: 46).

`magram im dRisa da Jamis Sesaxeb aravin icis, — gvagondeba macxovris sity-vebi, — arc zeciurma angelozebma da arc Zem, aramed mxolod mamam~ (mT. 24:36).

cincinatic elis. cincinatis Sinagani samyaro qucmacdeba: erTi mxriv dgas cincinati-individi, sicocxles mowyurebuli tanjuli tusaRi, meore mxriv — cincinati-pirovneba, sikvdilis saidumlo molodinSi myofi kaeS-niani artisti. ucxoa ki cincinatisTvis es idumali SoreTi?

Turme ara: is jer kidev bavSvi moulodnelad eziara sxvisTvis miuw-vdomel saidumlos:

`jer kidev bavSvma, jer kidev Wyetela-yviTel, did civ saxlSi rom vcxovrobdi, jer kidev maSin, im dawyevlil dReebSi... — Seucnoblad, gauo-ceblad vicodi, vicodi, rogorc sakuTar Tavs icnob, vicodi is, risi cod-

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nac SeuZlebelia~ (nabokovi 1997a: 10)... da erTxel, `fanjris dabal rafaze amZvralma... kaeSnianma, dabneulma, ugrZnobelma da umankom, imis nacvlad, rom baRSi kibiT Cavsuliyavi... daufiqreblad, magram arsebiTad damjered, morCiladac ki, pirdapir rafidan Cavabije fumfula haerSi da... nel-nela daviZari, savsebiT bunebrivad gavwie win~ (nabokovi 1997a: 10)...

cincinatma ganicada frenis sitkboeba — SeigrZno Tavisi ucnauri ga-daadgileba obieqturi samyarodan sxva, àkrZalul, SeuZlebel~ samyaroSi, magram zRvarTan misuli SeSinebuli Sedga: cincinati mzad ar iyo cvlile-bisaTvis, mzad ar iyo realobidan gasaqcevad, Tumca, saswauls naziarebi, uneblieT daemorCila Tavisi pirovnebis araCveulebriv transformacias: cincinati TiTqos SeCerda ori samyaros sazRvarze, gadaadgilda yofiere-bis uCveulo sibrtyeze — Sualedur sivrcesa da sasazRvro droSi, àrc aqeT, arc iqiT~ liminalur zonaSi. liminaluri zonisaTvis niSandoblivi drois modeli sakraluria:

òdesRac bavSvobaSi... mxurvale SuadRiT movxvdi mZinare qalaqSi, qa-laqi imdenad mZinare iyo, rom rodesac SeTeTrebuli kedlis Ziras miway-rilze mTvlemare kaci bolos da bolos wamodga gareubnamde Cems gasaci-leblad, misi lurji Crdili kedelze Seyovnda... mis moZraobasa da Camor-Cenil Crdilis moZraobas Soris, — es wami, es sinkopa, — ai, drois is iSviaTi saxeoba, romelSic vcxovrob, — pauza, wyveta, — rodesac guli bumbuliviT msubuqia~ (nabokovi 1997a: 102)...

droiTi pauza, romelSic cincinati arsebobs, bunebrivad erwymis per-sonaJis mTrTolvare molodins da logikurad Seesatyviseba uflis sam-sjavros aRsrulebamde cnobil apokaliptikur wyvetas.

ori samyaros zRvarze mdgari cincinati Tavs grZnobs zRrublze, ra-Rac `naxevradsinamdvileSi, sinamdvilis dapirebaSi, mis winkarSi~, radgan àxloa Jami!~, dro — usasruloba, dro, romelSic unda gacxaddes didi xnis nalodinevi saidumlo RvTisa.

sinamdvile, romlisakenac cincinati iswrafis, realuri yofierebis zedapirze ki ar Zevs, aramed ganfenilia zeviT — vertikalze, cincinatis molodinis gaswvriv.

tusaRis Seuracxyofili suli TandaTan iwyebs aRorZinebas, rigrigo-biT, erT mTlian jaWvad ikvreba masSi dafaruli Taviseburebebi: saidum-los Tanaziaroba, zRurblis gancda da dapirebuli sinamdvilis winaT-grZnoba. cincinati gansakuTrebulia, cincinati araCveulebrivia, cinci-nati rCeulia, sikvdilis SiSi ukan ixevs, cincinati iswrafis miznisaken — da es mizania xsna. cincinatis xsna aris cincinatis Tavisufleba, Tavisuf-leba ara marto avbediTi cixisagan, aramed mTeli gaxrwnili, uzneo, absur-duli realobisgan.

cincinatis garemomcveli obieqturi samyaro dangreulia rogorc ga-regnulad, ise Sinaganad: romanis Caketili mikrosivrce simbolurad asa-xavs keisris samflobelos — tiraniisa da monobis samefos — yvela saSine-lebas: mkvdari qalaqi mzisgulze, damSrali, uwylo mdinare, davardnili, saSineli cxenebi, kapitan mZinaras mavzoleumi, balaxmoreuli aerodromi

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daRlili TviTmfrinaviT — es yovelive udavod qmnis statikuri, suldaRa-fuli realobis suraTs. adamianebi, romlebic qalaqs avseben, ukve didi xa-nia, rac Clung marionetebad, Tojinebad, minasaviT gamWvirvale butafo-riebad iqcnen: cixis zedamxedvelebis sameuli — rodrigi, rodioni, romani — da jalaTi batoni pieri warmoadgenen marTlmsajulebas, romelic sim-bolurad asaxavs samyaroze eSmakis, satanis batonobas, marfinkas sxeuleb-rivi da sulieri demoralizacia sazogadoebis ukidures amoralurobasa da ojaxis institutis demontaJs mianiSnebs, misi maxinji, koWli da brma Svilebi imedis anu momavlis dasasruls moaswaveben, niadag mocekvave emoCkas gverdiT ki ganuwyvetliv cimcimebs dedofal herodias qaliSvi-lis, salomeas avbediTi landi, cekviT rom arTobda mefe herodesa da mis stumrebs. dausrulebeli fsevdokarnavalis ferxulSi Cabmuli es samyaro ganwirulia, ganwirulia msgavsad sodomisa da babilonisa, romlebic èS-makTa samkvidrod da yoveli arawminda sulis TavSesafrad~ qceulan.

cincinatma unda datovos igi da wavides xsnisken, Tavisuflebisken, anu gadaadgildes drois arsebuli modelidan drois alternatiul modelSi.

sxvadasxva droul plastebs Soris saukeTeso satransfero etlad cincinatis oreuli gvevlineba, cincinatis meore naxevari, romelSic Rvi-vis SemoqmedebiTi impulsi da romelic mTeli ZaliT cdilobs, mohglijos cincinati empiriuls. oreuli, romelic romanis pirvel TavebSi tradici-ul alter egod warmoCindeba — `cincinats ar dauxevia aWrelebuli gaze-Tebi, ar dauyria Zirs, es misma oreulma Caidina (oreulma, romelic TiToe-ul Cvengans Tan axlavs — Tqvenc, mec, masac)~ (nabokovi 1997a: 76) — TandaTa-nobiT iZens siRrmes da romanis dasasruls miRmier, SeuzRudav, ulimito samyaros mociqulTan asocirdeba: `rac Tavi maxsovs, mudam Tan mdevs saku-Tari Tanamzraxveli~, — aRiarebs cincinati, `romelmac Zalze bevri icis sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb~ (nabokovi 1997a: 95), `me raRac vici, raRac vici. magram, o, ra Zneli gamosaTqmelia~ (nabokovi 1997: 96), `me SecdomiT mov-xvdi aq — vgulisxmob, ara cixeSi, aramed, saerTod, am amazrzen, zolebian samyaroSi, romelic kustaruli xelovnebis mowesrigebul nimuSs warmo-adgens, realurad ki — ubedureba, saSineleba, sigiJe, Secdomaa~ (nabokovi 1997a: 96). patimris formaSi gamowyobili `zolebiani samyaro~ realobis pa-radigmis ganuyreli epiTetia, misi metafizikuri implikacia: drois tyveo-baSi moqceuli samyaro ganwirulia da cincinatma unda datovos is.

xsnis ZiebiT Sepyrobili cincinatis oreuli Tamamad erTveba reJimisa-gan nivelirebuli SemoqmedebiTi gonis aRorZinebis procesSi: dRiurebis wera cincinatis mier drois da, Sesabamisad, realobis xundebisagan gaTavi-suflebis umniSvnelovanesi cdaa. Semoqmedeba STaagonebs, aRafrTovanebs adamians, anu aZlevs mas saSualebas, SemoqmedebiTad gardaqmnas samyaro.

`mcire Sroma... Semowmebuli azrebis Cawera, — wers cincinati, — amas odesme vinme waikiTxavs da daemsgavseba pirvel dilas ucnob qveyanaSi. anu, me minda vTqva, rom vaiZulebdi uceb gadmoscvenoda bednierebis cremlebi, yinuli gasdnoboda TvalebSi — da roca es moxdeba, samyaro iqneba ufro sufTa, ganbanili, gaaxlebuli~ (nabokovi 1997a: 62).

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SemoqmedebiTi aRtyinebis procesSi CarTuli, TviTCaRrmavebisa da STagonebis meoxebiT, cincinati ebrZvis Tavis SiSs. man uwyis: sikvdilis Si-Sisagan gaTavisufleba aris erTaderTi SesaZlebloba zRurblidan, `dro-is iSviaTi saxeobidan~, sasazRvro liminaluri zonidan didi xnis nanatr alternatiul sinamdvileSi gadasasvlelad.

pirovnuli gansakuTrebuloba, amaRlebuli suliereba, SemoqmedebiTi niWi da swrafva WeSmaritebisaken — ai, Tvisebebi, romlebic Tan sdevs cin-cinats dammonebeli SiSis damarcxebis urTules procesSi.

`me ar var martivi... — gvamcnobs cincinati — me is var, vinc cocxalia Tqvens Soris... ara marto Cemi Tvalebi, smena, gemovnebaa sxvagvari... mTava-ria: yovelives erT wertilSi Tavmoyris niWi... garss garsze vicileb da bo-los, TandaTan... ukanasknel, ganuyofel, uryev, mbrwyinav wertilamde miv-divar, da es wertili ambobs: me var!~ (nabokovi 1997a: 95).

`me var alfa da omega, — ambobs ufali RmerTi, — is, vinc aris, da vinc iyo, da vinc modis, yovlismpyrobeli~ (gamocx. 1: 8).

`me var!~ — Cveulebriv adamians ara aqvs am sityvebis Tqmis ufleba. ma-Ti warmoTqma ZaluZs mxolod RvTis xatad Seqmnil adamians, pirovnebas, romelSic aSkarad dominirebs RvTaebrivi elementi. es sityvebi amarTlebs cincinatis msgavsebas ioane naTlismcemlisa da Ze RvTisas saxeebTan, amar-Tlebs mis xvedrsa da mis ganaCens, mis mowamebriv sikvdils aRTqmuli qvey-nis molodinSi.

cincinati winaswar grZnobs samyaros SesaZlo dasasruls, ara marto winaswar grZnobs, winaswarmetyvelebs kidec. `me yovelives winaswar vgrZnob, — warmoTqvams cincinati, — winaswar vgrZnob, musika rogor am-sxvrevs samyaros veeberTela, mbrwyinvale, mTlian nawilebad, me TviTon xom cxadad warmovidgen yovelive amas...~ (nabokovi 1997a: 98).

emociuri da mentaluri aRgznebis mdgomareobaSi myofi, realobas, siz-mrebsa da gulyrebs Soris moriale cincinati gardauval daskvnamde midis: Ta-visuflebisa da xsnis gza sikvdilze Zevs, radgan sxeuli codvil miwasaa mi-jaWvuli, gakeTilSobilebuli suli ki Sors iswrafis, mifrinavs zemoT.

cincinatis Sinagani esqatologiuroba, aRsavse imediTa da axali, jerac gamoucnobi SesaZleblobebis winaTgrZnobiT, ukiduresi pozitiurobis niS-niTaa aRbeWdili. aRsasrulis pozitiuri aRqma sikvdilis SiSze gamarjvebisa da axal cxovrebaSi gadasvlis sixaruls badebs:

àq ara! — fiqrobs cincinati, — uniWo àq~, bijgSeyenebuli da Caketi-li, miWers da suls mixuTavs... iq... iq igavmiuwvdomeli sixaruliT anaTebs adamianis mzera; iq Tavisuflad dadian aq nawamebi axirebulni; iq dro sur-vilisamebr aewyoba, rogorc saxiani xaliCa... iq yvelaferi gaocebs Tavisi momxibvleli TvalsaCinoebiT, srulyofili madliT~ (nabokovi 1997a: 99-100). alternatiuli samyaros modeli SeuTavsebad da araproporciul mi-marTebaSi imyofeba realuri samyaros modelTan.

cincinati asafren bilikze gamodis — Zleuli SiSi pirdapiri gzaa xsnisa-ken, Tavisuflebisaken, WeSmaritebisaken, sxva sauflosaken, vinaidan RaRa-debs Ze RmrTisa:

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`bolomdis momTmeni gadarCeba~. cincinati Wvrets dasasruls, man icis dasawyisi da ùkanasknel garss

aclis Tavis SiSs~, mas aRar aSinebs sikvdili, tkivili, ganSoreba, igi naw-rTobia, mzad aris gadaabijos zRurbls:

`yovelive SeerTda... sasikvdilo gamonayariT dafifquli mTebi... me si-cocxlis WuWrutana vipove, iq, sadac Camomtvreuli iyo... o, vfiqrob, mainc yvelafers vityvi — sizmarze, SeerTebaze, daSlaze...~ (nabokovi 1997a: 200).

eSafotisaken mimavali cincinati garkveviT xedavs samyaros dasasru-lis mauwyebel niSnebs, samyarosi, romelsac aRar aqvs Semoqmedebis Zala — uwylo mdinares, ararsebul Tevzs, unayofo vaSlis xes. axlos aris dasas-ruli, rameTu iTqva:

`yovel xes, romelsac kargi nayofi ar moaqvs, Wrian da cecxlSi agde-ben~ (mT. 7: 9).

nawamebi, rogorc pirvelqristianebi da mokvdinebuli, rogorc ioane naTlismcemeli, cincinati kvdeba Ze RmrTisas msgavsad da aRdgeba sxeu-lebriv:

àq ra minda? aq ratom vwevar? — es martivi SekiTxva dausva man Tavis Tavs da pasuxad ze wamoiWra da mimoixeda... cincinati nela Camovida fi-carnagidan da merxev miwaze gadaiara...~ (nabokovi 1997a: 217).

scenis esqatologiuri finali personaJis aRdgomiT aRiniSneba. ras moaswavebs cincinatis aRdgoma? arsebobs mxolod erTi pasuxi:

personaJis gamarjvebas droze. àdamianis gza gadis tanjvaze, jvarsa da sikvdilze, magram miemarTeba

aRdgomisaken. aRdgoma moaswavebs droze gamarjvebas, ara marto momavlis, aramed — warsulis Secvlasac~ (berdiaevi 1995: 161).

àRar iqneba dro!~ (gamocx. 10:6) — ambobs `gamocxadeba~, da marTlac, nawarmoebSi ganfenili dro romanis dasasruls savsebiT uCinardeba: cin-cinati aRdgeba, amiT Tavisufldeba drois borkilebisgan da xundebaxsni-li, imediTa da siyvaruliT miemarTeba gasafrenad. cincinatis gafrena Se-esabameba personaJis maqsimalur fizikur da sulier gaTavisuflebas — cincinati Tavisufalia, cincinati gadarCenilia.

àdamianis gaTavisufleba ara bunebis, gonebis an sazogadoebis, aramed sulis moTxovnilebaa~ (berdiaevi 1995: 149) da `sulieri gaTavisufleba mudam mimarTulia ufro didi siRrmisaken, vidre aris adamianis sulieri sawyisi, es gaxlavT mimarTva RmerTisadmi~ (berdiaevi 1995: 150). Tavisufalma, laRma, aR-frTovanebulma cincinatma `Tamamad Seabija mtversa da daqceul nivTebs, motkacune tiloebs Soris da gaemarTa iqiTken, sadac, xmebis mixedviT, misi msgavsi arsebebi idgnen~ (nabokovi 1997a: 218).

nawarmoebSi ganfenili dro qreba: cincinati gadalaxavs sikvdilis sa-sazRvro zols, Tavisufldeba drois marwuxebisgan da amiT gasagebs xdis romanisaTvis wamZRvarebul frazas: ~Comme un fou se croit Dieu nous nous croyons mortels~, anu `msgavsad SeSlilisa, romelsac Tavi hgonia RmerTi, Cvenc gvgo-nia, rom varT mokvdavni~ (nabokovi 1997a: 25). cincinati Tavs aRwevs sik-vdils, sikvdils, romelic aSinebs mxolod maT, visac ar sjera ukvdavebisa.

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* * *

`kvlav da kvlav, Cemi goni, udidesi Zalisxmevis fasad, cdilobs ganasxva-os individualuris cimcimi depersonificirebuli cxovrebis wyvdiadSi. es wyvdiadi drois bralia, Sedegi drois mier Cvens garSemo aRmarTuli gauvali kedlebisa~ (nabokovi 1993a: 433). am sityvebis avtori filosofosi da moaz-rovne adam krugia, romanis ~Bend Sinister~ mTavari personaJi, kidev erTi nabo-koviseuli protagonisti, Tavdauzogavad rom SeWidebia dros.

adam krugic tusaRia. mxolod misi sapyrobile ufro vrcelia, vidre cin-cinatis erTi cida sakani. adam krugis cixe antiutopiuri diqtaturis wyvdi-adSi CaZirul qalaqs moicavs, romelic scdeba lokalurobis farglebs da, zogadad, keisris samyaros diqtatoruli funqciis matareblad gvevlineba.

adam krugic cincinativiT gamorCeulia. sxvaTagan mas SemoqmedebiTi goni gamoarCevs, goni, romelic antagonistur damokidebulebaSi imyofeba qveyanaSi gabatonebul ekvilizmis diqtaturasTan da romlis moTvinierebasac gamudme-biT cdilobs mecnieruli progresisa da teqnokratizmis suliskveTebiT gaJ-RenTili xelisufleba. imdenad, ramdenadac ekvilizmi obieqturi drois moci-qulia da komandoris qvis ZegliviT myarad daabijebs miwaze, romanis Tematur kvintesenciad sruliad logikurad SeiZleba miviCnioT adam krugis janyi dro-is winaaRmdeg. janyis emociuri da zneobrivi paradigma gradaciis princips emorCileba da romanis bolo TavebSi Tavis kulminacias aRwevs.

ekvilizmi realurad medini drois simboloa, diqtatura, romelic `saSualo adamianis partias~ emyareba da romelsac adam krugis klaseli, paduki udgas saTaveSi. am partiis wevrebs, `mis mimdevrebs, yvelas hqonda rame defeqti, anu, rogorc ityoda Teoretikosi-maswavlebeli xilis koq-teilis mowrupvis Semdeg, `fonuri gaumarTaoba~: magaliTad, erTi gauTa-vebel furunkulebs uCioda, meore — paTologiur morcxvobas, mesamem Sem-TxveviT moaWra Tavi sakuTar das, meoTxes ki ise ebmoda ena, rom im droSi, sanam is `p~-s an `b~-s warmoTqvamda, Tavisuflad SegeZloT maRaziaSi was-vla da Sokoladis yidva~ (nabokovi 1993a: 358). `saSualo adamianis partiis~ fuZemdebelia fredrik skotoma, romlis mecnierul-Teoriuli doqtrinis Tanaxmadac, `msoflio drois yovel mocemul doneze, samyaros binadarTa Soris nawildeboda adamianuri cnobierebis gansazRvruli raodenoba. es ganawileba ar iyo Tanabari da swored aq imarxeboda kacobriobis ubedure-bani. adamianebi, amtkicebda igi, warmoadgendnen uricxv saxsrebs cnobie-rebis araTanabari ulufebiT~ (nabokovi 1993a: 359). skotoma `kmayofilde-boda imiT, rom Tavisi wignis furclebze ganuwyvetliv imeorebda: gansxva-veba yvelaze amay gonebasa da yvelaze morCil idiots Soris mTlianad da-mokidebulia `msoflio cnobierebis~ kondensaciaze individumSio~ (nabo-kovi 1993a: 360). maSasadame, adamiani, ekvilizmis Tanaxmad, SesakrebTa mar-tivi jamia, individualizmi ki — meqanikuri met-naklebobis Sedegi. ekvi-lizmi raodenobrivi maCveneblebis maTematikur simravlezea dafuZnebuli da ara Tvisebrivi maCveneblebis zneobriv balansze. ekvilizmis numero-centruli samyaro realuri drois flagmania, misi mTavari manqana — padog-

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rafi — ki drois ritmuli ekvivalenti. padografi meqanizebuli realobis metaforul simbolos warmoadgens. padografis aparats, Tanabrad rom aka-kunebs furcelze da zedmiwevniT amsgavsebs kaligrafiebs, Tavis qibordze ar gaaCnia kiTxvis niSani, romelic SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis aTvlis wer-tils warmoadgens da aso `me~ (Я), romelic adamianis pirovnuli identifika-ciis niSnis matarebelia. adam krugis garemomcvel realobas maTematikis myife wesebi gansazRvravs. `kacobriobam, — werda v. nabokovi, — misi ganviTa-rebis garkveul etapze danerga maTematikuri sistema wminda praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, raTa mieRwia garkveuli wesrigisTvis~ (nabokovi 1980: 374), romanSi ~Bend Sinister~ ki sistemam aSkarad daarRvia adamianze daqvemdebare-bis wesi da situaciis srul baton-patronad mogvevlina: `maTematikosebma gardaqmnes TavianTi pirveladi kondicia da ise iqcevian, TiTqos samyaros bunebriv nawils warmoadgenen da ara mis ubralo danamats.... isini cdilo-ben, mTeli samyaro daafuZnon cifrebze da aravis akvirvebs is ucnauri pro-eqcia, romlis mixedviTac samyaro gamoSignul ConCxad iqceva~ (nabokovi 1980: 374). rwmena imisa, rom numeracia aRwerisa da gansxvavebis subrogants warmoadgens, nabokovis mier gadaWriT aRiqmeba sagnis ganzomilebis uxeS aRrevad Tavad sagnis WeSmarit arsTan. ekvilizmis mTel ricxvTa simravle-ze damyarebul filosofiaSi xarisxi raodenobis martivi qveklasifikaciaa da elementaruli maTematika daubrkoleblad abalansebs ùsamarTlo~ gan-sxvavebas adamianebs Soris: `savsebiT SesaZlebelia, amtkicebda is (skotoma — i. r.), adamianTa saxsrebis araTanabari moculobis regulireba. ai, magali-Tad, Tu sxvadasxva tipis boTlebSi... CavasxamT garkveuli raodenobis wyals, siTxis ganawileba iqneba araTanabari da usamarTlo, magram Tu dava-wesebT boTlis standartul zomas, procesi SeiZleba vaqcioT Tanabrad da samarTlianad~ (nabokovi 1993a: 360). antiutopiuri `sayovelTao gaTanabre-bis ideis~ Tanaxmad, adamianebi àxal yalibebSi unda Camoisxan, winaswar dad-genili Sablonis mixedviT~ (nabokovi 1993a: 360) da maSin cnobierebis doze-bis raodenobrivi ganawileba saxsrebSi iqneba erTnairi.

aseTia moraluri antinorma, romlis winaaRmdegac ibrZvis sakuTari Tavis SecnobiT Sepyrobili adam krugi. konceptualur RerZs aq warmoad-gens SemoqmedebiTi gonis Sejaxeba ricxvTa sasruli simravlisagan Sedge-nil dasazRvrulobasTan, romlis ueWveli Sedegic gaxlavT sikvdili. gar-da imisa, rom drois idealuri manqanis analogi padografi fuWdeba da jarTad iqceva, xolo diqtator padukis metsaxeli `gombeSo~, v. nabokovis Semoqmedebis amerikeli specialistis d. barton-jonsonis mignebiT, bilin-gvialur konotaciaSi germanulTan gvaZlevs ~Der Todd~-s, rac niSnavs `sikvdils~, sikvdili gansazRvravs ekvilizmis himnis ideur proeqciasac: `skotomam gvaswavla ubralo adamianis pativiscema, / da gviCvena, rom arc erTi xe ar arsebobs tyis gareSe, / arc erTi musikosi — orkestris gareSe, / arc erTi talRa — okeanis gareSe, / da arc erTi sicocxle — sikvdilis ga-reSe~ (nabokovi 1993a: 361).

ekvilizmis sulTamxuTavi dro sasrulia da adam krugi unda gaeqces am sasrul dinebas. gaqcevis mimarTulebas gare samyaros individze zewolis

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simZlavre gamokveTs — swored is gamoavlens personaJis rogorc gare sam-yarosTan, ise sakuTar TavTan davis traeqtorias. davis idealuri gamoxa-tuleba kvlavac oreulTa Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobaa. adam krugs ori sruliad aSkara oreuli moeZeveba romanSi: erTia `medicinis akademiis vi-ce-prezidenti da sando reputaciis mqone manqanis mflobeli~, doqtori martin krugi, romelSic xSirad eSlebaT adam krugi. martin krugi realu-ri, obieqturi samyaros droul Skalaze damagrebuli figuraa, romlis ar-sebobac mudmivad abrunebs adam krugs materialur sinamdvileSi da, amav-droulad, cxadyofs am sinamdvilis ontologiur Seusabamobas; meore oreuli Tavad adam krugis meore naxevari, misi alter egoa, Sinagani xma, romelic dabejiTebiT CasCurCulebs filosofoss yofiTi samyaros absur-dulobas: `rogorc yovelTvis, is axlac cxadad asxvavebda mTrTolvares damkvirveblisagan, mzrunveli, Tanamonawile, Tavaziani damkvirveblisa-gan. igi misi saZulveli dualizmis bolo sayrdeni iyo. `me~-s kvadratuli fesvi udris `me~-s~ (nabokovi 1993a: 307). krugis Sinagani konfliqti ore-ulTa Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobis relevanturia. ai, magaliTad, erTi mxriv, krugi àrasodes yofila gatacebuli WeSmariti substanciis ZiebiT, erTis, absoluturis — almasis, romelic brwyinavs kosmosis saSobao naZ-vis xeze. sazRvruli goni, gzas rom miikvlevs mTeli ricxvebis tusaRur qselSi gabneul cisartyelaze, yovelTvis sasacilod eCveneboda~ (naboko-vi 1993a: 431), meore mxriv, `Tu (rogorc amas varaudoben neomaTematikose-bi, — isini, vinc sxvebze metad eWvianebi arian) fizikuri samyaro SeiZleba warmovidginoT Tvladi jgufebis warmonaqmnad (stresebis kvanZebad, eleq-tronaperwklebis Rameul amofrqvevad), — fiqrobs krugi, — romelic msgavsad mouches volantes-sa micuravs fizikis sazRvrebs miRma daCrdilul fonze, maSin, rasakvirvelia, interesebis Tvinieri Semofargvla gazomva-dis gazomviT, yovlismorCili sasoebiT xorcieldeba~ (nabokovi 1993a: 432), magram `daikargeT aqedan, Tqveni saxazavebiTa da sasworebiT! Tqveni wesebis gareSe, dauniSnav SejibrSi, ara furcelze gamarTul srbolaSi ma-teria ukan Camoitovebs sinaTles~ (nabokovi 1993a: 432).

fardobiTobis Teoriis Tanaxmad, materia ver imoZravebs sinaTlis sxivis siCqaris ekvivalenturad. materiam rom sinaTlis sxivis siCqaris Ta-nabrad imoZraos, an metic, ufro swrafad, mas eqneba nulovani xangrZlivo-ba da masa, ris Sedegadac dro Sewyvets arsebobas. ainStainis fizika kate-goriulad gamoricxavs msgavs albaTobas, Tumca dasaSvebad miiCnevs orga-nizmis moZraobis SesaZleblobas sinaTlis sxivis siCqaresTan miaxloebu-li siCqariT, rasac igi `saaTis paradoqss~ uwodebs da kosmosur sivrceSi organizmis biologiuri aqtivobis daqveiTebis konteqstSi ganixilavs. adam krugis pozicia diametrulad sapirispiroa. misTvis kosmosi ar war-moadgens teleskopis Wogritidan danaxul simetriul figuraTa simrav-les, sadac yvelaferi fizikis kanonebs emorCileba. `Sors movisroloT es suleluri teleskopi~ (nabokovi 1993a: 432), — brazobs filosofosi, kos-mosi misTvis usasrulo xangrZlivobis ekvivalentia, ganuwilveli xan-grZlivobisa, romelsac igi jerjerobiT ver flobs, magram SeigrZnobs,

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xangrZlivobisa, sadac arc sawyisia da arc sasruli, msgavsad bergsoniseu-li ~La duree~-sa, romelic subieqtis inteleqtualuri fabrikaciis Sedegs warmoadgens da maradiuli uwyvetobis analogia. Tu materia ukan Camoito-vebs sinaTles, maSin aRar iqneba dro da, Sesabamisad, aRar iqneba sikvdili. drois sferul cixeSi datyvevebuli adamianebi Zalauneburad emorCilebi-an sikvdils, rogorc droSi sasrulobis gardauval kanons. sikvdili mar-tivad usvams wertils sicocxles, msgavsi perspeqtiva ki sruliadac ar izidavs filosofos adam krugs: `Cemma gonma ver miiRo fizikuri aramudmi-vis transformacia mudmivad arafizikur elementSi, iseve rogorc ver mii-Ro azrebisa da SegrZnebebis absurduli dagroveba; azri — azrs miRma, grZnoba — grZnobis miRma. nuTu mxolod imitom, rom erT sabediswero dRes erTianad dakargos isini da samudamod STainTqas Sav wyvdiadSi, gauTave-bel araferSi?~ (nabokovi 1993a: 379). iqneb arsebobs alternatiuli realo-ba? `cnobierebis garkveuli suraTebi imdenad falsificirebulia `drois~ koncefciiT, rom Cven lamisaa marTla virwmunoT raRac maradiulis arse-boba, mbrwyinavi iaraRisa (percefciis wertilis) Cvens retrospeqtul ma-radisobas, romelsac ver vixsenebT da maradiulad perspeqtiuls, romel-sac ver vacnobierebT, Soris~ (nabokovi 1993a: 434). maS, ra aris sikvdili? `sikvdili an gonis wamieri aRvsebaa srulyofili codniT an absoluturad araferi, Ничто~ (nabokovi 1993a: 434). `romeli problemis gadaWra ufro mniS-vnelovania, — msjelobs krugi, — `garegani~ problemis (sivrce, dro, materi-a, gareSe Seucnobeli) Tu `Sinagani~ problemisa (cxovreba, azrovneba, siyva-ruli, Sinaganad Seucnobeli)? an iqneb maTi gadakveTis wertilis (sikvdi-lis)?~ (nabokovi 1993a: 433). sikvdili moiazreba rogorc kveTis wertili, anu liminaluri zRvari Sida da gare perspeqtivebs Soris, sadac mesazRvris funqcia Tavad adam krugma unda ikisros: sikvdilis sasazRvro punqtze Zevs drois maxeSi gabmuli filosofosis xsnis gza. Sesabamisad, sikvdili warmo-adgens ara dasasruls, aramed globaluri metamorfozebis dasawyiss. krugs SemTxveviT ar hqvia àdami~. saxelSi imTaviTve kodirebuli pirvelsawyisis simbolika TavisTavad migvaniSnebs personaJis moZraobis traeqtorias: kru-gi jer qvecnobierad, Semdeg ki sruliad gacnobierebulad miiwevs ìq~, im zedrouli samyarosken, romelic vertikalzea ganfenili.

gadamwyvet biZgad adam krugs sakuTari sigiJe evlineba, àdam krugis kur-Txeuli sigiJe, roca is moulodnelad Seimecnebs da gaacnobierebs sagnebis ub-ralo arss, magram ar ZaluZs amis gamoxatva amqveyniuri sityvebis meSveobiT~ (nabokovi 1993a: 489). adam krugs, romelic didxans ebrZvis Tavis oreuls, raTa gaerkves sikvdilis mniSvnelobasa da daniSnulebaSi, `kurTxeuli sigiJe~ meyseu-lad awyvetinebs problemas: `sulelo adamianebo, — daiyvira man da xelisguliT moisrisa cxviri, — miTxariT, RvTis xaTriT, risa geSiniaT? ra mniSvneloba aqvs amas? sasaciloa! iseve rogorc bavSvuri ocneba Cemi col-Svilisa — olgam da biWma raRac absurduli scena gaiTamaSes — qali daixrCo, bavSvma ki sicocxle, Tu raRac amdagvari dakarga sarkinigzo avariaSi. RmerTo, ra mniSvneloba aqvs amas?... sikvdili — mxolod stilis sakiTxia~ (nabokovi 1993a: 481—485). adam krugi, rogorc saimedo sangarSi, isea gamagrebuli Tavis `kurTxeul sigiJeSi,~ rome-

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lic vertikalurad, zemodan, sxiviviT eSveba krugis Cabnelebul sakanSi. sigiJe sxva ganzomilebaSi gaRebuli fanjaraa, erTaderTi gamosavalia realobis awewi-li absurdidan. transcendenturis niSniT aRbeWdili sigiJe saSualebas aZlevs personaJs, igemos miRmierobis xibli: `yvelaferi, rasac is grZnobda, iyo auCqa-rebeli TviTCaRrmaveba, sibnelis Sesqeleba da sifaqize, tkbili siTbos zomieri zrda mis mier danaxulma sinaTlis sxivma... ucnauri, TiTqmis sabediswero mniS-vneloba SeiZina, mniSvneloba gasaRebisa, romelTanac mobnelo Semecnebis kuTx-iT iyo mifarebuli... usazRvro damSvidebis RimiliT gadafenili cremliani saxe krugma TivaSi Cargo. igi ganaTebul bnelSi iwva, gaognebuli da bednieri~ (nabo-kovi 1993a: 478-479). adam krugic gadis asafren bilikze: filosofosis sarkeSi areklili, abstraqtul, zedroul ganzomilebasTan Tanaziari oreuli misi empi-riuli aslis ara mxolod `Tanamdevad~, aramed mxsneladac gvevlineba. arekvlis procesi transkorporaluria, drois myife parametrebs miRma mdgomi gamosaxu-leba wertils usvams sarkis simbolikiT gamoxatul cnobierebiT diqotomias da ori `me~-s Tvisebrivi namravli axal, SeduRabebul, erTian `me~-s ayalibebs. gam-Tlianebul personaJs didsulovnad aTavisuflebs avtori drois sferuli ci-xidan: `mismine, — emSvidobeba gagiJebuli adam krugi megobars, — wuxel sizmari mesizmra, xo, sizmari... Tumca, ra mniSvneloba aqvs, sizmari iyo es Tu Cveneba, — gamomkrTali gandegilis sakanSi CaSvebuli iribi sxivebidan. — Sexede, Cems SiS-vel fexebs — isini, ra Tqma unda civia, rogorc marmarilo, — magram — mixvdi ras geubnebi? mismine, Senc xom iseTi briyvi ara xar, rogorc sxvebi? xom gesmis, rom saSiSi araferia?~ (nabokovi 1993a: 483).

damcirebuli, nawamebi, tanjuli adam krugi gandegiliviT fexSiSveli miemarTeba zedrouli samyarosaken, iq, sadac ganfenilia `droisagan Tavi-sufali cnobiereba~, àrsebobis miuwvdomeli, umaRlesi safexuri~. metai-dea ucvlelia: ìseve rogorc SeSlils Tavi hgonia RmerTi, Cvenc gvgonia, rom varT mokvdavni~.

* * *

`rameTu vxedavT aw viTarca sarkiTa da saxiTa,

xolo maSin pirsa pirispir.

aw vuwyi mcired, xolo merme vicna,

viTarca Sevemecne~*

(1 kor. 13:12)

ra aris àw~ da ra aris `merme~? sad aris àw~ da sad aris `merme~? Tu àw~ ganfenilia àq~, xolo `merme~ — ìq~ , maS vin aris subieqti, romelic arsebobs àw~ da àq~ koordinatebiT SemozRudul sivrceSi da Semecnebis sasazRvro zoliT emijneba `merme~ da ìq~ koordintebiT aRniSnul siv-

* citata moxmobilia mociqul pavles pirveli werilidan korinTelTa mimarT, mxolod damowmebulia citatis T. Cxenkeliseuli Targmani wignidan `xorxe luis borxesi. enigmaTa sarke~. Tbilisi: lomisi, 1996, gv. 46.

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rces? vin aris igi? gulgrili individi, jiutad rom gamyarebula misTvis gankuTvnili arsebobis CarCoebSi, Tu ZiebiT Sepyrobili homosapiensi, ro-melic cxadad grZnobs transformaciis aucileblobas da cdilobs, Tavi daaRwios realobis myife parametrebs. erTi temporalurad rigidulia, subieqti, romlisTvisac aw/aq realoba mocemul pirobas warmoadgens, mas-ze marjved morgeba ki arsebobis mizans, meore — temporalurad fleqsiu-ri, subieqti, romelic nebsiT Tu uneblieT arRvevs realuri drois stan-dartul ritms da Segnebulad Tu inerciiT miiwevs Semecnebis sasazRvro zolisaken, romlis miRmac merme/iq idumali ganfenilobaa gadaSlili. ma-Ti morigeba SeuZlebelia: pirveli drois realuri modelis mcveli da qo-magia, meore — msxverpli da oponenti, Sesabamisad, erTi diqtatoria, meore — tyve. rogori iqneba kvanZis gaxsna? hyavs ki am brZolas gamarjvebuli, brZolas, romelic drois saxeliT warmoebs da romlis kvintesenciasac aw-aq/merme-iq konceptualuri opozicia warmoadgens.

vfiqrobT, swored es aris `jayos xiznebis~ mTavari Tema. politikuri Tu socialuri motivebi iseve warmoadgens am romanis ZiriTad saTqmels, rogorc tuberkuloziT daavadebulTa sanatoriumis aRwera `jadosnuri mTis~ avtorisaTvis an svanis ambavi marsel prustisTvis. `jayos xiznebis~ mTavari gmiria dro, dro, romelTan pirispir Sejaxebac kardinalurad gansazRvravs personaJTa bed-iRbals, ara mxolod maT cxovrebasa da yo-fas, aramed aRsasrulsa da ganaCens.

vin aris Teimuraz xevisTavi? gulgrili individi Tu ZiebiT Sepyrobili homosapiensi? temporalurad rigiduli Tu temporalurad fleqsiuri su-bieqti? obieqtur dros mijaWvuli diqtatori Tu misi tyve? sikvdilis bne-li samizne Tu sartriseuli `gonebis sinaTliT~ gasxivosnebuli meamboxe?

saqmec isaa, rom Teimuraz xevisTavi yvela am komponentis araTanabari nazavia, rTuli literaturuli hibridi, romlis saTiTaod gamoZerwvasa da zneobrivad formirebas eZRvneba TiTqmis orasgverdiani romani.

Teimuraz xevisTavs imTaviTve gamoarCevs ramdenime specifikuri ni-San-Tviseba: pirvel yovlisa, igi `xevisTavia~, sadac xazgasmuli da aqcen-tirebuli `Tavi~ SeiZleba gaviazroT, erTi mxriv, rogorc meTauri da, me-ore mxriv, rogorc sawyisi anu dasabami. `Tavi~-s rogorc sawyisis gaazreba gasagebs xdis personaJis kidev erT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels: Teimura-zi nabatonevi, `nakacari, naTavadari, namamulevi, namoRvawari da naveqila-ria~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 238). prefiqsi `na~ da Sesabamisi sufiqsebi — àri~ da èvi~ miuTiTeben faqtebis yofilobas. anu, Tu sawinaaRmdego mimarTule-biT vimsjelebT, Teimurazi erT dros yofila kaci, batoni, Tavadi, memamu-le, moRvawe da veqili, dRes ki — aRar aris. am suraTs erTgvarad srul-yofs avtoris miniSneba: Teimurazi xevisTavTa gvaris ukanaskneli Camoma-valia. gamomdinare zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT: Teimuraz xevis-Tavi drois niSniT aRbeWdili personaJia, personaJi, romelic Tavis TavSi itevs sawyiss, gangrZobadobas da dasasruls. Teimuraz xevisTavis perso-naSi imTaviTvea warmodgenili drois yvela speqtri, anu, Teimurazi droiT gansazRvruli, drois marwuxebSi moqceuli, droSi gamoketili individia.

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avtoris amocana naTelia: Teimurazi an unda dahyves drois diqtats, an mZlavrad CaebRauWos Tavis TavSive genetikurad kodirebul faseulobebs da, radac ar unda daujdes, gadalaxos Semecnebis sasazRvro zoli. magram TviTSemecneba movlenaTa ganviTarebis damamTavrebeli etapia, ase vTqvaT, bolo zRvari, romelsac win qaravanad mouZRvis tyveobis, xsnis Ziebis, janyisa da sikvdilTan Sejaxebis urTulesi etapebi.

Teimuraz xevisTavi drois tyvea, obieqturi droisa, romelsac garkve-uli raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi maCveneblebi gansazRvravs. raodenobri-vi TvalsazrisiT, romanSi ganfenili dro ramdenime Tves iTvlis, saidanac daaxloebiT ori Tve aqtiuri xdomilobebis periodis relevanturia. rac Seexeba obieqturi drois Tvisebriv maCveneblebs, igi mkveTrad determini-rebuli formiTaa gamoxatuli. romanSi ganfenil dros aqvs warsuli, awmyo da momavali. warsulis arsebobasa da pasiur Tandaswrebas miuTiTebs gaq-vavebuli epiTetebi: naSindari, nafuZari, naxucari, nauflari, namourava-li. warsulis aCrdili gamudmebiT daexeteba romanSi da drodadro Teimu-raz xevisTavis dakarguli sagvareulo nivTebiviT iCens Tavs. warsuli lo-diviT awevs gulze awmyos, romlis binadarnic cxvris faris inerciiT mii-weven momavlisaken. momavali ki koleqtivizmis krebiTi niSniTaa gansazR-vruli: `mrwams Cveni mSromeli xalxis Zala da misi momavali~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 349). amdenad, momavali, romelsac antiutopiuri samyarosaTvis ni-Sandoblivi koleqtiuri Segneba gamoimuSavebs, xronosis obieqtur kanon-zomierebas emorCileba da, cxadia, ver daakmayofilebs xronosis WeSmari-tebaSi daeWvebuli personaJis cnobismoyvareobas. swored gaurkveveli momavlis SegrZneba gaxlavT drosTan Teimuraz xevisTavis konfliqtis da-sawyisi: maRaziaTa daxlebze dawyobili warsuli Teimurazis samomavlo iluziebis dasasrulia. dro iyideba: èrTni am qveynis asparezidan ukve mi-diodnen da TavianT warsuls hyiddnen, xolo meoreni axal qveynidan modi-odnen da TavianT momavals hyidulobdnen. Teimurazic dRiTi-dRe hyidda Tavis bednakrav ojaxsa da istorias. dRiTi-dRe swvavda momavlis imedebs da TavCaqindruli, guldawyvetili, suldamwvari, zlazvniT da borZikiT Camodioda TavdaRma cxovrebis eklian kibeze~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 262). moma-vali ucxo da gaugebar cnebas warmoadgens. `guSin~ — ufunqcio Rirebule-baa, `xval~ — arSemdgari perspeqtiva. maS, ra aris `dRes~? xevisTavTa bos-tnis kuTxeSi Cadgmul safrTxobelasaviT Tvalaxveuli dro, romelic naW-ris tikinasaviT aburTavebs Teimurazs da gasaqans ar aZlevs. Teimuraz xe-visTavi, odesRac aqtiuri sazogado moRvawe, ùdavo msajuli da mcodne yvelasi da yvelafrisa~, axla warsuldakarguli da umomavlo, pirispir aRmoCnda drois ulmobel manqanasTan. misi gaumarTavi Zravis Rrialma sa-bolood daakargvina xevisTavs rwmena: àm qveyanam da Teimuraz xevisTavma TandaTan ise SeiZules da SeizizRes erTmaneTi, rogorc kerpma mamam Sei-Zula uZRebi Svili, romelmac ganuzomeli urCoba, umadureba, kadniereba da ampartavneba gamoiCina da sakuTar fexebze dadgoma da sakuTari gziT siaruli gahbeda~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 257). Teimurazi, romelsac `sicocxle kiserze ise Camoekida, rogorc lekvis ayrolebuli leSi~ (javaxiSvili

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1959: 257), mxrebCamoyrili dahyva drois diqtats da pirTamde CaiZira gul-grilobis morevSi: `Teimurazi TiTqos aRar ibrZoda. moZulebuli Tavi mo-Zulebul cxovrebis mdinares gulgrilad misca da saamur dasasruls nat-vriT elodeboda~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 267). dro daepatrona Teimurazs. war-sulSi gavleniani xevisTavi, kaci, batoni, Tavadi, memamule, moRvawe da ve-qili, drois pativayril tusaRad iqca, funqciadakargul xevisTavad, naka-carad, nabatonevad, naTavadarad, namemamulevad, namoRvawarad da naveqi-larad, romelsac bedma berwoba da uSvilobac daatexa Tavs da gvaris uka-naskneli mohikanoba daakisra. Teimurazi drois sferuli cixis patimaria, romelsac yvela gasasvleli daxSuli aqvs da mecixovned da mebWed `nadi-riviT Tavaglejili~ jayo jivaSvili hyavs miCenili.

jayo obieqturi drois medroSea, drois ndobiT aRWurvili piri, misi ganmkargavi da, Sesabamisad, — diqtatori, sayovelTao Tayvaniscemis obieq-ti: `qveyanam icis, rom jayo jivaSvili ise dastrialebs Cvens Rarib-Ratak glexobas, rogorc kargi meojaxe Tavis keras... vin mosTvlis, ramdeni mru-de saqme gauswora jayom Cvens sofels da ramden gaWirvebul qvriv-obols gaumarTa xeli, — qlesaobda ivane. — Cven imedi gvaqvs, rom amdeni sikeTis damTesi jayo arc SemdegSi daixevs ukan da isev Zveleburad gagviwevs dax-marebas. maS gaumarjos Cveni soflis axal patrons, axal aznaurs jayo ji-vaSvils~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 294). antiutopiis Janruli kanonis Tanaxmad, jayo aravis aurCevia liderad: jayo lideria, vinaidan yvela dawerili da dauwereli normebis daZlevis gziT miiswrafvis liderobisken. msgavsive sizustiT emorCileba jayo antiutopiisaTvis niSandobliv `TviTqmnado-bis~ paToss, rac STamomavlobiTi anonimurobis motivSi realizdeba. gan-sxvavebiT Teimuraz xevisTavisagan, romelic àTiode saukunis ganmavlo-baSi bambafarCaSi nazardi, natifi, namuSavari, naTali da daferilia~ (ja-vaxiSvili 1959: 298), jayo obolia, `miuval mTebsa da uRran tyeSi gazrdi-li. igi bnel xeobidan gamovardnili veluria, romelmac pirvelad mxolod aTi wlis winaT dainaxa kramiti da dana-Cangali, saaTi da suraTi, sayelo da cxvirsaxoci~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 299). jayo tipuri antiutopiuri ùg-vartomoa~, personaJi arsaidan. osuri qudi, osuri Coxa, TaTruli windebi, dabaxanuri Custebi, qarTuli xmali da rusuli Tofi cxadyofs mis gaur-kvevel, gadRvebil warmomavlobas. jayo drois mier xelovnurad Seqmnili Sarikovia, romelic ZaRluri erTgulebiT emsaxureba Tavis mSobels.

jayos garegnobasa da qceva-CveulebebSi Zneli ar aris sataniseuli niSnebis gamorCeva, rac, Tavis mxriv, sacnaurs xdis Teimuraz xevisTavis personaJis miTologiur aspeqtebs da avlens maTi dapirispirebis WeSmarit arss. jayos garegnuli monacemebi sakmaod antipaTiuria: `ramdenime naWri-lobeviT daserili Tavi da pirsaxe iseTi Savis, xSirisa da aburZgvnilis jagriT hqonda Semosili, TiTqo jayos beWebze kuprSi amovlebuli uzarma-zari zRarbi acocebuliyoo. Savi jagris buCqnari Tvalebamde swvdeboda da im jagnaridan mxolod xaris Tvalebs, win-wamoyril cxenis kbilebsa da gaWyletil cxvirs amoeyoT Tavi. erTi mtkavelis sigrZe ulvaSebi gadmob-runebul jamebiviT gamoyril loyebze gacveTil cocxebiviT eyarnen, xo-

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lo im jamebs dinjad da medidurad lambaqebis yurebi dascqerodnen~ (ja-vaxiSvili 1959: 234). kupri qarTul qristianul warmodgenaSi jojoxeTis, eSmakis sauflos aucilebel atributad aris miCneuli, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT iseT TvalsaCino maxasiaTeblebze, rogoric gaxlavT ukiduresi mi-wiereba, ferxorcianoba, anu xorcis siuxve da WarbTmianoba. maqsimilian rudvini aRniSnavs: èSmaki mraval ferSi SeiZleba mogvevlinos, magram maT Soris umTavresia Savi feri. Savi miuTiTebs mis adgils cisqveSeTSi. xorci xazs usvams eSmakis codvianobas, WarbTmianoba ki — mis naTesaobas cxove-lur samyarosTan~ (rudvini 1931: 35). jayo `kbilmaxvili da daundobeli na-diria~, `kadnieri da regveni, xepre da mouxeSavi~, romelsac ukiduresi TvalTmaqcoba da gardasaxvis iSviaTi unari axasiaTebs. samoTxis baRidan da pirvelcodvis dRidan mokidebuli, eSmaki flidobisa da mzakvrobis gansaxovnebad aris miCneuli, rac asaxvas poulobs saxarebiseul teqsteb-Sic: ìs (eSmaki — i. r.) kacismkvleli iyo Tavidan da WeSmaritebaSi ver dad-ga, radgan araa masSi WeSmariteba. roca sicrues ambobs, Tavisas ambobs, radgan crua igi da sicruis mamaa~ (in. 8:44). jayo mizandasaxulad da dabe-jiTebiT atyuebs Teimurazs, iqneba es wliuri Semosaval-gasavalis angari-Si, miwebis mosavlianobisa Tu glexebTan urTierTobis sakiTxi da pirwmin-dad Zarcvavs e.w. batons. jayos kmayofilebasa da TviTdajerebulobas ani-Webs Teimurazis motyueba, wvaleba, dacinva. jayos mizania, srulad da ga-nuyofelad daepatronos Teimurazs, xevisTavidan brinkad gadaaqcios: `Se-na, Teimuraz, kniazi ki ara xar, brinka xar, brinka~, — umtkicebs jayo Teimu-razs, brinka jayos `naTesavi iyo, — davrdomili, gonji, sabralo da yve-lafriT ubadruki~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 292). Teimurazis brinkad qceva ki udavod moaswavebs xevisTavis integracias kvazinominaciis antiutopiuri niSniT aRbeWdil masaSi. jayos satanuri energia, upirveles yovlisa, ada-mianis pirovnuli Rirsebebis ganadgurebiskenaa mimarTuli, rogorc fizi-kuri, ise moraluri da sulieri TvalsazrisiT. TaviT fexebamde qonSi amovlebul da zeTiT gapoxil jayos mudmivad myrali suni asdis: ìse iyo ayrolebuli, rom misi suni, — roca jayo Teimurazis saxlSi Sevidoda xol-me, — sami dRe mainc strialebda im oTaxebSi da is suni, is Tavbrudamxvevi simyrale exlac Tan dahqonda gamdidrebul jayos~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 364). simyrale, am SemTxvevaSi, metaforis realizacia gaxlavT, sadac figura-luri simyrale fizikur simyrales erTvis da satanis uwmindur sulze mig-vaniSnebs. Tu èSmaks ZaluZs mogvevlinos nebismieri formiTa da nebismie-ri CacmulobiT~, anu, Tu `misi manifestacia SesaZlebelia nebismieri ier-saxiT, rac ki arsebobs samyaroSi~ (rudvini 1931: 35), maSin sruliad gasage-bia jayos e.w. feriscvalebis epizodic, sadac jayo, gardasaxvis meSveobiT, cdilobs dafaros Tavisi WeSmariti saxe: man Tavi daibana, kbilebi gamoiw-minda, yurebi gamoiCiCqna, wveri gaiparsa, myrali yalionis nacvlad soxu-muri papirosi gaabola, axali sacvlebi da axaluxi SeiZina, wera-kiTxvis swavlac moindoma. magram transformacia moCvenebiTia, realurad araferi Secvlila, `banjgvliani daTvi pirgaparsul maimuns daemsgavsa~.

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vfiqrobT, aq ufro Sorsmimavali daskvnac SeiZleba gamovitanoT: Tu jayos transformacia moCvenebiTi da yalbia, falsificirebulia drois transformaciac, romelsac jayo warmoadgens. obieqturi dro moklebu-lia Tvisebrivi transformirebis unars da movlenaTa raodenobriv simrav-les warmoadgens: `dRes me garTmeven, xval Tqven wagarTmeven~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 423), — gahyviris Tavis guSindel mexotbeTagan uaryofili jayo, — `dRes me garTmeven, xval ki Tqveni jeri dadgeba~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 424), `dagacade jayosa! Cemi droc moxval~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 426), — iqadnis igi. es keisris samyaroa, samyaro, sadac saaTis dro moqmedebs da erTi mimarTu-lebiT miaqanebs movlenebsa Tu adamianebs: cvalebadoba aq mxolod pirobi-Tia, cvalebadoba drois arss ar cvlis.

amdagvar drosTan Teimurazis mimarTeba Zalze rTulia: xevisTavi jer bavSvis JinianobiT, Semdgom ki mowifulis darwmunebiT ebrZvis demonuri arqetipuli modeliT gamoxatul dros, romliTac mWidrod aris Seborki-li. drois tyveobis grafikul proeqcias personaJis wriuli moZraoba war-moadgens, rac, Cveni azriT, ara mxolod grafikulad, aramed konceptua-lurad exmianeba agasferis miTs. miTis siuJeti aseTia:

`macxovari, miemarTeboda ra golgoTasaken, sulis mosaTqmelad agas-feris saxlTan SeCerda. magram es ukanaskneli uxeSad moeqca mas da ar mis-ca neba, miaxloveboda mis sacxovrebels. `me davrCebi da Sevisveneb, — Tqva iesom, — Sen ki waxval~. marTlac, agasferi myis gaudga gzas da mas Semdeg aRar gaCerebula~ (batiuSkovi 1892: 676). Tavisi SecodebisaTvis agasferi moklebulia sikvdilis privilegias da, vidre meored mosvlamde, ganwiru-lia samudamo xetialisTvis. agasferi miTologiuri sasjelis matarebeli personaJia, misi ukvdaveba ki SeCvenebaa, wyevla, uazro, gamanadgurebeli er-Tferovnebisagan mogvrili tanjva. rogorc ar unda ixetialos agasferma, igi ver Secvlis sakuTar xvedrs, swored amitom, zogierTi versiis Tanaxmad, fex-SiSveli da wvermoSvebuli agasferi gamudmebiT gars uvlis svets da svams kiTxvas: `xom ar modis kaci, romelic jvars ezideba?~

davubrundeT Teimuraz xevisTavs. xevisTavi TandaTan, nel-nela, na-bij-nabij uaxlovdeba agasferis miTologiur arqetips. cxovrebisagan ga-riyulma da gaTelilma `naTavadarma~ `jer ramdenime xeli (tanisamosi — i. r.) gahyida, danarCeni gadmoabruna da marcxena jibeebi marjvniv moaqcia; merme, sayeloebis gaxameba rom gaZvirda, gauxamels ikeTebda. bolos, saye-loebi da yelsabamic moiSora, xalaTi Caicva, qamari Semoirtya, wveric ga-uSva da gakotrebul mewvrilmane urias daemsgavsa~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 262). ùrias~ damsgavsebulma Teimuraz xevisTavma da qveyanam sabolood aiyares erTmaneTze guli, èrTmaneTs guli da suli ver Seugues da ver moaxved-res. oriveni TiTqos sxvadasxva enas laparakobdnen, TiTqo sxvadasxva qvey-nisa da Jamis suliTa da xasiaTiT iyvnen gaJRenTilni. amitom iyo, rom er-Tis `RvTis wyaloba~ meores `RvTis risxvad~ elandeboda, xolo meores madli pirvels matlad miaCnda~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 263). opozicia RvTis wyaloba/RvTis risxva, madli/matli, naTlad warmoaCens romanis koncep-tualur opozicias Teimuraz xevisTavi/qveyana, sadac `qveynis~ mier nawya-

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lobevi TavSesafari, jayo jivaSvilis kar-midamo (igive Teimurazisa), Tei-murazis absurduli xetialis aTvlis wertilad gvevlineba. Teimuraz xe-visTavma àbgaSi ramdenime wigni da cotaodeni wvrilmani Cailaga~ (java-xiSvili 1959: 277) da jayosTan gadabargda. aq ùriis~ motivi udavod ivseba àbgis~ motiviT: zurgze abgamokidebuli, urias damsgavsebuli xevisTavi jayos xiznobas irCevs — `meyo, rac Sevwire Cvens xalxs. ra miviRe samagie-ro? maTxovris abga da j...jjayos xiznoba~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 311). magram, droTa ganmavlobaSi, asigrZeganebs ra mdgomareobis simZimes, damcirebu-li da galaxuli `nabatonevi~ cdilobs, gaeqces Seqmnil viTarebas, rogor-me daaRwios Tavi drois totalur terors, ipovos gamosavali. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gulgrilobis morevSi CaZiruli personaJi instinqturad iwy-ebs Ziebas. gamosavlis Ziebis procesSi naTlad ikveTeba xevisTavis Tavs da-texili miTologiuri sasjelis gare da Sida proeqcia. xevisTavi iwyebs moZraobas, raTa gadarCes, magram misi moZraoba cikluria, wriuli. msgav-sad aristoteles ciur sxeulTa moZraobisa, xevisTavis moZraobac drois realuri koordinatebis adekvaturi movlenaa, romelic mudmivad abru-nebs personaJs moZraobis sawyis wertilSi. Teimurazi regularulad da-dis saSvelis saZebnelad da marSruti aseTia: naSindari — gori — naSindari, naSindari — cxinvali — naSindari, naSindari — levanaSeni — gori — naSinda-ri, naSindari — umisamarTo sivrce — naSindari. sadac ar unda wavides Tei-murazi, igi gardauvalad brundeba naSindarSi, jayos WerqveS da gzadagza aZlierebs ùriis~ motivs: uriobas vaWroba emateba: `v...vaWroba? vaWroba Cemi saqmea. Zalian kargad maqvs S...Seswavlili. bankSi da kooperativSi vmu-Saobdi~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 335), abgas — joxi da wveri: `Teimurazi mobrunda da gzas gaudga. zurgze patara boxCa ekida da xelSi joxi eWira~ (javaxiSvi-li 1959: 419). obieqturi dro xevisTavis daberebis paralelurad miedineba: `ramdenime Tvis Semdeg oTxmoci wlis moxuciviT daberebuli xevisTavi ima-ve naSindars miadga. qadiliT wasuli mebrZoli erTgul ZaRliviT ubrunde-boda jayo jivaSvils. Tavze qudis nagleji exura. daglejili Custebidan fexis TiTebi uCanda da tanze dakonkili inglisuri faraja ecva. welSi sa-mad moxriliyo, damsxvreul sxeuls Zlivs moaTrevda da sqel joxs yavar-jnad xmarobda. oTxmociode wlis moxucs TeTri wveri Cazneqil mkerdze scemda~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 427). agasferis saxe da motivi dasrulebulia: Te-imuraz xevisTavi, msgavsad vaWruli niWiT dajildoebuli uriisa (zogierTi versiis Tanaxmad, agasferi iyo vaWari), boxCiT zurgze da joxiT xelSi ga-nuwyvetliv moZraobs jadosnur wresaviT Sekrul absurdul texilze. sai-Tac ar unda wavides Teimurazi, is mainc jayos ubrundeba. ratom?

Teimurazi radikalurad gansxvavdeba veluri jayosagan. ìgi umweo yvaviliviT nazi da lamazi iyo, natifad asxmuli da naqandakevi, magram gam-xdari da gaZvalebuli, mxrebayrili da mkerdCavardnili, beci da meloti, gafufquli qaTmis minamgvari, mwignobrobiT daRlili, daSretili, gamo-wuruli da damdnari nakacari~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 234). Teimurazi uZvelesi qarTuli gvaris Camomavali gaxldaT, saxelovan winaparTa memkvidre. `Tei-murazs mTeli tfilisi icnobda: zrdili, patiosani, dinji, Wkviani da ena-

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mWevari sazogado moRvawe iyo~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 242), gamorCeuli erudi-ciis, inteleqtisa da enamWevrobis gamo mas `cocxal enciklopediasac~ ki uwodebdnen. rogorc garegnuli, ise inteleqtualuri da msoflmxedve-lobrivi TvalsazrisiT, Teimurazi jayos antipodia. metic, Tavisi sxeu-lis xazgasmuli simCatiTa da sifermkrTaliT, Teimurazi freskuli simsu-buqiTa da haerovnebiTaa aRbeWdili. maS, ra akavSirebs Teimurazs miwier, ferxorcian jayosTan? rad ver aRwevs Tavs mis saZulvel sazogadoebas? Teimurazisa da jayos gardauvali mekavSirea dro, dro, romelmac erTi diqtatorad, xolo meore tyved aqcia, erTs Zalaufleba daatexa Tavs, me-ores ki agasferis wyevla. drom gadaajaWva Teimurazi da jayo. jayo Tei-murazis temporaluri oreulia.

SeigrZnobs ra agasferis xvedris absurdulobas, Teimurazi kvlav da kvlav ulmobel dros ejaxeba pirispir: `mxolod jayo iyo axlad Sobili axali juris adamiani, mxolod mas hqonda dros Sesaferi kunTebi, basri klanWebi da foladis kbilebi. jayoebi am klanWebiT da kbilebiT uZlur Wiayelebs daipyroben. aRvirawyvetil mxecs daimorCileben~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 337). obieqturi droiT gansazRvrul realobasTan pirovnebis sabe-diswero Sejaxebas alber kamium àdamianis Zaxilisa da samyaros Wkuidan SemSleli siCumis Sejaxeba~ uwoda da gansazRvra, rogorc `ganxeTqileba kacsa da sicocxles Soris, msaxiobsa da dekoracias Soris~ (kamiu 1996: 8). `SeiZleba gulwrfelad vaRiaroT, — werda kamiu, — rom arsebobs pirdapiri kavSiri am grZnobasa da aryofnisaken ltolvas Soris~ (kamiu 1996: 8). Tavi vaneboT eqsistencialistebs da `jayos xiznebis~ teqsts mivubrundeT. rea-lobasTan personaJis Sejaxebis procesSi kidev erTi oreuli ibadeba — me-ore Teimurazi, Teimurazis sarkismieri landi, aCrdili, misi alter ego, romelic aqtiurad ereva xevisTavisa da drois umisodac gamwvavebul ur-TierTobaSi, anu asrulebs erTgvari Suamavlis rols kacsa da misTvis gau-saZlis, Tundac, gaugebar cxovrebas Soris.

oreulis aRmoceneba Teimurazis naSindarSi gadmosaxlebas ukavSir-deba, periods, rodesac Teimurazis tyveoba uxilavidan TvalnaTliv faq-tad iqceva: `jayos xizans qalaqidan axali Cveuleba mohyva, romelic Seum-Cnevlad da TandaTanobiT ganuviTarda da gauZlierda: sakuTar TavTan sa-ubari, msjeloba, kamaTi da dava~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 318). oreuli Teimuraz xevisTavis pirovnebis Sinagani determinirebis nayofi da obieqturi drois qronometria, empirikosi, Teimurazis pirovnebaSi kodirebuli drois koe-ficientis maCvenebeli. oreulis gamoCena Teimuraz xevisTavis drosTan Widilis uaRresad mniSvnelovani komponentia, mwerlis mier xelovnurad Seqmnili tixari, romelic cxadad gamokveTs Teimuraz xevisTavis Sinagani konfliqtis, Sinagani davisa da meryeobis proeqcias: àki giTxari, SemWama da gamaTava meTqi. Cemi gankurneba Znelia. Tvalebze — Savi bindi, gulSi — Savi naRveli da sulSic Savi — burusi, ai, dRevandeli Teimuraz xevisTavi~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 330), — mosTqvams erTi Teimurazi, òh, RmerTo, didebu-lo! neta rodis damibrundeba sulieri mSvidoba da sixaruli?!!~ (javaxiS-vili 1959: 330), — ocnebobs meore, àgre iyos. zogze ityvian, aRsruldao,

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zogze — ganisvenao, zogze — mokvdao. Cemze ki ityvian — CaZaRldao~ (java-xiSvili 1959: 332), — borgavs erTi Teimurazi, `magram me, Teimuraz xevisTa-vi, jerjerobiT sikvdils ar vapireb! gesmis? me ar minda meTqi sikvdili!~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 351), — gahyviris meore, `maS RmerTma adRegrZelos C...CemsaviT damarcxebuli giJi, romelmac TviTon g...ggaiTxara saflavi, adRegrZelos da...gganusvenos~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 351-52), — nebdeba erTi Teimurazi, `me momRunes, SeiZleba momtexon, magram ver...rrasodes ver da-mimorCileben, verrra-sodes, gesmiT? ver-rr-asodes meTqi! roca iqneba, me Cems namdvil saTqmels vityvi. is dro mova, mova meTqi~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 351), — ibrZvis meore. instiqturi ZiebiT Sepyrobili personaJidan Teimu-raz xevisTavi àjanyebuli tyvis~ fazaSi Sedis, janyisa da morCilebis gza-gasayarze ki sikvdilis aCrdilia atuzuli.

Teimurazis empirikosi oreulisaTvis Teimurazis cxovreba aRar Rirs, misi yoveldRiuroba imdenad uazroa, rom tanjvac ki usargeblo xdeba: àRaraferi SerCa odesRac udardel Teimurazs, arc cotaodeni qo-neba, arc amodena jafiT naSovni saxeli, arc mamapapeuli saxl-kari, aRarc oriode dRiT ganaxlebuli suli, aRarc odesRac erTguli coli da aRarc xalxis pativi — aRaraferi. aRaraferi!~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 389), èyofa Tei-murazs golgoTis aRmarTi, eyofa!.. eyofa Teimurazs saamqveyno urva da Zvinva, eyo!~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 390). gamosavali sikvdilia, droSi adamianis arsebobis ueWveli sasruli. uZvelesi civilizaciebi, erebi, xalxebi, `yve-lani drom S...SeWama da moinela, xolo drois winaSe ukvdavi araferia. mas-Tan SedarebiT RmerTic ki uZluria~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 322), — CasCiCinebs Teimurazs misi miwas mijaWvuli alter ego, sikvdili samudamod mowyvets Teimurazs amqveyniur jojoxeTs, TviTmkvleloba ixsnis mas wamebisagan... maS, raRad ebRauWeba kldis patara Sverils wylis morevSi gadamxtari xe-visTavi? raRad uxmobs saSvelad gamvlelebs? rad ibrZvis sicocxlisaT-vis? sikvdili jalaTia, romelic pedanturad aRasrulebs drois ganaCens. Tuki TviTmkvleli empirikosi gadasZalavs, Teimurazs ukvalod gaqroba elodeba, gauCinareba, mospoba, magram, Tu dausxlteba sikvdils klanWebi-dan, jer isev bJutavs gadarCenis susti imedi. sikvdili zRvaria, zRvari, romelic realur dros xdis gasagebs, zedroul maradisobas — SesaZle-bels. kvlavac sacnauria analogia: Tu agasferis sasjels ganvixilavT, ro-gorc monaniebisaken mimaval umZimes gzas, maSin Teimurazis gadarCenac xsnisaken gadebuli bewvis xidia. Teimurazi unda gadarCes. es Teimurazis Rirebuli oreulia, Teimurazis winaparTa sisxliT gajirjvebuli naxeva-ri, romelic, ejaxeba ra pirispir sikvdils, gaubedavad, magram mainc iwyebs fiqrs ukvdavebaze, iqneb brinkadan isev Teimurazad iqces, nakacaridan — kacad, xatad RvTisa.... pativayrili Teimurazis sulSi Tumca nel-nela, etap-etap, magram mainc ifrqveva ucxo surneli: `ganiyves samoseli Cemi da kvarTsa zeda iyares wili~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 373). progresi uaRresad sac-nauria: Teimurazi ara mxolod naTlad iazrebs Tavis gaucxoebas garemos-Tan — `mec emigranti var, — gaifiqra, — emigranti Cemive qveyanaSi, ucxoeli Cemive moZmeTa Soris~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 375), aramed grZnobs, rogor `mos-

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wyda codvil qveyanas da miswvda zecier mamas, romelsac karga xans eZebda da mouwodebda~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 374). uflis sityva nagvem suls uamebs Teimurazs, mruSe dedakacis igaviT SeZruli xevisTavi saocar Svebas grZnobs. es Sveba sinanulia, sinanuli da sevda, romelic maRla, zecisaken eweva mas. rwmena umaRles azrs sZens Teimurazis aqamde usargeblo codnas: Teimurazis cnobierebaSi politikis, istoriis, fizikisa Tu agronomiis wignebidan SeZenili codna Rirebulad iwyebs ganzavebas RvTisagan garda-mosuli rwmenis simSvideSi.* mze ixedeba ùmzeo yvavilis~ — Teimurazis — sulSi, ikveTeba xsnis gza, Tumca, sokrates mowodeba `Seican Tavi Seni!~ ad-vilad Sesrulebadi araa gaorebuli xevisTavisTvis. Teimurazis Sinagani konfliqti, brZola oreulebs Soris gadamwyvet fazaSi Sedis da eSmakisa-gan macxovris cdunebis mcdelobis saxarebiseul epizods mogvagonebs: Tu erTi Teimurazi sinanulis gzas Seudgeba, meore daufaravad anTxevs Sxam-sa da gesls, Tu erT Teimurazs usazRvrod uyvars margo da misi `sulieri qmris~, `sulieri Zmis~ tvirTs kisrulobs, meores sZuls da ezizReba moRa-late qalica da misi qalaCuna qmaric, Tu erTi rwmenas daeZebs, meore `ja-yosaviT gaZlierebas~ lamobs, Tu erTi Teimurazi uflis sityvas Seimec-nebs, meore drois Sesafer aT mcnebas Txzavs. vin darCeba gamarjvebuli? drois obieqturi maCveneblebiT Seborkili da sulierad dawylulebuli Teimurazi, Tu rwmenamicemuli, sinanuliT aRvsili, TviTSemecnebis zRvarTan miaxlebuli xevisTavi?

mexsierebis awmyoSi faseuli proeqcirebis gziT Teimurazi Seimecnebs Tavis genetikur fesvebs da irwmunebs sakuTari sulierebis Zalas. am TvalsazrisiT, vfiqrobT, romanis kulminaciur scenas warmoadgens Tei-murazis mier `mZime tvirTis qveS orad moxrili~ margosaTvis tvirTis Ca-morTmevisa da sakuTar zurgze gadmodebis epizodi. es Teimurazis Svebaa, misi Cumi sixaruli, Secnobili bedniereba, romlis winaSec uZluria dro da, e.i., uZluria jayo, uZluria yovelive empiriuli, realuri, obieqturi. Teimurazi aRar aris `rwmeniT ukiduresi radikali da xalxosani~ sazoga-do moRvawe, is axla zRurblTan mdgomi individia, drois sxva ganzomile-bisaken gadanacvlebuli fiqriani personaJi, romelic gaaqtiurebuli Si-nagani temporaluri energiis meSveobiT Segnebulad gadaadgildeba ambiva-lentur liminalur zonaSi da mimarTulia realuri drois alternatiuli temporaluri modelisaken. Teimurazis cxovrebis miznad udavod qceula molodini: margos molodini, monaniebis molodini, ganwmendis molodini, RvTis molodini, rac maradisobasTan misi ziarebis ueWvel wina pirobas warmoadgens. maradiuli zedrouloba Teimurazis Tavisuflebaa, Tavisuf-leba, romliskenac Sinagani momlocvelobis gziT unda wavides xevisTavi, `metaniiT, sasoebiT da cremliT~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 444).

Teimurazis Rameuli locvebi geTsemaniis idumal Rameebs mogvagonebs da, Tu romanis Janris umTavres Rirsebad mxatvrul transformacias mi-

* gansxvavebuli azri am sakiTxze ix. ak. baqraZe, ra aris TaTqariZeoba? // kritikuli gu-lani. Tb.: merani, 1977.

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viCnevT, `jayos xiznebis~ daskvniTi abzaci rogorc personaJis, ise roma-nis temporaluri paradigmis ukiduresi feriscvalebis dasturia:

`kvlav gareT gaixedavs nugeSiscemuli Teimurazi. isev asvetila bnel sivrceSi bneli koSki. im koSkidan kvlav mosCans imedis sanTeli. isev mobrundeba Teimuraz xevisTavi da gulSvebiT gaiRimebs: aRarsad sCanan ZaRlis mZorebi. aRarc maTi suni mosdis imednakrav nakacars. isev elis naqmrevi nacolars. isev dayudebuli Sio mRvimeliviT icdis Teimuraz xevisTavi~ (javaxiS-

vili 1959: 444). Sio mRvimelis saxeba, rogorc freskisa, zedroulis, drouli usazR-

vroebis, maradisobis analogia. z. kiknaZis TvalsazrisiT, `mRvime, ufro ormo, vertikaluri qvabuli, sadac Siom uZravad yofna arCia, im svetis an-tipodia, romelic simeonma aqcia Tavis samyofelad. ufro metic: es Sveu-li mRvime misTvis iakobis kibea, romelmac igi zecis sasufevlamde unda aiyvanos, xolo misma sibnelem dauRamebel sinaTlemde... mRvime, yoveli Rrmuli — miwis saidumloTa gamoxatulebaa da, yovelive, rac miwaSi xdeba, TvalisaTvis miuwvdomelia. adamiani ver xedavs, rogor kvdeba da ixrwneba Tesli, da am kvdomasa da xrwnilebaSi, mis saxecvlilebaSi, rogor ibadeba axali sicocxle... Sio Cadis siRrmeSi, is iTeseba rogorc Tesli, romelmac (fizikurma sxeulma) sulieri nayofi unda gamoiRos~ (kiknaZe 2001: 178-179).

iTeseba Teimurazic, iTeseba, raTa gabrwyindes: `SabaTi rom daRamdebaa, kvira gaTendeba-a....~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 376), mReris Teimurazi. kvira uflis brwyinvale aRdgomis dRe da droze gamarjvebis ueWveli

dasturia: àdamianis gza gadis tanjvaze, jvarsa da sikvdilze, magram mie-marTeba aRdgomisaken. aRdgoma moaswavebs droze gamarjvebas~ (berdiaevi 1995: 151), maradiul mSvidobas omis Semdeg, usazRvroebas, romelSic àRar iqneba dro!~.

* * *

maS, ra aris àw~? da ra aris `merme~? sad aris àw~ da sad aris `merme~?

konceptualuri opozicia aw-aq/merme-iq warmoaCens ara mxolod samyaros

gaazrebis kosmologiur models, aramed adamianis adgilsa da funqcias am

modelSi. Tu elineli brZenebisaTvis àw-aq~ SemosazRvruloba realurad

medini drois identuri cneba iyo, `merme-iq~ ki — maradisobis, qristianul-

ma azrovnebam esqatologiuri siRrme SesZina problemas da erTgvari ka-

tegoriulobiT gansazRvra igi: drois xundebiT Seborkili keisris samya-

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ro sasrulia, zedrouli maradisobiT gabrwyinebuli uflis samyaro —

usasrulo: àmitom ar vcxrebiT, magram Tu garegnuli kaci ixrwneba CvenSi,

Sinagani axldeba dRiTi dRe. vinaidan Cveni msubuqi da xanmokle tanjva

did da mometebul saukuno didebas qmnis CvenTvis. roca vuyurebT ara xi-

luls, aramed uxilavs, vinaidan xiluli droebiTia, xolo uxilavi — sauku-

no~ (2 kor. 4: 16-18), `xolo ufali suli aris, da sadac uflis sulia, iq Ta-

visuflebaa. Cven ki yvelani axdili saxiT vxedavT uflis didebas rogorc

sarkeSi da gardavisaxebiT imave saxed didebidan didebaSi, rogorc uflis

sulisagan~ (2 kor. 3: 17-18).

sikvdilisa da ukvdavebis, droisa da zedroulobis problema v. nabo-

kovisa da m. javaxiSvilis ganxiluli romanebis Zireuli problemaa. samar-

Tlianad SeniSnavda v. nabokovi: `saRi azri gvimtkicebs, rom Cveni arseboba

sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara or bnel samyaros Soris gamomWoli sinaTlis moz-

rdili naprali, magram es Tvalsazrisi aSkarad ironiulia. sibnele drois

myife, Seuvali kedlebiTaa provocirebuli, kedlebiT, romlebic gvaSore-

ben me da Cems brZolisagan dalurjebul muSts zedroulobis Tavisufali

samyarosgan~ (nabokovi 1951: 375).

totalitarizmis epoqaSi moRvawe rogorc erTi, ise meore mwerlis Za-

lisxmeva mudmivad mimarTulia obieqturi drois Tvladi da gazomvadi pa-

rametrebis transformirebisaken drois Sinagan qsovilad, sadac tempora-

luri samyaros individualuri Semecnebis procesi Segnebulad gadaizrde-

ba misive uaryofis, anu sikvdilis winaaRmdegobriv aRqmaSi. sikvdili mxo-

lod imdenad gaxlavT dasasruli, ramdenadac bolo zRvari, romlis miR-

mac droisagan Tavisufali, miRmieri xangrZlivobaa ganfenili. dro maT-

Tvis gare samyaros gaSinagnebul formas warmoadgens da ara ganyenebulad

medin usasrulobas. dro subieqtis prerogativaa, subieqtisa, romelsac

ar surs da ar SeuZlia masaSi gadRveba, pirovnebisa, romelic Tavgamode-biT icavs `me~-s Seuracxyofil Rirsebas `Cven~ nacvalsaxeliT aRniSnul

samyaroSi, Semoqmedisa, romelic gulanTebuli miiwevs idumalebiT mo-

cul, sxva, miRmieri ganzomilebisaken, alternatiuli samyarosken, sadac

ar aris SiSi da tanjva, tyveoba da sikvdili, anu ar aris dro.

4.3. mxatvruli sivrcis liminaluri modelebi da maTi transformaciuli funqcia

romanis `mopatiJeba sikvdilze~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg imTaviTve gansa-kuTrebuli yuradReba miiqcia Txzulebis sivrculma struqturam. nawar-moebis rTul kompoziciur wyobaSi, sadac erTamaneTs monacvleobiT efi-neba droisa da mexsierebis araerTgvarovani Sreebi, sivrce marTlac asru-lebs mravalspeqtriani, mravalwaxnagovani, farTod ganfenili plastis

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funqcias, romlis wiaRSic frTxilad viTardeba mwerlis mier organizebu-li movlenebi. sivrcis funqciis amgvari gaZliereba misi tipologiuri Tvisebebis Semdgomi Seswavlisaken gvibiZgebs.

romani sakmaod mkveTrad iwyeba: cincinat c.-s, `romelsac bralad ede-ba usaSinlesi danaSaulTagani, gnoseologiuri sisaZagle~ (nabokovi 1997a: 80), CurCuliT ucxadeben sasikvdilo ganaCens da, sikvdiliT dasjis molo-dinSi, cixis sakanSi aTavseben. patimrobaSi myofi personaJi itanjeba:

~arada, rarig saguldagulod var gakeTebuli, — fiqrobda wyvdiadSi mtirali cincinati, — ise kargad, ise idumalad aris gamoTvlili Cemi xer-xemlis Runi. wvivebSi imden magrad daxveul verssa vgrZnob, romlebic Se-meZlo kidev gamerbina. Cemi Tavi ise marjved zis~ (nabokovi 1997a: 36).

magram sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sabolooa: cincinati ar hgavs sxva moqalaqeebs, cincinati gamorCeulia da igi unda mokvdes....

zurgs ukan ganvlili cxovrebaa, win — tanjviT sikvdili: ai, amgvar, zne-obriv-fsiqologiur atmosferoSi zaTqiT ingreva romanis sivrculi mTlia-noba, erTiani sivrce Cven Tvalwin qucmacdeba da warmoqmnil peripetiaTa gzajvaredinze dgas mTavari personaJi — cincinati c. sivrce sam nawilad iyo-fa: sivrced, romelSic personaJi imyofeba, anu cixis sakani, sivrced, rome-lic personaJisaTvis miuwvdomelia, anu cixis saknis gareT arsebuli samyaro, da sivrced, romelsac personaJi flobs, anu mis cnobierebaSi aRmocenebuli personaluri sivrculi veli.

am saintereso sivrculi ierarqiis pirveli ori nawili SeiZleba gava-erTianoT terminSi `gare sivrce~, mesame nawili ki aRvniSnoT terminiT `Si-nagani sivrce~.

TiToeuli es sivrculi safexurTagani samyaros Taviseburi mikromo-delis nawilia da savsea yvela SesaZlo sivrculi modeliT, ZiriTadiTa Tu meorexarisxovaniT, romelTa funqciuri datvirTvac zedmiwevniT Seesaba-meba nawarmoebSi warmoqmnil situaciebs.

sivrce, romelSic cincinati c. imyofeba, lokaluria da cixis sakniTaa SemozRuduli. tusaRis sakani, erTi SexedviT, standartulia: oTxi kede-li, rkinis kari `saWadrako etlis msgavsi saTvalTvaloTi~, sawoli, magida, skami, Tixis doqi da `furceli or svetad Camowerili `tusaRTa wesebiT~ (nabokovi 1997a: 28). sivrcis Caketiloba cincinats aSinebs da suls uxu-Tavs: igi usamarTlod aris dasjili, is msxverplia, xelovania, romelsac SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba waarTves: `rogor daviwyo wera, roca arc ki vici, movaswreb Tu vera~ (nabokovi 1997a: 62), — SeZrwunebuli yviris cinci-nati, àse, nacvlad amisa, uneblied gipyrobs banaluri, giJuri ocneba gaq-cevaze, vai, rom, gaqcevaze~ (nabokovi 1997a: 62).

cincinatis sakani fizikurad gazomvadia. `sivrculi manZilis sazomad mudam iTvleba is samuSao, romelic ixarjeba am manZilis dasaZlevad. siv-rcis dasaZlevad daxarjuli samuSao sxvadasxvagvaria da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxvagvarad izomeba. es SeiZleba iyos meqanikuri samuSao, esa Tu is fizikuri procesi an, bolos da bolos, fsiqo-fizikuri samuSaos saxeoba~ (florenski 1993: 12). cincinats fizikuri moZraobiT, mis mier gadadgmuli

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nabijebiT SeuZlia gazomos manZili sakanSi arsebul sagnebsa da kedlebs Soris. manZili umniSvneloa, `sul ramdenime nabiji~, magram cincinati da-uRalavad da regularulad Zlevs mas:

ìdarda, iviSviSa, yvela saxsari gaatkacuna, sawolidan adga, saZulve-li xalaTi Caicva da xetials mohyva. rame axlis aRmoCenis imediT Tavidan gadaikiTxa yvela warwera kedlebze... kvlav gaiar-gamoiara... naRvelia, naR-velia, cincinat, kvlavac iare, cincinat, gamosde xalaTi xan kedlebs, xan skams~ (nabokovi 1997a: 59-60).

reagirebs ra sivrcis yru Caketilobaze, cincinati TiTqos ritmulad brunavs wris garSemo, magram `wreze adamians eSmaki daatarebs~ (averincevi 1977: 93), — acxadebdnen qristiani moZRvrebi, `RvTis mier Seqmnili `wminda istoria~ ki swor xazze midis, midis swor xazze, vinaidan mas mizani aqvs (na-bokovi 1997a: 93).

aqvs ki mizani tusaR cincinats? uTuod aqvs: `tyuilad vimeoreb, rom samyaroSi ar arsebobs TavSesafari... arsebobs!

me vipovi! ayvavebuli sveti udabnoSi! mcire Tovli maRali kldis piras~ (na-bokovi 1997a: 63).

da es mizani yvelaferze metad mniSvnelobs: civ sakanSi Caketil cinci-nats kargad esmis damRupveloba fuWi wrebrunvisa, romelic meTodurad aSorebs mas WeSmariti miznisagan, igi mTeli ZaliT cdilobs gaeqces avbe-diT tyveobas da dauokeblad eZebs xsnis gzas: cixis patara sarkmlidan macduneblad moCans `cis maTxovruli ulufis~ silurje — cincinati ime-diT miiwevs misken:

`cincinatma magrad Semoixvia tanze xalaTi, gamoswia da ukusvliT wa-moaTria sibraziT gamkivari magida: ...zed dadga urCi skami. bolos TviTo-nac aZvra.... magram, rasakvirvelia, veraferi dainaxa. Zlivs miwvda cxaurs, romlis iqiTac damrecad adioda fanjris gvirabi... iq, gverdiT, ...sufTad, agdebulad naweri gaarCia: àraferi Cans, mec vecade~.... cincinati skamidan magidaze Camovida~ (nabokovi 1997a: 40-41), saknis xelixelgadaxveuli ked-lebi usityvod misCerebodnen gawbilebul tusaRs.

swored am kedlebiT aris gamoyofili cincinati danarCeni samyarosa-gan, samyarosagan, romelic cixis saknis miRmaa gadaSlili da personaJis garemomcveli antiutopiuri gare sivrcis nawils warmoadgens. cixis sak-nis miRma arsebuli diqtatoruli samyaro wriseburi topografiiT xasiaT-deba da uneburad mogvagonebs jojoxeTis wreebs, romlebzec xsnis ideiT Sepyrobili cincinati daxetialobs. jojoxeTis wreebi sivrculi opozi-ciis axlos/Sors principiT aris ganlagebuli da Semdegi Tanamimdevro-biT gamoirCeva: cixis gvirabebi, cixesimagre, mdinare, qalaqi, saxli.

vertikalze mimobneuli cixis bneli da civi gvirabebi erTmaneTs kibee-biT ukavSirdeba da savsebiT bunebrivad yalibdeba sivrculi opozicia maR-la/dabla, romelic azustebs mocemuli sivrcis mimarTulebas. am vertika-luri struqturuli skalis problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi orive mxridan Caketilia da personaJis cda, daZlios yru Caketiloba, sruliad

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amaoa. rogorc ki moipovebs xanmokle gaseirnebis uflebas, cincinati iwyebs moZraobas cixis kibeebze da im imediT, rom gasasvlels miagnebs, gulis fan-cqaliT eSveba Zirs. magram es daSveba jojoxeTis wiaRSi Casvlas waagavs:

`kedelSi momcro mwvane kari gaiRo. qvemoT safexurebi Cadioda — maT Se-umCnevlad gairbines fexebqveS. kvlav daiWriala karma; mis ukan wabnelo ga-sasvleli iyo, zandukebiT, tansacmlis karadiT, kedelze miyudebuli kibiTa da navTis mZafri suniT~ (nabokovi 1997a: 165).

gvirabis sivrcisaTvis niSandoblivi bneli gasasvlelebi, uhaeroba da navTis suni misi gaxrwnili mobinadreebis usaxuri galereiT gvirgvinde-ba.... iqiT gza aRar aris, gza mxolod ukan Zevs. cincinati wreze bruns xa-zavs da moZraobis mimarTulebas icvlis: cixis kibeebiT igi axla zemoT mi-emarTeba. gza Soria da mZime, magram uSinaarso: didi xnis wamebis Semdeg cincinati kvlav cixis did terasaze aRmoCndeba. cincinati mwared ganic-dis morig damarcxebas — mas ar xelewifeba avbediTi manZilis daZleva, vi-naidan sapyrobile-cixesimagre, romelSic igi imyofeba, miuval, veeberTe-la kldezea ganlagebuli. cincinati ramdenjerme, kvlavac wreebiT, Semo-uvlis gars terasas da Tavis sakans, sivrculi labirinTis sawyis wertils ubrundeba.

magram, cincinati xom xelovania?! cincinati xom meocnebea?! cincina-ti ase ubralod ver danebdeba: sadRac xom unda iyos gasasvleli?!

`turup, turup, tuk, tuk, tuk... akakunebs, fxaWnis, iyreba, iyreba~ (na-bokovi 1997a: 129). sunTqvaSekruli cincinati yurs ugdebs gabmul, yru, si-CumeSi gaxmianebul kakuns: sadRac viRaca raRacas Txris.... cincinati us-mens `mTeli Tavi smenad gadaiqca, mTeli sxeuli — daZagrul gulad... xma saidanRac qvemodan modis... ara, ufro zemodan, ara, mainc qvemodan — TiT-qos kedlis iqiT, iatakis doneze didi Tagvi ifxoWneba rkinis brWyalebiT~ (nabokovi 1997a: 129). cincinati mudam sixaruliT iziarebs ucnobi mSrome-lis Rameul saidumloebas, mTrTolvare lodiniT ayuradebs sanatrel ka-kuns, romelic sul ufro `magari da zusti xdeba... diax, es swored masTan modian, misi xsna undaT~ (nabokovi 1997a: 140). mTavaria, gavides am Caketili sivrcidan, mTavaria Tavi daaRwios labirinTs, Semdeg ki, Semdeg cincinat-ma icis, rogorc mouaros Tavisuflebas.... sanukvari kakuni moqmedebs, ro-gorc saswauli, rogorc imedi, rogorc mSvenieri musika. da ai, kakuni gru-xunad iqca, ai, daemxo raRac Sinagani zRude, ai, saknis yviTeli kedeli ìata-kidan erTi arSinis simaRleze gaxaza elviseburma napralma, Signidan gamoi-bera da uecrad quxiliT gaipo~ (nabokovi 1997a: 157). cincinati daoTxili gauyva bnel gvirabs, `yoveli mxridan uWerda, xerxemalze awveboda, xelis-gulebSi, muxlebSi esoboda gafantuli tkacuniT savse ukuni wyvdiadi... mag-ram ai, viwro naxSiriviT Sav wyvdiadSi xangrZlivi xoxvis Semdeg... siviwro-vis, sibrmavis, uhaerobis Semdeg — Sors gamoCnda momrgvalebuli mkrTali sinaTle: iq mosaxvevi iyo da bolos — gasasvleli~ (nabokovi 1997a: 159). mag-ram es gasasvleli ki ara, fsevdogasasvlelia, crugasasvleli, antiutopiu-ri samyarosaTvis niSandoblivi fsevdokarnavalis morigi punqti: gvirabis

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bolos anaTebs ara sasurveli, Ria sivrce, aramed cixis sxva saknis susti si-naTle, saknisa, romelSic cincinatis jalaTi batoni pieri imyofeba.

batoni pieri cincinatis sivrculi oreulia. binaruli wyvilis cinci-nati-pieri warmoSoba sivrcis konceptualur dualizms ukavSirdeba da Te-maturi dapirispirebis `keTili sivrce~/`boroti sivrce~ Sedegia. am ori personaJis dawyvilebas maTi alfabeturi ikonografia gvamcnobs. cincina-tis saxelis sawyisi asoa `c~, rusulad — `Ц~: cincinati c. anu Цинцинат Ц., cc anu ЦЦ. pieris saxelis sawyisi asoa `p~, rusulad — `П~: petre petres Ze anu Петр Петрович, pp anu ПП. sruliad cxadia, rom Tu ar CavTvliT patara kuds, romelic aso `Ц~-s aqvs datanebuli, es ori aso erTmaneTis sapirispiro gra-fikul gamosaxulebas warmoadgens: Ц / П da qmnis opozicias maRla/dabla. am TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa romanis me-17 Tavi, sadac sikvdilmisjil cinci-natsa da mis jalaTs fsevdokarnavalur bal-maskarads uwyoben niRbebs amo-farebuli diqtatoruli reJimis mesveurni da maT inicialebs milionobiT naTurisagan anaTeben: `sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi anaTebda milionobiT naTu-ra... raTa Ramis landSaftSi Seqmniliyo grandiozuli rkali `p~-sa da `c~-sgan, romelic mTlad kargi ar gamovida~ (nabokovi 1997a: 187). gaCaxCaxebuli rkali grafikuli TvalsazrisiT unda qmnides formas — ПЦ, rac udavod miu-TiTebs am or personaJs Soris arsebul principul kavSirze.

cincinatis jalaTi batoni pieri mrude sarkeSi areklili cincinatis oreulia, misi gamrudebuli, damaxinjebuli, eSmakeuli asli. am orazrova-ni kombinaciis arsebobas naTlad migvaniSnebs personaJTa sivrculi velis Tanxvedra: batoni pieri da cincinati erTi qalaqis mkvidrni da erTi cixis patimrebi arian, isini erTad adian eSafotzec. gansxvavebas mxolod siv-rcesTan maTi mimarTeba qmnis: batoni pieri arsebul, mrude sivrceze mya-rad damagrebuli figuraa, misi organuli nawili, cincinati ki — meamboxe, sxva, alternatiuli sivrcis ZiebiT Sepyrobili gmiri. oreulis erTi bo-lo statikuria, meore — dinamikuri, Sesabamisad, darRveulia wonasworo-bis yvela maCvenebeli: struqturuli da zneobrivi.

gansxvavebiT cincinatisagan, romelic sulier faseulobebs aris nazi-arebi, batoni pieris miswrafebani amqveyniur siamovnebebs ar scdeba. upir-velesia `siyvaruliT siamovneba, — acxadebs batoni pieri, — romelic miiR-weva erT-erTi yvelaze lamazi da sasargeblo fizikuri varjiSis Sedegad... Semdegia xelovnebis nimuSiT siamovneba, rodesac samxatvro galereasa an muzeumSi Tvals ver wyvetT romelime pikantur torss — samwuxarod, brin-jaos an marmarilosas... gastronomiuli siamovneba... uyureT: yasabi da misi Segirdebi moaTreven Rors, romelic ise Wyivis, TiTqos Wriano, ager — la-maz TefSze TeTri qoni brwyinavs; ager — sufris Rvino, wiTeli; ager — Tevzi~... (nabokovi 1997a: 150-152-153). rogorc cnobilia, qristianuli tra-dicia satanas `xorcis mefed~ Seracxavs, `fizikuri simaxinjisa da mora-luri borotebis sinTezad~ (rudvini 1931: 37).

dapirispireba baton piersa da cincinats Soris principul saxes iRebs da uneburad gvagonebs eSmakisa da ieso qristes Sepirispirebis cnobil epizods saxarebidan.

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`momendeT, me gamocdili var, — mimarTavs cincinats batoni pieri, — Tqvenze ukeT vicnob cxovrebasac da xalxsac... CemTvis mTavaria, rom Tqveni sulis erTi Crdilis moZraobac ki ar gamomeparos~... (nabokovi 1997a: 161).

cdunebis mcdeloba erTgvari TamaSis xasiaTs atarebs. `nebismieri sa-xis TamaSi Tavisi gansazRvruli wesebiTa da ritualebiT, agreTve, erTma-neTTan dapirispirebuli partniorebiT saTanado metaforaa im specialu-ri urTierTobisaTvis, romelic oreulebs Soris warmoiqmneba... moTamaSe-ebs Soris konfliqti, TamaSis dinamika warmoadgens yofis uwyvet brZolas, warmarTuls im Zalebis mimarT, romlebic `me~-s damarcxebas eswrafvian~ (domerge 1985: 282-283). TamaSis specifika gansazRvrulia: erTi mxare cdi-lobs daipyros, daCagros, daamarcxos meore, romelic an medgar winaaR-mdegobas uwevs mas, anac Tmobs pozicias.

`moinanie, cincinat, — urCeven cincinats gareSeni, — daTme. iqneb gapa-tion? a?~ (nabokovi 1997a: 108);

`yvelaferze uari Tqvi, — evedreba cincinats marfinka, — Tqvi, rom damnaSave ara xar... daTme~ (nabokovi 1997a: 196);

àra, amas raRac ar esmis, — SfoTavs cixis direqtori, — ar esmis, rom Tuki gulaxdilad aRiarebs... Tavis danaSauls, xo, danaSauls... maSin raRac Soreuli imedi mainc...~ (nabokovi 1997a: 154). cincinati ki ar Tmobs. igi TavganwirviT eTamaSeba baton piers.

`gindaT Wadraki?~ — ekiTxeba cincinats batoni pieri da saWadrako da-fas ori mowinaaRmdege ujdeba. batoni pieri, miuxedavad aTasgvari maqinaci-ebisa, TamaSs agebs, magram isteriulad hyviris: ès ara, sxva ram viTamaSoT, sxva ram viTamaSoT~ (nabokovi 1997a: 146). cincinati axla kamaTlebs agorebs Tavis mrude oreulTan erTad da kvlav igebs TamaSs. batoni pieri ar Tmobs da damalobanas sTavazobs Tavis partniors. batoni pieri romanSi ganfenili dausrulebeli fsevdokarnavalis aqtiuri konstataa, xolo tyuili, Tval-Tmaqcoba, flidoba qristianuli gagebiT sataniseulTan pirovnebis udavo kavSirs miuTiTebs. personaJTa ormxrivi TamaSi realurad aris brZola TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis, iseve rogorc brZola `samoTxisa da jojoxeTis mbrZaneblebs Soris, aris maradiuli brZola damkvidrebisaTvis~ (120,130).

àra ucxo, saSineli biZia, aramed keTili megobari, miexmareba mas (cin-cinats — i. r.) avides wiTel safexurze da uSiSrad momendos me, — samaradi-sod, mTeli sikvdilis manZilze!~ (nabokovi 1997a: 146) — sTavazobs cinci-nats batoni pieri. cincinati SeTavazebas ar iRebs:

`ratom hyarxarT ase Zalian?~ (nabokovi 1997a: 147) — zizRiT ekiTxeba cincinati piers. òjaxSi mogvdgams~ (nabokovi 1997a: 147), — uxsnis mas ba-toni pieri, — `fexebi gvisivdeba. riTi ar davizile, magram araferi mSve-lis~ (nabokovi 1997a: 147)... `sunTqva ar SemiZlia~ (nabokovi 1997a: 147), — am-bobs cincinati da keTrovaniviT Sordeba satanasTan wilnayar mosaubres.

cincinatis realoba ganwirulia: sivrculi veli `sapyrobile-cixesi-magre~ — uxdomilebo, yovelmxriv CixebiT SemozRuduli sivrculi modelia.

jojoxeTis Semdegi wrea mdinare:

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`Sors qvemoT, sadac mwuxri ukve Calagda, nislis talRebSi Zlivs Can-da xidis moxatuli kuzi, iqiT ki, meore mxares, kvamliani, lurji qalaqi~ (nabokovi 1997a: 163-164).

sivrculi modeli `xidi-mdinare” erTgvari sasazRvro zolia, rome-lic cixesimagres qalaqisagan gamoyofs. magram am sivrculi modelis para-doqsuloba is aris, rom `gameCxerebuli~ mdinare àmozneqili xidiT~ mkvdaria: masSi wyali ar dgas.

mxatvruli sivrcis erTi ZiriTadi niSanTagani misi savseobis xasiaTia. sivrcis auvsebloba avtomaturad auqmebs manZilisa da am manZilis dasaZ-levad Zal-Ronis xarjvis aucileblobas, ris Sedegadac sivrce rCeba ga-ucnobierebeli, da, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, ufunqcio. mdinaris sivrce carieli sivrcea.

mdinaris miRma ganlagebulia qalaqi, sadac, gaumWvirvali cincinatisa-gan gansxvavebiT, gamWvirvale adamianebi binadroben. iqmneba opozicia gam-Wvirvale/gaumWvirvali, romelic ukve arsebiTad aucxoebs cincinats qala-qis sivrcul modelTan. sivrculi modeli `qalaqi~, romelSic gamWvirvale adamianebi cxovroben, statikuria. opozicia dinamikuri/statikuri aq aSka-rad ukanasknelis sasargeblod yalibdeba. qalaqi mzis gulze naxevarwredaa ganlagebuli da misi sivrculi veli, garkveuli azriT, izotropulia.

`sxvadasxvaferi saxlebi xan swor mwkrivebad idgnen... xan sakuTar Crdilebs adgamdnen fexs da mruded micocavdnen daRmarTze... Crdiloe-TiT veli gawoliliyo... stropis mosaxvevs iqiT moCanda naxevrad gabzaru-li moxazuloba aerodromisa da nagegoba, sadac hyavdaT pativsacemi, daCa-Canakebuli... TviTmfrinavi, romelsac zogjer dResaswaulebze uSvebdnen — umTavresad xeibarTa gasarTobad. nivTiereba daiRala. tkbilad Tvlemda dro~ (nabokovi 1997a: 354).

gansacvifrebelia sivrcis ucvleloba yvela mimarTulebiT: `mixrwnili, saSineli cxenebi, romelTac ukve didi xania aRar akvirvebT

jojoxeTis RirsSesaniSnaobani, fabrikebidan qalaqis gasacem adgilebSi ezi-debian saqonels... maradiuli Sadrevani kapitan mZinaras mavzoleumTan qveviT eSveba da farTod rwyavs qvis kapitans, bareliefs mis spilosebur fexebTan~ (nabokovi 1997a: 81-82).

isic ki, rac odnav moZraobs am statikur velze, daTrgunulia sayo-velTao moTenTilobiT da aqronulobis kanons emorCileba. qalaqis siv-cruli modeli ucxoa cincinatisTvis, Tumca iq misi saxli mdebareobs.

`saxli~ SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc sivrce, romelSic Tavsdebian personaJebi. saxlSi cxovroben. saxli erTgvari navTsayudelia, romelTanac yovelTvis SeiZleba micurde da Tavi Seafaro. cincinatis saxli Sors aris misgan, radgan cincinati cixis sakanSi imyofeba, saxli ki — qalaqSi. magram opozicias Sors/axlos aq sruliad SefardebiTi xasiaTi aqvs: saxli arasodes yofila axlos cincinatTan, maSinac ki, roca igi saxlSi cxovrobda. cincina-tiseuli `saxlis~ cnebas upirispirdeba àrasaxlis~ cneba, àrasaxlisa~, ro-melic mxolod Tavs aCvenebs saxlad, realurad ki — ara sacxovrebeli, ara ke-ra, ara ojaxia, romelmac didi xania dakarga saxlobis, siyvarulis, erTgule-bisa da Tavdadebis Tvisebebi.

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ùkve aRar SemiZlia avawyo marfinka imgvari saxiT, rogoric pirvelad vnaxe... `coli gyavT — Cumi da wynari, Tumca mwared ikbineba~, — miTxra misma pirvelma, dauviwyarma sayvarelma... erTxel ki davinaxe, davinaxe — aivni-dan... davinaxe da mas Semdeg arc erT oTaxSi ar Sevsulvar ise, rom Sori-danve ar gamefrTxilebina Cemi mosvlis Sesaxeb — xvelebiT, uazro SeZaxi-lebiT... mudmivi wameba~... (nabokovi 1997a: 71-72).

cincinatis ojaxuri idiliis rRveva antiutopiisaTvis niSandoblivi individualurobis destruqciis Sedegia, colis usasrulo Ralati — èr-Tianobisa~ da `moziareobis~ antimoraluri kanonis moqmedebis dasturi. `saxli~ iwvevs asociacias àntisaxlisa~, ucxo, satanuri sivrcisa, romel-Sic batonobs sicrue, WuWyi, boroteba. àntisaxli~ fsevdococxlebis, pa-rodiebis lokaluri TavSesafaria, sadac zneobrivi atmosfero nuls utoldeba. es saxli ganwirulia gasaCanageblad da dasaRupavad, rac aR-sruldeba kidec nawarmoebis dasasruls:

`marfinka unayofo vaSlis xis totebSi ijda da cxvirsaxocs iqnevda, me-zobel baRSi ki... daWyletilcilindriani safrTxobela aqanavebda saxelurs. saxlis kedeli, gansakuTrebiT im adgilas, sadac uwin foTlebis Crdili Tama-Sobda, ucnaurad CamoSliliyo, saxuravis nawilic mTlianad iyo mongreuli~ (nabokovi 1997a: 211).

cincinatis antisaxli Caketili, lokaluri sivrcea, romelSic SeuZ-lebelia xdomileba.

amrigad, wriseburi gare sivrcis yvela ZiriTadi, ganmsazRvreli kvanZi — cixis sakani, cixis gvirabebi, mdinare, qalaqi da saxli — negatiurobis mkveTri niSniT aris aRbeWdili. sivrculi modelebis ricxobrivi mravalferovneba ar Seesabameba maT funqciur mravalferovnebas: isini ara mxolod sruli gaCanage-bisa da butaforiulobis suraTs qmnian, aramed funqciuradac aRar warmoad-genen sivrces — qreba urTierTkavSirisa da mimarTulebis uaRresad mniSvne-lovani maCveneblebi, sivrce kargavs Sinagan uwyvetobas da qaosad iqceva.

cincinats, xelovan-tusaRs, esmis am brtyel, horizontalur sivrcul velze misi gadaadgilebis umiznoba: man Tavi unda daaRwios qaoss da gax-snili suliT SeuerTdes mowesrigebul, harmoniul, vrcel kosmosur siv-rces, magram rogor? ra gziT? cincinats xom ar SeuZlia ubralod gaqres — haerSi gaibnes, anda sinaTlis sxivis naperwklebad iqces?!

iqmneba globaluri sivrculi opozicia qaosi/kosmosi. `qaosi~, rome-lic samyarosa da adamianis Seqmnas uZRoda win, Tavidanve moaswavebda `diad sicarieles~, maSin rodesac cneba `kosmosi~ ZvelTaganve `wesrigis~ sazriss inarCunebda. magram `wesrigis~ cneba kacobriobam mravalgzis xe-laxla gaiazra: sainteresoa, ra wesrigisaken iswrafis cincinati?

`TiTqos Rrublian dRes wevxar TvaldaxuWuli, — ucbad Seirxeva sib-nele quTuToebze, TandaTan gadadis mibnedil RimilSi, Semdeg ki Cndeba bednierebis cxeli SegrZneba da ici: Rrublebidan mze gamocurda. ai, aseTi SegrZnebiT iwyeba Cemi samyaro: TandaTan iwmindeba dabinduli haeri, da iseTi sxiviani, caxcaxa sikeTea masSi CaRvrili, ise imarTeba welSi Cemi su-li mSobliur savaneSi...~ (nabokovi 1997a: 99).

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sinaTlisa da sikeTisaken — ai, saiT garbis cincinati, magram miznis mi-saRwevad man moZraobis mimarTuleba unda Secvalos da cincinatic, xsnis ZiebiT anTebuli, nel-nela inacvlebs Sinagani sivrcis saintereso samya-roSi, samyaroSi, romelic personaJis warmosaxvaSi yalibdeba da sivrcis liminalur models warmoadgens. cixis SiSveli kedlebiT Seqmnili sivrcu-li sazRvari kargavs realur saxes da cincinatis cnobierebas emorCileba: sazRvris ukiduresi elastiuroba da moqniloba did Tavisuflebas aniWebs gmiris moZraobas — cincinati `sxeulis gareT~ araerTxel gadalaxavs sazRvris dabrkolebas da Tavisi sanatreli ocnebebisa da mogonebebis sam-yaroSi xvdeba. avbediTi wre iSleba: cincinatis usazriso wriuli moZraoba TandaTan gardaiqmneba personaJis cnobierebis SigniT mimdinare spiralur moZraobad da sqematurad asaxavs gmiris realuri gamocdilebis rTul ur-TierTkveTas ukve gancdilTan da sasurvelTan, rodesac sruliad bavSvma, `fanjris dabal rafaze amZvralma... kaeSnianma, dabneulma, ugrZnobelma da umankom~, uneblieT gaabija `fumfula haerSi~.

ai, swored Soreul warsulSi gancdili es ambivalenturi samyaro izi-davs patimar cincinats da tkbil ocnebebs uRviZebs Tavisuflebaze.

mizani Zlevs cincinats, SiSi ukan ixevs da spiralze moZraoba Tanda-Tan swordeba: cincinati yuradRebiT akvirdeba `mrude sarkeebis~ kanons, romelsac mas ase ucnaurad acnobs deda, cecilia c.:

davuSvaT, arsebobda koleqcia àbsoluturad uazro sagnebisa: iseTi uformo, Wreli, daCvretili, dalaqavebuli,... sarkes, romelic absolutu-rad amaxinjebda Cveulebriv sagnebs, namdvili sazrdo eZleoda, e.i. rode-sac Tqven gaugebar da maxinj sagans ise dadebdiT, rom igi gaugebar da ma-xinj sarkeSi arekliliyo, SesaniSnavi ram gamodioda, ara araze hos iZleo-da, ... uformo siWrelisagan sarkeSi saocari mwyobri siuJeti iqmneboda: yvavilebi, xomaldi, figura, raRac peizaJi~ (nabokovi 1997a: 136-137).

cincinati iWers sarkesTan Tavis msgavsebas: sarkes gamWvirvale zeda-piri aqvs da gaumWvirvali zurgi — aseTivea cincinatic: misi araCveuleb-rivad TeTri saxe, Txeli, TiTqos gamWvirvale kani da sxiviani Tvalebi mSvenivrad uTavsdeba mis garegnul gaumtarobas. cincinati kisrulobs sarkis eSmakur rols, man icis, rom òptikuri tyuilebis rTuli sistemis~ gamoyenebiT saZulveli adamianebi da landSaftebic ki SeiZleba sakvirvel gardatexas daeqvemdebaron: samyaro SeiZleba aRmoCndes gakeTilSobile-buli, gasulierebuli, gacocxlebuli. Sedegic ar agvianebs: mZinare qalaq-Si ganfenili nisliani `Tamaris baRebi~ cincinatis cnobierebaSi myisve gardaiqmnebian personaJis Sinagan sivrcul oazisad, romelic frTebs as-xams mis gafrenas. gafrena, anu Ria moZraoba zemoT — ai, erTaderTi, magram naRdi gasasvleli fataluri labirinTidan, ai, gza kosmosisaken, wesrigi-saken, Tavisuflebisaken! da cincinati, darwmunebuli gare samyaros uni-Wobisa da sicarielesTan brZolis uazrobaSi, SesaniSnavad acnobierebs Tavisi gafrenis fass — es aris sikvdili! xsnis gza sikvdilze gadis. sik-vdils, da mxolod mas, ZaluZs gamoglijos cincinati realobis borkilebs da sanukvar samyaroSi gadaaadgilos. cincinati gadawyvetilebas iRebs, igi

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mzadaa, igi `gamowrTobilia~, mas `TiTqmis ar aSinebs... sikvdili... sikvdiliT dasja... tkivili... ganSoreba~ (nabokovi 1997a: 201), mas wasvla surs...

dagrexil spiralze cincinatis moZraobaSi mkveTrad warmoCindeba swori xazi, spiralis traeqtoria vertikalur mimarTulebas iZens da per-sonaJis gadaadgilebis veqtoruloba misi eTikuri srulyofis xarisxsac gamoxatavs. cincinati kosmosis Tanaziaria — kosmosis Canasaxi TviT masSi Zevs: igi gansxvavebulia, gamorCeuli, araCveulebrivi, `me is var, vinc cocxalia Tqvens Soris~ (nabokovi 1997a: 62)...

cincinatis Sinagani sivrce moculobiTia da globaluri, igi ara marto misi mogonebebisa da ocnebebis nayofia, aramed — misi faruli codnis Sede-gic: `me raRac vici, raRac vici, magram rarig Znelia misi gamoTqma! ara, ar SemiZlia~... (nabokovi 1997a: 96). Sinaganad gaZlierebuli cincinati Tavs aR-wevs sazizRar labirinTs da ukve Soridan akvirdeba, rogor irRveva antiu-topiuri samyaros horizontalurad ganfenili fsevdokarnavaluri sivrce:

ìrgvliv ucnauri dabneuloba sufevda... cota ram-Ra darCeniliyo moednisagan. eSafoti didi xania Caiqca mowiTalo mtvris RrubelSi... waq-ceuli xeebi Zirs ganrTxmuliyvnen, Tvinier yovelgvari reliefisa, zezeu-rad mdgarni ki, isinic gabrtyelebulni, simrgvalis iluziis Sesaqmnelad gverdebze Cayolebuli CrdilebiT, totebiT zeciT dafxrewil bades epo-tinebodnen, yovelive irRveoda, yovelive iqceoda... mSrali ukuni qroda!~ (nabokovi 1997a: 217-218).

gvagondeba cnobili suraTi `gamocxadebidan~, `cis varskvlavebi miwa-ze Camocvivdnen, rogorc Zlieri qariT Serxeuli leRvis xe dayris umwi-far leRvs. ca gadaikarga dagragnili wigniviT~ (ioanes gamocxadeba 1990: 13) da sruliad aSkara xdeba romanis sivrculi modelis esqatologiuri transformacia.

dinamikurad, Tanamimdevrulad, logikurad viTardeba sivrculi struqtura romanisa `mopatiJeba sikvdilze~. cincinati c., romelic Txzulebis dasawyisSi msxverpli da sikvdilmisjilia, romanis bolos ga-marjvebulad da msajulad gvevlineba da uyoymanod erwymis Tavis saocne-bo samyaros.

* * *

`spirali gansulierebuli wrea. masSi gaxsnili da gaTavisuflebuli wre wyvets Tavis codvian arsebobas. feradi spirali SuSis burTulaSi — ai, Cemi cxovrebis modeli~, — werda v. nabokovi avtobiografiul wignSi ìla-parake, mexsierebav!~ (nabokovi 1951: 23).

~Bend Sinister~ — 1943 wels aseTi ucnauri da sakamaTo dasaxelebiT Seema-ta v. nabokovis qmnilebaTa ricxvs kidev erTi romani. intriga saTaurSive iyo Cadebuli: ~Bend Sinister~, erTi mxriv, ukanonod Sobils niSnavda, meore mxriv ki — avbediT klaknils. kritikosebisa da mkiTxvelebis winaSe gaCenil Tavsatexs isev v. nabokovma mohfina naTeli oci wlis Semdeg: `termini ~Bend

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Sinister~ heraldikaSi niSnavs zRvars an klaknils, gavlebuls marcxniv... sa-Tauris SerCeva iyo mcdeloba, Semeqmna warmodgena siluetze, texil gamo-saxulebaze, sarkeSi damaxinjebul realobaze, gzidan gadavardnil si-cocxleze, avbediTad ybadaRebul samyaroze~ (nabokovi 1993b: 487). klakni-li, gavlebuli adamiansa da realobas Soris, realursa da irealurs Soris, klaknili, rogorc personaJis mier gancdili zRvari.

nawarmoebis sivrculi modelis TvalSisacemi ornamentuloba da geo-metriuli figurebis simravle grafikulad gamoxatavs mwerlis mier rea-lobis gaazrebis dualistur koncefcias.

romanis ~Bend Sinister~ fabula wvimis gubidan aRmocendeba: `mogrZo gube uxeS asfaltSia Cadgmuli, rogorc fantastikuri kvali talaxiT dafaruli fexisa, rogorc niCbisagan datovebuli mTvare, romlis miRmac Zirs ganfeni-li ca moCans. vatyob, igi garSemortymulia Savi sisveliT, romelsac ramde-nime mowyenili mkvdari foToli miswepebia, jer kidev manamde CaZiruli gu-beSi, vidre igi axlandel zomaze amoSreboda~ (nabokovi 1993a: 305)... fabulis aseTi moulodneli Canasaxi sruliad bunebrivad moCans v. nabokovisaTvis Cveuli stilis fonze. nabokovis fabulaTa umravlesoba xom SemTxveviTi asociaciebis nayofia — sicarielidan gamosrolili meteori, sinaTlis sus-ti sxivi, sityvis an frazis daboloeba. ~Bend Sinister~-ic TiTqos SeumCnevlad formirdeba wvimis gubisagan, romelic gawelil wrewirs miagavs da subTema-turad mTeli romanis manZilze meordeba: meoTxe TavSi igi melnis wveTad transformirdeba, mexuTe TavSi — laqis formis tbad, me-11 TavSi — daqceul rZed, me-12 TavSi — dagubebul azrad, me-18 TavSi — svel nafexurad, romanis bolo abzacSi ki — sivrcis gamWvirvale qsovilze datovebul anabeWdad. fi-guris es erTgvari reinkarnacia SemTxveviTi movlena ar aris, igi kompozi-ciurad amTlianebs romans da simbolurad miuTiTebs im realobis wriul Ca-ketilobaze, romelSic cxovrobs romanis mTavari personaJi — adam krugi.

filosofosi adam krugi warmosaxuli qveynis moqalaqea, qveynisa, sadac

revoluciam daamarcxa respublika, batonobs totalitaruli reJimi da yove-

live progresuli Tu gamorCeuli sastikad ikrZaleba kanoniT. sazRvrebi da-

ketilia, qveyana politikur izolaciaSia moqceuli da emorCileba fiqciuri

reJimis — ekvilizmis — kanonebs. swored aq iCens Tavs pirveli geometriuli

figura — wre, romelic grafikulad asaxavs qveynis daxSul sivrces. qveynis

pirobiTi topografia wriulia, iseTive wriuli, rogorc wvimis gube an mel-

nis laqa. ekvilizmi anu `sayovelTao gaTanabrebis~ diqtatura, romelic

kravs sivrcis wriul formas, komunizmisa da nacizmis erTgvar sinTezs war-

moadgens. komunizmis niSan-simboloa wiTeli droSa, romelic àmayad fria-

lebs qalaqis meriis Tavze~ da qveynis erTpirovnuli diqtatoris, padukis pa-

tivsacemad saxeldebuli qalaqi padukgradi, rac Zalian miagavs lenini-le-

ningradis kombinacias. sagulisxmoa agreTve centraluri gazeTis dasaTau-

reba — èkvilisti~, rac komunisturi reJimis mTavari ideologiuri gamoce-

mis — `komunistis~ — dasaTaurebas gvagonebs. simbolikis doneze sacnauria

nacisturi reJimic. amis saukeTeso dadasturebaa wiTel droSaze gamoxatu-

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li ekvilizmis emblema, àxali mTavrobis emblema, Zalian msgavsi gaWyletili

da danakuwebuli, magram mainc mqSinavi obobasi~ (nabokovi 1993a: 328), rome-

lic nacisturi svastikis grafikul analogias warmoadgens. komunistur-na-

cisturi simbolika gamyarebulia diqtatoruli reJimisaTvis niSandoblivi

sxva maxasiaTeblebiTac: bneli da saSiSi quCebiT, sadac gauTaveblad ismis

srolis xma, daxveuli, WuWyiani gzebiT, erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli xidebiT,

uxeSi peizaJebiT, SeSinebuli xalxiT. qveyana sayovelTao gaTanabrebis dam-

Rupveli impulsiT Sepyrobili antiutopiuri sivrcis bneleTSia CaZiruli:

`Cven bednierad da amayad movabijebT masebTan erTad, — acxadebs ekvilizmi, —

brma materiam moiSora vardisferi saTvale, romelic gonis grZel cxvirs am-

Svenebda... orma Tvalma, visac ar unda ekuTvnodes isini, rom Sexedos Ceqmas,

orive erTsa da imave Ceqmas dainaxavs, radgan sagnis gamosaxuleba oriveSi iq-

neba erTnairi~ (nabokovi 1993a: 417). erTi yalibisaken mouwodeben xalxs sain-

formacio saSualebebi: `Cven gvjera, rom erTaderTi WeSmariti xelovneba

disciplinis xelovnebaa... Cven gviyvars Cveni sxeuli, romelic Cven gvekuT-

vnis, magram ufro metad gviyvars Cveni mmarTveli, romelic ganasaxierebs am

sxeuls Cveni drois farglebSi~ (nabokovi 1993a: 429). erTianobis principiTaa

gaJRenTili satransporto saSualebebic: avtobusidan mgzavris Casvla gaCe-

rebaze akrZalulia, Tu sami mgzavri mainc ar Cadis erTad. àmieridan... gza

bednierebisaken xsnilia, — mouwodebs masebs diqtatori paduki, — Tqven mas

povebT erTmaneTTan kavSirSi... maSin, roca Tqvens grZnobas da gonebas harmo-

niuli umravlesobis grZnobas da gonebas daukavSirebT... hpovebT maSin, roca

Tqvens pirovnebas mamacurad gaaerTianebT saxelmwifosTan... Tqveni indivi-

dualobebi urTierTSenacvlebadi gaxdeba da, cixis saknis nacvlad, Tqveni

suli sxvaTa sulebs Seerwymeba... TiToeuli Tqvengani povebs TavSesafars ne-

bismieri sxva moqalaqis Sinagan `me~-Si, manam sanam ar dagaviwydebaT vin xarT

Tqven, petre Tu ioane~ (nabokovi 1993a: 377). sruliad cxadia, rom ekvilizmi,

rogorc komunizmisa da nacizmis niSan-TvisebaTa gamamTlianebeli brutalu-

ri reJimi, nawarmoebSi udavod amkvidrebs totalitarizmiT gaJRenTil, bru-

talur, Caketil sivrces. sivrce brtyeli da wriulia.

magram sivrcis geometriuloba romanis mxolod zogadsqematur done-

ze rodia sacnauri, igi personaJTa personaluri sivrcis aqtiur fons da

moZraobis simbolur paradigmas warmoadgens. am TvalsazrisiT, yuradRe-

bas ipyrobs romanis mTavari personaJi adam krugi.

`krug~ rusulad `wres~ niSnavs, àdam krugi~ SeiZleba gaazrebul iq-

nes, rogorc àdam wre~. adam krugi anu personaJi-wre konkretuli, yovel-

mxriv daxSuli, wriuli sivrcis tyvea. aanalizebs ra realobis absurdu-

lobas da garemomcveli sivrcis avbediTobas, personaJi mkveTrad emijneba

mas da saimedod iketeba sakuTar TavSi. padukis agitaciis miuxedavad, adam

krugi acxadebs:

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`me ar mainteresebs politika... me minda marto darCena~ (nabokovi 1993a: 306).

iqmneba sivrculi opozicia Sida sivrce/gare sivrce da sruliad Tvalsa-Cino geometriuli kombinacia: wreSi Caxatuli wre, erTi wre meoreSi, daxSu-li wre, romlis epicentrsac adam krugis SemoqmedebiTi goni warmoadgens:

sqema naTelia: sityvaTa TamaSidan aRmocenebuli personaJi-wre sabediswe-rod iketeba totalitaruli garemos wriul vakuumSi da romanis TiToeu-li Tavi aris cda avbediTi wridan misi gaTavisuflebisa. gaTavisuflebis cda, rogorc moqmedeba, ukavSirdeba moZraobis aqts. moazrovne adam kru-gi daxSuli struqturuli dilemis erTaderTi moZravi wertilia. moZravi wertilis cneba upirispirdeba uZravi wertilis cnebas. Tu uZravi werti-li — uZravi personaJi — Tavisuflad Tavsdeba mocemuli mikrosamyaros CarCoebSi, moZravi wertili — moZravi personaJi — cdilobs daangrios siv-rcis gamyarebuli klasifikacia da gadainacvlos mis variantul saxesxvao-baSi. magram adam krugis moZraobis traeqtorias sivrceSi erTTavad gan-sazRvravs misi wriuli forma: personaJis moZraoba wriul sivrceSi grafi-kuli TvalsazrisiT Caketili da SemosazRvruli, azrobrivad ki uSedegoa. adam krugi uSedegod moZraobs wreSi Caketil Sekrul texilze: ra mimar-TulebiTac ar unda wavides igi — gadakveTos qalaqis ori nawilis Semaer-Tebeli xidi, gaemgzavros qalaqgareT Tu gaiseirnos SvilTan erTad, — adam krugi ucvlelad ubrundeba moZraobis sawyis wertils, Tavis saxls. wreSi Caketili personaJi-wre grZnobs msgavsi moZraobis damRupvelobas da cdilobs daixsnas Tavi, gaeqces realobas, gadainacvlos im sxva, Tavisufal sivrceSi, romelic wris miRmaa ganfenili. moZraoba iZens aqtivobis ele-ments, rac personaJis mier nawarmoebis sxva sivrculi figurebisadmi pozi-ciis dafiqsirebaSi gamoixateba. adam krugis personis garSemo Tavs iyris uRresad saintereso geometriuli figurebis kolaJi — samkuTxedebi da kvadratebi, rombebi da monakveTebi, romelTa etapobrivi daSla personaJis Sinagani samyaros daSlis, anu misi personaluri wris gaSlis simboluri ga-moxatuleba da Caketili sivrcidan sxva sivrceSi gadanacvlebis mcdelobaa.

pirveli geometriuli figura, romelic adam krugis personalur wresTan mimarTebaSi ikveTeba, aris ojaxuri samkuTxedi: adam krugi, misi meuRle olga da Svili davidi:

david krugiadam krugi

olga krugi

adam krugi

gare sivrce

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sagulisxmoa, rom ojaxis TiToeuli wevri TavisTavad wris simboliki-Taa aRniSnuli: olgas saxelis pirveli aso, laTinuri ~O~ wriuli formisaa da Tavad olgas simbolikac nawarmoebSi wriulia: mas `mrgvali Tvalebi~, `mrgvali, savse tuCebi~, fumfula, `mrgvali yeli~ da mrgvali, `madliani tani~ aqvs. misi garegnuli iersaxe zedmiwevniT esadageba mis anbanur iko-nografias — ~O~. davidis saxelis pirveli da bolo asoc, laTinuri `~ naxe-varwris formisaa. maSasadame, olga krugi grafikulad SeiZleba gamoixa-tos, rogorc wreSi Caxatuli wre, david krugi — wre gayofili or naxevar-wred. ojaxuri samkuTxedis pirveli kuTxe — adami/olga romanis pirvelsa-ve TavSi iSleba: olga moulodnelad xdeba avad da Tirkmlis operaciis dros iRupeba. samkuTxedisagan rCeba monakveTi: adami-davidi, romelic romanis konceptualur RerZs warmoadgens. aki aRniSnavda kidec mogviane-biT v. nabokovi: ènd Sinister~-is mTavari Tema, albaT, krugis mosiyvaru-le gulis feTqvaa, tanjva daZabuli sifaqizisa, romelic mas awamebs, — swo-red im gverdebisaTvis, romelic davdTs da mis mamas eZRvneba, daiwera es wigni~ (nabokovi 1993b: 489).

Semdgomi figura, romelic adam krugis personalur wresTan mimarTe-baSi fiqsirdeba, aris kvadrati. kvadrati grafikulad amTlianebs adam krugis uerTgules garemocvas — mis Zvel da saimedo megobrebs:

kvadratis yvela gverdi tolia: adam krugi SesaniSnavi moazrovne da filosofosia, emberi — cnobili mTargmneli da Seqspirologi, xedroni — gamoCenili maTematikosi, maqsimovebis ojaxi — Zveli, didebuli ruseTis ukanaskneli mohikani. magram adam krugis figura tolgverdian kvadratSic gamorCeulia. mis gansakuTrebulobas gansazRvravs adam krugis kategori-uli damokidebuleba gareSe sivrcesTan, maSin roca emberi, xedroni da maq-simovebi Semgueblur pozicias adganan:

`cudia, Tqven romantikuli, bavSvuri da mTlianad mcdari warmodgena gaqvT praqtikul politikaze... Tqven unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom marto ara xarT! bavSvi gyavT~ (nabokovi 1993a: 371-372), — afrTxilebs krugs maqsimovi;

`geyo, Zvelo, nuRar jiutob. moawere xeli am sazizRrobas... geyo!... nu xar pedanti... ai, me movawere xeli da fexic ar amkankalebia~ (nabokovi 1993a: 346-347), — eubneba krugs xedroni.

am personaJTa Sinagani sivrculi SemozRuduloba aramkveTria. zRva-ri mkrTalia: gareSe sivrce brutaluria, magram swored is gansazRvravs maT Sinagan sivrcul modelebs. adam krugi ki araviTar kompromisze ar mi-dis da mkveTrad emijneba ucxo, mtrul sivrcul garemos:

maqsimovebiadam krugi

emberi xedroni

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`me daumarcxebeli var. daumarcxebeli, rogorc zRvis mborgavi talRa~ (nabokovi 1993a: 371), — acxadebs igi.

damRupveli reJimi morigeobiT anadgurebs esTetikurad Rirebul kvadrats. jer apatimreben udanaSaulo maqsimovebs, Semdeg — embers, dabo-los, — xedrons. Sesabamisad, kvadrati transformirdeba jer samkuTxedSi, Semdeg — monakveTSi, dabolos, — wertilSi. es wertili adam krugia, erTa-derTi figura, romelsac diqtatura jerjerobiT dilegs miRma tovebs: `minda vicode, ratom daiWireT Cemi megobrebi? — kiTxulobs sasowarkve-Tili krugi, — imitom xom ara, rom Cems garSemo vakuumi SeqmnaT? damtovoT sruliad marto mTrTolvare sicarieleSi?~ (nabokovi 1993a: 414).

kidev erTi geometriuli figura, romelic adam krugis personalur wresTan mimarTebaSi formirdeba, aris rombi. rombi sqematurad asaxavs adam krugis damokidebulebas im totalitarul ZalebTan, romlebic mis garSemo moqmedeben. rombis qveda wertili adam krugia, ori horizontalu-ri wertili — doqtori aleqsanderi da marieta baxofeni, rombis zeda wer-tili — qveynis erTpirovnuli diqtatori paduki. rombis mTeli simZime qveda wertilze modis:

rombis geometriuli figuris oTxive birTvuli wertili emorCileba sivrcul opozicias moZravi/uZravi. padukis, doqtor aleqsanderis da ma-rieta baxofenis mdebareoba sivrceSi statikuria: personaJebi daxSuli sivrcis organul elementebs warmoadgenen, isini axasiaTeben mocemuli sivrcis kosmologiur, geografiul da socialur struqturebs, anu da-magrebulni arian konkretul sivrcul qsovilze. maT ar ZaluZT da ar surT gareSe realobis Secvla. adam krugis mdebareoba sivrceSi ki dinami-kuria. igi moZraobs aRwerili kontinuumis farglebSi da Zala Seswevs, da-angrios sivrcis gamyarebuli struqtura.

doqtori aleqsanderi padukis reJimis pirveli seriozuli mociqulia krugis cxovrebaSi, marieta baxofeni — ukanaskneli.

doqtori aleqsanderi obobas daxlarTuli simbolikiTaa aRniSnuli: mis avtomobilze òrazrovnad mosCanda axali mTavrobis emblema (Zalian msgavsi gaWyletili da danakuwebuli, magram mainc mqSinavi obobisa) wiTel droSaze, romelic kapotze iyo mimagrebuli~ (nabokovi 1993a: 328). Zneli ar aris amocnoba bolSevikuri wiTeli droSis da nacisturi svastikis kom-binaciisa, romelic Tavs iyris doqtor aleqsanderis ferad geometriul figuraSi.

doqtori aleqsanderi

paduki

marieta baxofeni

adam krugi

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garyvnili da angarebiani marieta baxofeni TavisTavad aris avbediTi samkuTxedis erTi kuTxe, romlis danarCen kuTxeebs misi debi, padukis re-Jimis uSualo aRmsruleblebi — Jandarmi linda baxofeni da eqimi-fsiqiat-ri fon vitvil-baxofeni warmoadgenen. debis erToblivi Zalisxmeva sabe-disweroa adam krugisaTvis: marieta baxofeni seqsualurad anadgurebs adam krugs, linda baxofeni apatimrebs mis erTaderT Svils davids, fon vitvil-baxofeni ki fizikurad spobs biWunas.

rombis zeda wertili — paduki — ekvilizmis partiis lideri da qveynis erTpirovnuli diqtatoria. padukis metsaxelia `gombeSo~, rac azrobri-vad amarTlebs personaJis funqcias romanSi, Tumca, misive saxeli grafi-kulad gamoxatavs moZraobis traeqtorias, vardnas zevidan qveviT: padu-kis asociacia rusul zmnasTan «Падать» da arsebiT saxelTan «Упадок» sruliad aSkaraa. Tu gavixsenebT, rom gombeSos inglisuri dasaxeleba ~The Toad~ bilingvialur konotaciaSi germanul enaze gaiJRerebs, rogorc ~Der Tod~, rac niSnavs `sikvdils~ (jonsoni 1986: 199), `gombeSos kocna~ (da bav-SvobaSi adam krugs akocebs paduki) SeiZleba gaazrebul iqnes rogorc `sik-vdilis kocna~.

romanis bolo TavSi rombis geometriuli figura iSleba. doqtori aleqsanderi sikvdiliT isjeba administraciuli Secdomis gamo, marieta baxofeni seqsualuri orgiis msxverpli xdeba da erTmaneTis pirispir rCe-ba ori wertili: sivrceSi moZravi wertili — adam krugi da sivrceSi uZravi wertili — paduki, binaruli wyvili, romelic sivrcis or sapirispiro bo-lozea damagrebuli.

erTaderTi, rac am or figuras aerTianebs, aris ojaxuri samkuTxedi-sagan gadarCenili monakveTi: adam krugi — davidi. davidi padukis tyvea da diqtatori cdilobs, am sastiki SantaJis meSveobiT, daimorCilos reJimis urCi moazrovne — adam krugi. davidi erTgvari absurduli xidia filoso-fossa da diqtators Soris. adam krugi ukan ixevs: `mismineT, me yvelaferze movawer xels... oRond Cemi Svili... airCieT, an me ar gnebdebiT, anda vawer xels, vimeoreb yvelafers, rac mTavrobas surs erTi moTxovniT, am oTaxSi, axlave, dauyovnebliv damibruneT Cemi Svili~ (nabokovi 1993a: 462).

es SeuZlebelia: absurdis Teatri speqtakls ar wyvets — davidi sabe-diswero Secdomis msxverpli xdeba da tanjviT iRupeba specialur zonaSi, romelic Zalian waagavs nacistTa fsiqiatriul izolators.

davidi ukanaskneli figuraa, romelic TiTqos saSleliT iSleba fur-celze. adam krugi, personaJi-wre sruliad martodmarto aRmoCndeba gare-Se sivrcis wriul vakuumSi.

sazRvari or samyaros Soris, Caketil, wriul sivrcesa da wris miRma arsebul sxva sivrces Soris uSualod ganicdeba srul izolaciaSi darCe-nili adam krugis mier. es sazRvari avbediTi klaknilia, geometriuli texi-li, romlis miRmac Tavisufali sivrcea ganfenili. personaJi-wre unda gai-Salos da sZlios horizontalurad ganfenili sivrcis wriul Caketilo-bas. magram organzomilebiani figurebis meSveobiT wriuli Caketiloba ar daiZleva, saWiroa mesame, axali ganzomilebis povna. amaSi adam krugs saku-

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Tari `RvTiuri sigiJe~, grafikulad ki zemodan momavali, swori, lariviT gamarTuli sxivi exmareba. cixis sakanSi gamoketili urCi filosofosisaT-vis, romelsac dasakargi aRaraferi aqvs, sigiJe `sxva ganzomilebaSi~ gaRe-buli fanjaraa, liminaluri zRvari, erTaderTi gamosavali realobis ab-surdidan. transcendentaluris niSniT aRbeWdili sigiJe saSualebas aZ-levs personaJs igemos sxva, sakraluri sivrcis xibli: `yvelaferi, rasac is grZnobda, — iyo auCqarebeli TviTCaRrmaveba, sibnelis Sesqeleba da si-faqize, tkbili siTbos zomieri zrda~ (nabokovi 1993a: 478). personaJi-wre TandaTan ixsneba, raTa eziaros maxinji sinamdvilis antipodur realobas. sxva sivrce sinaTlis sxiviT Semodis, swori, uzigzago naTeliT, vertika-liT, romelic adam krugis personalur wres gaxsnil spiralSi transfor-mirebis saSualebas aZlevs. `mis mier danaxulma sinaTlis sxivma... ucnauri, TiTqmis sabediswero mniSvneloba SeiZina, mniSvneloba gasaRebisa, romel-Tanac mobnelo Semecnebis kuTxiT iyo mifarebuli... usazRvro damSvidebis RimiliT gadafenili cremliani saxe krugma TivaSi Cargo. igi ganaTebul bnelSi iwva, gaognebuli da bednieri~ (nabokovi 1993a: 478-479). axal ganzo-milebasTan naziarebi personaJi-wre spiralSi transformirdeba. sulie-rad gaxsnili da gaTavisuflebuli adam krugi fizikuradac emijneba padu-kis sivrces: `RvTiuri sigiJiT~ Sepyrobili Tavs esxmis paduks da iRupeba misi erT-erTi mcvelis tyviiT: sikvdili araferia, naxtomia, `stilis sa-kiTxi~. spiralis gaxsnili bolo avbediTi wris miRma midis, ganaTebul sxivs mihyveba, es adam krugis sulia — sivrcis gamWvirvale qsovilze dato-vebuli anabeWdi.

samarTlianad aRniSnavda l. l. li: `v. nabokovis rwmena spiralSi gan-msazRvrelia. am rwmenaSi aris Tavisufleba, iseve rogorc aris Tavisuf-leba xelovnebaSi... igi Tvlida, rom `Tuki spiralSi wre iqceva drois mag-var warmonaqmnad da dro — fiqrismagvar warmonaqmnad, maSin, eWvi ar aris, arsebobs sxva ganzomileba, sxva, ufro ukeTesi ganzomileba~ (li 1964: 236). v. nabokovis romanSi ~Bend Sinister~ geometriul figuraTa siuxve, Cveni az-riT, warmoadgens mwerlis parodias galileis, niutonis, ainStainisa Tu sxva pragmatikosebis ideaze sivrcis geometrizirebis Sesaxeb. pirobiTi geometriuli kombinaciebi grafikulad asaxavs ara mxolod calkeuli per-sonaJebis formas realur, obieqtur sivrceSi, aramed nawarmoebis zogad-Tematur arss, romelic am eqsteriorizebuli sivrcis rRvevaSi mdgomare-obs. realobis dualisturi aRqma, personaJis meryeoba realursa da irea-lurs Soris, iracionaluri Semecneba, transcendentaluri motivaciebis Zieba — ai, arasruli CamonaTvali im Tematikisa, romlis grafikulad gamo-saxvasac mieltvoda mwerali.

v. nabokovma aCvena `mwerlebis axalgazrda Taobas, Tu rogor unda da-ipyro realoba, misi xSirad mZvinvare da fantastikuri mravalferovnebi-Ta da misteriiT, da gamoxato sagnebis Seneuli xedva gabedulad warmosa-xuli axali formebis meSveobiT~ (moinahani 1967: 18).

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sivrcis subieqtur aRqmasa da individualur interpretaciaze bevrad aris damokidebuli rogorc garemoSi adamianis TviTgamorkvevis, ise misi TviTSegnebis gaRrmavebis masStabebi. subieqtivizirebuli mxatvruli siv-rce ara mxolod mwerlis konkretul mxatvrul amocanebs asaxavs, aramed Seesabameba protagonistis centraluri lokaciis wertilebis, gadaadgi-lebis traeqtoriisa da moZraobis paradigmas. vfiqrobT, m. javaxiSvilis romanSi `jayos xiznebi~ ganfenili sivrce zedmiwevniT akmayofilebs siv-rcis yvela aRniSnul maxasiaTebels.

ZiriTadi sivrculi modelebi, romlebic Tavs iCens romanSi `jayos xiznebi~, SeiZleba sam jgufad daiyos: qalaqi, sofeli da gza. magram TiTo-euli es sivrculi struqtura Tavis mxriv, determinirebulia calkeul Sreebad da TiToeuli maTgani specifikur Tvisebriv da kompoziciur dat-virTvas atarebs.

qalaqis modeli, romelic realur topografiul sivrces, tfiliss, asaxavs, sruli speqtriT aireklavs literaturuli antiutopiisaTvis ni-Sandobliv fsevdokarnavalur ganwyobas. qalaqis sivrce realizebuli utopiis brtyeli da horizontalurad ganfenili sivrcea, saerToobisa da saxalxoobis niSniT aRbeWdili fsevdoaqtiuri, fsevdodatvirTuli gare-mo, romelic moklebulia globaluri xdomilebebis unars da sruli sta-tikurobiT gamoirCeva: `Teimurazi soflidan dabrunebas Zalian moiCqa-roda: tfilisSi mouTmenlad elodebodnen mWle gazeTi, kotri koopera-tivi, Zilmoreuli kulturuli sazogadoeba, saxalxo saxli, ufaso kurse-bi da aTasi uTavbolo Cxirkedeloba, fusfusi, CurCuli, layboba da enis mosafxani ambavi~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 241). Teimurazs, romelic erT dros Tavad iyo aqtiurad Cabmuli axali, mowesrigebuli, idealuri sazogadoe-bis mSeneblobis ferxulSi, TandaTan aZrwunebs axdenili `natvrisa~ da òcnebis~ Sedegebi, vinaidan àxali da cocxali cxovreba ar hgavda Teimu-razis da mis maswavlebel mwignobarTa naroSvars~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 257). mosalodneli gamarjveba uferuldeba da dResaswauli TandaTan tran-sformirdeba dausrulebel fsevdokarnavalSi. Teimurazi uucxovdeba aR-niSnul garemos, anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, eTiSeba fsevdokarnavalur rituals. àm qveyanam da Teimuraz xevisTavma TandaTan ise SeiZules da Se-izizRes erTmaneTi, rogorc kerpma mamam SeiZula uZRebi Svili~ (javaxiSvi-li 1959: 257).

etapobrivi degradaciis gzas adgeba qalaqis sivrculi modelis Se-madgeneli sxva mniSvnelovani mikrostruqturebic: saxli da wignTsacavi.

Teimuraz xevisTavis odesRac èqvsTvaliani bina~, emorCileba ra axa-li reJimisaTvis niSandobliv `Semoklebis~ kanons, Saqris figurasaviT dneba mepatronis xelSi: `Teimurazi da margo `damokldnen~ da sam oTaxSi dabinavdnen. kidev gavida xani... Teimurazi da margo erT patara oTaxSi mis-WeWyes, xolo xuT oTaxSi muSebi da maTi col-Svili Casaxldnen~ (javaxiSvi-li 1959: 262-263). sivrcis gansazRvruloba fizikuri `Semcirebisa~ da `Ca-nacvlebis~ kanonebiT, vfiqrobT, miuTiTebs, ara oden saxlis sivrculi mo-

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delis Sesabamisobas obieqtur realobasTan, aramed mis srul SeuTavseb-lobas personaJis individualur velTan: saxlis modeli àntisaxlis~ fsevdokarnavalur modelad gardaiqmneba, `morRveul cixe-ojaxad~ da `moSlil buded~. qmarze erT dros usazRvrod Seyvarebul margarita yaf-laniSvils yvelaferi swyindeba da bezrdeba: ùxaliso sicocxlec, ucecx-lo Teimurazic, misi mCate naazrevic, misi mudmivi fusfusi da saqveyno moRvaweobac~. gulgrilobisa morevSi iZireba Teimurazic: `bolo xanebSi colic da qmaric moswydnen, dadnen, miilivnen da sicocxlis dReebsac aRar iTvlidnen~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 267).

xuxulasaviT ingreva Teimuraz xevisTavis ukanaskneli TavSesafaric — wignTsacavi. sagulisxmoa, rom Teimurazis personaJi romanSi araerTgzis ganisazRvreba `wignis~ simbolikiT: `cocxali enciklopedia~, `wignis Crdi-li~, `wignis mRili~, `wignis matli~, `mwignobari~. Teimurazi regularulad yidulobs wignebs, kiTxulobs da iqeqeba wignebSi: `Teimurazma am gujrebsa da wignebSi ise Rrmad Cahyo cxviri da iseTis gulmodginebiT hqeqavda im nagavs, rom kinaRam TviTonac dalpa, gaCrCilda da gaWiavda~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 239), `rac dro midioda, Teimurazic sazogado saqmeebsa da wignebSi ufro-da-ufro Rrmad misZvreboda~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 254), `Teimurazi nel-nela isev wignebis sanagves daubrunda~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 257). `wignis~ metaforuli transpozicia `nagavSi~, vfiqrobT, mTelis sicxadiT gamoav-lens sakraluris desakralizebis antiutopiur tendencias: wigni, romel-Tanac Teimurazs `mamaSviluri~ siyvaruli akavSirebs, anu romlis miRmac is SeigrZnobs Tavis genetikur fesvebs, `nagvis~ sinonimad iqceva, Tavad wignTsacavi ki, romlis SerCevas da gamdidrebasac Teimurazi òc weli-wads mounda~, puris fulad iyideba bazarze. wigni kargavs sakralur Rire-bulebas, Sesabamisad, personaJi grZnobs, rom ìgi karga xania Seudga Tavis golgoTas~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 260).

desakralizebuli, fsevdokarnavaluri, negatiuris niSniT aRbeWdili sivrce wriuli CaketilobiT zRudavs protagonists da isic, sivrcis tyveo-bisagan Tavis daRwevis mizniT, nebayoflobiT inacvlebs romanSi gamokveTi-li meore sivrculi modelis — soflis mimarTulebiT. ramdenad faseulia es gadanacvleba da rogoria misi struqturul-kompoziciuri traeqtoria?

pirveli niSani, romliTac, Cveni azriT, `soflis~ sivrculi modeli gan-sxvavdeba `qalaqis~ modelisagan, aris misi `simwvane~, erTi SexedviT, vizua-luri maxasiaTebeli, romelic Txrobis msvlelobaSi apokaliptikur siRrmes iZens. sofel naSindaris aRwerisas avtori gamudmebiT mimarTavs epiTetebs: `kargad movlili baR-venaxi~, àsi wlis kaklebis Crdili~, `patara xev-xuvebi~, `Txeli Walebi~, `mwvane xaverdi~. sruliad cxadia, rom mama-papiseuli sofeli erTgvar oaziss warmoadgens Teimuraz xevisTavis cnobierebaSi, mexsierebaSi Semonaxul mwvane idilias, romliskenac imediT miiswrafvis qalaqis model-Tan gaucxoebuli personaJi: `vin icis, rogor m... moewyos im sofelSi Cveni cxovreba! iqneba swored iq moxdes gardatexa, iq gadiSalos Cveni ojaxis is-toriis axali Tabaxi~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 273). soflis modeli anu mwvaneSi Caf-luli edemis baRi, arqetipuli TvalsazrisiT, upirispirdeba qalaqis models anu garyvnilebis morevSi CaZirul sodoms da babilons. Sesabamisad, indivi-

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dis gadanacvleba qalaqis sibrtyidan soflis sibrtyeze simbolurad asaxavs personaJis transpozicias mwvane arkadiul garemoSi, idiliaSi, romelsac no-yieri niadagis siRrmiseuli funqcia eniWeba: `xeirianad daTesili Tesli ara-sodes ar d...ddaikargeba, — ambobs xevisTavi, — adre Tu gvian mosamkals mog-vcems~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 274). sivrculi transpoziciis erTaderT saSuale-bas warmoadgens gza, romelic arRvevs qalaqis sivrcis wriul Caketilobas da spiralur formas sZens sivrcul struqturas. Teimuraz xevisTavi spiralis erTi xveulidan meoreze inacvlebs — gzis gavliT qalaqidan soflad miemar-Teba. magram arkadia dematerializebulia. antiutopiisaTvis niSandoblivi desakralizebis tendencia aqac mTeli simwvaviT iCens Tavs. pirveli avis mo-maswavebeli qmedeba gaxlavT xevisTavTa kuTvnili tyis gaCexva, rac Tavad Te-imurazis TanxmobiT xorcieldeba da saerTo-saxalxoobisa da koleqtiuro-bis fsevdopaTosiT aris nakarnaxevi: `liaxvis saTaveSi, rokis xeobaSi masve (Teimurazs — i. r.) ekuTvnoda oTxi aTasi dRiuri xeluxlebeli naZvnari, ro-melic Teimurazis mamam avTandilma ise Sehkra da Seinaxa, rom — sanam cocxali iyo — im tyeSi erTi xec aravis moaWrevina. merme, roca avTandili gardaicva-la da Tavisi meuRle sofioc Tan waiyvana, erTaderTma memkvidrem, axalgaz-rda Teimurazma xevisTavTa mouravobaSi daberebul petre devdariSvils uTxra: — tyec da sss... saxnav-saTesic xalxs ekuTvnis... Tavi da... ddaanebe~ (ja-vaxiSvili 1959: 238). tyes mihyveba miwebi da baR-venaxi, rasac ukve naklebi en-TuziazmiT, anu iZulebiT Tmobs axali wesrigiT SeSinebuli Teimurazi. mwvane arkadia jer `gavardisferdeba~ Semdeg `damuqdeba da gawiTldeba~: naSindari TandaTanobiT kargavs siuxvisa da baraqis datvirTvas da butaforiul `naar-kadialad~ iqceva.

magram sivrcis rTuli Sreobrivi struqtura ver da ar ifargleba esoden martivi daskvniT. soflis sivrculi modeli konstruirebulia kompoziciurad da konceptualurad faseuli modelebis — saxli, gza, koS-ki, mRvime — bazaze da Rrmavdeba liminalobisa da Sinagani esqatologizmis mimarTulebiT.

soflis saxli anu xevisTavTa sagvareulo saxli sivrculi arkadiis epicentrs warmoadgens da, Sesabamisad, zedmiwevniT kargad gamoxatavs ar-kadiis rRvevisa da destruqciis process: `papiseuli cixe-darbazi~, rome-lic romanis pirvel TavebSi sayovelTao aRfrTovanebisa da aRtacebis obieqtia, siuJetis ganviTarebis kvaldakval sawyalobel `naoflarad~ iq-ceva; `Zveli avejeulobis~, `suraTebis~, `muxis boZebis~, `sawignes~, `xevis-TavTa gvareulobis ganTqmuli iaraRisa~ da `xatebis~ `daxeul-daxvreti-li~, `Camtvreuli~, `dalursmuli~, `myrali~ da Seuracxyofili ier-saxe cxadyofs sakraluri `xsovnisa~ da `sayrdenis~ motivTa desakralizebas, xolo `jagnarad qceuli~ `yvavilnari~, `baR-venaxi~, gaCexili tye — arkadi-is wmidaTawmida elementis, sicocxlis xis xelyofas.

soflis sivrculi modelis Sefasebis, anu soflad xevisTavTa cxovre-bis dasawyisis pirvelive dReebi adasturebs qalaqis modelisaTvis niSan-doblivi fsevdokarnavaluri ganwyobilebis transpozicias soflis mo-delSi. Tavs iCens fsevdokarnavalisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi kanonzo-mierebani, rogoricaa: `jayos xrovis~ mier sazeimo sufris gaSla da sofle-

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lebis uTavbolo Rreoba, rac esadageba Wama-smis kultivirebis antiutopi-ur tendencias; jayos mier margoze Zaladoba, qalis damorCileba da xasad dasma, rac exmianeba antiutopiisaTvis niSandobliv `Tojinis motivsa~ da seqsualuri aRviraxsnilobis motivs; jayosagan margos oTaxis fsevdokar-navaluri morTva-mokazmva da sxva; fsevdokarnavaluri atmosferos wiaRSi-ve yalibdeba, faseuli arqetipul-apokaliptikuri opozicia: mgeli ja-yo/kravi Teimurazi, romelic Rrmavdeba da Zlierdeba Semdgomi Txrobis procesSi: `jayom qaTmebs kisrebi daawyvita da cxvars arxeinad yelSi xanja-li gauyara, Teimurazma pirutyvebis sisxlsa da farTxals ver gauZlo da saxlisaken gaswia. sisxlis danaxvaze guli mieca da pirsaxe gaufiTrda~ (ja-vaxiSvili 1959: 289), `Teimurazi male darwmunda, rom mgels sisxlianis Wamas ukrZalavda, amitom ninos gamosarClebas Tavi daaneba~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 306). `mec cxovrebis wignakSi aseTi sadReiso aTi mcneba Caviwere. magaliTad: mglebTan mgloba da cxvrebTanac mgloba~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 418).

fsevdokarnavaluri da desakralizebuli soflis modelis erT-erT arsebiT komponents warmoadgens naxucari ivane, yofili mRvdeli, rome-lic Segnebulad moswyda eklesiis msaxurebas da `xalxs daubrunda~, anu siraqlemasaviT Cahyo Tavi saerTo-saxalxo fsevdokarnavalSi. `rwmena ki ar gavayole anaforas, — acxadebs igi, — aramed anafora gavayole rwmenas~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 349).

fsevdokarnavalis gaSlisa da siwmideTa desakralizebis umTavres mi-zezs romanSi, Cveni azriT, literaturuli antiutopiisaTvis niSandobli-vi kidev ori motivis — binaruli dawyvilebisa da moziareobis motivTa re-alizeba warmoadgens.

aq, pirvel yovlisa, vgulisxmobT Teimurazisa da jayos binarul wyvils. Teimurazi da jayo sivrculi opoziciis ori boloa, mWidrod da-magrebuli saerTo Zirze: maT saerTo aqvT saxl-kari — xevisTavTa sagvare-ulo cixe-darbazi, koSki, saganZuri, romelic Teimurazs ekuTvnoda, mag-ram nawil-nawil miiTvisa jayom, saerTo aqvT sofeli naSindari, romelic uwin xevisTavTa mamuls warmoadgenda, axla ki jayos saTareSodaa qceuli, saerTo aqvT socialuri wre, sofel naSindaris mosaxleoba, romelic qmnis romanis fsevdokarnavalur fons da, bolos, maT hyavT siyvarulis saerTo anu `saziaro~ obieqti, qali, margarita yaflaniSvili xevisTavisa, rome-lic Teimuraz xevisTavis colidan jayo jivaSvilis jer xarWad, Semdeg ki colad gardaiqca. Tu amas davumatebT jayosa da margos vaJis, patara ja-yos xevisTavTa gvarze daweris mcdelobas, saxeze gveqneba sruli persona-luri identifikacia: jayo jivaSvili—xevisTavi. lotmani werda: `persona-Jebi, romelTa sivrculi veli garkveul doneze emTxveva erTmaneTs, gvev-linebian invariantulobis maRal doneze Camoyalibebul variantebad~ (lotmani 1887: 391). yovelive amas ueWvelad mivyavarT daskvnamde: Teimu-raz xevisTavisa da jayo jivaSvilis personaJebi warmoadgenen romanis cen-tralur binarul wyvils, saerTo Zirze xelovnurad damagrebul oreuls, romelTa Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobrivi urTierToba TvalnaTliv war-moaCens romanis msoflmxedvelobriv aspeqtebs. `jayos xiznebis~ sabedis-wero oreulis erTi naxevari, jayo, gaafTrebiT cdilobs meore naxevris,

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Teimurazis daCagvras, dapyrobas, STanTqmas. Teimurazi an unda danebdes mas, anac eZios xsnis gza, gza, romelic gadaarCens mis pirovnebas, mis `me~-obas da suls fsevdokarnavalis desakralizebul samyaroSi.

am TvalsazrisiT, romanSi uaRresad faseuli funqcia ekisreba gzis mo-dels. miuxedavad imisa, rom Teimurazis marSruti gzaze erTferovania (na-Sindari — gori — naSindari, naSindari — cxinvali — naSindari, naSindari — levanaSeni — gori — naSindari, naSindari — umisamarTo sivrce — naSindari), Sinaarsobrivad absurduli da asaxavs wriuli moZraobis Caketil traeqto-rias, swored gzis models ukavSirdeba personaJis TviTcnobierebis gamoR-viZeba da etapobrivi gadaadgileba liminalur, ambivalentur fazaSi.

romanSi koncentrirebuli gzis modelis CvenTvis saintereso mikrosiv-rcul kombinaciebs warmoadgenen: gza — duqani, gza — eklesia, gza — wyali.

duqani desakralizebul sivrcesTan personaJis gaucxoebis metafo-ruli realizaciaa. duqanSi gadanacvlebuli Teimurazi fizikurad Seig-rZnobs sulier simartoves, magram Teimurazis gadanacvleba jayos inicia-tivas warmoadgens, anu gadanacvleba iZulebiTi aqtia da moaswavebs qala-qisa da mamapapiseuli saxlis fsevdokarnavaluri garemosagan gamomijnu-li personaJis iZulebiT Cabrunebas fsevdokarnavalSi.

meduqne Teimurazi warmoadgens parodias sakuTar Tavze, Tumca paro-direbas, am SemTxvevaSi, Sua saukuneebis parodiisaTvis niSandoblivi siR-rme gamoarCevs: duqanSi xorcieldeba Teimurazis araoden ukiduresi dam-dableba, aramed misi gadaadgilebac àrc aqeTa, arc iqiTa~ liminalur zo-naSi, rac personaJis ambivalenturi aRorZinebis sawindars warmoadgens. Teimurazis duqanSi Tanaarseboben Savi kata (~daxlidan Savma katam iskupa da wyvdiadSi STainTqa~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 359)) da saxarebis teqsti (~Tei-murazma Wraqi aanTo, wigni aiRo, gadahfurcla da waikiTxa: `saxareba maTe-sagan~ (126, 342)), anu Tanaarseboben demonuri da saRvTo elementebi: duq-nis sivrculi modeli personaJis faseuli transformaciis sawyisi pun-qtis funqcias iZens. pirvel seriozul alternativad aq antiutopiisaTvis niSandoblivi opozicia wigni/rwmena anu mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi-suliereba gvevlineba. `wignis Wia~ Teimurazi mTelis sisruliT isigrZega-nebs warsulSi gakeTebuli arCevanis simcdares: `ver aviwie miwidan, Cemo ivane. wignma momtaca rwmenis suli da mecnierebam damwyvita uflisadmde asafreni frTebi. codnisa da iWvis Wiam ise damiRrRna goneba da gamomifi-ta suli, rom nivTier qveyanas erTi gojiTac ver movswydi... codna da rwme-na ver movarige. erTad ver Sevad... duRe da verc erTmaneTs davaSore~ (ja-vaxiSvili 1959: 348). Teimurazi grZnobs zRvarTan miaxloebas: man unda ga-mijnos wigni da rwmena, codna da RmerTi, unda ganasxvaos empiriuli tran-scendentalurisgan an metic — daumorCilos erTi meores. Teimurazi unda aRorZindes. personaJi sruliad aSkarad inacvlebs faseul gzajvaredin-ze: erTi gza jayos xiznobisken anu nebayoflobiTi tyveobisaken miemarTe-ba, meore `xalxis sakeTildReod~ Sromisaken anu iZulebiTi tyveobisaken midis, xolo mesame gza, gza xsnisa, Tumca ar moCans, magram mwvaved Seig-rZnoba personaJis mier. rogor daadges Teimurazi am gzas? rogor moipo-vos Tavisufleba?

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pasuxi erTia: Teimurazma unda uaryos fsevdokarnavaluris, desakra-lizebulisa da kvazinominalurobis morevSi CaZiruli realoba, iseve, ro-gorc àm qveyanam da iesom erTmaneTi dagmes da uarhyves~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 343) da, mitevebis, monaniebisa da Sinagani momlocvelobis gziT, Seu-erTdes sxva, alternatiul, Tavisufal samyaros.

imedmicemuli Teimurazi cdilobs, miutevos margos, TviTgvemis gziT gaamarTlos misi codva da, Sesabamisad, rwmeniT aRivsos `carieli guli.~ Sem-TxveviT ar eswreba Teimurazi eklesiaSi gamarTul wirvas, xolo wirvaze Sem-TxveviT ar ikiTxeba `mruSe dedakacis igavi~. `nu ganikiTxavT, raTa ara gani-kiTxneT~, — askvnis xevisTavi. magram Teimurazs aviwydeba, rom desakralize-bul samyaroSi cxovrobs, aviwydeba, rom ìm eklesiis farTo gza jer gabili-kebuliyo, merme isic waSliliyo, abalaxebuliyo da nar-ekliT modebuliyo~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 374), anu aviwydeba, rom fsevdokarnavalur garemoSi wamo-marTuli nebismieri sivrculi modeli butaforiulia. am TvalsazrisiT, kom-poziciurad da konceptualurad gamarTlebulia Teimurazis mier margosa da jayos avxorcobis uSualod xilva da ìm nacodvilar rwmenis~ dakargva, romliTac eklesiaSi aRiWurva: `gorSi aSenebuls qristianul xuxulasac uCinarma bedma TiTi wakra da ise daabnia, rom guSindel morwmune Teimurazs im nacodvilar rwmenis exla erTi naperwkalic aRar axsovs~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 389). Seqmnil viTarebaSi logikurad gveCveneba gzis sivrculi modelis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mikromodelis — wylis aqcentireba.

norTrop frai aRniSnavs: `wyali, Tavis mxriv, tradiciulad miekuT-vneba realuri cxovrebis qveviT moqceul samyaros, qaosisa da rRvevis ad-gilsamyofels, romelic Sedegad mosdevs Cveulebriv sikvdils an reduq-cias araorganulSi. amitom suli gamudmebiT kveTs wyals an iZireba masSi, rogorc sikvdilSi... apokaliptikuri TvalsazrisiT wylis cirkulacia samyaroSi emsgavseba sisxlis cirkulacias sxeulSi~ (frai 1973: 146). swo-red wylis sivrcul modelSi Teimurazi pirvelad upirispirdeba sik-vdils: wylidan misi amosvla sikvdilis rogorc obieqturi drois gardau-vali kanonis klanWebidan Tavis daxsnis tolfasi aqtia. Teimurazis sxeul-Si agoniurad mZafrdeba sisxlis cirkulacia: personaJi eWideba masSi ko-direbul genetikur fesvebs, axdens SiSis kondensacias da dasaSvebs xdis xorcisa da sulis gamijvnis SesaZleblobas.

realur samyarosTan Teimurazis gaucxoebis bolo zRvars margosa da jayos qorwili warmoadgens, rituali, romelic fsevdokarnavalis yvela wesis zusti dacviT mimdinareobs:

1. qorwili ganasaxierebs veluri seqsualuri instinqtebis fsevdopo-zitiur dagvirgvinebas;

2. qorwilis lokaciis adgili — eklesia — fsevdoRvTisSvilTa fsev-doTavSesafaria;

3. nefe-patarZlis morTuloba fsevdosazeimoa; 4. qorwils Tan axlavs uTavbolo Rreoba, Wama-smis fsevdoritualis

demonstrireba; 5. mTvrali protagonisti Zlevs panikur SiSs da axerxebs sakuTari po-

ziciebis dafiqsirebas.

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yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT bolo punqtze. ra aris SiSi? da ra moaqvs mas antiutopiis gmirisaTvis? SiSi Tavis dacvis mizniT gamomuSavebuli in-stinqtia, romelic aferxebs personaJis Sinagani protestis warmoCenas si-cocxlis mofrTxilebisa da gaxangrZlivebis egidiT. magram cxovreba ga-mudmebuli SiSis pirobebSi mazoxistur xangrZlivobad iqceva, mazoxizmis ukidures gamovlinebas ki sakuTari arasrulfasovnebis, usargeblobisa da ususurobis gancda warmoadgens. SiSis Zleva yvela am codvis Zlevis simboluri gamoxatulebaa: ideologTa da totalitarizmis mesveurTagan sicocxlemisjili patimari Tavisuflebas irCevs im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es Tavisufleba utoldeba martoobas an sikvdils.

TviTgvemiT, TviTdamcirebiT, TviTSeuracxyofiT daRlili Teimurazi ugonod Tvreba qorwilSi da sabolood wyvets realur samyarosTan damakav-Sirebel jaWvebs. ufro zustad, Teimurazi miwidan wyvets Tavis materiali-zebul sulierebas rogorc erTaderT satranzito derefans, liminalur kondicias, koncentrirebuls alternatiul, sxva, miRmier samyaroze.

Teimurazis am rTuli Sinagani transformaciis grafikul gamoxatu-lebas, Cveni azriT, warmoadgens `koSkis~ sivrculi modelis transforma-cia `mRvimis~ sivrcul modelSi.

`koSki~ xevisTavTa sagvareulo kar-midamos erT-erT umniSvnelovanes elements warmoadgens. igi Teimurazis TavSesafaria, simaRlea, romelze-dac regularulad adis personaJi da tkbeba `mudmiv bindiani, nisliani da landiani~ peizaJiT. koSki, romelsac veraferi daaklo drom, faseuli war-sulis mociqulad aris aRmarTuli xevisTavebis mamulSi. magram nawarmoe-bis daskvniTi Tavebi am xelSeuxebeli siwmindis desakralizebis mauwyebe-lia: koSkSi jayosa da mis `jalab-julabs~ gadaabargebs àxali mTavroba~, ìm koSkSi scxovrobs Temurazis nacolari — margo jivaSvili~ (javaxiSvi-li 1959: 443). Teimurazi ki `maRlidan~ `qveviT~ miemarTeba, `koSkidan~ — `mRvimeSi~, ara imisaTvis, rom daimarxos, aramed imisaTvis, rom aRdges. Tavs iCens damdablebis amaRorZinebeli ambivalenturoba — `mRvime~ Teimu-razis sasazRvro zonaa, ambivalenturi, liminaluri faza, romelic aRsav-sea sakraluri molodiniT da amzadebs Teimurazs sxva, alternatiul gan-fenilobaSi gasavlelad: ìsev dayudebuli Sio mRvimeliviT icdis Teimu-raz xevisTavi~ (javaxiSvili 1959: 444).

Teimurazi arc jayos nebayoflobiTi tyveobis gzas irCevs da arc axa-li wesrigis mesveurTa iZulebiTi tyveobis gzas, Teimurazi sasazRvro zo-naSi gadaadgilebuli personaJia, SiSisagan Tavisufali gmiri, romelic ze-cisken imzireba da moelis.

romanSi konstruirebuli sivrculi paradigma, Cveni azriT, zedmiwev-niT zustad gamoxatavs rogorc antiutopiuri romanisaTvis niSandobliv ìlustrirebul realobas~, ise — protogonistis apokaliptikuri siR-rmiT gamorCeul, esqatologizmis niSniT aRbeWdil transformaciis process.

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v. nabokovisa da m. javaxiSvilis msoflmxedvelobisaTvis niSandobli-vi droisa da sivrcis struqturebis ierarqia, Cveni azriT, warmoadgens ga-re samyaros gaSinagnebul formas. sivrce realobis amsaxveli tiloa, rom-lis Semecnebac drois gamWvirvale qsovilis miRmaa SesaZlebeli, drois Se-mecneba ki gardauvalad ukavSirdeba cnobierebas, mexsierebasa da warmo-saxvas, rac aaqtiurebs sivrcis ararealizebul potencias da ayalibebs sivrcul gangrZobiTobas, e.w. sivrcul vels, romelic arasodes aris brtyeli da erTferovani. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mexsiereba da warmosaxva warmoadgens pirovnebis drouli da sivrculi percefciis umTavres ele-mentebs, gavlenas axdens gare samyaros subieqtur aRqmaze da warmoqmnian Sinagan, individualur samyaros. es mentaluri procesi v. nabokovisa da m. javaxiSvilis aRniSnuli romanebisaTvis niSandoblivi aspeqtia, romlis miRmac individi-personaJi Tavs aRwevs gare samyaros uSinaarso sworxa-zovnebas. mexsiereba da warmosaxva avsebs Sesacnob samyaros mnemonuri da fantastikuri subsidiiT da saSualebas aZleva cnobierebas, gardaqmnas igi. rogorc individualuri drois aspeqtebi, isini afarToebs awymo dro-is myife parametrebs ise rom, realobis aqtiuri elementis saxiT, inarCu-nebs warsuls. iqmneba gangrZobiTobisa da erTdroulobis SegrZneba subi-eqturi realobis ganviTarebadi struqturis fonze, sadac `realoba~ su-bieqturi da marad cvalebadi fenomenia, ganpirobebuli gonisaTvis niSan-doblivi drouli da sivrculi komponentebis individualuri koordini-rebiT. specifikuri qronotopuli sistema logikurad erwymis literatu-ruli antiutopiisaTvis niSandobliv konceptualur, motivaciur da struqturul maxasiaTeblebs da gansazRvravs literaturuli antiutopi-is gansakuTrebuli saxeobis — esqatologiuri antiutopiis formirebas.

rogorc v. nabokovis, ise m. javaxiSvilisaTvis, totalitarizmis epoqa-Si moRvawe ori genialuri mwerlisTvis, literatura pirovnebis qmnadobi-saTvis saWiro satransporto etls warmoadgens, xolo Sida da gare per-speqtivebs anu subieqtur xedvasa da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kliSes So-ris arsebuli daZabuloba — maTi esTetikis gravitaciul centrs.

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n a w i l i m e o r e

qronotopi ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi


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S e s a v a l i

droisa da sivrcis problema literaturaTmcodneobis Zireuli prob-lemaa. droisa da sivrcis kategoriaTa kvleva, maTi struqturuli modelebi-sa da urTierTmimarTebis principebis gansazRvra saukuneebis manZilze aRelvebda msoflio filosofiuri azrovnebis uTvalsaCinoes warmomadgen-lebs. Tu droisa da sivrcis sakiTxis Seswavla msoflio filosofiuri azris istoriaSi jer kidev antikur periodSi daiwyo, literatorTa seriozuli da-intereseba droisa da sivrcis kategoriebiT mxolod me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebidan iRebs saTaves.

literaturaTmcodneobiTi kvlevis am geziT warmarTva, upirveles yov-

lisa, aRniSnuli problemis uaRresad aqtualurma xasiaTma ganapiroba: sru-

liad cxadad gamoikveTa mxatvrul nawarmoebSi koncentrirebuli drouli

da sivrculi parametrebis mniSvneloba nawarmoebis mTliani struqturuli

modelis formirebis procesSi. problemis dasma iyo erTgvari anarekli im

principulad radikaluri cvlilebebisa da transformaciebisa, romelsac

ganicdida mxatvruli literatura ukanaskneli saukuneebis manZilze —

drouli da sivrculi plastebis gamravalferovneba, gansxvavebuli drou-

li planebis kveTa, Txrobis qronologiuri principis rRveva, sivrcis

struqturuli funqciis gaRrmaveba. ai, yovelive is, ramac gansazRvra dro-

isa da sivrcis problemis centraluri da fundamenturi adgili literatu-

ris specifikis Semswavlel mecnierebaSi. sruliad marTebulad miuTiTebs v.

CeredniCenko: `dro-sivrculi struqturebi, romelTac gamoimuSavebs ro-

gorc calkeuli individi, ise — esa Tu is sazogadoeba, moicavs maTi sulieri

samyaros, maTi sulieri gamocdilebis mTel sistemas. dro-sivrculi warmod-

genebis sistemis nebismieri cvalebadoba mowmobs epoqis msoflSegrZnebaSi,

msoflmxedvelobaSi, kulturaSi momxdar cvlilebebs, swored amitom sivrce

da dro SeiZleba daedos safuZvlad rogorc kulturis tipis, ise, konkretu-

lad, xelovnebis romelime tipis gansazRvras~ (CeredniCenko 1986: 7). mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis problemebis kvleva winaswar gulis-

xmobs mxatvruli droisa da mxatvruli sivrcis cnebaTa dazustebas. cnobili rusi literaturaTmcodne d. lixaCovi, ganixilavs ra mxat-

vruli droisa da sivrcis poetikis sakiTxebs, miuTiTebs: `literaturis TaviseburebaTa Seswavlisas yvelaze arsebiTi mxat-

vruli drois specifikis kvlevaa: droisa, romelic iqmneba mxatvrul na-warmoebSi, droisa, rogorc literaturis mxatvruli faqtorisa. mxatvru-li dro ar warmoadgens Sexedulebas drois problemaze — igi TavisTavad droa, Seqmnili da asaxuli.

mxatvruli dro — Tavad literaturuli nawarmoebis mxatvruli qso-vilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa, romelic Tavis mxatvrul amocanebs ukavSirebs gramatikul da filosofiur droul modelebs~ (lixaCovi 1979a: 210-211).

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vrcel literaturul masalaze dayrdnobiT mkvlevari aanalizebs ru-sul xalxur folklorSi, zRaprebsa da TqmulebebSi, istoriuli da saek-lesio xasiaTis literaturul ZeglebSi, me-16-me-19 saukuneebis periodis TxzulebebSi gamokveTili mxatvruli droisaTvis niSandobliv Tavisebu-rebebs da xazgasmiT aRniSnavs mxatvruli drois Tvisebriv universalizms:

`xelovnebis nawarmoebSi sityvieri masala ganfenilia droSi. dro saWi-roa misi aRqmisa da SeqmnisaTvis. magram dro, amasTan, gamoisaxeba. igi asax-vis obieqtia. avtors SeuZlia asaxos drois mcire an didi monakveTi, drois neli an swrafi, wyvetili an uwyveti, Tanamimdevruli an araTanamimdevruli dineba (ukan daxeva, win `gaWra~). avtors ZaluZs mxatvruli dro warmoadginos istoriuli drois prizmaSi an — piriqiT, mowyvitos mas~ (lixaCovi 1979a: 211).

TiToeuli mxatvruli nawarmoebi misTvis specifikuri drouli maxasi-aTeblebiT gamoirCeva da drouli maxasiaTeblebis individualizmi bevrad gansazRvravs nawarmoebis individualobas.

`nawarmoebi, — mouTiTebs n. gei, — moicavs mxolod misTvis niSandob-liv ... poetur dros, romelic saWiroa movlenebis, grZnobebisa da gancde-bis saxeobrivi srulyofisaTvis~.

g. margvelaSvilis mosazrebiT, nebismieri literaturuli qmnilebis siu-JetSi fiqsirebuli faqtebi maTi Sesabamisi drouli parametrebis fonze aRiqmeba: amdenad, siuJeturi dro `warmogvidgeba rogorc garkveuli, warmo-saxuli drouli plasti, sadac yvela konkretul siuJetur faqts konkretu-li adgili aqvs miCenili droSi. nebismieri siuJeturi masalis (magaliTad, moTxrobebis, romanebis da a.S.) Sinaarsis moazreba imavdroulad aRiqmeba, rogorc `siuJeturi drois mikrosivrculi modelebis~ Seqmnisa da gaTavise-bis procesi~ (margvelaSvili 1976: 12).

mxatvruli drois universalizmi ganapirobebs mxatvruli nawarmoebis gamomsaxvelobiT universalizms. marTebulad SeniSnavs v. Sklovski:

`literaturaSi dro TiTqmis marTavs adamians, gansazRvravs xedvas... li-teraturuli nawarmoebi gansakuTrebuli samyaroa, ganyenebuli samyaro, ro-melic drois sakuTar maxasiaTeblebs emyareba~ (Sklovski 1983: 247).

Cveni TvalsazrisiT, mxatvruli dro ganxilul unda iqnes rogorc mxat-vrul nawarmoebSi aRweril esTetikurad faseul movlenaTa dro, romelic warmoadgens drois pirobiT proeqcias literaturis pirobiT sistemaSi.

esTetikurad faseuli movlena TavisTavad aRniSnavs nebismier mniS-vnelovan cvalebadobas, romelic Seqmnil mxatvrul mikrosqemaSi fiqsir-deba — vgulisxmobT personaJTa qmedebis, emociebisa da azrovnebis dinami-kas. fiqsirebul mniSvnelovan cvalebadobaTa, anu movlenaTa erTianoba qmnis mxatvruli nawarmoebis siuJets, romelic amTlianebs nawarmoebSi mwyobri TanamimdevrobiT dalagebul movlenebs. v. CeredniCenko SeniSnavs:

`movlena unda aRviqvaT rogorc umciresi siuJeturi erTeuli... ter-minebis `movlena~ da `siuJeti~ gverdiT produqtiulad gveCveneba termi-nebis `drouli segmenti~ da `drouli veli~ damkvidreba. drouli segmenti aris drouli velis struqturuli erTeuli da Cvens mier gaiazreba ro-gorc erTi movlenis an ramdenime mWidrod dakavSirebul movlenaTa dro-

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uli moculoba. drouli veli yvela drouli segmentis jams warmoadgens~ (CeredniCenko 1986: 13).

amrigad, winamdebare naSromSi mxatvruli dro moazrebuli iqneba ro-gorc siuJeturi, anu mxatvrul nawarmoebSi organizebulad aRwerili esTe-tikurad faseuli movlenebis dro. siuJeturi dro emijneba fabulur, anu Txrobis dros da e. w. `drois miRma~ mdgar movlenebs, romelTa Sesaxebac calke TavSi gveqneba saubari.

termini `mxatvruli sivrce~ asaxavs iluzorul, warmosaxul samyaros, romelic qmnis samoqmedo fons mxatvrul nawarmoebSi.

d. lixaCovi ganmartavs: `Tavis nawarmoebSi avtori qmnis garkveul sivrces, romelSic mimdina-

reobs moqmedeba. es sivrce SeiZleba iyos masStaburi, aerTianebdes sxadas-xva qveyanas (moagzaurobis Janris romanebSi), metic — scildebodes Cveni planetis — dedamiwis sazRvrebs (fantastikuri an romantikuli Janris ro-manebSi) an, piriqiT, lokalizdebodes erTi ojaxis viwro CarCoebSi. sivrce, romelsac qmnis avtori Tavsi nawarmoebSi, SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes garkveu-li `geografiuli~ TaviseburebiT: iyos realuri (rogorc matianesa da is-toriul romanSi) an warmosaxuli (rogorc zRaparSi)~ (lixaCovi 1979b: 335).

vfiqrobT, mxatvruli sivrcis realurobac oden pirobiTia, radgan mxatvruli sivrcis cneba TavisTavad gulisxmobs realuri sivrcis mxat-vrul sivrced gardaqmnis dinamikuri ekvivalentis cnebas. swored mxat-vruli sivrcis iluzoruloba da warmosaxuloba afiqsirebs realur mak-rosamyarosa da mxatvrul mikrosamyaros Soris arsebul distanciasa da naTels hfens literaturis pirobiTobis fenomens.

ganixilavs ra mxatvruli droisa da mxatvruli sivrcis poetikas, d. lixaCovi ayenebs maTi erTianobis sakiTxs:

`sityvier xelovnebaSi sivrce uSualod ukavSirdeba mxatvrul dros. igi dinamikuria, sivrce qmnis samoqmedo fons da Tavadac moZraobs, icvle-ba — es moZraoba (moZraobaSi mTliandebian sivrce da dro) SeiZleba iyos martivi an rTuli, swrafi an Senelebuli, mWidrod dakavSirebuli... mizez-Sedegobriv mimarTebebTan~ (lixaCovi 1979b: 335).

miuxedavad am koncefciis damajereblobisa, mxatvruli droisa da siv-rcis ganuyofelobis problema literaturaTmcodneobis erT-erTi yvela-ze sadavo problemaa. gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT dgas mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis erToblivi, e.w. kompleqsuri kvlevis sakiTxi.

arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac xelovnebis dargebi kvalifi-cirebulia sivrcul, droul da dro-sivrcul saxeobebad.

pirvel kategorias akuTvneben mxatvrobas, grafikas, skulpturas, ar-qiteqturas, anu xelovnebis im dargebs, romlebic `realizdeba or an sam-ganzomilebian plastikur konstruqciebSi da amorTulia drois mdinare-bidan, e.i. ar icvleba drois brunvis paralelurad~ (kagani 1974: ,28); meore kategorias akuTvneben literaturas, musikas, anu xelovnebis im dargebs, `romelTa arsebobac abstragirebulia nebismieri sivrculi lokalizacii-sagan~ (kagani 1974: 28); dabolos, mesame kategoria, romelic gulisxmobs

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sasceno da kinematografiul xelovnebas, anu xelovnebis im dargebs, `rom-lebic realizdeba materialur struqturaSi, inarCunebs sivrculi da drouli maxasiaTeblebis erTianobas~ (kagani 1974: 28).

am Teoriis Tanaxmad, xelovnebis dargebis aRqmis da kvlevis meTode-bic unda esadagebodes maTi dro-sivrculi struqturis specifikas.

miuxedavad am Teoriis mniSvnelovanebisa, arsebobs sxva poziciac, romlis Tanaxmadac, xelovnebis dargebis urTierTizolireba dro-siv-rculi niSniT ar aris marTebuli, SesaZlebelia, wamyvani konstruqciuli funqcia dakisrebuli hqondes droul an sivrcul sawyiss, magram maTi sruli izolireba ar Seesabameba xelovnebis aRqmis specifikas. ase magali-Tad, m. baxtinis mtkicebiT, literaturaSi warmmarTvelia mxatvruli dro-is funqcia, magram mxatvruli nawarmoebis mTlianobas mxolod mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis erTianoba, e.w `dro-sivrculi kontinuumis”, anu xan-grZlivobis Seqmna ganapirobebs.

dro-sivrculi xangrZlivoba gulisxmobs im drouli da sivrculi para-metrebis sinTezs, romlebic ikveTebian konkretul mxatvrul nawarmoebSi:

`Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara `garegani~, mxatvrul nawarmoebze mimarTu-li metrikuli dro (wuTebi, saaTebi wlebi), ... aramed mxatvruli nawarmoebis, rogorc esTetikuri fenomenisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sakuTari, imanenturi dro~ (baxtini 1986a: 90) da Sinagani, imanenturi sivrce, romlebic gansazRvra-ven nawarmoebis struqturul Taviseburebasa da individualizms.

m. baxtinma mxatvruli dro-sivrcis mTlianobis aRmniSvneli specia-luri terminic daamkvidra — `qronotopi~. m. baxtini wers:

qronotopi aris `literaturaSi mxatvrulad aTvisebuli droisa da sivrcis urTierTmimarTeba... mxatvrul qronotopSi sivrculi da drouli elementebi erTiandeba erT gaazrebul da konkretul mTlianobaSi. dro mWidrovdeba, mkvrivdeba, xdeba mxatvrulad aRqmadi; sivrce ki intensifi-cirdeba, erTveba drois, siuJetis, istoriis moZraobaSi — drois Tvisebebi ixsneba sivrceSi, sivrce — gaiazreba da ganizomeba droSi. plastebis aseTi kveTiTa da SerwymiT xasiaTdeba maxtvruli qronotopi... qronotopi gan-sazRvravs literaturuli nawarmoebis mxatvrul mdgomareobas realur sinamdvilesTan mimarTebaSi~ (baxtini 1986b: 121-122).

amrigad, baxtiniseuli qronotopi aris literaturisaTvis specifiku-ri `formalur-Sinaarsobrivi~ kategoria, romelic gamoxatavs droisa da sivrcis ganuyofelobas literaturaSi.

imave poziciaze dgas s. babuSkinic: `sivrce da dro~ xelovnebaSi mxatvruli saxis universalur gansazR-

vrebebs warmoadgens... mxatvruli sivrce da mxatvruli dro erT urRvev mTlianobas qmnis~ (babuSkini 1984: 276).

dro-sivrculi kontinuumis ideis momxreTa azriT, mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis urTierTkavSiri uzrunvelyofs mxatvruli nawarmoebis ro-gorc esTetikuri fenomenis ara mxolod struqturul, aramed – Sinaar-sobriv mTlianobas.

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n. geis mosazrebiT, `drouli da sivrculi koordinatebi... warmoad-gens nawarmoebis aramarto karkass, aramed – misi Sinaarsis organizebis yvelaze realur saSualebas~ (gei 1975b: 277).

miuxedavad yvela am mosazrebis avtoritetulobisa da damajereblo-bisa, vfiqrobT, gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi garemoeba: nebismier SemTxve-vaSi Zalze rTulia erTi romelime dro-sirculi Teoriis morgeba zoga-dad literaturis modelze da misi dakanoneba. Cveni azriT, dro-sivrculi parametrebis urTierTmimarTeba literaturul teqstSi arasodes aris erTnairi da ucvleli. migvaCnia, rom mizezi amisa mdgomareobs Tavad li-teraturis specifikaSi. literatura cocxali organizmia, mudmivad cva-lebadi sistemaa, romelic iTxzveba da Semdgom arsebobs garkveuli rea-lobis pirobebSi. Sesabamisad, araTanabaria teqstis dro-sivrculi ganzo-milebani, anu araTanabaria maTi uerTierTmimarTeba rogorc teqstis, ise realuri konteqstis doneze.

ase magaliTad, naSromSi `literaturul-esTetikuri narkvevebi~, gani-xilavs ra qarTuli mwerlobisa da literaturul-esTetikuri azrovnebis sakiTxebs, r. siraZe gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis fenomens.

qveTavSi `musikalur-ansambluri ierarqizmi~ mkvlevari warmogvidgens drois kategoriis arsobrivi transformaciisa da, Sesabamisad, misi esTeti-kuri funqciis cvalebadobis process:

`qristianobis Semdeg wrebrunviTi dro sworxazobrivma, anu veqtorulma drom Secvala, aseTi dro yvelafers miaqanebs saerTo miznisaken. esaa miznob-rivi, anu teleologiuri dro, romelic yvelafers aTanasworebs...

drois axali gageba rom msoflgagebis safuZvelia, es mravalmxriv vlindeba. Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom erovnuli TviTSemecnebis erT-erT gamoxatulebad iqca eris arsebobis drouli gansazRvra, anda piruku — konkretuli drois miTologizacia~ (siraZe 1987: 25).

r. siraZe mimoixilavs da sagangebod aRniSnavs mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis erTianobis princips Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi:

`siuJeturi dro advilad ukavSirdeba `mxatvrul~ (siuJetur) sivrces da mTlianoba dro-sivrcisa (xronotopi) gansaxovnebis safuZveli xdeba~ (siraZe 1987: 27).

naSromSi, agreTve, warmodgenilia ioane sabanisZisa da giorgi merCulis TxzulebebSi gamokveTili drouli da sivrculi plastebis Taviseburebani, ga-moyofilia `sabanisZiseuli qronotopi~, anu dro-sivrculi foni, `romelze-dac Cans qarTli da, rac mTavaria, abo~, aRnusxulia istoriuli, eortalogiu-ri da esqatologiuri drouli modelebi, rogorc ioane sabanisZis Txzulebi-saTvis niSandoblivi drouli qsovilis komponentebi. warmodgenilia `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ ZiriTadi sivrculi modelebi — `gza~ da ùdabno~ da Se-sabamisi literaturuli epoqis fonze ganxilulia maTi esTetikur-funqciuri siRrme, niSandoblivi qarTuli agiografiuli literaturisaTvis.

Tu Tvals gavadevnebT qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis Semdgom etapebsac, davrwmundebiT, rom qronotopuli modelebis specifika yovel-

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Tvis pirdapir damokidebulebaSi iyo Tavad literaturis specifikasTan. mxatvruli literaturis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis sruliad gansxvavebuli modelebi aRiniSneboda, da, Se-sabamisad, gansxvavebuli iyo maTi urTierTmimarTebis formebic.

`mxatvruli dro da sivrce — miuTiTebs s. babuSkini, — istoriulad ic-vleba, viTardeba. mis cvalebadobas sazogadoebis social-ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis donisa da dro-sivrceze misi warmodgenebis cva-lebadoba ganapirobebs~ (babuSkini 1984: 281).

miuxedavad amisa, ucvleli rCeboda da rCeba mxatvruli qronotopis esTetikuri funqcia: mxatvruli qronotopi esadageboda literaturis ganviTarebis nebismier etapze aRmocenebuli literaturuli mimdinareo-bebis, mimarTulebebis, stilebis moTxovnilebebs. metic, naSromSi `droisa da qronotopis formebi romanSi~ m. baxtini, ganixilavs ra mxatvruli qro-notopis ganviTarebis safexurebs antikuri romanidan vidre me-19 sauku-nis rusuli klasikis nimuSebis CaTvliT, askvnis:

`ra daniSnuleba aqvT Cvens mier ganxilul qronotopebs? ... Cvens mier ganxiluli qronotopebi gamoirCevian Janrul-tipuri xasiaTiT, isini sa-fuZvlad udevs romanuli Janris sxvadasxva saxeobas, romlebic iqmneboda da viTardeboda saukuneebis manZilze~ (baxtini 1986b: 284-285).

vfiqrobT, rom m. baxtinis mosazreba marTebulia. masze dayrdnobiT Se-iZleba isic iTqvas, rom: mxatvruli qronotopi, anu mxatvrul nawarmoebSi lokalizebuli drouli da sivrculi plastebis urTierTmimarTebis speci-fika gansazRvravs Tavad literaturuli Janris TaviseburebaTa specifikas.

mxatvruli qronotopi mravalgvaria: mTavari da meorexarisxovani, martivi da rTuli, zogadi da konkretuli, magram gansxvavebuli qronoto-puli tipebis kavSiri, maTi erTianoba qmnis mxatvrul-struqturul bazas, romelsac emyareba esa Tu is literaturuli mimdinareoba, mimarTuleba, SemoqmedebiTi stili.

SeuZlebelia, rom nebismieri Semoqmedisa da mxatvruli qmnilebisaTvis misaRebi da gardauvali iyos romelime erTi koncefcia. zogadi koncefcia unda arsebobdes, magram konceptualuri dogmatizmi ar Seesamebeba litera-turis specifikas. marTebulad SeniSnavs b. meilaxi: `mxatvruli azrovnebis ganviTarebasTan kavSirSi dro-sivrculi urTierTobebis evoluciis proce-sis kvleva Zalian rTulia. dRes SesaZlebelia misi mxolod formulireba. am mxriv yvelaze metad Seswavlili, albaT, klasicizmis poetikaa, magram aqac, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, seriozul winaaRmdegobebs vawydebiT. marTlacda: erTi mxriv, klasicizmi gamoirCa `samTa erTianobis~ umtkicesi principiT, me-ore mxriv ki, p. korneli `sidSi~ ocdaoTxi saaTis ganmavlobaSi mogviTxrobs oTxi Tvis manZilze mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb~ (meilaxi 1974: 8).

zogadi koncefcia ar gulisxmobs literaturis dakabalebas, igi cdi-lobs, zogadsistemuri saxe misces problemas.

me-19 saukunis qarTulma realisturma literaturam, iseve rogorc mis winamorbed epoqebSi aRmocenebulma sxvadasxva literaturulma mimdinare-

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obebma, mimarTulebebma, SemoqmedebiTma meTodebma, mxatvruli qronotopis axali modelebi SemogvTavaza. vfiqrobT, rom realistebisaTvis specifiku-ri dro-sivrculi qronotopi mkveTrad gamoxatuli struqturuli funqci-iT gamoirCa da literaturuli kanonis saxec ki miiRo. zogadi koncefcia, romliTac, Cveni azriT, ganisazRvreba mxatvruli qronotopis specifika qarTul realistur literaturaSi, SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT Camoyalibdes:

me-19 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan qrTuli realisturi mwerlobis TvalsaCi-no warmomadgenlebis SemoqmedebaSi prioritetulad SeiniSneba social-erov-nuli, eTikuri da filosofiuri xasiaTis problematikis mZlavri aRmavloba. literaturuli nawarmoebis yvela struqturuli rgoli mimarTulia am glo-baluri problemebis gaazrebisaken. Sesamisad, transformirdeba mxatvruli qronotopi da misi struqturul-funqciuri simZlavre safuZvlad edeba rea-listuri literaturis specifikas. realizmis epoqaSi aRmocenebuli mxatvru-li qronotopi Tavisufldeba romantizmisaTvis niSandoblivi simbolur-mis-tikuri datvirTvisagan, Tumca, garkveulwilad, inarCunebs mis elementebs. re-alistebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qronotopi ar Semoifargleba mxolod perso-naJebis an avtoris azrobriv-emociuri metamorfozebis gadmocemis funqciiT — igi pirdapir korelaciaSia realur sinamdvileSi mimdinare urTules proce-sebTan, anu istoriul da socio-kulturul konteqstTan. Sigaxedvis poziciis paralelurad aqtiurdeba garexedvis pozicia.

realistur literaturaSi erTmaneTs erwymis ori Zlieri nakadi: dro-sivrcis globaluri, e.w `msoflio standartebiT~ aRqmisa da dro-sivrcis fsiqologiuri sublimaciis procesi. qarTuli realizmis WeSmariti met-ris, i. WavWavaZis TxzulebebSi warmodgenilia dro-sivrculi metamorfo-zebis asaxvis orive tendencia — misi masStaburi aRqmaca da misi fsiqolo-giuri sublimaciac.

dro-sivrcis globaluri, `msoflio standartebiT~ aRqma gulisxmobs im rTuli da mniSvnelovani procesis gaazrebas, romelic mxatvruli na-warmoebisaTvis specifikuri dro-sivrcisa da realuri, obieqturi sinam-dvilisaTvis specifikuri dro-sivrcis urTierTmimarTebiT ganisazRvre-ba. dro-sivrcis fsiqologiuri sublimaciis procesi ki gulisxmobs im dro-sivrculi plastebis cvlilebasa da kavSirs, romlebic uSualod mxatvruli nawarmoebis mikrosamyaroSi fiqsirdeba.

dro-sivrcis aRqmis pirveli aspeqti realistur literaturaSi Txro-bis dro-sivrculi orientaciiT gamoixata, meore aspeqti — mxatvruli qronotopuli sistemis specifikiT. i. WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi TiToeuli dasaxelebuli aspeqti uaRresad saintereso mravalferovnebiT gamoirCa. vecdebiT, maTi detaluri analiziT davasabuToT Cven mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebis WeSmariteba.

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Tavi 1

Txrobis dro-sivrculi orientacia

1.1. avtoriseuli dro-sivrce rogorc mxatvruli dro-sivrcis aRqmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi pozicia

mxatvruli dro-sivrce, anu qronotopi avtorisa da mkiTxvelis inten-ciaTa Sexvedris adgilia. igi apriorulad gulisxmobs ori poziciis — av-toriseuli da mkiTxveliseuli poziciebis — arsebobas. avtori, garkveul dro-sivrcul konteqstSi qmnis pirobiT dro-sivrcul mikrosamyaros, ro-melsac mkiTxveli, aseve garkveuli dro-sivrculi konteqstidan, aRiqvams. amdenad, sruliad mizanSewonilia àvtoriseuli dro-sivrcisa~ da `mkiTx-veliseuli dro-sivrcis~ cnebaTa damkvidreba. orive maTgani warmoadgens realuri dro-sivrcis modificirebul variants da gamoxatavs mxatvruli dro-sivrcis gaazrebis araTanabar poziciebs, romlebsac uSualo mimar-Teba aqvT teqstTan. miuxedavad imisa rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmo-ebi, rogorc xelovnebis nimuSi, warmogvidgens misTvis niSandobliv ara-sistemur, arasimetriul, sruliad araordinarul dro-sivrcul garemos, gansxvavebuls im realuri dro-sivrculi speqtrisagan, romelSic ganfe-nilni arian materialuri sagnebi, literaturuli nawarmoebisaTvis speci-fikuri qronotopis Camoyalibeba ar gulisxmobs mis srul SemozRudvas realuri dro-sivrcisagan.

literaturuli nawarmoebis Sinagani dro-sivrculi xangrZlivobis, anu kontinuumis mimarTeba realur dro-sivrcul xangrZlivobasTan, anu kontinuumTan Txrobisa da aRqmis gansxvavebuli dro-sivrculi struqtu-rebis fonze ikveTeba. am ori poziciidan, realisturi literaturis done-ze, dominirebs pirveli, anu Txrobisa da mTxrobelis pozicia.

me-19 saukunis 50-iani wlebidan xazgasmulad izrdeba avtoris avtorite-ti, imdenad, rom avtori teqstis makoordinebel elementad da organizato-rad aris miCneuli. isaa teqstis interpretaciis gasaRebi im periodis salite-raturo kritikisaTvis, romelic aSkarad biografiul xasiaTs iZens. marTalia, mogvianebiT (t. elioti, e. paundi, rusuli formalisturi skola, stuqtura-lizmi da sxva) aRniSnuli pozicia lamis absoluturad sapirispiro WrilSi ga-nixileba, magram es mogvianebiT, me-19 saukunis miwurulamde ki avtoris avto-riteti xelSeuxebelia. Sesabamisad, savsebiT bunebrivia avtoriseuli dro--sivrcis funqciuri datvirTuloba. swored igi warmoadgens realuri dro--sivrcis ZiriTad modifikacias. mxatvrul qronotopTan avtoris qronotopis

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mimarTeba warmoaCens realuri dro-sivrculi plastebisa da mxatvruli dro-sivrculi plastebis urTieTdamokidebulebis niuansebs. avtoriseul dro-sivrces, anu qronotops, romlis miRmac z. turaevas TqmiT, `realobis samyaro sufevs~, realisti-mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi dro-sivrcis globalu-ri, masStaburi aRqmis regulireba ekisreba. avtoriseuli qronotopi gan-sazRvravs mxatvrul nawarmoebSi lokalizebuli dro-sivrcis realur dro--sivrcesTan korelaciis xarisxs.

CvenTvis arsebiTia ara garkveuli asakis, nacionalobisa d socialuri mdgomarebis mqone pirovneba, aramed avtori rogorc esTetikuri obieqtis warmmarTveli, rogorc mxatvruli movlena, romelic safuZvels uyris da amtkicebs nawarmoebis struqturuli da msoflmxedvelobrivi aspeqtebis erTianobas.

klasikur realistur literaturaSi mxatvruli nawarmoebis esTeti-kur faseulobas, ZiriTadad, avtoris aqtiuri pozicia gansazRvravs. am SemTxvevaSi sruliad marTebulia Semdegi gancxadeba: àvtori, rogorc formis konstituciuri momenti, warmoadgens mizanswraful adamians, ro-melic asrulebs Tavis movaleobas da Tavisi Tavi miznis asrulebis auci-lebel elementad miaCnia: igi saWiroa mTlianad — msunTqavi (ritmi), moZra-vi, mayurebeli, msmeneli, moyvaruli da gamgebi~ (baxtini 1986a: 88). avtori irCevs, iTavisebs da mxatvrulad gardaqmnis realurad momxdar da gan-cdil movlenebs. anu Txrobis procesSi realuri STabeWdilebebi, cxadia, ganzavebulia avtoris warmosaxvebTan da fantaziebTan, magram realistu-ri xasiaTis literaturul nawarmoebSi prioritets realurobis marcvali inarCunebs. esTetikuri obieqti — mxatvruli nawarmoebi — gulisxmobs av-toris ìq yofnas~ mTeli Txrobis manZilze: nawarmoebis pirveli abzaci-dan — mis bolo abzacamde, dasawyisidan — vidre finalamde. mxatvruli Txrobis mimdinareobis procesi aris avtoris msoflmxedvelobisa da az-rovnebis individualur TaviseburebaTa kristalizaciis uaRresad rTuli procesi, ganxorcielebuli mxatvruli sityvis meSveobiT.

`formis Semqmneli yvela kompoziciuri momentis da, upirveles yov-lisa, sityvieri masalis formaluri mTlianoba, ganisazRvreba ara im gare-moebiT — ra iTqmeba an ris Sesaxeb iTqmeba, aramed im garemoebiT — Tu ro-gor iTqmeba, gaazrebuli sityvis mniSvnelobiT... mniSvneloba ar ikargeba saganSi. igi Tavis TavSi grZnobs sakuTar subieqtur mTlianobas, grZnobs im daZabulobaSi, romelic gansazRvravs mis sulier da fizikur pozicias, mTlianobas ara sagnisa an movlenisa, aramed — sagnis da movlenis gaazre-bisa~ (baxtini 1986a: 82).

avtori mxatruli sityvis daxmarebiT ayalibebs ama Tu im esTetikuri obieqtisaTvis specifikur sametyvelo formebsa da, Sesabamisad, Txrobis stils. Txrobis stili avtoris azrovnebis mimarTulebis, misi Semoqmedebi-Ti aqtivobisa da aqtualobis realizaciis saukeTeso saSualebaa. swored Txrobis procesSi ikveTeba mxatvrul nawarmoebSi aRweril movlenaTa av-toriseuli xedva, mxatvruli dro-sivrcis avtoriseuli aRqma, anu iqmneba is gansakuTrebuli veli, romelic avtoriseul dro-sivrced iwodeba.

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qarTul realistur literaturaSi avtoriseul dro-sivrces sruli-ad aSkarad daekisra maregulirebeli funqcia. Txrobis procesis reguli-rebiT igi awesrigebs realur dro-sivrcesa da mxatvrul dro-sivrces So-ris arsebul mimarTebas, mxolod im saxiT, romelic misaRebi da gasagebia konkretuli avtoris msoflmxedvelobisaTvis.

dro-sivrcis globaluri aRqmis procesis amgvar variants warmogvid-gens da, vfiqrobT, uaRresad saintereso stilistur da struqturul niu-ansebs gvTazobs ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli proza.

1.2. Txrobis dro-sivrculi struqtura

upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom Txrobis dro-sivrculi orien-tacia mkveTrad ganasxvavebs or formas: Txrobas, romelic warmoebs pirveli pirisgan da Txrobas, romelic mesame pirisgan momdinareobs. gansxvavebas mTxrobelis dro-sivrculi pozicia ganapirobebs.

samarTlianad miuTiTebs z. turaeva: `pirveli pirisgan warmoebuli Txrobis SemTxvevaSi mTeli teqsti

orientirebulia mTxrobelis droul gamocdilebaze. misi mdebareoba drosa da sivrceSi gansazRvravs droul da sivrcul urTierTobebs nawar-moebSi. mesame pirisgan warmoebuli Txrobis SemTxevaSi msgavsi orientacia ar arsebobs: movlenebi aisaxeba rogorc ukve momxdari. gamomdinare aqe-dan, pirveli pirisagan warmoebuli Txrobis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba war-sulis, awmyosa da momavali gramatikuli drois formebi, mesame pirisgan warmoebuli Txrobis SemTxvevaSi ki ZiriTadad warsuli drois formebi ix-mareba~ (turaeva 1979: 13).

maSasadame, pirveli pirisgan warmoebuli Txrobis pirobebSi teqsti eyrdnoba mTxrobelis dro-sivrcul konteqsts, mesame pirisgan warmoebu-li Txrobis pirobebSi ki mTxrobelis dro-sivrculi konteqsti mxolod gareSe damkvireblis qronotopis funqciiT Semoifargleba. ra roli gane-kuTvneba am SemTxvevaSi realur dro-sivrcul konteqsts, romelSic imyo-feba avtori? mxatvruli da realuri dro-sivrculi modelebis mimarTe-bis araerTgvarovnebas, erTi mxriv, mTxrobelis qronotopuli sistemis funqciuri araerTgvarovneba iwvevs, meore mxriv ki — im literaturuli principebis specifika, romelTa pirobebSic iqmneba teqsti. Cvens SemTxve-vaSi ganxilvis sagans realizmis literaturuli principebi warmoadgens.

ganvixiloT konkretuli SemTxvevebi. i. WavWavaZis TxzulebaSi `mgzavris werilebi~ Txroba pirveli piris-

gan warmoebs da personificirebulia. mTxrobeli personaJia — mgzavri. mgzavri-mTxrobeli pirvel pirSi saubrobs Tavis Tavze da aRiqmeba ro-gorc moqmedi piri. Sesabamisad, dgeba problema: ramdenad esadageba per-sonificirebuli mTxrobelis msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia avtorise-uls? emTxveva mas Tu ar emTxveva? rogoria avtoriseuli realuri dro-

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sivrculi velis mimarTeba mxatvrul dro-sivrcul velTan? vfiqrobT, rom msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT aq yvelaferi wesrigSia: `mgzav-ris werilebis~ personaJi-mTxrobeli savsebiT iziarebs avtoris Sexedu-lebebs, aqtiurad gamoxatavs mis subieqtur pozicias. metic, avtoris msoflmxedvelobiTi principebi mxatvrulad realizdeba personaJi-mgzav-ris azrovnebis procesSi. ufro rTulad dgas qronotopuli modelebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. teqsti, marTalia, eyrdnoba avtoris dro--sivrcul gamocdilebas, magram pesonaJi-mgzavri-mTxrobelisa da avtoris dro-sivrculi velebis damTxveva pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs: `mgzavris we-rilebi~ aris literaturuli teqsti da masSi arsebuli mxatvruli pirobi-Tobis atmosfero avtorisa da mTxrobeli-personaJis dro-sivrculi qro-notopebis sruli izomorfizmis saSualebas ar iZleva.

ganvixiloT sami ZiriTadi dro-sivrculi pozicia, romelic aRniSnul TxzulebaSi ikveTeba:

1) moqmedebis dinamika; 2) dialogis procesi; 3) monologis procesi. mgzavri moZravi subieqtia. igi TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv moZraobs – Tavi-

suflad gadaadgildeba sivrceSi da mTlianad aregulirebs Txrobis dro--sivrcul sferos. nawarmoebSi Seqmnili mxatvruli sivrcis yvela xiluli elementi gaiazreba mxolod masTan – personificirebul mTxrobelTan mi-marTebaSi. mgzavri ganuwyvetliv icvlis pozicias, magram sivrceSi misi moZraobis procesi xazgasmulad gadmoicema gramatikuli drois warsulis formebiT: ìamSCikma~ foStis povoska moayena~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 7), àm yo-fiT ganvSordi vladikavkass da piri Cemis qveynisaken vqeni~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 9), `Sua-dRe iyo, rom larsis stanicaSi mivedi~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 10), `SevsxediT cxenebzed da wamovediT stefanwmindidam~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 24) da sxva. aseTi stilisturi xerxi imTaviTve migvaniSnebs garkveul dro-siv-rcul amplitudaze, romelic arsebobs realur dro-sivrcesa da mxat-vrul dro-sivrces Soris; TxzulebaSi gadmocemuli faqtebi aRiqmeba ro-gorc ukve momxdari da gardasuli, iqmneba pirobiTobis atmosfero da av-toriseuli dro-sivrce emijneba mxatvrul dro-sivrces.

analogiuri procesi aRiniSneba dialogebSic miuxedavad imisa, rom na-warmoebSi fiqsirebuli oTxive dialogi gramatikuli drois awmyos for-mebs eyrdnoba. iqneba awmyosaTvis specifikuri garemo, mxolod mimarTeba am garemosTan sxvadasxvagvaria. teqstualuri dialogisaTvis specifikuri awmyo awmyoa personaJisTvis, magram ara avtorisaTvis. realuri dro-siv-rcis poziciidan, romelSic imyofeba damkvirvebeli-avtori, realisti mwerali, maqsimalurad rom inarCunebs teqstis makontrolebel funqcias, teqsturi dialogisaTvis specifikuri awmyo moiazreba rogorc warsuli, gardasuli, ukve momxdari faqti, aRsawerad gamzadebuli masala. avtori-seuli dro-sivrce kvlav emijneba mxatvrul dro-sivrces.

mgzavris moZroba ar aris meqanikuri. igi gadaadgildeba drosa da sir-ceSi da, Sesabamisad, etapobrivad ayalibebs Tavis moqalaqeobriv da msof-

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lmxedvelobriv pozicias. dawyebuli vladikavkazidan, vidre stefanwmin-damde, mgzavris saTqmeli, mimarTuli sivrceSi gabneuli sxvadasxva sagnisa-ken, romlebic misi xedvis obieqtivSi xvdeba, warmoadgens ara mxolod faq-tis konstatacias, aramed am faqtis filosofiuri analizis seriozul cdas.

mgzavris sulieri da azrobrivi metamorfozebi monologebSi aisaxeba. TxzulebaSi ramdenime monologi fiqsirdeba da TiToeuli maTgani uaRre-sad mniSvnelovan esTetikur funqcias asrulebs.

monologi realisturi xasiaTis nawarmoebSi aris is unikaluri pozi-cia, sadac avtorisa da personaJis dro-sivrculi plastebi Tanaarseboben erTi subieqtis pirobebSi. monologi aireklavs personaJSi ara moqmedebis, aramed azrovnebis dinamikas. avtori pasiuria – ar axdens personaJis az-rovnebis stilis apelacias, rac dasturdeba monologis sruli Tavisuf-lebiT: monologi moklebulia avtoriseul remarkebs, CanarTebs, Sefase-bebs. simZimis centrs erTdroulad warmoadgens avtori – moTxrobeli – personaJi. igi, erTdroulad esTetikuri xedvis pirobac gaxlavT da esTe-tikuri xedvis saganic. magram Tanaarseboba ar gulisxmobs damTxvevasa da Serwymas. pozitiuri identifikacia ver uzrunvelyofs dro-sivrcul identifikacias: personaJis azrovnebis procesis detaluri aRwera esada-geba literaturis pirobiTobis cnebas. nebismieri epoqisa da rangis mwer-lis, miT ufro realisti mwerlis pirovnuli da SemoqmedebiTi poziciis esoden detaluri fiqsacia udavod iRebs ara mxatvruli qmnilebis, aramed eTikur-filosofiuri traqtatis saxesa da scildeba literaturis sfe-ros. msjelobis mxatvruli Rirebuleba Seqmnili dro-sivrculi velis Ri-rebulebiT ganisazRvreba. `mgzavris werilebi~ ar warmoadgens eTikur-fi-losofiuri xasiaTis dokuments, igi moTxrobaa da avtoris pozicia mxo-lod personaJis meSveobiT Seicnoba. dro-sivrce, romlis pirobebSic ya-libdeba mgzavris monologi, mxatvrul-warmosaxviTia da ara realur-obi-eqturi. pirobiT mokrosamyaroSi lokalizebuli mgzavris monologi aRiq-meba rogorc Rrma sulier plastebSi mimdinare metamorfoza da ara ro-gorc avtoris poziciis deklaracia. personaJi iTvaliswinebs avtoriseul `me~-s, magram Seqmnili mxatvruli dro-sivrculi garemo sruli identifi-kaciis saSualebas ar iZleva.

amrigad, TxzulebaSi `mgzavris werilebi~ realuri da mxatvruli dro-sivrculi plastebis urTierTmimarTeba realizdeba uSualod pirve-li pirisagan warmoebuli Txrobis pirobebSi. Txroba personificirebu-lia. realuri dro-sivrculi sistemis modificirebuli varianti — avto-ris dro-sivrculi veli uaxlovdeba mxatvrul dro-sivrcul vels, magram mkveTrad gamoxatuli mxatvrul-pirobiTi atmosfero da gramatikuli drois formebi sruli izomorfizmis saSualebas ar iZleva. realuri da mxatvruli dro-sivrculi plastebis saintereso lavirebis pirobebSi ik-veTeba avtoris moqalaqeobriv-msoflmxedvelobiTi pozicia.

i. WavWavaZis meore Txzuleba `glaxis naambobi~ Txrobis gansxvavebul stils emorCileba: Tavdapirvelad Txroba pirveli pirisgan warmoebs da mTxrobeli savsebiT daufaravad gamodis avtoris rolSi:

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`me, swored, nadirobis trfials rom ityvian, isa var~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 31). msjeloba zogadia, momdinare avtori — mTxrobelis ukve formirebu-

li tipisgan. misi msjeloba erTgvari winasityvaobaa im poziciisa, romel-sac daikavebs avtori Txzulebis yvela gadamwyvet momentSi. es erTgvari avtoriseuli prologi awmyos drois formiTaa gadmocemuli da gaiazreba rogorc sruliad gansazRvruli avtoriseuli koncefcia.

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia terminis — `konceptualuri dro-sivrce~ damkvidreba da gansazRvreba.

konceptualuri dro-sivrce, `faqtobrivad, aris realuri droisa da sivrcis asaxva im mosazrebebis doneze, romlebic yvelasaTvis erTsa da imave azrs atareben~ (zobovi... 1974: 11). konceptualuri dro-sivrculi mo-deli SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc ganyenebul msjelobaTa erTianoba, sadac vlindeba avtoris mimarTeba realuri droisa da sivrcisadmi, anu av-toris msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia, misi msoflmxedvelobrivi simar-Tle. Sesabamisad, konceptualuri qronotopuli modelis arseboba nawar-moebSi uzrunvelyofs realuri dro-sivrculi sistemis uSualo mimarTe-bas mxatvrul dro-sivrcul sistemasTan.

migvaCnia, rom Txzulebis `glaxis naambobi~ pirveli Tavi savsebiT esa-dageba konceptualuri dro-sivrcisaTivs specifikur moTxovnebs — am pa-saJSi realuri samyaros avtoriseuli interpretaciaa mocemuli:

`Tu gnebavT, amasac ki vityvi, rom nadiroba codvaa: yoveli sulieri RvTis danabadia, yvelas aqvs Tanaswori neba am Tvaluwvdomel qveyanaSi cxovrebisa, magram ra gaewyoba? ... tyuilad ki ar gvarwmunebs Cveni saR-mrTo werili, rom pirveli sisxli uboroto qveyanaze kacma kacisa daan-Txiao~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 31).

meore Tavis dasawyisSive Txroba transformirdeba: `Cven sofels qve-modam erTi TxuTmetiode versti rom gagevloT, kai sanadiro adgilebi iyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 33) da a.S. a.S. avtori aris mTxrobeli, romelic awmyos poziciidan aRwers konkretul droul da sivrcul garemos da Tavis moq-medebas am garemoSi. personaJis — glaxas gamoCenas Tan axlavs realuri da mxatvruli drouli da sivrculi modelebis gamijvnis rTuli procesis dasawyisi: avtoriseuli dro-sivrce, romelic realuri dro-sivrcis mo-difikacias warmoadgens, emijneba mxatvruls:

ìm Cem naTlimamis soflis saTaveSi, orRobeebi rom iwyeboda, zed sa-urme gzis piras, idga erTi Zveli sabZeli, gomurzed modgmuli. gomuris CasavalSi CardaxsaviT iyo win wamoweuli. am sabZlis gareSemo adamianis kvali ara sCanda. is iyo, mgonia, ayrilis kacisa, an amowyvetilisa, Tavmine-bebuli da patronsaviT daviwyebuli. rasakvirvelia, xSirad Semxvedria am sabZlisaken avla da Camovla, radganac zed gzis piras idga, magram, ai, ram-denjer amivlia da Camomivlia, arc erTxel arc erTi sulieri me iq ar dami-naxavs. Tu iqneboda, isic xandisxan zurgwamxdari, daWlevebuli glexkacis cxeni, romelic uilajobiT Sors ver wasuliyo da sabZlis gareSemo sjij-gnida golvisagan gadamxmar balaxsa. exla ki, rom amoviare, Cemda gasakvir-velad, davinaxe erTi kaci, gomuris karebTan miwolili. eg araferi. dila-

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zed Camoviare, Sevixede, is kaci isev-ise mwolare davinaxe. saRamozed jer bindi ar mohreoda sinaTlesa, amoviare — is kaci isev-ise vnaxe. gamikvirda ufro imitom, rom imis meti iq aravin moCanda~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 33-34).

avtoriseuli sivrce emijneba personaJiseul sivrces, avtoriseuli dro — personaJiseul dros. aq mizanSewonilad migvaCnia `vertikaluri~ da `horizontaluri~ sivrculi modelebis cnebaTa damkvidreba. vfiqrobT, sivrculi plastebis amgvari definicia gagviadvilebs realur da mxat-vrul sistemaTa urTierTmimarTebis aRqmas.

`vertikaluri~ sivrculi modeli personaJiseuli sivrculi plaste-bis opozicias asaxavs: erTi mxriv, mocemulia personaJis — glaxas kuTvnili statikuri, lokaluri sivrce, SemozRuduli Zveli, `Tavminebebuli~ sab-ZliT. magram, meore mxriv, aRwerili sivrcis statikurobas upispirdeba is dinamikuri mxatvruli sivrce, romelic Semdgomi Txrobis procesSia gamov-lenili da romelSic personaJi warsuli drois planSi moqmedebs. amgvari siv-rculi opozicia qmnis vertikalur sivrcul models TxzulebaSi. vertika-luri sivrculi modeli Zalze mniSvnelovan funqcias asrulebs: swored mis wiaRSi yalibdeba personaJis eTikur-fsiqologiuri portreti da mimdinare-obs uaRresad rTuli transformaciebi, romelTa Sesaxebac Cven calke TavSi gveqneba saubari.

`horizontaluri~ sivrculi modeli SeiZleba gaviazroT rogorc per-sonaJiseuli da avtoriseuli, anu mxatvruli da realuri sivrculi plas-tebis opozicia. personaJiseuli sivrce SemosazRvrulia sabZliT, romlis miRmac sxva majiscema igrZnoba da sruliad gansxvavebuli samyaro sufevs. avtori am aTasferadi, gansxvavebuli samyaros warmomadgenelia:

`Cven sofels qvemodan erTi TxuTmetiode versti rom gagevloT, kai sanadiro adgilebi iyo. ra iq!.. yvelgan, Cvens dalocvil qveyanaSi, sadac — glexisa ar iyos — `qriste-RmerTs Tavis uxvi kalTa daubRertia~, yvelgan kai adgilebia, rac ginda aris: daiwyeT moxdenil irmidam da gaaTaveT dar-baisel gareuli RoriTa, an gulixsmier daTviT. frinvels xom Tvla ar un-da~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 33).

glaxa gaucxoebulia im samyarosTan, saidanac modis avtori, makrosiv-rce misTvis ar arsebobs, arsebobs mxolod mikrosivrce — sabZeli, romlis sazRvrebsac glaxa ar scdeba.

personaJisa da avtoris sivrculi plastebis opozicia, anu sabZeli--garesamyaros opozicia, romelic qmnis `horizontalur~ sivrcul models, asrulebs uaRresad mniSvnelovan esTetikur funqcias — am opoziciis sa-xiT realizdeba Txzulebis humanuri dedaazri: pirovnebis — pesonaJis martosulobisa da garesamyaros — avtoris mier misi aRqmisa da Tanadgo-mis problema:

`guli ufro amemRvra, me im wams Cemi Tavi SemZulda, ras brZanebT?.. Cem win naxevradmkvdari kaci iyo, egre unugeSod darComili. imas ise eWireboda gulmtkivneuli qceva da tkbili sityva, me ki mxecurad Tvali movaride da SevizizRe, modi aqa da Tavi gaimarTle! unda wamovmdgariyavi da bodiSiT Se-menana Cemi mxecuri qceva, maSin gavmarTlebodi... ~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 36).

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avtoris mcdeloba, miteveba sTxovos dasneulebul RvTis glaxas, ga-moxatulebaa im maradiuli problemisa, romelsac garesamyaros sastik vne-baTaRelvebSi daRupuli TiToeuli adamianis bedis problema hqvia. avto-ri Sedis sabZelSi, igi garesamyaros mociqulis funqcias kisrulobs da surs, glaxasaTvis dasaxmareblad gawvdili misi xeli martosulis winaSe kacobriobis qedis moxris simbolod iqcevs.

sruliad samarTlianad SeniSnavs i. surovcevi: `droul-kompoziciuri formebis kvleva nayofieria mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi aRrmavebs Cvens warmodgenebs mocemuli nawarmoebis humanuri bunebis Sesaxeb~ (Ceredni-Cenko 1986: 8).

`glaxis naabobi~ amis dasturia: Txzulebis sivrculi modelis struqtu-ra SesaniSnavad esadageba mwerlis msoflmxedvelobriv poziciasa da adamia-nur simarTles.

avtoriseuli sivrce gansxvavdeba ara marto im lokaluri mikrosiv-rcisagan, sadac personaJs xvdeba, aramed im masStaburi mxatvruli siv-rculi fonisaganac, romelic personaJis monaTxrobSia warmodgenili. mi-uxedavad imisa, rom gabrielis naambobSi gaSlili sivrculi foni garesam-yaros asaxavs, im garesamyaros, romelsac aRar scnobs glaxa da saidanac mis mikrosamyaroSi avtori iWreba, opozicia mainc arsebobs: opozicias ga-resamyaros am or models Soris gansazRvravs drouli opozicia — glaxas naambobis mxatvruli sivrce personaJis warsulisaTvis specifikuri siv-rcea. personaJi iyo garesamyaros nawili, aRar aris da aRar iqneba, avtori iyo da aris garesamyaros nawili da misi wiaRidan aRiqvams glaxas xvedrs.

amrigad, horizontaluri sivrculi modelis gaazreba drouli struq-turebis urTierTmimarTebis gauTvaliswineblad, SeuZlebelia. avtoriseu-li drois mimarTeba personaJiseul drosTan gadamwyvet rols asrulebs av-toriseuli da personaJiseuli sivrculi plastebis ganlagebaSi.

avtori realuri drois farglebSi moqmedebs. avtoriseuli dro kale-idoskopuria — cvalebadia: saRamos cvlis dila, dilas — saRamo da a.S. mis sapirispirod, statikuria personaJis dro. personaJisaTvis damaxasiaTe-beli mxatvruli drois es statikuri modeli aSkarad emijneba avtorisaT-vis damaxasiaTebeli realuri drois dinamizms:

èxla ki rom amoviare, Cemda gasakvirvelad, davinaxe erTi kaci, gomu-ris karebTan miwolili. eg araferi. dilazed Camoviare, Sevixede, is kaci isev-ise mwolare davinaxe. saRamozed, jer bindi ar mohreoda sinaTlesa, amoviare — is kaci isev-ise vnaxe~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 33-34).

sapirispiro suraTs gvTavazobs glaxas mier misi warsuli cxovrebis Txrobis mxatvruli dro. igi dinamikuria da moicavs dReebs, Tveebs, wlebs, Tumca realurad ramdenime saaTs grZeldeba: àmiT gaaTava glaxam Tavisi na-ambobi. SuaRame gadasuli iyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 120). drois es monakveTi — sa-Ramodan, vidre SuaRamemde, gansxvavdeba personaJis monaTxrobSi warmoCeni-li drouli plastisgan. maTi Sefardeba, vfiqrobT, SeiZleba saxeldebul iq-nes, rogorc personaJiseuli `mcire dro~ da `didi dro~. specifikuria avto-ris maTTan mimarTeba: glaxas Txrobis `mcire drois~ monakveTSi avtoris

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cnobiereba emijneba Tavis realur dros, erTveba glaxas monaTxrobis dro-ul sistemaSi, anu `did droSi~ da ganicdis, cxadia, awmyos poziciidan, masSi mimdinare transformaciebs. avtoris fsiqikaSi airekleba glaxas warsuli-saTvis specifikuri dro da iqmneba gansakuTrebuli drouli veli, romelsac SeiZleba aRqmis dro vuwodoT.

amrigad, avtoriseuli dro TxzulebaSi `glaxis naambobi~ sami pozicii-Taa warmodgenili da aerTianebs uSualod realur dros, konceptualur drosa da aRqmis dros. avtoriseuli drois araerTgvarovani struqtura da misi ormxrivi opozicia personaJis drosTan Seesabameba sivrcis horizon-talur models, anu avtoriseuli da personaJiseuli sivrculi plastebis opizicias.

`glaxis naambobi~ klasikuri formiT gamoxatavs realisti mwerlis Se-moqmedebiT princips: nawarmoebis yvela struqturuli da mxatvruli dro-sivrculi konstruqciis urTierTmimarTeba asaxavs maT Soris arsebul po-ziciur damokidebulebas da, saboloo jamSi, zedmiwevniT esadageba avto-ris msoflmxedvelobriv pozicias.

TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ Txroba mesame pirisgan warmoebs, magram avtoriseuli koncefcia specifikuri dro-sivrculi urTierTobebis fon-ze ikveTeba.

`kacia-adamiani?!~ miekuTvneba im TxzulebaTa rigs, sadac Txroba mesame pirisagan warmoebs, magram ar aris personificirebuli. Txrobas awarmoebs pirobiTi mTxrobeli, romelic ar gardaiqmneba realur moqmed pirad da ar monawilebs nawarmoebSi aRweril movlenaTa msvlelobaSi. Txrobis principis TvalsazrisiT `kacia-adamiani?!~ mkveTrad gansxvavdeba Txzulebebisagan `mgzavris werilebi~ da `glaxis naambobi~. avtori gareSe damkvirebelia da sruliad aSkarad aregulirebs damokidebulebas realur makrosamyarosa da mxatvrul mikrosamyaros Soris. regulirebis procesi avtoris calkeuli Se-fasebebis, msjelobis, daskvnebis yalibSi mimdinareobs.

TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ ganfenili avtoriseuli dro-sivrce ori dro-sivrculi modelis erTianobas gvTavazobs — realuri da koncep-tualuri dro-sivrculi modelebisa.

avtori realuri awmyos poziciidan aRwers TxzulebaSi mimdinare moqme-debas. Sesabamisad, Txroba warsuli gramatikuli drois formebs eyrdnoba.

aq mizanSewonilad migvaCnia drois e.w. `wertil-xazovani~ gagebis Se-motana. specialur literaturaSi es termini personaJTa cxovrebaSi dro-uli velebis urTieTmimarTebas ganmartavs:

ès aris personaJTa ganumeorebeli grZnobebis, fiqrebis, vnebebis cocxa-li, uSualo Sejaxebebis dro, dro am Sejaxebebis Sedegad personaJTa cxovre-baSi warmoqmnili axali cxovrebiseuli `xazebisa~, romlebic xSirad personaJ-Ta Semdgom beds gansazRvravs~ (muxini 1984: 60).

mas SeiZleba ufro rTuli struqturuli funqciac mivaniWoT: avto-ris, anu pirobiTi mTxrobelisaTvis specifikuri realuri droisa da siu-JetisaTvis specifikuri mxatvruli drois modelebis struqturuli kon-taqtis asaxvis funqcia. am SemTxvevaSi `wertil-xazovani~ dro warmoad-

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gens avtoriseuli, anu realuri poziciis personaJiseul, anu mxatvrul poziciasTan Sejaxebis dros da dros im siuJeturi xazebisa da monakveTe-bisa, romlebic arsebobda am Sejaxebamde da viTardeba mas Semdeg. TiTqmis yvela siuJeturi xazi amzadebs niadags axali SepirispirebisaTvis. dav-ZenT, rom `Sejaxeba~ dapirispirebis mniSvnelobiT gaiazreba. Txzuleba `kacia-adamiani?!~ qmnis wertilxazovani modelis Cveneuli gagebis reali-zebis precedents.

avtoriseuli CanarTebi, msjelobebi, mimarTebebi upiripirdeba ama Tu im pesonaJis pozicias konkretul, lokalur Sexvedris wertilSi, romelic aboloebs winamorbed siuJetur pasaJs da romlisganac saTaves iRebs axali siuJeturi xazi.

magaliTad: `dro gamoicvala — ityoda xolme aRmooxvriT luarsabi, — dro gamo-

icvala. rac es raRac eSmakuri skolebi SemoiRes, batono, qarTveli kacis xeiri maSin wavida. feri ki aRar SerCaT Cvens Svilebsa da! ... WamiT isini ve-ra sWamen, smiT isini veRara smen, ra kacebi arian?! wigni ician? me Tu wigni ar vici, kaci aRar var, qudi ara mxuravs, gana! xorci me ar maklia da feri... venacvale uwindels dros! yvelaferi maSin Tavis donezed iyo moyvanili, yvela Tavis qerqSi iyo. venacvale!.. kai cxeni, kai Tofi, marjve mklavi da kaci iyav patiosani~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 129).

am vrcel pasaJs mosdevs avtoriseuli mwvave reaqcia: èh, Cemo luarsab! vici, gulwrfeli ki xar, rogorc yvela Zveli qar-

Tveli, magram Zvels dros tyuilad Sehnatri. rom arc ki ici, ra iyo sanat-reli Zvels droSi? cxeni gana exla ki ar aris? Tofi gana exla ki niSanSi ver miva? marjve mklavi cotaa? exlac aris es yvelaferi, magram is guli aRar aris, is gulis simxurvale, is Tavgamodeba mamulisaTvis, romelic kai cxens kai saqmeSi axmarebda~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: ,129).

avtorisa da personaJis Sejaxeba azrobrivad asrulebs im konkretul si-uJetur monakveTs, romelic mas win uZRoda, Sejaxebis Semdeg ki Txroba sxva geziT warimarTeba da axali Sepirispirebis winapirobad gvevlineba:

`glexkacs egre unda moepyras batonio, — ityoda xolme brZeni Tavadi, — egre undao, rom yovel cismara dRes eSinodes, Torem Roris mkbenarsa-viT, rom glexkaci fexze daiso, Tavzed agacocdebao. maS! SiSi Seiqms siyva-rulsao~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 139).

avtoris reaqcia ar ayovnebs: òRondac, Cemo luarsab, oRondac! is ki ar icoda am bednierma adamianma, rom umizezo da amgvar tyuil-

ubralo apilpilebazed glexebs sul sxva msjeloba da daskvna aqvT xolme. eh, Sen rac unda sTqva, mkiTxvelo, da am col-qmars ki egona, rom Tu muce-li aqvT, am-gvar ymebis moxmarebis codnisgan aqvT.

amisTana sulelobas Cveni gulwrfeli Tavadi eZaxda biWebis `dawioke-basa~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 139).

am tipis gadakveTebi avtorisa da personaJis poziciebisa mravladaa Txzu-lebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ da maTi erTianoba ayalibebs drois `wertilxazovan~ struqturas. Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT, rom dro-sivrculi konstruqciebi,

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romlebic realistebis SemoqmedebaSi ikveTeba, maTi SemoqmedebiTi principebi-sa da msoflmxedvelobrivi Sexedulebebis warmoCenas emsaxureba. avtoriseu-li da personaJiseuli drouli plastebis urTieTobis wertilxazovani mode-li is struqturuli rgolia, romelic mkveTrad asaxavs realuri da mxatvru-li drois korelaciis xarisxs, igi drouli plastebis urTierTmimarTebis erT-erTi brwyinvale da esTetikurad faseuli variantia.

konceptualuri dro-sivrce, romelic Tavs iCens TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiania?!” avtoriseul dro-sivrcul yalibSi Tavsdeba. zemoT Cven gan-vmarteT konceptualuri dro-sivrce da SevTanxmdiT gansazRvrebaze, ro-melic misaRebi gveCveneba. konceptualuri dro-sivrcis analizi inter-pretirebulis interpretaciis STabeWdilebas tovebs. avtori msjelobs. marTebulad miuTiTeben r. zobovi da a. mostepanenko:

`SeiZleba davayenoT esTetikuri Semecnebis specifikis problema. kon-ceptualuri... sivrcisa da drois pirobebSi aseTi Semecneba, ZiriTadad, logikuria... sruliad dasaSvebia, rom adamianuri Semecnebis procesis xa-siaTi pirdapir damokidebulebaSia dro-sivrcul urTierTobasTan, rom-lis farglebSic xorcieldeba Semecnebis procesi~ (zobovi... 1974: 14).

Tavs uflebas vaZlevT, vamtkicoT, rom konceptualuri droisa da siv-rcis pirobebSi ganxorcielebuli esTetikuri Semecnebis procesi i. WavWa-vaZis prozaSi yovelTvis pirdapir damokidebulebaSia realur dro-siv-rcul plastebTan. ilias prozaSi ar gvxvdeba ganyenebuli konceptualuri modelebi, isini yovelTvis asaxaven avtoris rogorc garesamyaros aqtiu-ri warmomadgenlis mimarTebas mxatvrul mikrosamyarosTan. Semecnebis logikuroba nawarmoebis mTavari saTqmelis arsiTaa ganpirobebuli:

`vinc luarsabis saxeSi Tavis-Tavs icnobs, vinc luarsabzed dawerils Tavis Tavzed miiRebs, is, rasakvirvelia, lafis srolas damiwyebs da `giJias~ dauZaxebs am moTxrobis uxeiro damwersa. es kargad icodnen, rom Cven pir-Tan saqme ara gvaqvs, Cven sazogado Wirzeda vwerT~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 124).

`sazogado Wiri~ aris ZiriTadi problema, romelic aRelvebs avtors. Sesa-bamisad, avtoris mier damoukideblad arsebuli WeSmaritebis gaazreba, ganxor-cielebuli konceptualuri droisa da sivrcis doneze, uzrunvelyofs obieq-turi fonis Seqmnas mxatvrul nawarmoebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebisaTvis.

magaliTad: `ra icodnen amaT, rom Tavisis qceviT, Tavisis cxovrebiT arisxebdnen

RmerTsa, romelsac Tavisi suli amaTTvis STauberia. — vaJo! me varisxeb RmerTsao? — getyodaT gaocebiT luarsabi: — wirva

— locvas me ar vakldebi, kaci me ar mamiklavs da kacisTvis me ar mamiparavs, — razed varisxeb RmerTsa?

marTali xar, Cemo luarsab, Sen kaci ar mogiklavs, kacisTvis ar mogi-paravs, erTis sityviT — rac ar unda geqna, ar giqnia, — esec kargia: uarara-obas ega sjobia. magram exla es unda gkiTxo: rac unda geqna, is ki giqnia?

diaR, — metyvi Sen, — misvams da miWamia, arc erTi dRe mSieri ara vyo-filvar.

miTom pasuxi eg aris? wirva-locvas ar vakldebio. ra gamovida? iq yo-velTvis gsmenia CvenTvis jvarcmulis qristes sityva: `viTa mama zecisa

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iyav Sen srulio~. aba, an erTs wams Sens sicocxleSi magisTvis scdilxar? ara, Sen magisTvis ara scxovrob: Sen scxovrob, rom sva da sWamo, da ara imisTvis sWam da svam, rom icxovro, ise igi ecado — rom viTa mama zecisa iyo Senc sruli~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 166).

avtoris msjeloba adamianis cxovrebis principebze, zogadad, kacis sulier da azrobriv potenciaze, personaJis dro-sivrcul velTan kavSir-Si ikveTeba. avtoriseuli koncefcia pirdapir damokidebulebaSia perso-naJis tipTan.

ai, magaliTad: `feri fersao, madli RmerTsao~, — naTqvamia, feri fers Sexvda da er-

TmaneTi Seiferes. es Sefereba CvenSi cotasa aqvs miRebuli siyvarulad? kargi ram aris qarTveli kaci: bedsac da ubedobasac Tanasworad emorCi-leba xolme. arc erTisTvis gaixeTqs Tavs da arc meorisTvis daiwyebs brZolasa, — da aris ase yvelgan erTnairad gulgrili da Seupovari. am gulgrilobas da Seupovrobas kmayofilebad adideben; kmayofileba kidev, viRacama sTqva — bedniereba ariso. bevrjer uTqvamT darbaiselT moxuce-bulT CemTvis, rom axalTaobas imiTi mainc vjobivarTo, rom Cven cotas kmayofilebica varTo. me ki gavCumebulvar da gamifiqria: `kmayofileba ka-cis momakvdinebeli senia. bednieria axali Taoba, Tu marTla is kmayofile-ba ara aqvs. imedi Tua sadme, amaSi unda iyos: umadloni sjerdebian mas, rac aris, amitomac imaTSi ufro bevria bednieri, madlianni ki Znelad: amaT yo-velTvis ukeTesi undaT imitom, rom kargs ufro kargi mosdevs Tana, `mjobs mjobi ar daelevao~, — naTqvamia.

Cveni col-qmarni ki amisTanani ar iyvnen: amaT TavianT cxovrebazed `mjobi” cxovreba ar egonaT qveyanazed~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 192-193).

Txzulebis bolo Tavi avtoriseuli dro-sivrculi modelis orive struqturuli komponentis — realuri dro-sivrcisa da konceptualuri dro-sivrcis sinTezs gvTavazobs.

Txzulebis damamTavrebel TavSi koncentrirebuli avtoriseuli dro-sivrce ganamtkicebs avtoris rogorc gareSe damkvireblisa da nawar-moebSi aRweril movlenaTa maregulireblis pozicias:

`— rogor ara! gavaTaveb, magram iciT riTa? imiTi, rom luarsabis bednie-reba dairRveva~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 220).

personaJis bedi avtoris xelTaa. igi realuri awmyos poziciidan gvam-cnobs personaJTa Semdgom xvedrs. maTi xvedri usaxelo sikvdilia, unayofo dasasrulia. ratom?

aq realuri dro-sivrce adgils uTmobs konceptualur drosa da siv-rces, romlis donezec avtoris msjeloba WeSmaritebis Semecnebis urTu-les procesad gardaiqmneba:

`waiSala am orTa gvamTa cxovrebis kvali dedamiwis zurgzeda. risTvis movidnen da risTvis wavidnen?~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 221).

TxzulebaSi aRweril movlenaTa avtoriseuli interpretacia mocemu-lia im obieqturi WeSmaritebis fonze, romelic erTi da uryevia yvelasaT-vis: adamiani moazrovne da metyveli subieqtia da misi cxovreba sakuTari Tavis Semecnebis dausrulebeli mcdeloba unda iyos. winaaRmdeg SemTxve-

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vaSi adamians aRaraferi ganasxvavebs pirutyvisagan: `me miyivlia da gaTen-deba Tu ara — eg RmerTma icis!~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 221).

TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ uaRresad saintereso kuTxiTaa mocemu-li avtorisa da mkiTxvelis dro-sivrculi plastebis urTierToba, magram dawvrilebiT msjelobas am sakiTxze calke TavSi SemogTavazebT.

TxzulebaSi `sarCobelazed~ Txroba mesame pirSi warmoebs da avtori moqmed pirad ar gvevlineba. Txzulebas erTi umniSvnelovanesi detali ga-moarCevs: avtoriseuli dro-sivrce gansazRrulia ara marto uSualod re-aluri dro-sivrcis yalibiT, aramed — mxatvruli sityvis intonaciuri ya-libiTac.

vfiqrobT, avtoriseuli qronotopis mxatvruli sityvis intonaciur mniSvnelobaze dayrdnobiT gansazRvra sruliad novatoruli movlena iyo qarTuli realisturi prozisaTvis. Tzxulebam `sarCobelazed~ Seqmna mxatvruli sityvis intonaciidan gamomdinare avtoriseuli drouli da sivrculi modelebis gansazRvris precedenti.

amrigad, realuri makrosamyaros mimarTeba mxatvrul mikrosamyaros-Tan TxzulebaSi `sarCobelazed~ ramdenadme novatoruli aspeqtiTaa war-modgenili.

Txroba zedmiwevniTi sizustiT aireklavs avtoriseuli qronotopis araerTgvarovnebas: erTi mxriv, Txroba warmoebs avtoriseuli awmyos po-ziciidan da, meore mxriv, Txzulebis umetes nawilSi avtori imyofeba ùCi-nari damswris~ poziciaSi. vecdebiT, davasabuToT Cveni mosazreba.

avtoriseuli awmyo Txzulebis dasawyisSive ikveTeba: `Sua zafxuli iyo. mindvrebi da qedebi golvas sul mTlad gadaeWkno da feri ecvlevine-bina~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 221) da a.S. a.S. cxadia, rom avtoriseuli realuri aw-myo emijneba siuJetur dros. Sesabamisia avtoriseuli sivrcis mimarTeba mxatvrul sivrcesTan: Txzulebis dasawyisSi mocemuli bunebis suraTis aRwera Txrobis neitralur stils emorCileba. avtori ar moZraobs da aR-wers mxolod imas, rac mis mxedvelobis areSi xvdeba — gvalvisagan gacre-cil mindvrebsa da qedebs, loWinis xevs, wylis piras gamwkrivebul Rvinis urmebs da a.S. avtori yuradRebiT akvirdeba Tavis optikur fokusSi Cate-ul sivrces, aRnusxavs mis yovel cvalebadobas, mxolod Tavs ikavebs subi-eqturi emociebisgan da daskvnebisagan. igi axdens faqtis konstatacias da ar afasebs mas. gansxvavebulia avtoris pozicia portretTan rogorc mik-rosivrcul modelTan mimarTebaSi. amas adasturebs avtoris aqtiuroba Zmebis garegnuli daxasiaTebis procesSi:

`xevis yuridam ori ymawvili gamovida gzazed. orives tanzed saldaTis maudis `kurtkebi~ ecvaT. erTs maTgans Tavzed exura uSvelebeli Cerqezu-li qudi. qudi ise Camofxatoda Tavzed, rom cxadi iyo, qudis patroni sxva yofila da mxmarebeli sxvaa... Cerqezulqudiani Teqvsmet-Cvidmetis wlisa iqneboda, meore an ToTxmetisa, an xuTmetisa... imisi (ufrosis) sxarte da firfita nikapi, imisi wvrili, swrafi da mousvenari Tvali, Cqar-Cqari Tval-Ta xamxami cxadad ambobda, rom am kacis kanSi raRac ufxo gulia damaluli...

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amisi (umcrosis) Savi da Rrma Tvalebi mkvaxed gamoiyurebodnen... pirveli imisTana ieris ymawvili iyo, rom kai kacis kvalzed wavidoda, — SesamCnevi ara iqneboda ra, avis kacis kvalzed dadgeboda, — qurd-bacacobis mets vera-fers ver SesZlebda. meores ki sxva niSan-wyali hqonda~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 225).

Txzulebis meore TavSi situacia radikalurad icvleba. avtori kvlav qmnis garkveul mxatvrul-sivrcul garemos da mxatvrul obieqtad amje-rad xalxmraval avlabris moedans irCevs. iwyeba avtoris gaoreba sivrce-Si: sivrce ormagi funqciiT itvirTeba. warmmarTvelia personaJis — petres optikuri pozicia da sivrculi garemoc mxolod misi poziciidan aRiqneba. petre mikrosivrculi garemos centria da mis garSemo koncentrirdeba yvela saWiro detali. avtors aRar akmayofilebs oden realuri sivrculi garemo, romelSic realiebi awmyos pirobebSi imyofeba da itvirTeba ùCi-nari damswris~ funqciiT. igi, erTi SexedviT, pasiuria da moqmedebas upre-tenziod umorCilebs personaJs. gabatonebulia personaJis sityva, magram movlenaTa daZabulobis muxtis zrdis paralelurad TandaTan matulobs sityvis intonaciuri Zala, sityvis intonacia aSkarad Seicavs avtoris pozi-cias. avtori iTavisebs sivrces da sityvis intonaciuri simZlavre amJRav-nebs mis mimarTebas konkretul pasaJSi mimdinare movlenebisadmi, sacnaurs xdis mis gadamwyvet rols personaJis fsiqologiuri plastebis gaxsnaSi:

ìqmneba ara mxolod bgera, aramed faseuli bgera; sityvis Seqmna fase-ulia mxolod misi intonaciis TvalsazrisiT... sityvis intonaciuri mxaris mniSvnelobaSi Cven vgulisxmobT mis unars, asaxos mosaubris, mTxrobelis mimarTebis mravalferovneba aRwerili movlenisadmi~ (baxtini 1986a: 83).

avtori uCinaria, magram Sinaganad aqtiuri: igi petresTan erTad moZ-raobs sivrceSi, xedavs imasve, rasac xedavs petre, esmis igive, rac esmis petres. avtori ar figurirebs, magram personaJis azrobrivi da sulieri modelebis rRvevis dasawyisi ar moiazreba avtoris aqtiuri Carevis gare-Se; avtori iTavisebs mxatvrul sivrces da, sityvis intonaciur mxareze dayrdnobiT, uSualod monawileobs personaJis eTikur-fsiqologiuri portretis gaxsnis procesSi. ramdenime adgilas misi aqtivoba ver Tavsde-ba ùCinari damswris~ yalibSi da realuri dro-sivrciT gansazRvruli calkeuli daskvnebis saxiT formdeba. magaliTad:

`Zneli ram aris, roca guneba TavSi gamwev cxensaviT daRojavs Wkuis lagams da calmxriv gaiwevs~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 233).

àba TvalTmaqcobam tyuili marTlad rogor unda maCvenos am droul kacsao. da marTali ki rom tyuili gamomdgariyo, eg araferi; magas rogor-Rac ufro advilad hyabuldeboda Cveni petre~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 235).

sityvis intonaciuri simZlavre warmoaCens avtoris ara mxolod az-robriv pozicias, aramed aRqmads xdis TvalTagan mifarebul mis mimikasa da Jestikulacias. avtoris Sinagani daZabulobis kulminaciad migvaCnia Txzulebis meoTxe Tavi:

ùfro gamalebuli wavida petre avlabris bakebisaken. guli ar uTmen-da... petre midioda, magram guli fexs uswrebda.

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— rarig gagrZelda es oxeri gzao, — ambobda gulSi, — mivdivar da ve-Rar mivsulvaro; bolos, rogorc iyo, mivida. ofli wurwuriT Camosdioda da suls Zlivs ibrunebda daRalulobisagan~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 237).

fraza aCqarebulia, emociuri, kaleodoskopuri. sityva formalurad asaxavs personaJis ganwyobilebas da fizikur siCqares, sirbils, intonaci-urad — im daZabul Sinagan ritms, romelic avtoris, Semoqmedis poziciidan amoxeTqavs.

`ritmi iwyeba iq, — SeniSnavs s. mixoelsi, — sadac aris ganviTarebis procesi. ritms aqvs gansazRvruli mizanswrafuloba da saubari ritmze Se-saZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca aris procesi, roca Cven Tvals vadevnebT movlenis ganviTarebas... ritmi gulisxmobs dapirispirebulobaTa da wina-aRmdegobaTa daZlevas: ritmi brZolis gamoxatulebaa... amdenad, mtkiceba imisa, rom ritmuloba SesaZlebelia ideis gareSe, ideuri Canafiqris gare-Se, gareSe imisa, ramac Sen dagZaba da frTebi Segasxa... SeuZlebelia~ (safa-rovi 1974: 101).

ritmis mZafri SegrZneba, romelic Txzulebis meoTxe Tavis dasawyisSi iCens Tavs, adasturebs avtoris rogorc `mudmivi damswris~ funqciis mniS-vnelobas. ritmi am SemTxvevaSi ar aris kompoziciuri elementi, igi arqi-teqtonikuli elementia. ritmi awesrigebs ara marto sityvis masalas, ara-med qmnis im gansazRvrul emociur atmosferos, romelic avtoris Sinagani vnebaTaRelvidan, misi Sinagani daZabulobidan momdinareobs.

avtoriseuli gaoreba sivrceSi srul izomorful damokidebulebaSia av-toriseul drosTan: avtoriseuli dro, erTi mxriv, warmodgenili realuri aw-myos formiT, Txzulebis meoTxe TavSi koncetrirdeba, imuxteba da ritmis meS-veobiT SegrZnebadi da mxatvrulad aRqmadi xdeba.

vTvliT, rom Txzuleba `sarCobelazed~ brwyinvaled warmoaCens rea-luri dro-sivrculi makrosamyaros mxatvrul qronotopul mikrosamya-rosTan mimarTebis individualizms. realuri dro-sivrce warmodgenilia avtoriseuli qronotopuli modeliT, romelic Tavis TavSi amTlianebs uSualod realur dro-sivrcul formas da formas, romelic mxatvruli sityvis intonaciur struqturaze dayrdnobiT yalibdeba. sityvis intona-cia amyarebs avtoriseuli, da, Sesabamisad, realuri dro-sivrcis maregu-lirebel funqcias. aq sruliad marTebulad JRers m. baxtinis azri:

`Semoqmedis pirovnebis Sinaganad organizebuli aqtiuroba arsebiTad gansxvavdeba peronaJis gareganad organizebuli pasiuri pirovnebisagan, personaJi-adamiani aris mxatvruli xedvis sagani, fizikurad da sulierad gansazRvruli. misi gansazRvruloba aRqmadi da smenadi, gaformebuli gan-sazRvrulobaa. es aris saxe adamianisa, xorcSesxmuli da sulSTaberili pi-rovneba; Semoqmeds ver vxedavT, misi xma ar gvesmis. igi yalibdeba da ganic-deba Sinaganad ara rogorc xorcSesxmuli, aramed rogorc xorcSemsxmeli, Semoqmedi da mxolod Semdeg asaxuli garkveul sagnebsa da movlenebSi~ (baxtini 1986a: 88).

TxzulebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~ avtoriseuli dro-sivrce, gansxvave-biT sxva TxzulebebSi ganxiluli avtoriseuli dro-sivrculi modelebi-sagan, stabiluria. avtori mTxrobelis funqciiT ifargleba.

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Txzulebis — òTaraanT qvrivi~ — originaloba ganisazRvreba ara av-toriseuli dro-sivrculi modelis originalobiT, aramed im saintereso stilisturi xerxiT, romliTac avtoriseuli qronotopi realizdeba Txrobis procesSi. Txroba ganzavebulia: erTmaneTs erwymis ori nakadi `sxvisagan gagonili~ da uSualod avtoris mier aRqmuli ambebi. swored Txrobis am ori stilis sinTezi amyarebs kavSirs realur da mxatvrul dro-sivrcul velebs Soris.

`sxvisagan gagonilis~ gadmocema novatorulad JRers: avtori cdi-lobs Tavi daaRwios Txrobis klasikur dogmebs da yurmokrulis, monago-nis faqtoris damkvidrebiT Seqmnas Txrobis individualuri stilis pre-cedenti. magaliTad:

`gzirs erTxel erTi qaTami waerTmia, — diambegi mobrZanda, soflad qaTmebs vagrovebTo, da aseTi vai-vaglaxi daawia, rom, amboben, gubernato-ramde Tavis fexiT iarao da erTi qaTami Svideul dausva mouridebels gzirsao~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 251).

avtori eyrdnoba am tipis TxrobisaTvis specifikur frazebs: àmboben”, `Turme~, ùnda ekiTxos~, xandaxan, meti damajereblobisTvis, akonkretebs ki-dec: `me da Cemma RmerTma, baraqala dedakaciao, — ityoda xolme daTia badiaS-vili oTaraanT qvrivzed~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 252), an: `giorgi tyeSi yofiliyo Wi-gos saWrelad. omaraanT mojamagire enaxa tyeSi~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 266) da sxva. `sxvisagan gagonilis~ interpretacias, rogorc Txrobis stils, sakmaod mniS-vnelovani struqturuli funqcia ekisreba: igi erTgvari winapirobaa avtris mier movlenebis uSualod aRqmisa. `sxvisagan gagonilis~ perefrazirebiT av-tori TiTqos Soridan uvlis personaJebs, qmnis maT saxeobriv konturebs da mxolod Semdeg — erTgvari mowiwebiT — uSualod aRwers movlenebs. avtorise-uli dro-sivrce gamijnulia mxatvruli dro-sivcisagan.

avtoris qronotopi realuri droisa da realuri sivrcis parametrebiT ganisazRvreba. avtori iSviaTad amJRavnebs sakuTar pozicias, magram yvela Sem-TxvevaSi misi Careva zogadmniSvnelovani daskvnebis saxes iRebs. magaliTad:

`raSi hgvandnen erTmaneTs mZinare da wamavali! marTali uTqvamT: wuTisofeli... zogisaTvis — mamincvaliao~ (WavWava-

Ze 1950e: 323); an: `marTla, rom codoa! . . magram sxva vin ar aris codo? erTic es aris saWirboroto da wyeva-krulviani sakiTxavi am uTavbo-

lo da uswormaswori wuTis-sofelSi~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 326). avtori ar Ralatobs Tavis SemoqmedebiT princips: misi dro-sivrculi

modeli realur makrosamyarosa da mxatvrul mikrosamyaros Soris gade-buli xidia.

Tu Tavs movuyriT da SevajamebT Cven mier ganxilul masalas, SeiZleba davaskvnaT Semdegi:

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i. WavWavaZis CvenTvis saintereso TxzulebebSi Txrobis dro-sivrcu-li orientacia Txrobas, warmoebuls pirveli pirisgan, ganasxvavebs mesame pirisgan warmoebuli Txrobisagan.

pirveli pirisagan Txroba warmoebs TxzulebaSi `mgzavris werilebi~. avtori personificirebulia da teqsti eyrdnoba mgzavri-mTxrobelis dro-sivrcul vels. `mgzavris werilebSi~ avtori maqsimalurad aris daax-loebuli mgzavri-mTxrobelis personaJTan, magram misTvis specifikuri dro-sivrculi parametrebi mxolod pirobiTad emTxveva personaJisaTvis specifikur dro-sivrcul parametrebs — mxatvruli mikrosamyaros piro-biTi xasiaTi da gramatikuli drois formebi sruli izomorfizmis saSua-lebas ar iZlevian.

pirveli pirisagan warmoebs Txroba TxzulebaSic `glaxis naambobi~, magram teqsti, gansxvavebiT Txzulebisgan `mgzavris werilebi~, ar eyrdno-ba oden avtoriseul Txrobas — Txrobis sadaveebs ZiriTadad personaJi flobs. avtoriseuli qronotopi am TxzulebaSi warmogvidgens realuri dro-sivrcisa da konceptualuri dro-sivrcis sinTezs. uaRresad sainte-resodaa mocemuli avtoriseuli qronotopis mimarTeba mxatvrul qrono-topTan: maT Soris arsebuli drouli da sivrculi opoziciebi pirdapir damokidebulebaSia avtoris msoflmxedvelobriv principebTan.

TxzulebebSi `kacia-adamiani?!~, `sarCobelazed~ da òTaraanT qvrivi~ Txroba mesame pirisgan warmoebs da avtoriseuli dro-sivrce maregulire-beli funqciiT SemoisazRvreba. magram funqciuri msgavseba ar gulisxmobs avtoriseuli qronotopebis struqturul analogiebs dasaxelebul Txzu-lebebSi: TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ avtoriseuli dro da sivrce rea-lur da konceptualur dro-sivrcul sistemebze dayrdnobiT realizdeba, TxzulebaSi `sarCobelazed~ gadamwyvet rols sityvis intonaciuri dat-virTva kisrulobs, TxzulebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~ ki warmmarTvelad Txrobis originaluri stili gvevlineba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela aRniSnul TxzulebaSi Txrobis stili da avtoriseuli qronotopis struqtura araerTgvarovania, maT aerTianebs Txrobis dro-sivrculi orientaciidan momdinare zogadi principi: avto-riseuli dro-sivrculi modelis mimarTeba mxatvrul dro-sivrcul mo-delTan emorCileba realizmisaTvis niSandobliv stilistur kanons da asaxavs realuri droisa da sivrcis maqsimalurad aqtiur mimarTebas mxat-vrul drosa da sivrcesTan. Txrobis procesSi fiqsirebuli dro-sivrcu-li urTierTobebi, romlebic avtoriseuli da mxatvruli qronotopuli modelebis urTierTdamokidebulebiT iwodeba, warmoadgens makro da mik-ro dro-svrcul samyaroebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis globalur, mas-Stabur aRqmas.

winamdebare TavSi, vaanalizebdiT ra CvenTvis saintereso problemas, dava-zusteT ramdenime Teoriuli xasiaTis mosazreba da termini, romelTa gareSec SeuZleblad gveCveneba dasaxuli problemis srulfasovnad gansja.

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Tavi 2

mxatvruli, anu siuJeturi dro da sivrce

naSromis pirvel TavSi Cven ganvsazRvreT mxatvruli dro da sivrce. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, mxatvruli dro moiazreba rogorc mxatvrul na-warmoebSi organizebulad aRweril esTetikurad faseul movlenaTa dro, anu siuJeturi dro, mxatvruli sivrce ki — rogorc siuJeturi sivrce, anu iluzoruli, warmosaxuli samyaro, romlis fonzec moqmedeben, arseboben da aRiqmebian personaJebi, sagnebi, detalebi. Cven aRvniSneT, agreTve, rom mxatvrul nawarmoebSi koncentrirebuli drouli da sivrculi parametre-bis sinTezi ganapirobebs dro-sivrculi xangrZlivobis, anu dro-sivrcu-li kontinuumis Seqmnas, rac gansazRvravs mxatvruli nawarmoebis rogorc esTetikurad faseuli qmnilebis mxatvrul-struqturul mTlianobas.

mxatvruli qronotopis saTaveebi xelovnebis sinkretizmis epoqaSi un-da veZioT. xelovnebis rogorc adamianis cnobierebis erT-erTi umniSvne-lovanesi formis Camoyalibeba TavisTavad gulisxmobda misTvis specifi-kuri drouli da sivrculi ganzomilebebis damkvidrebas. xelovnebis dar-gebis Semdgomi diferenciaciis Sedegad xelovnebis TiToeuli dargi sru-liad originaluri da Taviseburi qronotopis matareblad mogvevlina. qronotopis struqturulma araerTgvarovnebam bevrad ganapiroba xelov-nebis ama Tu im dargis esTetikuri gaazrebis poziciuri araerTgvarovneba.

naSromis pirvel TavSi Cven movixsenieT sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Teoria qronotopul struqturebze dayrdnobiT xelovnebis dargebis klasifikaciis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanxmadac dargebi dayofilia sivrcul, droul da dro-sivrcul saxeobebad. vimeorebT, rom msgavsi mosazreba ar migvaCnia marTebulad: xelovnebis esa Tu is dargi SeiZleba iyos priori-tetulad drouli an sivrculi, sinqronulad dro-sivrculi magram aravi-Tar SemTxvevaSi — mxolod sivrculi an mxolod drouli. msgavsi diferen-ciacia ar Sesabameba xelovnebis qmnilebis aRqmis specifikas.

àdamianis cnobierebaSi, — miuTiTebs m. safarovi, — xelovnebis nebis-mieri qmnileba aRiqmeba rogorc erTmaneTis monacvle elementebis Tana-mimdevroba, erTgvari ganviTareba... adamianis cnobierebaSi statikuri obieqtic — ferweruli tilo, skulptura, oqromWedloba — ueWvelad aRiqmeba droSi rogorc saxeTa monacvleoba... jer kidev rodenma, ganixi-lavda ra a. vatos kompozicias `gacurva kunZul citeraze~, gviCvena, rom erT gamosaxulebaSi sxvadasxva dros aRnusxuli movlenebis Tanamimdevru-li erTianoba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi inarCunebs Tavis mxatvrul faseulo-bas, Tu igi amave TanamimdevrobiT gaiazreba aRqmis procesSic. ganixilav-

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da ra moqmedebis dinamikas rudis cnobil skulpturaSi `marselieza~, ro-deni aRniSnavda, rom masSi Serwymulia sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebis ganla-geba, romelic esadageba moZraobis Tanamimdevrobas... mxolod imis wyalo-biT, rom gamosaxuleba aerTianebs sxvadasxva dros fiqsirebuli kadrebis Tanamimdevrobas, SesaZlebeli xdeba skulpturasa da saxviT xelovnebaSi qmedebis dinamikis gadmocema... v. favorski xSirad, aRZravda ra Tavis sta-tiebSi drois problemas, miiCnevda: `kompozicia~ es aris sxvadasxva drou-li plastebis erTianoba gamosaxulebaSi~... saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSi an arqiteqturuli Zegli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iZens esTetikur faseulo-bas, Tu igi dinamikurad aRiqmeba cnobierebaSi. aq igi absoluturad emsgav-seba musikalur simfonias an literaturul poemas.

realur sxvaobas xelovnebis dargebs Soris, romlebsac tradiciulad `sivrculs~ an `drouls~ vuwodebT, maTi Sesrulebis determinaciis saSua-lebaTa sxvaoba ganapirobebs~ (safarovi 1974: 93, 94, 96).

mxatvruli literaturisaTvis specifikur qronotopSi dominirebs mxatvruli drois elementi. dro warmmarTvelia, yovlismomcemlia, Tumca ganfenilia sivrceSi. droisa da sivrcis urTierTmimarTeba teqstSi bev-rad ganisazRvreba Tavad literaturuli epoqis specifikiT. klasikur re-alistur literaturul tradiciaSi sivrcis roli sakmaod gaaqtiurebu-lia, vinaidan sivrcis detalizeba, misi funqciis gaRrmaveba iZleva obieq-tur realobasTan teqstis maqsimaluri daaxloebis saSualebas, anu warmo-adgens nimuSis originalTan daaxloebis saukeTeso stilistur xerxs. Tu me-20 saukunis literaturaSi dro aSkara dominantaa, xolo sivrce — misi ukana plani, realistur literaturaSi upiratesoba eniWeba mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis erTianobis princips. sivrce intensificirebulia dro-Si da iqmneba is Sinagani ritmi, romelic azrobrivad dasrulebul saxe aZ-levs mxatvrul qmnilebas.

mxatvruli dro, romelic koncentrirebulia literaturul nawarmo-ebSi da misi mxatvruli qronotopis wamyvan, mniSvnelovan komponents war-moadgens, uaRresad saintereso tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT gamoirCe-va. aseve saintereso struqturuli TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva mxatvru-li sivrcec.

realisturi literatura mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis struqturu-li Semadgenlobisa da funqciuri mniSvnelobis misTvis specifikur invari-antebs gTavazobs. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

2.1 mxatvruli drois struqtura da misi realizebis formebi i. WavWavaZis prozaul TxzulebebSi

mxatvruli drois fenomeni, cxadia, arsebobs drois ori ZiriTadi formis, realuri da fsiqikuri drois pirobebSi. realuri dro obieqtur-fizikuri ganzomilebaa, romelic asaxavs realurad mimdinare procesebis

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Tanaarsebobasa da cvalebadobas, fsiqikuri dro ki, gansxvavebiT realuri droisagan, aireklavs subieqtis SegrZnebebis, STabeWdilebebis, ganwyobi-lebis cvalebadobis process.

mxatvrul dros garkveuli damokidebuleba aqvs rogorc realur, ise fsiqikur drosTan. mxatvruli drois fsiqikur drosTan mimarTebaze Cven qvemoT SevCerdebiT, amjerad ki mimovixilavT mxatvruli da realuri droi-saTvis niSandobliv tipologiur maxasiaTeblebs.

z. turaeva naSromSi `drois kategoria, gramatikuli da mxatvruli dro~, udarebs ra erTmaneTs mxatvrul da realur droul sistemebs, aya-libebs erTgvar sqemas, romelic asaxavs am drouli ganzomilebebis saer-To da ganmasxvavebel TvisebaTa sistemas.

realuri drois maxasiaTeblebia: 1) erTganzomilebianoba — ès niSnavs, rom droSi movlenis mdebareo-

bis gansazRvrisaTvis sakmarisia erTi koordinatis arseboba: aTvlis wer-tilidan xangrZlivobis miTiTeba~ (turaeva 1979: 18);

2) uwyvetobisa da wyvetadobis erTianoba — `rogorc materiis arsebo-bis forma, dro uwyvetia, radganac materia maradiulia da usasrulo... ro-gorc obieqtebis usasrulo simravlis arsebobis forma, sadac TiToeul obieqts Tavisi individualuri dro axasiaTebs, realuri dro wyvetadia, igi TviTon gvevlineba individualur droTa usasrulo simravled~ (tura-eva 1979: 22);

3) moZraoba — `moZraoba obieqturi drois erT-erTi uTvalsaCinoesi Tvisebaa... fizikuri dro ver gaqreba, igi materiis atributia~ (turaeva 1979: 23);

4) Seuqcevadoba (erTmimarTulebianoba) — `realuri dro aramarto moZraobs, aramed moZraobs warsulidan momavlis mimarTulebiT~ (turaeva 1979: 23);

5) mowesrigebuloba — òbieqturi dro mowesrigebulia: drois mowes-rigebuloba niSnavs ganlagebas garkveul wrfiv sistemaSi, sadac movlene-bi aRiniSneba rogorc SedarebiT adreulebi da SedarebiT gviandelebi, maT Soris damyarebulia mimarTeba adre-gvian~ (turaeva 1979: 25).

gansxvavebiT realuri droisagan, z. turaevas azriT, mxatvruli dro: 1) mravalganzomilebiania — `mxatvruli drois mravalganzomilebia-

noba kargad ikveTeba im nawarmoebebSi, sadac moqmedeba viTardeba parale-lurad sxvadasxva adgilas da sxvadasxva dros~ (turaeva 1979: 19);

2) Seqcevadia (mravalmimarTulebiani) — `retrospeqcia, drouli wes-rigis rRveva, movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobis aRreva siuJetis struqturuli organizebis Cveuli xerxia, romelic jer kidev klasikuri romanis kompo-zicias axasiaTebda~ (turaeva 1979: 23);

3) mouwesrigebelia — `mxatvrul dros SeuZlia gardaqmnas drois erT-erTi yvelaze fundamenturi Tviseba — mowesrigebuloba. Tu realur samya-roSi Sedegi ver gauswrebs win mizans, mxatvrul samyaroSi msgavsi movlena miRebulia. am mimarTebaTa struqturuli sxvaoba ar aris gamyarebuli~ (turaeva 1979: 27).

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z. turaeva miiCnevs, rom mxatvrul dros, iseve rogorc realur dros, axasiaTebs moZraoba, magram gansxvavebiT realuri droisagan, is SeiZleba gaCerdes: `mxatvruli dro... SeiZleba gaCerdes avtoris xeliT. SeCerebu-li dro, `gaqvavebuli dro~, filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT, paradoqsia, radgan `gaqvavebuli dro~ gamqrali droa... magram literaturis istoria icnobs aseT SemTxvevebs... `moZraobis~ niSnis paralelurad mxatvruli dro `statikurobis~ niSnis matarebelicaa~ (turaeva 1979: 23).

z. turaevas azriT, realur da mxatvrul dros sruli tipologiuri Tanxvedra aqvT wyvetadoba/uwyvetobis TvalsazrisiT: `mxatvruli droc wyvetadobisa da uwyvetobis erTianobas warmoadgens. mxatvruli dro uwy-vetia, radgan SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc movlenaTa erTi nakadi, Txrobis sxvadasxva etapebis, nawyvetebis mTlianoba. mxatvruli dro wyvetadia, radgan drois mTliani kaskadi SeiZleba daiyos calkeul fazebad, epizo-debad, movlenebad~ (turaeva 1979: 22).

magram mxatvruli drois tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebis nusxa mxolod aq CamoTvlili TaviseburebebiT ar Semoifargleba. mxatvruli dro SeiZ-leba iyos:

1) garkveuli xangrZlivobis mqone; 2) sasruli an usasrulo; 3) Caketili an Ria. mxatvruli drois es Tvisebebi met-naklebi aqtivobiT vlindeba sxva-

dasxva gvarisa da Janris nawarmoebSi. mxatvruli drois xangrZlivoba gulisxmobs `distancias pirvel da

ukanasknel (droSi) movlenebs Soris, romlebic asaxulia teqstSi. imdenad ramdenadac, movlenaTa dro SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos an rogorc sru-li, anu uwyveti xangrZlivoba, an rogorc drois monakveTebiT gamijnuli momentebis xangrZlivoba, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia msjeloba uSualod movlenaTa droze da movlenaTaSoris droze~ (medriSi 1974: 122), anu dro-ul pauzebze.

siuJeturi sasrulobisa da usasrulobis problema ukavSirdeba nawar-moebis dasasrulisa da dasawyisis problemebs da sxvadasxva Janrul sib-rtyeze sxvadasxvagvarad moiazreba.

`Ria~ da `Caketili~ mxatvruli drois gansazRvrebas naTlad ayalibebs d. lixaCovi:

èrTi mxriv, nawarmoebis dro SeiZleba iyos `Caketili~ Tavis TavSi, mimdinare mxolod siuJetis farglebSi, mowyvetili nawarmoebis sazR-vrebs miRma mimdinare movlenebisagan. meore mxriv, nawarmoebis dro SeiZ-leba iyos `Ria~, CarTuli drois masStabur nakadSi da ganviTarebuli gar-kveuli istoriuli epoqis fonze~ (motiliova 1974b: 190).

vfiqrobT, mxatvruli droisaTvis niSandoblivi maxasiaTeblebis nus-xa ar iqneba srulyofili, Tu ar gamovyofT mis kidev erT, Cveni azriT, uaRresad mniSvnelovan Tvisebas: mxatvruli dro warmosaxviTia. Tu rea-luri dro Tavisi arsiT obieqturia, fizikurad arsebuli, mxatvruli dro realur ganzobilebaTa miRma dgas. igi xelovnurad Seqmnadia. mxatvrul

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dros qmnis subieqti — avtori, romelic Tavad realur droiT ganzomile-baSi imyofeba da mxolod SemoqmedebiTad ayalibebs mxatvrul dros. vfiq-robT, rom swored improvizebuli drouli garemo, romelic axasiaTebs mxatvrul nawarmoebs, gansazRvravs literaturuli nawarmoebis da, zoga-dad, literaturis pirobiT xasiaTs.

amrigad, mxatvruli dro warmosaxuli, pirobiTi droa, romelsac axa-siaTebs mravalganzomilebianoba, Seqcevadoba, mouwesrigebloba, moZrao-ba, garkveuli xangrZlivoba. mxatvruli dro SeiZleba iyos wyvetadi an uwyveti, sasruli an usasrulo, Caketili an Ria.

gavaanalizeT ra mxatvruli drois Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblebi, migvaCnia, rom mxatvruli droisaTvis specifikuri tipologiuri niSnebis mravalfe-rovneba gansazRvravs mxatvruli drois struqturul araerTgvarovnebas.

mxatvruli drois xangrZlivoba specialur literaturaSi ori erTma-neTisagan gansxvavebuli struqturuli TanamimdevrobiT aRiniSneba: Tana-mimdevrobiT — àdre-gvian~, rac gamoxatavs drois xangrZlivobis raode-nobriv mxares da TanamimdevrobiT — `warsuli-awmyo-momavali~, rac gamo-xatavs drois xangrZlivobis Tvisebriv mxares.* i. askini miuTiTebs:

`drois arsi gansakuTrebuli TvalsaCinoebiT ixsneba maSin, rodesac saubari exeba aramarto mimarTebas àdre-gvian~ da gamoxatavs drois xan-grZlivobis raodenobriv mxares, aramed mimarTebas `warsuli-awmyo-moma-vali~. es ukanaskneli kategoria gamoxatavs drois xangrZlivobis Tviseb-riv mxares. aq mkveTrad vlindeba drois kavSiri damkvidrebis procesTan, aq SesaZlebloba iqceva sinamdviled. swored SesaZleblobisa da namdvi-lad arsebul kategoriaTa meSveobiT gamoiyofa mxatvruli warsuli, awmyo da momavali~ (askini 1974: 67).

mxatvruli drois struqturuli Tanamimdevrobis raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi maCveneblebi sxvadasxva saxiT avlenen mxatvruli droisaTvis specifikur tipologiur maxasiaTeblebs. tipologiuri niSnebis realize-ba Taviseburi aspeqtebiT mimdinareobs da Taviseburebebs mxatvruli drois Tanamimdevrobis maCveneblis tipi gansazRvravs. struqturuli Tanamimdev-robis procesis definicia ar gulisxmobs mxatvruli drois mTlianobis rRvevas. Tu drois raodenobrivi Tanamimdevroba naTelyofs movlenaTa ganlagebis rigs, Tvisebrivi plastebi asaxavs movlenaTa Sinagani kavSirebis sistemas. drois raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi maCveneblebis urTierTkavSiri mxatvruli drois mTliani struqturuli modelis Camoyalibebis winapiro-bas warmoadgens. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

mimarTeba àdre-gvian~ mWidrod ukavSirdeba mxatvruli drois piro-biTi aTvlis wertilis cnebas. z. turaevam aTvlis wertilis aRmniSvneli specialuri terminic daamkvidra — `veqtoruli nuli~. igi miuTiTebs:

`siuJeturi plani... orientirebulia e.w. veqtorul nulze rogorc moqmedebaTa Tanamimdevrobis ganmsazRvrelze... veqtoruli nuli, rome-lic mdebareobs sxvadasxva orientaciul ganStoebebze, saSualebas iZleva ganvsazRvroT drouli urTierTobebis struqtura~ (turaeva 1979: 45-47).

* mogvianebiT, a. bergsonis SromaSi `dro da nebis Tavisufleba~ gansakuTrebuli yu-radReba daeTmo mxatvruli drois aRqmis specifikas da igi moazrebul iqna èrT-droulobis~ konteqstSi. igive pozicia gaiziares me-20 saukunis TvalsaCino mwerlebma: j. joisma. m. prustma, v, nabokovma da sxv. (dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. zemoT).

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mxatvruli droisaTvis niSandoblivi tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, mxatvruli dro araerTgvarovania: igi SeiZleba gawydes, gaiyi-nos an, piriqiT, dinamikurad imoZraos, mosalodnelia drois retrospeqci-uli rRveva, an — sruliad mouwesrigebeli mdinareba, Sesabamisad, mimarTeba àdre-gvian~ raodenobriv saxesxvaobebs iZleva: Tanamimdevrobas da araTa-namimdevrobas. cneba `Tanamimdevroba, Tavsi mxriv, aerTianebs or nakads: Zlier Tanamimdevrobasa da sust Tanamidevrobas. am TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze nayofierad gveCveneba v. CeredniCnekos mier Camoyalibebuli sistema:

`kriteriumi àdre-gvian~ awesrigebs movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobas teq-stSi — marTebuls (qronologiurad mowesrigebuls) da aramarTebuls (qronologiurad mouwesrigebels). marTebuli wesrigi ilustrirebulia Tanamimdevruli movlenebis monacvleobiT, aramarTebuli wesrigi — ara-Tanamimdevruli movlenebis monacvleobiT. monacvleobis orive tipi qmnis garkveul droul urTierTobebs teqstSi~ (CeredniCenko 1986: 29).

mimarTebis àdre-gvian~ dadgenas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs na-warmoebSi lokalizebuli mxatvruli drois specifikis gansazRvrisaTvis. damokidebulebis àdre-gvian~ specifikis farglebSi v. CeredniCenkom sru-liad samarTlianda gamoyo e.w. `qvesaxeobebi~: Zlieri Tanamimdevroba, ro-desac movlenebi ar imijnebian drouli pauzebiT da susti Tanamimdevroba, rodesac movlenebs Soris fiqsirdeba drouli pauza. movlenaTa araTanamim-devruli monacvleoba gansxvavebuli formebiT realizdeba: yalibdeba mi-marTebebi: `gvian-adre~, `gvian-adre-adre~, `gvian-adre-gvian~ da àdre-gvi-an-adre~.

cxadia, aq motanili klasifikacia ar gulisxmobs mxolod aRniSnuli formebis arsebobas. damokidebulebis àdre-gvian~ farglebSi konkretu-li nawarmoebis fonze SeiZleba dafiqsirdes sxva tipis mimarTebebic: Seda-rebiT rTuli, SedarebiT martivi, aRreuli da sxva. mTavaria, ar dairRves kriteriumis àdre-gvian~ struqturuli kanonzomiereba: mimarTebis ne-bismier formaSi yoveli momdevno movlena unda ukavSirdebodes yovel wi-namorbed movlenas.

damokidebuleba àdre-gvian~ uaRresad sainteresodaa warmodgenili i. WavWavaZis TxzulebebSi da, cxadia, yvelgan araerTgvarovan funqciur dat-virTvas iZens.

vfiqrobT, mxatvruli drois maCveneblis mimarTebidan gamomdinare, marTebuli wesrigis idealur magaliTad Txzuleba `mgzavris werilebi~ unda miviCnioT: moqmedebebi Tanamimdevruli simwyobriT cvlis erTi-meo-res da sruliad logikurad miedineba nawarmoebis finalisken. ramdenamde gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs TxzulebebSi `glaxis naambobi~, `kacia-adami-ani?!~, `sarCobelazed~ da òTaraanT qvrivi~.

TxzulebaSi `mgzavris werilebi~ warmodgenili Tanamimdevroba sruli-ad samarTlianad SeiZleba miviCnioT Zlier Tanamimdevrobad: moqmedebaTa ganviTarebis erTiani xazi ar irRveva da ar imijneba drouli pauzebiT, siu-Jeturi qarga mxatvruli drois uwyveti xangrZlivobiTaa aRniSnuli. myar-deba mimarTeba adre— gvian.

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Txzulebebis `glaxis naambobi~, `kacia-adamiani?!~, `sarCobelazed~ da òTaraanT qvrivi~ movlenaTa droSi ganviTarebis wesrigi Tanamimdevrulad ver CaiTvleba. maTi araTanamimdevrobis safuZvels siuJetis msvlelobisas warmoCenili `xsovnis~ motivi ganapirobebs. amasTan, TiToeul dasaxelebul nawarmoebSi kategoriis àdre-gvian~ struqtura sxvadasxvagvaria.

TxzulebaSi `glaxis naambobi~ warmodgenili drois xangrZlivobis ra-odenobrivi maCveneblis ganmsazRvreli formula iwyeba SedegiT, Sedegi gamomdinareobs mizezidan, romelic mxolod Sedegis warmoCenis Semdeg mogvxsendeba da gvisabuTebs Sedegis logikurobas. realizdeba mxatvru-li drois maxasiaTebeli — misi Seqcevadoba. gabrieli daglaxebulia, igi yveba sakuTari cxovrebis istorias da mxolod Semdeg irkveva misi gaube-durebis mizezi. sainteresoa erTi garemoeba: marTalia, Txzuleba `glaxis naambobi~ mTlianobaSi movlenaTa araTanamimdevrul wyobas warmogvid-gens, magram kategoriiT àdre~ aRniSnuli siuJeturi monakveTi Tanamim-devrul wyobas emyareba: patara gabrielis yofa batonis saxlSi, gabrieli-sa da daTikos gamgzavreba qalaqs, daTikosa da gabrielis dabruneba so-felSi, gabrielisa da Tamros Sexvedra, daTikosa da gabrielis konfliqti, satusaRo, dabolos, gabrielisagan daTikos mokvla. faqtebi Tanwyobilad aris moTxrobili, mxolod, maT Soris fiqsirebuli drouli pauzebis gamo, siuJeturi velis aRniSnul monakveTebze arsebuli Tanamimdevroba sustia: realizdeba mxatvruli drois funqciuri maxasiaTebeli — misi wyvetadoba. movlenaTaSorisi pauzebi uklebliv TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi xazgasmuli an miaxloebiTi sizustiTaa miTiTebuli:

`ToTxmetis wlisa SeviqeniT batoni da yma, roca qalaqSi saswavleblad daTikos gagzavna didma batonma daapira~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 42), `xuTi weli-wadi agviTavda Cven, rac qalaqSi viyaviT. meeqvse weliwadi rom daiwyo, di-di batonis sikvdilis ambavi mogvivida~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 78), `sams Tu oTxs Tves ukan mowmeebis kiTxva gaaTaves da me did satusaRoSi gamgzavnes Cvens patar qalaqs... ori weliwadic im satusaRoSi vegde~ (58,104), `Svidma Tu rva Tvem kidev gaiara~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 105), `mexuTe weliwadia, rogorc mogax-sene, Cemi aq yofna, pirveli weliwadi mSvidobiT davyav, meore weliwads ki kaxeTma damcada... sami weliwadi am yofaSi viyav. am bolo weliwads wyalman-ki gamiCnda da fexebi damisivda~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 119).

amrigad, Tavs iCens mimarTebisaTvis àdre-gvian~ specifikuri niSan-Tviseba: nawarmoebSi fiqsirebuli movlenebis wyoba mTlianobaSi SeiZleba iyos araTanamimdevruli, magram Txrobis garkveuli monakveTi Tanamimdev-rul wyobas warmogvidgendes. Txzuleba `glaxis naambobi~ araTanamimdev-rul movlenaTa monacvleobas warmoadgens, Tumca, kategoriiT àdre~ aR-niSnuli siuJeturi monakveTi susti Tanamimdevrobis variants gvTava-zobs. TxzulebaSi modulirebuli mxatvruli drois wyvetadoba, rac kate-goriiT àdre~ aRniSnul siuJetur monakveTSi ganviTarebul movlenaTa sust Tanamimdevrobas ganapirobebs, erTi sagulisxmo TaviseburebiTac ga-moirCeva: drouli pauziT gamijnuli yoveli momdevno movlena personaJis transformaciis Sesabamisia. transformacia, cxadia, araeTgvarovania:

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Tvisebrivad igi SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi, struqturulad — martivi an rTuli. dasaxelebuli magaliTebidan pirvelSi pesonaJis gar-daqmna mxolod asakobrivia, Sesabamisad — martivi: `ToTxmetis wlisa Sevi-qeniT~. yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi, personaJis gardaqmna rTuli struqtu-riT xasiaTdeba personaJis transformacia misi Rrma sulieri plastebidan momdinareobs: qalaqidan dabrunebuli gabrieli aRar hgavs im patara sof-lis biWs, romelic xuTi wlis winaT qalaqs gaamweses, agreTve ar hgavs sa-tusaRoSi or weliwads nagdebi gabrieli qalaqidan sofelSi dabrunebul ymawvils da xuTi wlis manZilze naavadmyofari, daCaCanakebuli glaxa — tusaRis borkilebidan gaTavisuflebul kacs. misi azrTa wyoba, misi fiq-rTa mdinareba radikalurad cvalebadia. drouli pauzebis pirobebSi gan-xorcielebuli cvalebadobis xarisxi nawarmoebis ideur-mxatvruli Rire-bulebis konteqstSi ganisazRvreba.

retrospeqciulia Txzulebis `kacia-adamini?!~ drois mdinarebac. misi xangrZlivobis raodenobrivi maCveneblis ganmsazRvreli formula aseT sa-xes iRebs: gvian-adre-gvian.

gamoyofili sami drouli monakveTidan pirvelis farglebSi aRwerili movlenebi araTanamimdevruli wyobis brwyinvale nimuSad unda CaiTvalos: miuxedavd imisa, rom TiToeuli epizodi emsaxureba mwerlis amocanas — gax-snas da srulyos luarsabisa da darejanis xasiaTi, yvela moTxrobili pasaJi damoukidebeli siuJeturi komponentis STabeWdilebas tovebs. TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ kategoriiT `gvian~ aRniSnul pirvel droul monakveTze moxsnilia movlenaTa urTierTgamomdinareobis sakiTxi da Txroba erT ide-as daqvemdebarebuli faqtebis aRnusxvis koncentrants warmoadgens: dare-janisa da luarsabis mier msaxurTa `dawiokebis~ epizodi struqturulad ar ganapirobebs elisabedis stumrobis epizods, elisabedis stumrobis epizo-di — vaxSmis Taobaze gamarTuli kinklaobis epizods da a.S. dro wyvetadia, magram zusti ricxobrivi niSnebis miTiTeba ar xdeba, vidre kategorias `gvi-an~ ar cvlis kategoria àdre~.

kategoriiT àdre~ aRniSnulia luarsabisa da darejanis SeuRlebis faqti. igi oci wliT uswrebs win kategoriiT `gvian~ aRniSnul movlenebs:

òci weliwadia Turme, rac luarsabi da darejani erT uRelSi Sebmu-lan~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 166).

movlenaTaSorisi dro oc weliwads iTvlis, drouli pauza naTelyofs personaJTa fizikuri da sulieri maxasiaTeblebis transformacias. katego-riiT àdre~ aRniSnul siuJetur monakveTze movlenaTa wyoba araTanamimdev-rulia, rasac sut-kneinas mier Semotanili xsovnis motivi ganapirobebs (mas calke TavSi mieqceva yuradReba).

qorwinebis epizodis Semdgom kvlav iCens Tavs kategoria `gvian~, romelic winare aRwerili movlenebisgan gamomdinareobs. movlenaTa Tanamimdevroba radikalurad gansxvavdeba movlenaTa im Tanamimdevrobisagan, romelic kate-goriiT `gvian~ aRniSnul pirvel siuJetur monakveTze dafiqsirda: dawyebu-li col-qmris TeleTSi mogzaurobis epizodidan, vidre luarsabisa da dare-janis mxiaruli qeifis epizodamde, molenaTa ganviTareba absoluturad Ta-

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namimdevruli da logikuria, Tumca drois wyvetadoba susti Tanamimdevro-bis variants gvTavazobs. gansxvavebiT kategoriiT `gvian~ aRniSnuli wina eta-pisagan, am etapze drouli pauzebi zustadaa miTiTebuli: òci wlis Semdeg~, `mexuTe dRes~, `gavida sami Tve... gavida eqvsi Tve... gavida cxra Tvec~ da a.S. vizualuri xdeba personaJis Tumca mkrTali, magram yuradsaRebi transfor-macia, romelic misi Sinagani tragediidan momdinareobs — luarsabis danaR-vlianeba, sizmari da sikvdili.

koncefciis saxiT SeiZleba Camoyalibdes Semdegi mosazreba: mxatvru-li drois raodenobrivi kategoriis àdre-gvian~ fonze fiqsirebuli per-sonaJiseuli transformacia pirdapir damokidebulebaSia drouli pauze-bis zusti maCveneblis fiqsaciasTan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, transforma-cia ar aRiniSneba. es koncefcia vrceldeba i. WavWavaZis CvenTvis saintere-so yvela prozaul nawarmoebze.

TxzulebaSi `sarCobelazed~ gadmocemul movlenaTa ganlageba droSi ase gamoiyureba: adre-gvian-adre-gvian.

pirvel etapze drouli amplituda zustadaa miTiTebuli: `gavida oTxi weliwadi. gazafxulis piri iyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 229).

oTxi weliwadi aSorebs personaJs Txzulebis pirvel TavSi aRwerili movlenebisagan. ar ayovnebs personaJis cvlilebis aRniSvnac:

`petre, uwindelzed ufro moberebuli, qalaqs modioda... magram rogor modioda? imave TavmowonebiT, rogorc uwin, xolo exla sxva mizezi hqonda Tavmowonebisa... gzis mamali amisi Svilis uremzed daesvaT, pirvelobac ur-mis qaravanSi amis SvilisaTvis miecaT. petres es amisTana pativi Svilisa da tolebSi TavgamosaCeni ambavi Zalian uxaroda da Tavi moswonda~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 229).

movlenaTa ganviTareba droSi susti TanamimdevrobiT gamoixateba: ka-tegoria àdre~ xelmeored iCens Tavs ucnobi ymawvilis werilSi. drouli pauza, romelic personaJTa warsulSi gvabrunebs, Tavdapirvelad zogadia, Semdgom konkretdeba:

`...gaxsovs, am oTxis wlis winad loWinis xevis pirs rom urmebi gamoSve-buli gqondaT?~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 239), àm oris wlis winad ise moxda, TiTqo TiTon bedma migviyvana maminacvlis saxlSio~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 240).

mimarTebiT àdre-gvian-adre~ aRniSnuli siuJeturi monakveTebi mWid-ro kavSirSi imyofeba erTmaneTTan da logikurad asabuTebs Txzulebis personaJTa sulier transformacias, rac Txzulebis damamTavrebel, kate-goriiT `gvian~ aRniSnul siuJetur pasaJSi xdeba sacnauri: ufrosma Zmam saxrCobelaze daamTavra sicocxle, umcrosi darCa qveyanaze gulayrili da gaborotebuli, petre ki sazogadoebisa da adamianis urTierTobis amocnobis dilemis winaSe aRmoCnda.

Txzulebis òTaraanT qvrivi~ movlenaTa drouli mimarTebis sqema ase gamoiyureba: `gvian-adre-gvian~.

kategoriiT àdre~ aRniSnuli movlenebi soliduri drouli pauzebiT imijneba:

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òc-da-oTxis Zliv iqneboda, roca daqvrivda da erTis wlis Svili darCa. is dRea da es dRe... ai es oci weliwadia mxiaruli feri ar miukarebia tanzed~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 261), èrTxel — jer giorgi aTi-Tormeti wlisa Zlivs iqneboda~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 264), àm ori wlis winaT Tof-iaraRi aisxa zed... wavida da sami dRe Sin ar dabrunebula~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 274).

aRiniSneba SedarebiT mokle pauzac: àmas winad — sul ori kvira ar iqneba — kinaRam soflis sasamarTlom

gomurSi ar Caamwyvdia~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 266). miuxedavad esoden zusti gamijnulobisa, kategoriiT àdre~ aRniSnuli

siuJeturi epizodebis mimarTeba kategoriiT `gvian~ aRniSnul siuJetur epizodebTan erTgvari araTanamimdevruli wyobiT gamoirCeva: aSkarad fiq-sirdeba mxatvruli droisaTvis niSandoblivi tipologiuri maxasiaTebeli — mouwesrigebloba: sxvadasxva kategoriiT aRniSnul movlenaTa struqtu-ruli sxvaoba ar aris gamyarebuli — erTmaneTSia aRreuli adrindeli da gviandeli movlenebi, Txroba xan erTs exeba, xan — meores. swored aseT gare-mocvaSi fiqsirdeba personaJTa transformacia — rogorc martivi, oden vi-zualuri, ise rTulic, momdinare personaJis xasiaTidan.

kategoriiT `gvian~ aRniSnuli meore monakveTi nawarmoebis finalur epi-zodebs gulisxmobs: giorgis sikvdilis epizodidan, vidre dasasrulamde. mxatvruli dro, tradiciulad, cikluri maxasiaTeblebiT ganisazRvreba:

`Sua-xanSi Sesulma Semodgomam zamTrisken piri hqmna... movida zamTari da moitana Tovli~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 320).

kategoriiT `gvian~ aRniSnuli moqmedebebi momdinareobs winamorbedi movlenebisgan da personaJis — oTaraanT qvrivis cxovrebis dasasruli savsebiT logikurad gveCveneba.

amrigad, gavaanalizeT ra mxatvruli drois xangrZlivobis raodenob-rivi maCveneblebis realizaciis specifika i. WavWavaZis CvenTvis saintere-so TxzulebebSi, SeiZleba davaskvnaT:

1) i. .WavWavaZis aRniSnuli prozauli Txzulebebi inarCunebs sqemisaT-vis àdre-gvian~ niSandobliv umTavres maxasiaTebels: yoveli Semdgomi movlena dakavSirebulia winamorbed movlenasTan;

2) zogadad nawarmoebi SeiZleba warmogvidgendes movlenaTa Tanamim-devrul wyobas, Txrobis calkeuli monakveTebi ki araTanamimdevruli wyobis realizacias gvTavazobdnen, da — piriqiT;

3) drouli pauzebis zusti fiqsacia pirdapir mimarTebaSia personaJTa transformaciis procesTan.

sruliad sxvagvar suraTs warmogvidgens mxatvruli drois Tanamim-devrobis Tvisebrivi plastebis definiciis procesi. vfiqrobT, rom mxat-vruli drois Tvisebrivi kriteriumebis dadgenac SeuZlebelia mxatvruli drois tipologiuri niSnebis gauTvaliswineblad.

mimovixileT ra mxatvruli drois tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebi, Cven gamovyaviT misi specifikuri Tviseba — mravalganzomilebianoba: mxatvru-li dro mravalplaniania, moqmedeba SeiZleba viTardebodes paralelurad sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva adgilas, mxatvruli teqsti SeiZleba aerTi-

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anebdes patara mikromoTxrobebs, romlebic sruliad gansxvavebul dro-ul plastebSi aireklebian, Txroba SeiZleba iyos gajerebuli mravali in-dividualuri drouli formiT, romlebic sxvadasxvagvarad kveTen erTma-neTs da a.S. viTvaliswinebT ra mxatvruli drois mravalganzomilebiano-bas, mravalplanianobas, miviCnevT, rom mxatvruli drois Tanamimdevrobis Tvisebrivi kriteriumebis dadgena SeuZlebelia romelime erTi aTvlis wertilis pirobebSi: drois xangrZlivobis Tvisebrivi maCveneblebis defi-nicia, gansxvavebiT drois xangrZlivobis raodenobrivi maCveneblebisagan, gulisxmobs aTvlis ara erTi, aramed — mravali wertilis arsebobas.

Sesabamisad, uaRresad rTulia mxatvruli awmyos, warsulisa da momav-lis fiqsireba. amis Taobaze arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, mTeli rigi ur-TierTgamomricxavi koncefciebisa, romelTa Teoriuli simyarec maTi ar-gumentaciis simZlavres efuZneba.

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia Cveni poziciis formulireba: vfiqrobT, rom mxatvruli awmyos, warsulisa da momavlis kategoriaTa ganxilva unda xor-cieldebodes yovelgvari asimilaciebis gareSe avtoriseul da mkiTxveli-seul droul planebTan. avtoriseuli da mkiTxveliseuli drouli plane-bi, rogorc realuri drouli sistemis modifikaciebi, araviTar struqtu-rul kavSirSi ar imyofeba mxatvrul drosTan. avtoriseuli da mkiTxveli-seuli drouli modelebi SeiZleba moviazroT mxolod rogorc mxatvruli drois Seqmnis, aRqmisa da gaazrebis poziciebi da ara rogorc mxatvruli drois Semadgeneli komponentebi. avtoriseuli da mkiTxveliseuli drou-li modelebis kavSiri mxatvrul drosTan faseulia mxolod esTetikur da araviTar SemTxvevaSi — struqturul doneze. amdenad ver gaviziarebT d. lixaCovis koncefcias, romlis Tanaxmadac:

`mkiTxveli, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqme aqvs warsul movlenebTan, ma-inc imdenad efloba Txrobis procesSi, rom nawarmoebSi fiqsirebul war-suls SeigrZnobs rogorc Tavis awmyos. mkiTxveli TiTqos ormagi cxovre-biT cxovrobs: sakuTariTa da nawarmoebSi aRweriliT. ai, ratom aris rom mxatvruli dro saboloo jamSi warmoadgens prioritetulad misi erTi formis — mxatvruli awmyos ganviTarebas~ (lixaCovi 1979a: 252).

Cveni azriT, mxatvruli dro warmoadgens drois sruliad damoukidebel sistemas, garkveulwilad, avtonomiurs, romelic xasiaTdeba aSkarad gamok-veTili tipologiuri niSnebiTa da Sesabamisi struqturuli formebiT. mxat-vruli drois esoden specifikuri xasiaTi uzrunvelyofs mis individua-lizms da iZleva drois sxva, tradiciuli modelebisagan damoukideblad misi ganxilvis saSualebas. amrigad, msjeloba mxatvruli drois sxvadasxva plani-sa da mkiTxveliseuli an, Tundac, avtoriseuli drouli planebis urTier-Tgamomdinare mimarTebaze yovelgvar niadagsaa moklebuli. aseve aramizanSe-wonilad migvaCnia azri mxatvruli drois romelime erTi planis, kerZod, mxatvruli awmyos prioritetuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. samarTlianad miuTi-Tebs v. CeredniCenko:

`drois gamijvnis ugulebelyofa, amasTan, niSnavs mTlianis romelime nawilis gamoyofis SeuZleblobasac — e.i. aseT SemTxvevaSi saubari exeba

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dros rogorc mxolod erTaderT realobas. marTalia, msgavsi gamijvnis daSveba meqanikurad ar aqarwylebs warsulisa da momavlis devalvaciis sa-SiSroebas: retrospeqcia da prognozi warmoadgens TvalTaxedvas warsul-sa da momavalze awmyos poziciidan. miuxedavad amisa, Cveni azriT, retros-peqciasa da prognozSi Cadebuli apelacia warsulisa da momavlisadmi ga-cilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre am apelaciis wminda formaluri Sesa-bamisoba awmyosTan~ (CeredniCenko 1986: 26).

aq gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs drois warsuli forma. mxat-vruli qmnileba, cxadia, yvela nawarmoebSi sxvadasxvagvarad, warmoadgens awmyoSi mimdinare moqmedebebis aqtiur sinTezs warsulSi Cadenil qmede-bebTan. Sesabamisad, mTeli simwvaviT dgeba mxatvruli drois Tanamimdev-robis Tvisebrivi maCveneblebis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiro aTvlis werti-lebis moZiebis problema.

vfiqrobT, drouli planebis gammijvneli aTvlis wertilebis moZieba gansxvavebul baziss unda emyarebodes ara mxolod sxvadasxva literatu-ruli gvaris (eposi, lirika, drama), aramed sxvadasxva literaturuli mim-dinareobisa da mimarTulebis doneze. am TvalsazrisiT, realisturi pro-za imdenadve gansxvavdeba antikuri, klasicisturi an romantikuli prozi-sagan, ramdenadac lirika gansxvavdeba eposisa da dramisagan. Tu lirikul nawarmoebSi aRweril movlenaTa drois Tvisebrivi plastebis definicia lirikisaTvis specifikuri kriteriumebidan momdinareobs, epikur da dra-matul nawarmoebebSi modulirebuli mxatvruli drois diferenciacia am literaturuli gvarebisaTvis niSandoblivi maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswi-nebis safuZvelze unda ganxorcieldes. analogiuri procesi SeiniSneba literaturis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapzec: Tu romantikosebma klasi-cistebisagan, realistebma romantikosebisagan, simbolistebma realiste-bisagan da a.S. gansxvavebuli qronotopuli struqturebi daamkvidres, Se-sabamisad, SemogvTavazes drouli planebis gammijvneli aTvlis wertile-bis moZiebis invariantebic.

Cveni kvlevis sagans, amjerad, ar Seadgens yvela zemoT CamoTvlili SemTxvevis analizi da SepirispirebiTi daxasiaTeba (Tumca es problema uaRresad seriozulad dgas). SemovifarglebiT oden realisturi proziT da SevecdebiT, CamovayaliboT is ZiriTadi magistraluri koncefcia, ro-melsac daveyrdnobiT praqtikuli analizis procesSi.

migvaCnia, rom qarTul realistur prozaSi, romlis metradac iTvleba i. WavWavaZe, udavod SeiniSneba erTi kanonzomiereba: mxatvruli drois mTlian modelSi arsebuli drouli planebi — mxatvruli awmyo, warsuli da, garkveulwilad, momavali — koncentrirebulia romelime erTi ZiriTadi movlenis, e.w movlena-birTvis garSemo. TxzulebaSi fiqsirebul movlenaTa Soris erT-erTi aris centraluri, sakvanZo, gamorCeuli da gadamwyvet rols asrulebs mxatvruli nawarmoebis ideur-esTetikuri modelis Camoya-libebaSi. movlena-birTvis definicia ar gulisxmobs romelime erTi drou-li planis privilegirebas, vinaidan msgavs movlenas SeiZleba adgili hqon-des rogorc mxatvrul awmyoSi, ise — warsulSi; momaval droSi, igi ar fiq-

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sirdeba, radganac momavali dro upiratesad varaudis an survilis tempora-luri formis xasiaTs atarebs. sagulisxmoa is garemoebac, rom movlena-bir-Tvis mdebareoba droSi ganisazRvreba masTan nawarmoebis mTavari persona-Jis mimarTebiT.

i. WavaWavaZis mxatvrul prozaSi da, kerZod, CvenTvis saintereso pro-zaul TxzulebebSi sruliad aSkarad gamoiyofa centraluri movlenebi, romlebic Tamamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxatvruli droisaTvis niSandob-livi sami planis gammijvnel aTvlis wertilebad. TxzulebaSi `mgzavris we-rilebi~ movlena-birTvad gvevlineba mgzavris Sexvedra lelT RuniasTan, TxzulebaSi `glaxis naambobi~ — gabrielisagan daTikos mokvla, Txzuleba-Si `kacia-adamiani?!~ — luarsabisa da darejanis qorwineba, TxzulebaSi `sarCobelazed~ — ucnobi ymawvilis CamoxrCobis epizodi, dabolos, Txzu-lebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~ — giorgis sikvdilis scena.

movlena-birTvi nawarmoebis drouli velis yvelaze mniSvnelovani struqturuli erTeulia, faseuli drouli segmentia, radganac, Cveni azriT, SesaZlebeli xdeba mxatvruli awmyos, warsulisa da momavlis moazreba. mov-lena-birTvi, mijnavs ra mxatvruli qmnilebis mTlian droul qargas, samar-Tlianad gvevlineba drois Tvisebrivi kategoriebis aTvlis ZiriTad werti-lad, Tumca ar gamoricxavs aTvlis sxva wertilebis arsebobas: mxatvruli dro mravalganzomilebiania da SeuZlebelia, eyrdnobodes aTvlis mxolod erT wertils. movlena-birTvis garSemo koncetrirebuli drouli planebi, Tavis mxriv, Seicavs aTvlis wertilebs, romlebic specifikuria nawarmoebis ama Tu im siuJeturi epizodisaTvis.

Txzulebis `mgzavris werilebi~ movlena-birTvs, rogorc ukve aRvniS-neT, mgzavrisa da lelT Runias Sexvedra da dialogi warmoadgens. vfiq-robT, rom am SemTxvevaSi movlena-birTvi mxatvruli drois warsul plans miekuTvneba: nawarmoebis mTavari personaJis — mgzavrisaTvis lelT Runi-asTan Sexvedra ukve Sedga, saubari maT Soris ukve gaimarTa da mxatvruli awmyo dialogis gaazrebas emsaxureba:

`marTalia Tu ara Cemi moxeve, me magis gasinjvaSi ar Seval. an ra Cemi saqmea ega? me gakvriT, rogorc mgzavri, vixseneb mas, rac misgan gamigonia. Cemi cda marto imaSia, rom imis azrisaTvis imisave feri SemerCina da imis sityvisaTvis imisive kilo... iman Tavisis sityviT Taviss gulistkivils mi-maxvedra.

`migixvdi, Cemo moxeve, ra nestariTa xar naCxvleti. `Cveni Tavi Cvenad-ve gveyudneso” — sTqvi Sen da me gavigone~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 30).

Sesabamisad, mxatvruli drois warsul plans miekuTvneba mgzavris mogzauroba vladikavkasidan vidre fasanauramde, magram masSi, amasTanave, fiqsirdeba aTvlis sxva wertilebi da sxva drouli planebi, romlebic gan-sxvavebul siuJetur epizodebs asaxaven da sxvadasxva struqturul rgols esadagebian. ase magaliTad, nawarmoebi datvirTulia monologebiTa da di-alogebiT, romelTa ganxilvac SeuZlebelia mxatvruli warsulis aspeq-tSi, Tumca globalurad isini pirdapir temporalur korelaciaSi imyofe-bian aTvlis ZiriTad wertilTan: TiToeuli maTgani ukve momxdaria, ukve

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gardasulia, moqceulia mxatvruli warsulis yalibSi. magram, miuxedavad amisa, isini inarCuneben sakuTar droul maxasiaTeblebs — dialogebi da mo-nologebi mxatvruli awmyos konteqstSia ganTavsebuli: rodesac persona-Ji saubrobs an fiqrobs, misi metyvelebaca da azrTa mdinarebis procesic misive awmyoTia gansazRvruli da, rac niSandoblivia, aTvlis wertilebic mxolod da mxolod awmyoSi moiniSneba.

gvinda, yuradReba gavamaxviloT erT garemoebaze: ara marto Txzule-baSi `mgzavris werilebi~, aramed yvela CvenTvis saintereso nawarmoebSi personaJTa dialogebi da monologebi mxatvruli awmyos yalibSia moTav-sebuli.

mgzavris dialogebi `rusis aficerTan~ da lelT RuniasTan mTavari personaJis — mgzavris awmyoa, Tumca movlena-birTvTan mimarTebaSi isini mxatvruli warsulis planis poziciaSi imyofebian. Tavis mxriv, orive dia-logi gvTavazobs mikrowarsuli planis invariantebs: `rusis aficeri~ igo-nebs Tavis `denSCiks~ da masTan dakavSirebul faqtebs, lelT Runia — gar-dasuli droebis movlenebs, da udarebs mas Tanamedrove yofas. pirvel Sem-TxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs mxatvruli drois warsul planTan, romelic warsu-lia erTi personaJisaTvis — `rusis aficrisaTvis~ da awmyoa meore perso-naJisaTvis — mgzavrisaTvis. meore SemTxvevaSi, marTalia mkrTalad, magram Tavs iCens e.w. ìstoriuli warsulis~ plani, roemlic saerToa orive per-sonaJisaTvis — lelT RuniasTvis da mgzavrisaTvis.

Tavisebur mikro droul sistemebs gvTavazoben TxzulebaSi dafiqsi-rebuli monologebic. meore TavSi warmodgenili monologi — èg dasaRu-pavi Tergi! ra orpiri yofila!..~, meoTxe TavSi warmodgenili monologi — `didebuli ram aris eg myinvari~, meoTxe TavSi warmodgenili monologi — `daRamda, Tvalwin aRara sCans-ra...~ da meeqvse TavSi warmodgenili mono-logi — `gaTenda, ra mSvenieri rama xar, dilis riJraJo!..~, ganekuTvneba mxatvruli drois awmyos plans da esadageba personaJis awmyos; monologe-bi — òTxi weliwadi iyo, rac me ruseTSi vimyofebodi...~ da `rogor Sevey-rebi me Cems qveyanas da rogor Semeyreba igi me...~ personaJTa awmyos mie-kuTvneba, magram mxatvruli drois sxvadasxva plans aerTianebs. mxatvrul awmyos pirvel maTganSi ukavSireba mxatvruli warsuli: òTxi weliwadi iyo, rac me ruseTSi vimyofebodi da Cemi qveyana ar menaxa~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 10), meore monologSi ki — mxatvruli momavali rogorc varaudi, gnebavT, rogorc gaurkveveli varaudi.

Txzulebis `glaxis nambobi~ movlena-birTvic — gabrielisagan daTikos mokvla — mxatvruli drois warsul plans miekuTvneba. personaJis awmyos sa-urme gzis piras mdgari Zveli sabZlis garemo da gamvlel monadiresTan dia-logi warmoadgens. movlena-birTvi, romelmac personaJis amgvari awmyo ga-napiroba, mxatvruli warsulis niSniT gaiazreba, magram TxzulebaSi modu-lirebuli mxatvruli drois Tvisebrivi kategoriebi oden dasaxelebuli Zi-riTadi aTvlis wertiliT ar ganisazRvreba. nawarmoebi aerTianebs sruliad damoukidebel siuJetur xazebs, romlebic, marTalia, realurad, mTavari personaJis poziciidan gamomdinare, mxatvruli warsulis drois plans mie-

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kuTvnebian, mainc inarCuneben sakuTar droul mikromaxasiaTeblebs. vfiq-robT, amgvar aTvlis wertilebad SeiZleba miviCnioT gabrielisa da daTikos gamgzavreba qalaqSi, gabrielisa da Tamros Sexvedra orRobeSi, daTikosagan Tamros naxva saydarSi, gabrielisa da daTikos konfliqti da pepias sikvdi-li. TiToeuli es epizodi mijnavs mxatvruli drois im mikroplanebs, rom-lebic esadageba aRniSnul siuJetur monakveTs da, cxadia, win uswrebs na-warmoebis movlena-birTvs.

gabrielisa da daTikos gamgzavreba qalaqSi mijnavs or periods: daTi-kosa da gabrielis bavSvobas, romelic mxatvrul warsulad SeiZleba miviC-nioT, da maT yofnas qalaqSi, rac SeiZleba personaJTa awmyod aRviqvaT; gabrielisa da Tamros Sexvedra, Tavis mxriv, mxatvrul warsulad warmog-vidgens gabrielis cxovrebas TamrosTan Sexvedramde da gvTavazobs aw-myos gansxvavebul variants; daTikosagan Tamros naxvis Sedegad imijneba gabrielisa da Tamros uRrublo siyvaruli, rogorc mxatvruli awmyo, da isaxeba Tamros bedis konturebi, rogorc mxatvruli momavlis hipoTezu-ri kategoria; daTikosa da gabrielis konfliqti acalkevebs gabrielisa da daTikos, gabrielisa da Tamros urTierTobebs, rogorc mxatvrul war-suls da TiTqmis aSkaras xdis daTikosa da Tamros momaval xvedrs; pepias sikvdilis epizodi sabolood kravs aTvlis wertilebiT gamijnul droul planebs, ris Sedegadac nawarmoebis movlena-birTvi — gabrielisagan daTi-kos mokvla — savsebiT logikur dasasrulad aRiqmeba. movlena-birTvi mij-navs mTavari personaJisa da sxva personaJebis mier Cadenil qmedebebs, ro-gorc mxatvrul awmyos da erTgvarad asabuTebs mis sikvdils, rogorc mo-mavali drois planSi moniSnul faqts.

amrigad, ramdenad paradoqsuladac unda gveCvenos es koncefcia, `gla-xis naambobSi~ warmodgenili drouli planebis urTierTmimarTeba gvaZlevs Semdegi daskvnis uflebas: nawarmoebSi dafiqsirebuli aTvlis nebismieri wertili aerTianebs ukve momxdar, kristalizebul warsuls, uSualod gan-cdil awmyos da ganuxorcielebel, magram prognozirebad momavals.

TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ movlena-birTvi mxatvruli warsulis planSia mocemuli. luarsabisa da darejanis qorwineba Txzulebis mTavar, centralur epizods warmoadgens da sruliad samarTlianad SeiZleba miviC-nioT nawarmoebis drouli planebis gammijnav aTvlis wertilad. luarsabisa da darejanis qorwinebis epizodi mijnavs luarsabis siymawvilis periods, rogorc mxatvrul warsuls da luarsabisa da darejanis colqmruli urTi-erTobis periods, rogorc mxatvrul awmyos.

garda aTvlis ZiriTadi wertilisa, `siuJetur velze~ moiZieba aTvlis meorexasisxovani wertilebi, romlebic mxatvruli drois mikroplanebs warmoaCenen. msgavsi aTvlis wertilebia: sut-kneinas viziti luarsabTan, luarsabisa da darejanis mgzavroba TeleTSi da mkiTxavis stumroba lu-arsabis ojaxSi.

sut-kneinas viziti ymawvil luarsabTan mijnavs luarsabis siyrmes, rogorc mxatvrul warsuls da luarsabis ymawvilkacobas, rogorc mxat-vrul awmyos. movlena-birTvi — luarsabisa da darejanis qorwineba —

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Txzulebis drouli planebis centralur wyalgamyofad gvevlineba: mis miRma rCeba luarsabis ymawvilkacoba, rogorc mxatvruli warsuli da iwy-eba luarsabis ojaxuri cxovreba, rogorc mxatvruli awmyo. luasabisa da darejanis TeleTs mogzaurobisa da maT ojaxSi mkiTxavis misvlis epizo-debi TiTqmis analogiur funqciebs asrulebs: erTmaneTisagan mijnavs lu-arsabis radikalurad gansxvavebul sulier mdgomareobebs.

saintereso struqturul suraTs warmoadgens `sarCobelazed~. gan-sxvavebiT Txzulebebisagan `mgzavris werilebi~, `glaxis naambobi~ da `ka-cia-adamiani?!~ moTxrobis `sarCobelazed~ movlena-birTvi mxatvruli aw-myos WrilSia mocemuli. ymawvili kacis CamoxrCobis epizodi petres, uc-nobi ymawvilisa da misi Zmis mxatvrul awmyos warmoadgens. `sarCobelazed~ drouli Wrilisa da aTvlis wertilebis mimarTebis originalur formas gTavazobs: movlena-birTvi mxolod or droul Wrils mijnavs — petresa da ymawvilebis awmyos da petresa da CamoxrCobili biWis Zmis momavals. mxat-vruli warsuli aTvlis sxva, meorexarisxovani wertilebidan momdinare-obs: petres warsuli Wrili petresa da patara Zmebis Sexvedris epizods ukavSirdeba, CamoxrCobili ymawvilisa da misi Zmis warsulis plani ki aT-vlis or wertils gulisxmobs: petresa da patara Zmebis Sexvedris epizods da ucnobi biWis werils, romelTa Sorisac sruliad aSkarad myardeba da-mokidebuleba adre-gvian.

TxzulebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~ movlena-birTvi mxatvruli warsuli drois plastis kuTvnilebaa: giorgis sikvdili ukve momxdari da gardasu-lia. aTvlis ZiriTadi wertilidan saTaves iRebs nawarmoebis mTavari per-sonaJis awmyo da momavali drois Wrilebi, arCilisa da kesos momavali drois plasti rogorc prognozi. movlena-birTvis miRma rCeba mxatvruli warsuli, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aTvlis ramdenime wertils Seicavs: oTaa-raanT qvrivis qmris sikvdils, romelic mijnavs oTaraanT qvrivis persona-Jis warsulsa da awmyos da giorgis wasvlas Sinidan, romelic mijnavs gior-gis personaJis warsul, awmyo da momavali drois plastebs.

vfiqrobT, momavlis mxatvruli kategoria sagangebo ganmartebas saWi-roebs. specialur literaturaSi sakmaod mravladaa mxatvruli momavali drois specifikis ganmsazRvreli Teoriebi da, amdenad, marTebulad mig-vaCnia am problemis Taobaze Cveni poziciis Camoyalibeba. ramdenad arse-bobs is da, Tu arsebobs, ra formiT realizdeba teqstSi?

momavali dro, garkveulwilad, efemeruli kategoriaa, jer ardamdga-ri dro, romelic ar ganizomeba da ar aRiqmeba. literaturul teqstSi is SeiZleba ar arsebobdes an arsebobdes mxolod varaudis, prognozis an survilis saxiT. Sesabamisad, misi danergva teqstSi, erTi mxriv, emsaxureba konkretul esTetikur miznebs, xolo, meore mxriv, miemarTeba teqstis Se-mecnebis specifikasa da individualizms. gamomdinare aqedan, literatu-ris ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze, midgoma drois momavali Wrilisadmi sruliad araerTgvarovani da urTierTgamomricxavic kia. ase magaliTad, momaval dros sxvadasxvagvarad gaiazreben da sxvadasxvagvar funqcias aniWeben antikuri, adreqristianuli, Sua saukuneebis, renesansis, klasi-

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cizmis, romantizmis, simbolizmis da sxva literaturuli epoqebis warmo-madgenlebi. Sesabamisad, araerTgvarovania misi recefciac. gamonakliss, cxadia, arc relizmis epoqa warmoadgens. realizmis epoqis literaturas Taviseburi mimarTeba hqonda gamomuSavebuli drois am bundovani da sada-vo kategoriisadmi da es mimarTeba SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc mWidro Ta-namSromloba. realizmis epoqis literatura, misi klasikuri gagebiT, saWi-roebda momavali drois modelis maqsimalurad aTvisebas: gaaqtiurebul momaval dros, umeteswilad, eniWeboda ueWveli perspeqtivis statusi da igi emsaxureboda avtoris SorsmWvreteluri sazogadoebrivi da socialu-ri poziciis fiqsirebas.

realisturi xasiaTis literaturul nawarmoebSi mxatvruli momava-lis plani, iseve rogorc mxatvruli awmyo da warsuli, koncentrirebulia movlena-birTvis garSemo da pirdapir damokidebulebaSia masTan. am damo-kidebulebas SeiZleba gamomdinareobac ki vuwodoT. momavali drois plani ar Semoifargleba aTvlis erTi ZiriTadi wertiliT — igi SeiZleba gabneu-li iyos sxvadasxva siuJetur monakveTze. i. askini miuTiTebs:

`momavali saWiroa ara mxolod da ara imdenad imisTvis, rom gavigoT ra moxdeba, aramed imisTvis, rom gavigoT ra aris. winaprebi ambobdnen: dro WeS-maritebis mSobeliao. warsuls Cven, rogorc wesi, awmyoze ukeT viazrebT, vi-naidan viciT, misgan ra Sedegi miviReT: Cven vcnobT masSi Casaxul tendenci-ebs, ylortebs, romlebmac mogvces nayofi. amdenad, SeiZleba visaubroT mo-mavlis kategoriis aramarto winaswarmetyvelur, aramed — amxsnel-ganmmar-tvel rolze: momavalSi sagnis obieqturi, realuri ganviTarebis Cveneba iZ-leva awmyos srulfasovani Sefasebis kriteriumsac~ (askini 1974: 73).

vfiqrobT, rom mxatvruli momavlis kategoria misi struqturuli Se-madgenlobis, misi struqturuli da Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblebisa da gamo-saxvis saSualebis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze unda ganisazRvros.

gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT, arsebobs standarti. momavlis kategoria aerTianebs or formas: pirveli, rodesac personaJis bedi ucnobia nawar-moebis finalamde da — meore, roca gzadagza Jonavs informacia personaJis bedis Taobaze. rac Seexeba struqturul da Tvisebriv maxasiaTeblebs, ma-Ti modelebi araerTgvarovania. mivubrundeT ilias prozas.

struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, i. WavWavaZis prozaul TxzulebebSi ar-sebuli momavali dro martivi da rTuli konstruqciebis sinTezs warmoad-gens. martivi konstruqcia gulisxmobs momavali drois erTi, ZiriTadi modelis arsebobas, romelic koncentrirebulia movlena-birTvis garSe-mo, rTuli konstruqcia ki aerTianebs momavali drois ramdenime models, romlebic aTvlis ara marto ZiriTadi, aramed meorexarisxovani wertile-bidanac momdinareoben.

vfiqrobT, rom momavali drois martiv formas i. WavWavaZis ori Txzu-leba gvTavazobs: `mgzavris werilebi~ da `kacia-adamiani?!~, rac Seexeba Txzulebebs `glaxis naambobi~, `sarCobelazed~ da òTaraanT qvrivi~ — maTSi momavali drois kategoria rTuli struqturebiTaa warmodgenili.

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`mgzavris werilebsa~ da `kacia-adamianSi?!~ momavali drois plasti TxzulebaTa centraluri movlenebisgan momdinareobs: erT SemTxvevaSi igi ukavSirdeba mgzavrisa da lelT Runias dialogs, meore SemTxvevaSi — luarsabisa da darejanis SeuRlebis faqts. Sesabamisad, orive TxzulebaSi momavlis kategoria mTavari personaJebis — mgzavris, luarsabisa da dare-janis bed-iRbals gansazRvravs.

TxzulebebSi `glaxis naambobi~, `sarCobelazed~ da òTaraanT qvrivi~ momavali drois modeli araerTgvarovania.

am TvalsazrisiT, `glaxis naambobSi~ ikveTeba ramdenime ZiriTadi xazi — Tamros xazi, pepias xazi, daTikos xazi da Txzulebis mTavari personaJis — gabrielis xazi. Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom `glaxis naambobis~ centralur movlenad gabrilisagan daTikos mokvlis epizodi migvaCnia. TxzulebaSi wamodgenili momavali drois zemoT xsenebuli modelebidan movlena-birTvs mxolod gabrielis xazi ukavSirdeba, Tamros, pepiasa da daTikos bed-iRblis gansazRvra aTvlis sxva wertilidan momdinareobs: aseT werti-lad saydarSi daTikosagan Tamros naxvis faqti gvesaxeba.

TxzulebaSi `sarCobelazed~ momavlis kategoria petresa da ucnobi biWis beds gansazRvravs. aqedan, petres momavali dakavSirebulia Txzule-bis movlena-birTvTan — ymawvili kacis CamoxrCobasTan, ymawvili kacis mo-mavali ki aTvlis sxva wertilidan — mis werilidan momdinareobs.

gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs TxzulebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~ movlena-birTvis — giorgis sikvdilis epizodidan saTaves iRebs ori xazi: Txzule-bis mTavari personaJis, qvrivis da da-Zmis — arCilisa da kesos momavali drois modelebi; rac Seexeba giorgis momavali drois models, igi aTvlis sxva wertilidan — giorgis mier arCilTan mojamagired misvlis epizodi-dan momdinareobs.

momavali drois kategoriis Tvisebriobis TvalsazrisiT i. WavWavaZis

Txzulebebi arastandartul sistemad jgufdeba. realisti mwerlebi, ro-

gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ar sjerdebodnen momavali drois mxolod poten-

ciur an hipoTezur formas da cdilobdnen mis maqsimalur gaaqtiurebas

TavianTi msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciebis gamyarebis mizniT. i. WavWavaZe,

am mxriv, aSkara novatorobas amJRavnebs: mis sam TxzulebaSi — `mgzavris

werilebi~, `sarCobelazed~ da òTaraanT qvrivi~ — momavali drois plasti

didi kiTxvis niSniT aRiniSneba. `mgzavris werilebSi~ mTavari personaJi — mgzavri, romelic Rrma suli-

er-eTikur kaTarziss ganicdis da aqtiuri moqmedebisaTvis emzadeba, moma-vals egebeba kiTxviT, romlis pasuxic mxolod potenciaSi SeiZleba veZioT:

`migixvdi, Cemo moxeve, ra nestariTa xar naCxvleti. `Cveni Tavi Cvenad-ve gveyudneso~ — sTqvi Sen da me gavigone. magram gavigone Tu ara, raRac ue-carma tkivilma tvinidam gulamde Camirbina, iq, gulSi gaiTxara samare da daimarxa. rodemdis damrCes eg tkivili gulSi, rodemdis? ox, rodemdis, rodemdis?.. Cemo sayvarelo miwa-wyalo, momec amis pasuxi!~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 30).

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Txzulebis `sarCobelazed~ mTavari personaJis — petres da ucnobi ymawvili kacis momavali bedic ar gamoixateba gadawyvetili realobis niS-niT. ucnobi biWis momavali xvedri erTgvari prognozis STabeWdilebas to-vebs, prognozisa, romlis ganxorcielebac SeiZleba mxolod vivaraudoT:

àmiT samudamod movwydi qveyanas, rogorc winadve motexili toti, ukanasknel ZafzeRa dakidebuli. mSvidobiT... Tu rodisme Cemi naxva moiwa-dino, modi da mec Cem ZmasaviT sarCobelazed mnaxe. Cemi bolo eg aris~ (Wav-WavaZe 1950d: 241).

petre ki, acnobierebs ra ara mxolod miseul, aramed sxvaTa mier ga-movlil tkivils, SeigrZnobs mas da iwyebs fiqrs sakuTar pasuxismgebloba-ze gaubedurebuli adamianis winaSe:

`me ra SuaSi varo! — daiZaxa kvnesiT da TrTolviT SeSinebulma petrem. petre mTlad caxcaxebda.

marTla da Cveni beberi petre ra SuaSi unda iyos” (WavWavaZe 1950d: 241). petres pirovnebis Semdgomi transformireba mxolod SesaZlebelis,

potenciuris farglebSia moqceuli. SedarebiT mkrTalad, magram mainc analogiuri xerxiTaa gansazRvru-

li arCilisa da kesos bed-iRbali TxzulebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~. miuxeda-vad azrobrivi konsensusisa, romelic da-Zmis dialogSi miiRweva, maTi sa-momavlo pozicia ar emyareba TvalsaCino realobas da ufro potenciuris niSans atarebs, vidre realurisas:

àrCil, win raRaa, win! — SehbRavla uecrad kesom da orsave xelis Ti-Tebi erTmaneTSi Caiwna da fSvneta da mtvreva dauwyo.

— eg cremlebiani codna ukana swvavs da hbugavs, wina hnamavs da amwva-nebs. eg nami rom gabevrdeba, mdinare wylad iqceva da mTels tivs miitans, rom Cvens Soris Catexili xidi gaamrTelos da egre orsav napirs gaaer-Tebs. eg cremliani codna, Tu codniani cremli ukanisa — Suqia winasi da Suqi xom... — dasawyisia ganTiadisa, gana, Cemo kargo?! swored. da-Zma sixa-ruliT erTmaneTs gadaexvivnen~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 319-320).

globaluri daeWvebiT mTavrdeba Tavad nawarmoebic: `magram sxva vin ar aris codo? erTic es aris saWirboroto da wyevla--

krulviani sakiTxavi am uTavbolo da uswormasworo wuTisofelSi~ (WavWa-vaZe 1950e: 326).

rac Seexeba Txzulebebs `glaxis naambobi~ da `kacia-adamiani?!~, aq war-modgenili mxatvruli momavali drois kategoria savsebiT esadageba rea-listuri literaturisaTvis niSandobliv princips: personaJis momavali bedi aqtualuri realobis saxiTaa warmodgenili. igive iTqmis òTaraanT qvrivis~ mTavari personaJis — qvrivis Sesaxebac. cxadia da mkveTrad gan-sazRvruli gabrielis, Tamros, daTikos, luarsabis, darejanisa da oTara-anT qvrivis momavali, Tumca TiToeuli es plasti uaRresad niuansur xasi-aTs atarebs.

gamosaxvis formebis TvlsazrisiT i. WavWavaZis prozauli Txzulebebi orive zemoxseniebul variants warmoadgens, magram prioriteti realistu-

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ri literaturisaTvis ufro specifikur formas eniWeba — personaJebis bed-iRbali ucnobia vidre nawarmoebis dasasrulamde. amis dasturia `sar-Cobelazed~, `kacia-adamiani?!~ da òTaraanT qvrivi~. gamonakliss warmoad-gens Txzuleba `glaxis naambobi~, sadac winaswari informacia pesonaJebis momaval bed-iRbalze nawyvet-nawyvet mogvewodeba mTeli Txrobis manZil-ze. am tipis gafrTxilebebi erTgvarad winaswarmetyveluris, gardauvalis STabeWdilebas tovebs.

Tamros momavali bedis konturebi jer kidev gabrielisa da Tamros uTierTobis dasawyisSi ikveTeba:

`momkvdariyo sawyali pepia, rom imisi qali batons moewona. kargad ico-da, rac iyo batonis mowoneba da rasac moaswavebda~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 87).

cota qvemoT: `xandisxan erTi saSineli tkivili gulis-ficris texas damiwyebda

xolme. vai, Tu Tamrom... magram ara, male gadavigdebdi xolme gulidan am fiqrsa~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 88).

daTikosa da gitos avismomaswavebeli dialogi TiTqmis gardauvals xdis Tamros momaval xvedrs:

`— mewyina, eg rom miTxari, magram ara uSavs-ra. Sen, rac giTxar, isa hqe-ni, me da gabro movrigdebiT~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 89).

tragikulis moaxloeba sul ufro da ufro meti simZafriT SeigrZnoba pepias sityvebSi:

`Svili meRupeba, Svili!.. Cemi sisxli, Cemi xorci!.. erTad-erTi Svili cocxlad memarxeba... Semibrale da nu damanaxveb Cemis Tamros unamusobas~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 91,92).

gabrielis fraza — `keTili Rame iyo is dalocvili Rame! ra undoda avka-cobas Cemgan? razed CamiTria da damRupa sasikeTod gamzadebuli? vin icis? iqneba exla me vyofiliyav rigiani muSa-kaci, col-Svili gars Semortymuli myoloda~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 94) — amarTlebs siuJetis Semdgom ganviTarebas. eWvs aRar iwvevs pepias gancda:

`vaime, Svilo! yvela imedi Senis daxsnisa exla dameRupa, ai!.. vaime, Svi-lo Tamro!.. Sens namuss RmerTic veRar damibrunebs. gaTavda yvelaferi CemTvis~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 106).

sul mcire, uRimRamo imedi, romelic gabriels asuldgmulebda, du-qanSi TamrosTan SexvedrisaTanave qreba — Tamros momavali xvedri sruli-ad logikurad sruldeba — Tamro àvlabris unamusoa~.

analogiuri, winaswari informirebis xerxiT ikveTeba daTikos momavalic: `magram Cvens garda kidev bevrni iyvnen da im bevrSi batoni daTikoca,

romelmac gitos uTxra: me da gabrieli movrigdebiTo... im wams daTiko rom damenaxa, Zma rom yofiliyo, Zma, imis danaxva da sulis gafrTxoba erTi iq-neboda CemTvis~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 95).

gabrilisagan daTikoze xanjliT gawevis epizodi Tu momakvdavi pepia-saTvis micemuli piroba aZlierebs mZime codvis Cadenis atmosferos da ga-mokveTavs gabrielis momavali qmedebebis konturebs. duqanSi TamrosTan Sexvedra sabolood ukuagdebs fiqrs mitevebaze:

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`Cemi tokva da yoymanoba kacis-kvlis Taobaze im dRes srulad gaTav-da, im gaborotebuls gulzed ca da qveyana rom xelSi mWeroda, yvelsaviT gavwuravdi da kbiliT gavglejdi~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 115-116).

daTiko kvdeba gabrielis xeliT da misi aRsasruli mxolod wertils usvams winaswar Camoyalibebul warmodgenas daTikos momaval xvedrze. imTa-viTve sacnauria gabrielis momavali bedic. gabrieli grZnobs aRsasruls da misi Tavgadasavlis Txrobac mxolod caitnotiTaa gamowveuli. Txzulebis dasasruls gabrielis sikvdilis moaxloeba ueWvelia, gabrieli kvdeba uzia-reblad. vfiqrobT, es detali xazs usvams Txzulebis mTavari personaJis momavali drois plastis damokidebulebas Txzulebis movlena-birTvze, ra-sac cota zemoT Cven `gamomdinareoba~ vuwodeT: gabrielis sikvdili uzia-reblad erTgvari Sedegia gabrielis mier Cadenili kaciskvlis codvisa.

amrigad, momavali drois kategoria i. WavWavaZis ganxilul Txzule-bebSi specifikuria: erTi mxriv, is akmayofilebs realizmis literaturul kanons da warmoadgens gardauval perspeqtivas, gaaqtiurebul realobas, xolo, meore mxriv, avlens avtoris siRrmiseul midgomas problemisadmi da globaluri daeWvebis, gaurkvevlobis, mkrTali varaudis formiT rea-lizdeba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi `mesame realobaa~, sadac, m. safarovis Se-niSvniT, `mxatvruli nawarmoebis struqturuli aqtualizacia mWidrod ukavSirdeba warsulisa da momavlis avtokorelaciis process~ (safarovi 1974: 102), meore SemTxvevaSi ki — siRrmiseuli modelia, romelic ar eqvem-debareba gansjas.

mimovixileT ra i. WavWavaZis TxzulebebSi modulirebuli mxatvruli drois raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi kategoriebisa da maTi ganmsazRvreli aTvlis wertilebis specifika, sruliad mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mxat-vruli qronotopis meore Semadgeneli komponentis — mxatvruli sivrcis gaazreba.

2.2. ZiriTadi sivrculi modelebis analizis Tavisebureba

vfiqrobT, gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba mtkiceba, rom literaturis ganvi-Tarebis nebismier etapze avtoris mier SerCeuli sivrculi modelebis funqciuri datviTva iyo da aris mwerlis Tanamedrove epoqis problemati-kis, mwerlis literaturuli mrwamsisa da msoflSegrZnebis ukeT gamoxat-vis saSualeba.

amas naTlad adasturebs antikuri xanis, aRorZinebis periodis, klasi-cizmis, romantizmis da sxva epoqaTa mwerloba.

realisturma literaturam, rogorc sruliad TviTmyofadma etapma literaturis ganviTarebis istoriisa, cxadia, sivrculi plastebis Tavi-seburi struqturul-funqciuri transformacia moaxdina. pirvel yovli-sa, realisturi mwerlobisTvis specifikuri sivrculi modelis zogadi sa-xe, literaturis ganviTarebis adrindeli periodebisagan gansxvavebiT,

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sagrZnoblad mravalferovnad da mravalwaxnagovanad warmogvidga. siv-rcis araerTgvarovneba gamoixata mxatvruli sivrcis ara marto struqtu-ruli Semcvelobis garTulebiT, aramed misi funqciuri mniSvnelobis gaR-rmavebiTac. gamonaklisi arc qarTuli realisturi literatura yofila — qarTveli realistebis SemoqmedebaSi mxatvruli sivrcis funqcia gascda oden esTetikuris farglebs da, rogorc movlenaTa ganviTarebis mxatvru-li foni, eTikur-filosofiuri xasiaTis problemaTa gadaWris erT-erT aucilebel komponentad mogvevlina. amasTan, realisturi literaturis konteqstSi aRiniSna sivrculi modelebis sruli intensificireba droSi. Tavisebureba, romelic realisturi mwerlobisa da, kerZod, i. WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa sivrculi modelebis Seswavlisas gamovlinda, SeiZleba zoga-di koncefciis saxiT CamovayaliboT: WeSmaritad realisturi literatu-ris farglebSi arsebuli mxatvruli sivrculi modelebis specifikis kvleva SeuZlebelia nawarmoebis mxatvruli droisa da mxatvruli qrono-topuli sistemis specifikis gauTvaliswineblad. am gardauval erTiano-bas swored mxatvruli sivrcis ukiduresad rTuli funqciuri mniSvneloba ganapirobebs: mxatvruli sivrce ganzogadebulia, absoluturad intensi-ficirebulia droSi da gabneulia movlenaTa msvlelobaSi.

amdenad, realisti-mwerlis, da am SemTxvevaSi, i. WavWavaZis mxatvruli prozidan gamomdinare, saubari mxatvrul sivrcul modelebze mizanSewo-nilia mxolod da mxolod nawarmoebSi modulirebuli mxatvruli drois mTliani sistemisa da mxatvruli qronotopuli sistemis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebis fonze. Sesabamisad, i. WavWavaZis prozaul TxzulebebSi fiqsirebuli ZiriTadi sivrculi modelebi — gza, sofeli, kar-midamo, sax-li, qalaqi, duqani, saydari da peizaJuri foni — mxolod mxatvruli droi-sa da mxatvruli qronotopuli modelebis specifikiT ganisazRvreba. vec-debiT, davasabuToT Cveni mosazreba.

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T a v i 3

mxatvruli qronotopuli sistema

mxatvruli drois koncentraciam mxatvrul sivrceSi da mxatvruli sivrcis intensificirebam mxatvrul droSi gamoiwvia formireba realis-turi literaturisaTvis niSandoblivi qronotopuli sistemisa, romelic, dro-sivrcis globaluri, e.w. `msoflio standartebiT~ gaazrebis parale-lurad, dro-sivrcis subieqtivizaciis, misi fsiqologiuri sublimaciis procesis asaxvis funqciiTac aRiWurva. realisturi literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli esoden mniSvnelovani esTetikur-struqturuli funqcia mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis araerTgvarovani, araordinaruli kon-struqciebis fonze gamovlinda.

m. baxtini SeniSnavs: èrTi nawarmoebis da erTi avtoris Semoqmedebis farglebSi aRiniSneba qronotopebis mravali saxeoba da maTi rTuli, mocemu-li nawarmoebebisa an avtoris SemoqmedebiTi stilisaTvis specifikuri urTi-erTmimarTebebi, magram maTgan erT-erTi qronotopuli modeli yovelTvis gvevlineba dominanturad, anu yovlismomcvelad~ (baxtini 1986b: 284).

i. WavWavaZis prozaul TxzulebebSi fiqsirebul mxatvrul qronoto-pul sistemaSi, Cveni azriT, sami ZiriTadi, mTavari, sagulisxmo qronoto-puli modeli gamoiyofa: personaJTa individualuri qronotopi, gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi da percefciuli qronotopi. miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli maTgani sruliad originaluri struqturiTa da Taviseburebe-biT gamoirCeva, maT aerTianebs saerTo-funqciuri misia: dro-sivrcis fsi-qologiuri sublimaciis procesis asaxva. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

3.1. personaJTa individualuri qronotopi

sruliad samarTlianad miuTiTebs z. turaeva: `personaJTa individualuri dro ori maxasiaTebliT ganisazRvreba —

xangrZlivobiTa da qronologizmiT~ (turaeva 1979: 28). i. WavWavaZis CvenTvis saintereso prozaul TxzulebebSi warmodgeni-

li mxatvruli dro Caketilia: igi ar ukavSirdeba romelime konkretul is-toriul epoqaSi momxdar konkretul istoriul movlenebs, aramed mimdi-nareobs mxolod siuJetis farglebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, personaJTa in-dividualuri dro moklebulia qronologizmis princips da oden xan-grZlivobis niSniT xasiaTdeba. personaJTa individualuri dro mWidrod ukavSirdeba mxatvrul sivrces.

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`mgzavris werilebis~ mTavari personaJis individualuri drois xan-grZlivoba or dRe-Rames, anu ormocdarva saaTs moicavs da mxatvruli drois warsul WrilSi ixsneba.

moqmedeba iwyeba dilis eqvs saaTze `vladikavkasis~ sastumroSi, sadac mgzavri wina RamiT Camoxta. maS, personaJis individualuri dro, Tavdapir-velad, erTi RamiT Semoifargleba, RamiT, romelic mgzavrma sastumroSi gaatara; mxatvruli sivrce, romelsac Seadgens provinciuli sastumro, rusis pirdaubaneli da Tmadauvarcxneli ìamSCiki~ da danjRreuli `foS-tis povoska~ lokaluria: sastumro, ìamSCiki~ da `povoska~ qmnian erTgvar samkuTxeds, romelSic ùcxo mxaris~ ganwyobilebaa koncentrirebuli. Ca-ketili sivrcis garRveva, upirveles yovlisa, `mSobliuri mxaris~ motivis damkvidrebas ukavSirdeba:

`danJRreulma zarma daiwyo Tavisi ugemuri JRara-JRuri, povoskam qvebzed xtoma da me laylayi xan aqeT da xan iqiTa~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 19).

magram: `raki valdikavkasidan gamovedi da Cemi qveynis siom damkra, gulma sul sxva-rigad damiwyo feTqa~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 11).

mxatvruli dro-sivrce TandaTan iZens dinamizms. nawarmoebis dasawy-isSi fiqsirebuli lokaluri sivrce irRveva: ìamSCikica~ da `povoskac~ Se-umCnevlad toveben sarbiels da mgzavri Caketili samkuTxedis miRma rCeba. igi Tavisuflad gadaadgildeba sivrceSi. imav saRamos mgzavri `larsis stanciaSi~ Cerdeba. vladikavkasis sastumrosagan gansxvavebiT, `larsis stanciis~ patara oTaxSi myofi personaJi naklebad ixuTeba: es aRar aris ùcxoeTi~, es mSobliuri sivrcea. personaJi ar aris daTrgunuli. mxat-vruli sivrcis gaSlis paralelurad Tavs iCens uaRresad specifikuri dro-sivrce, segmenti, romelic personaJis individualuri qronotopis umTavres struqturul elements Seadgens ara marto `mgzavris werileb-Si~, aramed CvenTvis saintereso sxva TxzulebebSic da TiToeul nawarmo-ebSi araerTgvarovan funqciur datvirTvas atarebs.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs personaJisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fiqris pro-cesi, romelic sruliad specifikuri drouli da sivrculi plastebiT gamoirCeva.

v. CeredniCenkos koncefciiT, `fiqri principulad ar SeiZleba iyos lokalizebuli mxatvruli drois (Sesabamisad, mxatvruli sivrcis) far-glebSi misi abstraqtulobis gamo. fiqri Tavs uyris droidan amorTul mxat-vrul ganzogadebas, romelic wyvets Txrobis movlenaTa ganviTarebas. avto-ris an personaJis fiqris procesi, rogorc literaturul sinamdvileSi mim-dinare moqmedebebis Sefaseba, komentari, aseve mxatvruli drois sazRvrebs miRma miedineba~ (CeredniCenko 1986: 35).

veTanxmebiT v. CeredniCenkos mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom fiqris dro-sivrce scdeba mxatvruli dro-sivrcis CarCoebs, magram ver gavizia-rebT mkvlevris msjelobis Semdgom mimdinareobas:

upirveles yovlisa, sruliad aramarTebulad migvaCnia avtorisa da personaJisaTvis specifikuri fiqris procesis erT sibrtyeze ganxilva. avtoriseuli fiqris dro-sivrce swored rom principulad ar Tavsdeba

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mxatvruli dro-sivrcis farglebSi. avtoriseuli dro-sivrce warmoad-gens realuri dro-sivrcis modifikacias, romelic struqturulad emij-neba mxatvrul dro-sivrcul models. avtoriseuli dro-sivrce moiazreba ara rogorc mxatvruli dro-sivrcis Semadgeneli komponenti, aramed ro-gorc mxatvruli dro-sivrcis aRqmis erTi pozicia, amdenad, misi Sesabami-si fiqris procesic SeiZleba gaviazroT mxolod rogorc mxatvrul mikro-samyaroSi mimdinare movlenaTa gareSe komentari.

personaJis fiqri Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba avtoriseuli fiqrisagan. igi inarCunebs abstrahirebis unars, magram Tavisufldeba komentirebis funqciisagan. personaJis fiqri mxatvrul mikrosamyaroSi koncentrire-buli dro-sivrculi velis wiaRSi isaxeba, personaJis Rrma Sinagani plas-tebidan momdinareobs da misi transformirebis procesis ekvivalenturia. amrigad, gansxvavebiT avtoriseuli fiqris dro-sivrcisagan, romelic ver Tavsdeba mxatvrul dro-sivrcul modelSi, personaJis fiqris dro-sivrce yalibdeba zogadad mxatvrul dro-sivrcul sistemaSi, garkveulwilad, scdeba mis farglebs da dro-sivrcis modalur invariants gvTavazobs.

`mgzavris werilebSi~ fiqri personaJis fsiqikaSi mimdinare procesebs aireklavs, gvagrZnobinebs personaJis Semdgomi SemecnebiT-eTikuri gar-daqmnis moaxloebas, mis mimarTulebas, faseulobasa da mniSvnelovnebas. figuralurad rom vTqvaT, es aris mikrosamyaro makrosamyaroSi — mxat-vruli dro-sivrce mxatvrul dro-sivrceSi: personaJis fiqrisaTvis spe-cifikuri dro inarCunebs mxatvruli droisaTvis niSandobliv tipologi-ur maxasiaTeblebs — igi SeiZleba iyos Seqcevadi, wyvetadi an uwyveti, mag-ram, amasTanave, gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli tempiTa da dinamizmiT. perso-naJis fiqrisaTvis specifikuri sivrce ki struqturulad gansxvavdeba mxatvruli sivrcis modelisagan: fiqrisaTvis niSandoblivi sivrce war-mogvidgens konkretuli maCveneblebisa da uzogadesi fsiqologiuri aso-ciacebis sinTezs.

Txzulebis mTavari personaJis fiqri Sinagani monologebis efeqts qmnis da TiToeuli monologi fiqris dro-sivrcis araerTgvarovan struq-turas gvTavazobs (monologs m. baxtinma Sinagani dialogi uwoda — `me~-s saubari `me~-sTan — i. r.). monologSi — òTxi weliwadi!.. ici, mkiTxvelo, es oTxi weliwadi ra oTxi weliwadia~... da a. S. dro retrospeqciulia, gaweli-li mTeli oTxi weliwadiT ukan, sivrce — zogad-warmosaxuli; monologSi — `rogor Seveyrebi me Cems qveyanas da rogor Semeyreba igi me~ sivrce inar-Cunebs zogad xasiaTs, dro ki sagrZnoblad dinamikuri da moZravi xdeba, koncentrirdeba mxatvruli drois momaval plastSi; monologSi — `dide-buli ram aris eg myinvari~ — sivrce konkretdeba. Tavs iCens i. WavWavaZis prozisaTvis specifikuri erT-erTi ZiriTadi sivrculi modeli — peizaJu-ri foni. personaJis fiqri sruliad konkretuli sivrculi fonis wiaRSi mimdinareobs.

sivrce, romelSic imyofeba personaJi da romelic ganisazRvreba `di-debuli myinvariTa~ da `Tavzed xelaRebuli TergiT~, personaJis mier, upirveles yovlisa, aRiqmeba vizualurad. warmmarTav rols subieqtis mxedvelobiTi unari asrulebs.

ìmdenad ramdenadac Tvals, — miuTiTebs v. CeredniCenko, — fotoobi-eqtivisagan gansxvavebiT, ar SeuZlia Tanabari sizustiT afiqsiros yvela

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detali, detalebis didi raodenobis fiqsaciisaTvis saWiroa yuradRebis koncentrireba jer erT obieqtze (an obieqtTa jgufze), Semdeg — meoreze da a.S. amasTan, vizualuri aRqmis logika moiTxovs `mzeris regulirebis~ garkveul Tanamimdevrobas damkvirveblis poziciis, dasakvirvebeli obieq-tis moculobis, mdebareobis da sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT~ (Cered-niCenko 1986: 34).

vizualuri aRqmis procesi, rogorc fiqsirebuli kadrebis Tanamimdevru-li cvla, usaTuod aRiniSneba drouli (da ritmulic) maxasiaTeblebiT, magram mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, `Tu vizualuri aqtebis monacvleobis fiqsacia ar iwvevs movlenaTa cvalebadobas, igi ver Seqmnis droul mimarTebebs~ (Ceredni-Cenko 1986: 34). amrigad, Tu vizualuri aRqmis process ar axlavs TxzulebaSi aRweril movlenaTa da moqmedebaTa cvalebadobis procesi, aRqmis dro mxat-vruli TvalsazrisiT ufunqcioa. monologSi — `didebuli ram aris eg myinvari~ — warmodgenili fiqris dro-sivrce gvTavazobs konkretul sivrcul models, romlis fonzec aRqmuli obieqtis gaazrebis dro, rogorc mxatvruli erTeu-li, ar funqcionirebs: obieqtis — myinvarisa da Tergis — fiqsaciasa da aRweras ar mosdevs personaJis qmedebis an romelime movlenis cvalebadoba. peizaJuri fonis aRwera, am SemTxvevaSi, amovardnilia mxatvruli drois yalibidan da mxolod fiqris irealur-mxatvrul dros ukavSirdeba.

monologebSi — `daRamda. miwyda adamianis fexis xma~ da `gaTenda. ra mSvenieri rama xar, dilis riJraJo~, — fiqris sivrce kvlav zogadi, imiti-rebuli garemoTia Semofargluli da intensificirdeba fiqris irealur-mxatvrul droSi.

uaRresad sainteresodaa TxzulebaSi dafiqsirebuli is mWidro kavSi-ri, romelic arsebobs mxatvrul dro-sivrcesa da fiqriseul dro-sivrces Soris da uzrunvelyofs nawarmoebis calkeul epizodTa dro-sivrcul urTierTlavirebas:

`marTla-da ra unda vqna? — vkiTxe Cems Tavs xmamaRliv. — Cai unda miirTovo — mipasuxa stanciis guSagma, romelmac am dros Se-

moitana samovari da Cems stolzed dadga~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 12). fiqri erTis xelis dakvriT wydeba da mgzavri fiqris irealuri samya-

rodan aRmoCndeba loTi rusi oficris sazogadoebaSi. mxatvruli dro konkretdeba — dRe iwureba da dgeba saRamo, romelsac

unda mohyves mgzavris Sinagani amaRleba. mgzavri tovebs `stanciis~ oTaxs da gadis ufro masStabur, gaSlil sivrceSi. igi aRar emorCileba araviTar sazRvrebs, mijnebsa da CarCoebs. mgzavri aRmoCndeba Tavisufali sivrcis centrSi, Sinaganad flobs dros, rac ganapirobebs misi sulieri tran-sformaciis gardauvalobas. moZraobisa da uZraobis, naTelisa da bnelis uzogadesi problemebis definicia cxadad gamokveTs gmiris Sinagan, fsi-qologiur-emociur da azrobriv zrdas, romelic pirdapirproporciulia dro-sivrculi Tavisuflebis zrdisa.

mxolod aseTi Sinagani gaTavisuflebisa da ideur-zneobrivi amaRlebis Semdeg aqvs mgzavrs ufleba, TvalebSi Sexedos Tavisi mSobeli qveynis tki-vils — lelT Runias.

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mgzavrisa da lelT Runias cnobierebaSi sruliad araerTgvarovani dro-sivrculi plastebia fiqsirebuli. mgzavris cnobiereba amTlianebs mis dro-sivrcul gamocdilebas — ruseTSi gatarebul oTx weliwads, mog-zaurobis or dRes, vladikavkasis sastumros, `larsis stanciis~ oTaxs, stefanwmindis Rames... sakuTar dro-sivrcul samyaroSia moqceuli lelT Runiac. misi ideuri pozicia, zneobrivi mrwamsi Camoyalibebulia mSobli-ur mxareSi, mSobliur dro-sivrcul arealSi, magram, gansxvavebiT mgzav-risagan, romlis sulierma da azrobrivma energiam mSobliur mxaresTan mi-axloebis Sedegad, mis wiaRSi Seqmnili Tavisufali sivrcis fonze amoxeT-qa, lelT Runias pirovnebaSi swored es mSobliuri dro-sivrce badebs ara amaRlebis, ara kaTarzisis, aramed protestis, gandgomis survils.

lelT Runias ideali yalibdeba ara `dReis~, aramed — guSindelis, gan-vlilis, warsulis sazRvrebSi:

àdrida avad Tu kargad Cven Cveni Tavni Cvenadve gveyudnes, miT iyvis uked. adrida eri erobdis, guli gulobdis, vaJai vaJabdis, qalai qalabdis. adrida?! erT-urTs daveyudniT, erT-urTs vixvewebdniT... awina eroba dai-Salis, meZav-mruSobai Camovardnis, mtroba-bZarvai gaxSirdis... awina... eri davardnil, galaxul arn, vrdomil-krTomil. warxda... qarTvelTa wesT-wyobai. adrida Cvenoba iyvis. warxda, moisrna qveyanai, raia awina Cveni dar-Cena?~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 28).

sruliad gansxvavebulia lelT Runias mimarTeba mikromSobliur siv-rcesTan: lelT Runia ver Tmobs mTas, ver cvlis mas barze, sadac, TiTqos-da ukeTesi da ufro maZRari cxovrebaa:

ìqavel kacs feri ara aqvn, jani ara aqvn. aqavel janmrTelni arn... ar-Cevanzed? am RorRian kldeT vijobdi, janmrTelia. adamis Zei balaxiTac, gaWirdis, gaZRebis, satkivars rai eyvis?~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 25) lelT Runia gadaWriT irCevs `simarTles~: Sekazmul cxens arCevs `SiSvels~, dauZlure-bul adamians, jansaRs, viwro sivrces — gaSlilsa da laRs.

amrigad, lelT Runias cnobierebaSi iqmneba uaRresad saintereso da ucnauri sinTezi: idealSi erTmaneTs erwymis ori kategoria — arsebuli laRi mSobliuri sivrce da ukve gardasuli dro. swored aseTi dro-siv-rculi amplituda iwvevs im did tkivilsa da gancdas, romelic stanjavs moxeves (gavixsenoT mis mier moTxrobili istoriuli ambavi) da realur elfers sZens mgzavris pozicias: lelT-RuniasTan Sexvedris Semdeg mSob-liuri sivrce aRar aris mgzavrisaTvis mxolod ideur-eTikuri ganwmendis foni, aramed — warmoadgens im konkretul istoriul-geografiul siv-rces, romelic iTxovs misgan radikalur moqmedebas, realur saqmes da Ta-vis wil msxverpls:

`migixvdi, Cemo moxeve, ra nestariTa xar naCxvleti. `Cveni Tavi Cvenad-ve gveyudneso~ — sTqvi Sen da me gavigone. magram gavigone Tu ara, raRac ue-carma tkivilma tvinidan gulamde Camirbina, iq, gulSi gaiTxara samare da daimarxa. rodemdis damrCes eg tkivili gulSi, rodemdis? ox, rodemdis, rodemdis? Cemo sayvarelo miwa-wyalo, momec amisi pasuxi!..~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 30).

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lelT Runias personaJis individualurma qronotopma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula mgzavris ideur-zneobrivi misiis gamokveTaSi da Tvisebri-vad axali gezi misca mis azrTa mdinarebas.

uaResad saintereso dro-sivrculi gardaqmnebis fonze ikveTeba da yalibdeba Txzulebis `glaxis naambobi~ personaJTa individualuri dro--sivrculi modelebic da maTi urTierTmimarTebis specifika.

Txzulebis mTavari moqmedi piris — gabrielis individualuri drois xangrZlivoba sakmaod did periods moicavs: Svidi wlis asakidan, vidre sikvdilamde, cxadia, mxatvruli drois Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblis — wyveta-dobis fonze. mxatvruli sivrce, romlis wiaRSic ixsneba personaJis xasia-Ti, Semdeg ZiriTad modelebs warmogvidgens: sofeli, qalaqi, saydari, satu-saRo, duqani, sabZeli da peizaJuri foni. TiToeuli sivrculi modeli gvTa-vazobs araerTgvarovan damokidebulebas mxatvruli drois, personaJTa in-dividualuri droisa da peronaJTa transformaciis procesis mimarT.

pirveli mxatvrul-sivrculi obieqti, romelic nawarmoebSi fiqsir-deba, aris `zed saurme gzis piras~, `gomurzed modgmuli~ èrTi Zveli sab-Zeli~, romelic `gomuris CasavalSi CardaxsaviT iyo win wamoweuli. am sab-Zlis gareSemo adamianis kvali ara sCanda. is iyo, mgonia, ayrilis kacisa, an amowyvetilisa, Tavminebebuli da patronsaviT daviwyebuli~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 33).

sivrcis siRatake srul izomorful damokidebulebaSia personaJis ga-regnul monacemebTan: ìs iyo sruliad daTenTili sneulebisagan. yviTeli saxe, Siga-da-Sig tylapsaviT CaCneuli, SeSupebuli hqonda, rogorc wyal-mankis mqonesa, Tma da mozrdili WaRara wveri WuWyisagan ise gasqeleboda, TiTqo imis Tmas Tavis dReSi arc wyali mohxvedriao da arc savarcxeli~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 35).

personaJis mdgomareoba statikuria: èxla ki rom amoviare... davinaxe erTi kaci, gomuris karebTan miwolili. eg araferi. dilazed Camoviare, Se-vixede, is kaci isev-ise mwoliare davinaxe. saRamozed, jer bindi ar mohre-oda sinaTlesa, amoviare — is kaci isev-ise vnaxe~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 34).

aq sagulisxmoa erTi garemoeba: personaJis statikuri mdgomareoba ar iwvevs perosonaJis individualuri drois gastatikurebas, anu SeCerebas, gaqvavebas. piriqiT, personaJis individualuri dro maqsimalurad moZravi da ritmulia, rac mwvave drouli caitnotiT aRiniSneba:

`me swored mogaxsenoT... Cems vinaobas ar getyodi, Tu Cemi aRsasruli ar moaxlovebuliyos. vici — Cemi dRe daTvlilia~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 39).

amrigad, Txzulebis mTavari personaJis individualuri qronotopis is monakveTi, romelic mxatvruli drois awmyos planSia gaxsnili, aerTia-nebs viwro, lokalur sivrcesa da dinamikur dros.

sivrculi modeli — `sofeli~ — nawarmoebSi ukavSirdeba personaJTa sulieri aRmafrenis xazs. mis wiaRSi Tavs iCens e.w. `gantolebis konstruq-cia~ formulis — `siyvaruli~ — saxiT. personaJTa sulieri mdgomareoba, romelic zogad gancdebsa da SegrZnebebs efuZneba, abstraqtulia da gamo-ricxavs rogorc damokidebulebas àdre-gvian~, ise-movlenaTa mizezSede-

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gobriv kavSirs. amdenad, `siyvarulis~ gancdiT aRbeWdil siuJetur monak-veTze personaJTa individualuri drois funqcionireba Sewyvetilia: mov-lena amovardnilia mxatvruli drois yalibidan.

personaJTa individualuri droisa da mxatvruli drois funqcionirebis kvlav aRdgena ukavSirdeba morigi sivrculi modelis — `saydari~ — fiqsaci-as. sayuradReboa erTi detali: sivrculi modeli `saydari~, romlis fonzec isaxeba Tamros, gabrielisa da daTikos tragikuli momavlis konturebi, ar aRiwereba — igi devizualuria da aRiqmeba rogorc personaJTa moqmedebis at-ributi:

èrTxel, kvira-dRe iyo, daTiko wirvazed wavida~... (WavWavaZe 1950b: 86), Semdeg:

`dRes mama-Cemi av-gunebazed movida saydridan da imitom. — Sen dRes saydarSi iyav?.. — viyav — miTxra iman, — razed ahfeTqdi? — batoni iq iyo? — iq iyo. derefanSi idga, roca me win gamovuare. — Sen win gamouare?..~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 86). personaJis individualuri dro swrafad da ritmulad iwyebs dinebas,

kvlav Cndeba drouli caitnotis SegrZneba: `saqmis dagvianeba aRar evarge-boda, unda mexerxna rame, rom sawyali gogo maxeSi ar gabmuliyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 87). erTmaneTs cvlis ukiduresi daZabulobiT datvirTuli dReebi da Rameebi, romlebsac Tan axlavs personaJis sulieri kataklizmebis ur-Tulesi procesi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom personaJis araerTjeradi transformireba, rome-lic `glaxis naambobSi~ aris warmodgenili, uaRresad saintereso kavSirSia mxatvruli qronotopis struqturasTan: nawarmoebSi orjer fiqsirdeba sivrculi modeli `qalaqi~. pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi ukavSirdeba or siv-rcul models — `saydarsa~ da mRvdlis `saxls~, meore SemTxvevaSi — siv-rcul models `duqani~.

sivrculi triada `qalaqi — saydari — mRvdlis saxli~ moicavs mRvdlis personaJis individualur qronotops da zedmiwevniT dadebiT rols asrulebs gabrielis ideur-zneobrivi gardaqmnis procesSi. mxat-vruli sivrce mTlianad intensificirdeba mRvdlis individualuri drois modelSi: mRvdeli aRniSnuli siuJeturi monakveTisa da sivrculi fonis esTetikurad faseul figuras warmoadgens:

`... wamodga da wavida saydrisaken. mec Tan avedevne. mivediT. is mRvde-li SuaSi idga, xalxi buzsaviT irevoda imis garSemo... swored kacs rom wya-li moswyurdeba, ise momwyurda imis sityvebis gageba~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 48), `SevaRe dabali quCis kari. derefanSi erTi ubralo taxti damxvda, zed is-xdnen Svidiode patara biWebi. SuaSi Tavmoxdili ijda Cveni mRvdeli~ (Wav-WavaZe 1950b: 60), `rom dainaxes mRvdeli modiso, erTob sixaruliT daigri-ales: `mRvdeli movida, mRvdeli! madloba RmerTsa, qristiani suli aRar dairCobao~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 69), `movixede, TiTo xelis moqnevazed is da-

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locvilis-Svili erT did alags gadainacvlebda, rogorc gemi, ise arRvev-da wyals~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 70).

mRvdlis sruli idealizebis process sinTezurad erwymis misi por-tretuli fiqsacia:

`ra giTxrad, ra kaci davinaxe Cem win!... xatebs rom hxataven, is iyo! mad-liT, madliT iyvnen savseni imis Cafiqrebuli Tvalebi~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 55).

gabrielis personaJi dasaxelebul siuJetur monakveTSi SeiZleba aR-viqvaT rogorc mxatvruli sivrcis erT-erTi Semadgeneli komponenti, er-T-erTi obieqti, romelic sxva mraval obieqtTan erTad koncentrirebu-lia mRvdlis personaJis irgvliv. funqcionirebs gabrielis personaJisaT-vis specifikuri individualuri qronotopis mxolod erTi elementi — in-dividualuri dro, romelic swrafad da nawyvet-nawyvet miedineba:

`sam-oTx Tvezed aramc Tu wignis kiTxva SemeZlo, locvebic gavizepi-re... ar gasula sami-oTxi Tve, rom sxva Segirdebs damaSora... gavida ramde-nime dro, wigni karga davixelTave~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 61).

mTeli es periodi gabrielisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani, naTeli da da-uviwyari xuTi wliT Semoifargleba:

`xuTi weliwadi agviTavda Cven, rac qalaqSi viyaviT. meeqvse weliwadi rom daiwyo, didi batonis sikvdilis ambavi mogvivida~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 78).

sivrculi modeli `qalaqi-duqani~ gansxvavebul funqciur datvir-Tvas asrulebs. personaJi mieSureba qalaqisaken. droca da sivrcec TiT-qos dasazRvrulia:

`meore dRes, saRamozed diRmis viwroebSi mivedi da iq erT duqanSi Camovxti~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 114).

duqanSi momxdari SemTxveva asrulebs gabrielis Sinagani meryeobis process da gadaawyvetinebs daTikos mokvlas. SurisZiebiT anTebuli gabrieli ver Sedis qalaqSi da ver midis mRvdelTan, igi ganwirulia: qalaqi oden auxdeneli survilis obieqtad rCeba.

vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli ori sivrculi konstruqcia: `qalaqi — saydari — mRvdlis saxli~ da `qalaqi — duqani~ qmnis sivrculi kontrastis precedents, romlis fonzec personaJis transformaciis Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli saxeebia mocemuli: Tu erT SemTxvevaSi qalaqis masStaburi sivrce gabrielis RvTisnier adamianad gardaqmnas emsaxureba, meore SemTxvevaSi naTelyofs SurisZiebis gza-ze damdgari personaJis sisustes. sivrculi kontrastis xerxis esoden sworad gamoyeneba i. WavWavaZis, rogorc mwerlis, udavo Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos.

sivrculi modeli `satusaRo~ erTgvar analogias amJRavnebs sivrcul modelTan `sabZeli~: satusaRos sivrcec lokaluria, èrTi uwminduri pa-tara da bneli oTaxi~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 104). sivrcis statikurobas upiris-pirdeba personaJis individualuri drois dinamizmi — satusaRoSi gatare-buli ori weliwadi tkiviliTa da tanjviT gajerebul, TiTebze CamoTvlil dReebs amTlianebs.

peizaJuri foni, rogorc mniSvnelovani sivrculi modeli, orjer iCens Tavs: erT SemTxvevaSi igi pepias, meore SemTxvevaSi ki daTikos indivi-dualuri qronotopebis dasasruls moaswavebs.

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pepias individualuri qronotopis dro nawarmoebSi misi mxcovanebis pe-riods moicavs, sivrce — sofels, saxlsa da satusaRos. pepias personaJis in-dividualuri dro mxolod misi aRsasrulis moaxloebis Jams konkretdeba:

`Svids dRezed myinvaris mTas davuaxlovdiT. saRamo xani iyo... gaTen-da meore dilac da imedma arsaidam mogvitana nugeSi. pepia sacodavad gax-da, Tvalebi CauZvra, loyebi ybebSua Caekeca da sul moiSala... mesame dRes maRlandoreTs mivadegiT. sawyali pepia gzazed Zalian avad gamixda. bolos imisi aRsasrulic movida~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 107-110).

aRsaniSnavia, rom gabrielis individualuri dro am pasaJSi absolutu-rad emTxveva pepias individualuri drois parametrebs, damTxvevas siv-rceSi maTi analogia ganapirobebs.

sivrcul fons mSobliuri mxaris peizaJi Seadgens, magram mxatvruli drois dominanturi funqciis, misi daZabuli tempisa da ritmis gamo, mxat-vruli sivrce mxatvrul dros emorCileba da moklebulia dawvrilebiT aR-nusxvas. fiqsirdeba mxolod mniSvnelovani, e.w. `sakvanZo~ obieqtebi: `Svids dRezed myinvaris mTas davuaxlovdiT~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 107) `mesame dRes maR-landoreTs mivadeqiT~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 110). sivrceSi gabneuli obieqtebis dawvrilebiTi aRwera mxolod pepias sikvdilis epizodSia mocemuli:

`saRamo xani iyo, mzec gadaixara... viyaviT is orni im uSvelebels mTis wverzeda martod-martoni. mze wiTlad-yviTlad elvare hRuoda, mTis wve-risken gadaxrili. qveyana, gazafxulisagan xelaxlad gacocxlebuli da gaRviZebuli, rogoc akvnidam bavSvi, ise gamoiyureboda tkbilad~ (WavWava-Ze 1950b: 111).

peizaJuri fonis esoden detaluri aRwera wyvets mxatvruli drois funqcionirebas, rac mxatvruli drois maxasiaTeblebis ignorirebiTaa ga-moxatuli.

sivrculi modelis mTlianoba irRveva mxolod erTxel, e.w. ùcxo elementis~, gareSe personaJis SemoWris Sedegad:

ùecrad cxenebis TqafaTqufi Semomesma. wami ar dascalebia, rom xuTi Tu eqvsi cxenosani zed wamogvawyda... am aliaqoTSi me da pepiam dro vixel-TeT da gzis gadaRma Tav-Tavqve daveSviT... Cven ukan agvedevna erTi cxeno-sani~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 107).

ùcxo elementis~ SemoWra spobs pepiasa da gabrielis mSobliur siv-rcisagan mowyvetis perspeqtivas da personaJTa Semdgomi yofa kvlav mSob-liuri sivrcis pirobebSi grZeldeba.

peizaJuri foni, rogorc mniSvnelovani sivrculi modeli, meorejer gabrielisagan daTikos mokvlis epizodSi fiqsirdeba. am epizodS, mxat-vruli sivrce yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe emorCileba mxatvrul dro-sa da personaJis individualur dros:

`sami-oTxi Tve vutriale daTikos... am sam-oTx TveSi nadirsaviT tyeSi vimalebodi... gamivarda yaCaRobis xma... dRes ityodnen gabrom aq gaZarcva kacio... imave saRamos mouvidodaT ambavi, rom gabrom sami dRis savals iqiT kidev gaZarcva kacio~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 116) da sxva.

daTikos mokvlis momentSi droca da sivrcec konkretdeba:

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`mze Cawurvamde iyo, rom me daTiko davinaxe cxeniT mindor-mindor mo-mavali~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 116).

daTikos sikvdili gabrielis Rrma tragikuli kataklizmebis sawindaria. individualuri qronotopis radikalurad gansxvavebul sistemas

gvTavazobs Txzuleba `kacia-adamiani?!~ sivrculi plani SeiZleba ase ganisazRvros: `sofeli, kar-midamo-sax-

li, saydari da qalaqi~. Txzulebis mTavari personaJebis — luarsabisa da darejanis individu-

aluri dro moicavs maTi sicocxlis periods qorwinebidan vidre sikvdi-lamde. personaJTa individualuri dro mxatvruli drois sxvadasxva plan-Si ganisazRvreba da or struqturul invariants gvTavazobs: individua-lur-yofiT da individualur-biografiul dros. individualuri drois TiToeuli plasti mxatvruli sivrcis garkveul models ukavSirdeba da Txzulebis `kacia-adamiani~ personaJTa individualuri qronotopi SeiZ-leba gaviazroT rogorc yofiTi dro-sivrcisa da biografiuli dro-siv-rcis mTlianoba.

yofiTi qronotopi ganisazRvreba sivrculi modeliT `sofeli — kar-midamo — saxli~:

`kargi rom iyo Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-kari. warmoidgineT Sua kaxeTis patara sofelSi erTi triali, dacemuli adgili da im adgilis Suagulsa — orsarTuliani saxli qviTkirisa~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 125).

saxli, romelic Sedgeba kedlebis, iatakisa da Werisagan ukve TavisTa-vad gulisxmobs lokalur samyaros. konkretulad TaTqariZis saxli ki xazs usvams am lokalurobis gardauvalobas:

`qveS iyo marani, walmiT daxuruli, da im marnis ukana kedelzed amoy-vanili gaxldaT erTi patara oTaxi moajiriTurT... calTvala sasiminde, erTi ubadruki da mgloviare... Zveli Caluri... Zveli tyruSuli Robe, ro-melic zogierTgan gadaqceuli iyo... sabZeli... sasacilo, sulelurad Ca-fiqrebuli da gverdaweuli~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 125), ùwminduri~ ezo, amoc-venili iataki, gaqonili fanjara da a.S.

sivrcis detaluri aRwera faqtobrivad gamoricxavs mxatvruli drois mdinarebas. mxatvruli dro am etapze gauCinarebulia. masStaburi sivrculi maxasiaTeblebi pirdapirproporciulia mcire sivrculi maxasiaTeblebisa, romlebic personaJTa garegnuli monacemebiT ganisazRvreba:

`kargad Casuqebuli Zveli qarTveli... Tavi iseTi msxvili, rom TiTqo imis simZimes morgviviT sqeli kiseri mxrebSi CauZvreniao; wiTeli... loye-bi...~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 128), `dasisxlianebuli~ Tvalebi, `gaberili~ Ripi — èse yoveli erTad da TviToeuli calke gaxldaT Tavad luarsabis `ciT monaberis sulis~ Rirseuli samkauli... kneina darejani swored Tavis qmris meore gverdi gaxldaT — igive simrgvale, igive simsuqne, igive mocinari pi-ri~ da ìyvnen erT sul da erT xorc~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 128,130).

individualuri dro luarsabis sulier plastebs aireklavs: `dro gamoicvala, — ityoda xolme aRmooxvriT luarsabi, — dro gamo-

icvala... venacvale uwindels dros! yvelaferi maSin Tavis donezed iyo

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moyvanili, yvela Tavis qerqSi iyo. venacvale!.. kai cxeni, kai Tofi, marjve mklavi da kaci iyav patiosani~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 129).

gansxvavebiT lelT Runiasgan, romlisTvisac awmyosa da warsuls Soris arsebuli drouli amplituda Rrma da globalur gancdebs ukavSirdeba, luar-sabisaTvis igi oden sakuTari poziciis gamarTlebis saSualebas warmoadgens:

`wigni ician? me Tu wigni ar vici, kaci aRar var, qudi ara mxuravs, gana! xorci me ar maklia da feri. wigni ra vaJkacis xelobaa, — eg xom qalis saq-mea. venacvale uwindels dros!~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 129).

da sruliadac ar arRvevs mis bednier yofas: `Tumca luarsabi egre swuxda exlandel droebis Wirisa gamo, magram saxe

mudam erT gansakuTrebul sulelobiT ucinoda xolme~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 130). yuradRebas ipyrobs is garemoeba, rom personaJTa individualuri qro-

notopis yofiTi varianti erTgvari falsificirebis niSniTaa aRniSnuli: `darejani ki ar iyo egre zanti, rogorc luarsabi, ...raki, batono, kne-

ina Tvals gaaWyetda, SavardeniviT gadmofrindeboda taxtidam, gadikrav-da Sublsafensa, zed waikravda CiTmerdinsa, gadicvamda CiTis kabasa — xan-disxan siCqarisagan ukuRmaca — SiSvela fexs Seimosavda CustiTa da — heri biWo — daeSveboda Calurisaken... sakvirveli iyo da sasaciloc am Cvenis kneinis tyuil-ubralod faciauci~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 132).

darejani cdilobs Seqmnas gansakuTrebuli, saqmiani atmosfero: Cqa-robs, dagoravs, zogs tuqsavs, zogs mujluguns sTavazobs, iRleba, iqafeba.

`luarsabmac ki icoda biWebis `dawiokeba~... marTalia, cota zanti iyo, magram imodena mamul-deduls movla ar undoda? es mamulis mzrunveloba Zalas daatanda xolme da wamoaxtunebda taxtidama~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 137).

luarsabisa da darejanis `garja~ imitirebulia, igi imdenad xelovnu-rad arRvevs col-qmris netar yofas, rom sruliad ver uTavsdeba nawarmo-ebis stilistur qargas. imitirebuli qronotopi avtoriseuli poziciis warmoCenis brwyinvale saSualebas warmoadgens.

lurasabisa da darejanis yofis sivrculi lokalizebuloba, drouli

parametrebis zogadi xasiaTi da maTi cxovrebis wesi qmnis specifikuri

cru-idiliuri atmosferos asociacias.

idiliuri dro-sivrcis cneba didi xania damkvidrebulia specialur li-

teraturaSi — `literaturaSi arsebobs idiliis sxvadasxva tipi: sasiyvaru-

lo, miwaTmoqmedebiTi, saxelosno da ojaxuri idilia~ (baxtini 1986b: 273) da

TiToeul maTgans Tavisi konkretuli niSan-Tvisebebi aqvs. idiliuri cxovre-

ba mWidrod ukavSirdeba garkveul SemosazRvrul sivrcul areals, patara

kuTxes, romelic gamoyofilia danarCeni samyarosagan. am lokalur adgilas

fiqsirdeba mxolod ZiriTadi cxovrebiseuli momentebi — dabadeba, siyvaru-

li, qorwineba, Sroma, Wama-sma da sikvdili, da adamianebis cxovrebiseuli

norma, maTi tradiciebi da samomavlo gegmebi yovelmxriv uTavsdeba fiqsire-

buli mikrosivrcis mier SemoTavazebul droul ritms. luarsabisa da darejanis individualur-yofiTi qronotopi idiliis

groteskul variants warmogvidgens da warmmarTvel rols masSi Wama-smis

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aqti asrulebs. Wama-smis porcesi personaJTa TviTdamkvidrebis erTader-Ti realuri saSualebaa:

`sadilis Semdeg Zili, mere isev gaRviZeba, mere isev Cai, mere vaxSami, da, bolos, isev is satrfialo Zili, — da esreT tkbilad da aumRvrevlad midioda am orTa umanko sulTa uboroto cxovreba am wuTis-sofelSi, ro-melmac ise araferi ar icoda amaTis vinaobisa, rogorc amaT ara icodnen ra, Wama-smis garda, RvTisagan ganaCeni am muxanaTis wuTis-soflisa~ (WavWa-vaZe 1950g: 142).

pirveli bzari TaTqariZeTa col-qmrul idiliaSi individualuri qronotipis biografiuli variantis gaCenas axlavs Tan. mxatvruli dro Seqcevadia — ixevs oci wliT ukan da moqmedeba warsuli drois planSi vi-Tardeba.

vfiqrobT, rom siuJetis am monakveTze gansakuTrebul yuradRebas im-saxurebs sut-kneinas individualuri qronotopi.

maWanklis tipi literaturaSi me-19 s-Si ar damkvidrebula: igi jer ki-dev antikuri periodis literaturidan momdinareobs. antikur romanSi mi-si figura Tumca meorexarisxovani, magram nawarmoebisaTvis Zalze mniSvne-lovani iyo; maWanklis personaJi warmoadgenda `piradi cxovrebis samyaro-ze fokusirebuli azris xorcSesxmas, romlis gareSec piradi cxovrebis amsaxveli literatura ver iarsebebda~ (baxtini 1986b: 162). antikur roman-Si maWankali ganuxrelad asrulebda mTxrobelis funqcias.

TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ sityva `maWankali~ Secvlilia sityviT `sut-kneina~, rac niSnavs `cru kneinas~. sut-kneina inarCunebs mTxrobelis funqcias. igi gatacebiT uambobs luarsabs misi bavSobis periodSi momxdar faqtebs. magram sut-kneinas Txrobas Tan axlavs specifikuri dro-sivrcu-li atmosferos Seqmna, rasac SeiZleba cru qronotopi vuwodoT: sut-knei-nas mier luarsabis anderZis SeTxzva drouli da sivrculi parametrebis gamudmebul aRrevasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

magaliTad: ` — mama-Tqveni, mgonia, maSin micvalebuli iyo. — ara, jer masukan Tund eqvsi weliwadi icocxla, — miugo isev luarsabma. — marTla, marTla, ram damaviwya?.. diaR cocxali brZandeboda~ (WavWa-

vaZe 1950g: 168). an: `mama-Tqvenis sikvdili — oci wlis ambavi — rom ar maxsovdes ra sakvir-

velia. — Tormetis wlis ambavi gaxlavT, — gauswora luarsabma. — Tund Tormetisa...~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 169).

sut-kneinas personaJis garSemo koncentrirebuli dro-sivrculi ga-

remo qmnis iprovizebul situaciebs, romlebsac safuZvlad edebaT tyui-

li aqti. tyuili uaRresad mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs siuJetis msvlelo-

baSi da, bunebrivia, imTaviTve amJRavnebs specifikur Tvisebebs: aCqarebul

dros da SemozRudul sivrces. aqedan gamomdinare, luarsabis qorwineba

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sakmaod swrafad gvirgvindeba: moicavs mxolod ramdenime patara vizits

da erT-or `saqmian~ saubars.

droisa da sivrcis maqsimaluri mobilizeba aRiniSneba luarsabis qor-

wilis epizodSi. personaJis individualuri dro konkretdeba — samSabaTi,

Rame, sivrculi modeli ki saydris saxiTaa warmodgenili. sainteresoa is

garemoeba, rom sivrculi modeli — `saydari~ — srul winaaRmdegobaSi mo-

dis epizodis ideur-zneobriv faqtorTan: saydari RvTis saxlia da mis

fonze gacilebiT ufro mkveTrad isaxeba Txzulebis personaJTa yovel-

gvari simdable: `sawyal luarsabs Zalad gadasweres jvari im Rames... Sublzed eg mewe-

rao — ifiqra da daemorCila bediswerasa~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 191-192). am biografiul wiaRsvlas, romelic ramdenadme saeWvos xdis col-

qmris ojaxur idilias, mosdevs avtoris replika, rac ukve aSkarad aclis safuZvels TaTqariZeTa idiliur cxovrebas:

`Cveni col-qmarni... kmayofilni iyvnen: vali amaT ar emarTaT da vaxSi, dava aravisTana hqondaT da daraba, mxolod erTi javri edoT gulSia: Svi-li ara hyvandaT. ai, luarsabi ormocis wlisa da darejani ormoc-da-erTis Sesrulda, rom RmerTma memkvidre ar uboZaT~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 193).

TaTqariZeTa ojaxuri idilia ar emorCileba idiliis yvelaze mniSvne-lovan maxasiaTebels: STamomavlobis aucileblobas. momavali Taobis, ro-gorc idiliis yvelaze realuri gamgrZeleblis, roli idiliur samyaroSi Zalian didia da TaTqariZeTa uSviloba maTi idiliis fiqciurobis umTav-res dadasturebas warmoadgens: TaTqariZiseul idiliaSi ar moqmedebs zrdisa da matebis kategoria.

personaJis individualuri qronotopis Semdgomi detalizacia uSedego butafuriulobis STabeWdilebas qmnis: fiqsirdeba sivrculi modeli `qalaqi — saydari~. qalaqis fonis aRqma ukiduresad Teatralizebulia: qalaqs aRiq-vamen mxolod personaJebi da isic gareSe damkvirveblis poziciidan:

`kneina darejanma Seaqcia zurgi kofasa, wamoiCoqa da gamohxeda qalaq-sa. luarsabs uremSi eZina. isic gaaRviZa~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 175).

TeleTis saydari ki, rogorc sivrculi modeli, ara oden devizualu-ri, aramed ufunqciocaa.

personaJTa individualuri qronotopis dasasruli Wamis aqts ukav-Sirdeba da maTi sikvdilis faqtiT aRiniSneba:

mokvda darejani, `mokvda. luarsabica ise, rogorc ixocebian bevrni Cvenganni, romelnic arc Tavis sicocxliT umateben rasmes qveyanasa da arc Tavis sikvdiliT akleben.

waiSala am orTa gvamTa cxovrebis kvali dedamiwis zurgzeda~ (WavWava-Ze 1950g: 221).

daskvnis saxiT, gvsurs davZinoT: Txzulebis `kacia-adamiani?!~ mTavar personaJTa individualuri qronotopi, romelic aerTianebs yofiT da bi-ografiul dro-sivrcul plastebs da qmnis cruidiliur garemos, sruliad samarTlianad SeiZleba miviCnioT abstraqtul-statikur qronotopad. sta-

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tikuroba, am SemTxvevaSi, ar gulisxmobs personaJTa individualuri droisa da sivrcis uZraobas: personaJTa dro-sivrce dinamikuria struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, magram statikuria esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT. Tu Txzule-bebSi `mgzavris werilebi~ da `glaxis naambobi~ fiqsirebuli individualuri qronotopebi personaJTa globaluri transformirebis procesis analogi-uria, TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ msgavsi procesi ar SeiniSneba: `samyaro da adamiani imTaviTve Camoyalibebuli da ucvleli saxiTaa warmodgenili. gardaqmnis, cvalebadobis, zrdis araviTari potencia ar arsebobs... sabuT-deba mxolod is, rac dasawyisSive iyo naTeli~ (baxtini 1986b: 147).

Txzulebis `sarCobelazed~ mxatvruli dro Tavdapirvelad zogadad-gansazRvrulia — Sua zafxuli. mxatvruli sivrce or konstruqcias aerTi-anebs. pirveli maTgani masStabur sivrcul models warmogvidgens peizaJu-ri fonis saxiT: gvalvisagan dasicxul loWinis xevs, Zlivs mowanwkare wyals, qancgawyvetil meurmeebsa da kameCebs, meore ki — SedarebiT mcire sivrcul models — `portrets~ — ori patara Zmis garegnobis daxasiaTebas.

peizaJuri fonica da portretuli fonic sivrcis vizualur aRqmas efuZneba, detalebi maqsimaluri sizustiT fiqsirdeba da wydeba mxatvru-li drois funqcionireba.

magaliTad: ìm dRes, ra dRidamac viwyebT Cvens ambavs, aseTi cxare mze swvavda qve-

yanasa, aseTi papanaqeba idga, rom dedamiwas buRi asdioda, TiTqo gaxure-buli Toneao. kaci sicxisagan daosebuli Zlivs suls iqcevda. amisTana dRes saqonel-gamoSvebulni Rvinis urmebi idgnen mwkrivad loWinis xevis pirs. xevSi wyali golvisagan ise mileuliyo, rom ZlivsRa moipareboda qvebTa Soris riyezed~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 224) da a.S a.S.

qvemoT: òrives (ymawvilebs) tanzed saldaTis maudis `kurtkebi~ ecvaT. erTs

maTgans Tavzed exura uSvelebeli Cerqezuli qudi. qudi ise Camofxatoda Tavzed, rom cxadi iyo, qudis patroni sxva yofila da mxmarebeli sxvaa. me-ores exura saldaTuri uwindeburi ukaziroko qudi...

Cerqezul-qudiani Teqvsmet-Cvidmetis wlisa iqneboda, meore an ToTxme-tisa, an xuTmetisa. ufrosis saxe ar iyo Zalian mariliani: imisi sxarte da firfita nikapi, imisi wvrili, swrafi da mousvenari Tvali, Cqar-Cqari TvalTa xamxami cxadad ambobda, rom im kacis kanSi raRac ufxo gulia damaluli~... (WavWavaZe 1950d: 225) da a.S.

peizaJur da portretul mxatvrul sivrcul modelebSi koncentrirebu-li yvela detalisa da movlenis esoden koreqtuli fiqsacia iwvevs dasaxele-buli sivrculi modelebis gamomijvnas mxatvruli drois qsovilidan.

personaJTa individualuri dro avanturuli elementebiT ganisazRvreba: ùecrad xevis yuredam ori ymawvili gamovida gzazed~ (WavWavaZe

1950d: 225). sityva ùecrad~ ar Semodis nawarmoebSi rogorc mxolod leqsikuri

erTeuli. mis gamoCenas Tan axlavs garkveuli emociuri planis Seqmna, ro-melic radikalurad gansxvavdeba nawarmoebis dasawyisSi aRwerili emoci-

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uri viTarebisagan: ùecrad~ wyvets nawarmoebis mSvid mdinarebas da ax-dens drouli parametrebis maqsimalur daZabvas. fiqsirdeba avantiuruli elementi da iqmneba SemTxveviTobis atmosfero. SemTxveviT ganpirobebu-li avantiuruli dro ukavSirdeba konkretul, Tvisebrivad axlobel, mSobliur sivrces.

moulodnelad gamoCenil ymawvilebs Seikedleben meurmeebi, kerZod, — moxuci petre. amasobaSi dro miedineba: mze Cadis, gzaze bindi wveba, axlov-deba Rame da mis moaxloebasTan erTad aSkarad izrdeba avantiuruli ele-mentis zemoqmedebis Zala. daZabul emocias ufro metad amaxvilebs fraza: `petrec Sori-axlos miegdo da mkvdarsaviT daeZina~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 228). Rame, siCume da `mkvdarsaviT~ daZinebuli petre realurad amzadeben nia-dags momavali gadamwyveti moqmedebisaTvis. Sedegic ar agvianebs: gaTende-ba Tu ara, gaRviZebuli petre sasowarkveTiT Seityobs, rom biWebi gaparu-lan da misi fulic Tan gauyolebiaT.

am incidentiT sruldeba avantiura da mis paralelurad — personaJTa individualuri qronotopis moqmedebac. mxatvruli drois mdinareba wydeba da drouli pauza oTx weliwads iTvlis.

gadis oTxi weliwadi da oTxwliani intervalis Semdeg qalaqs myofi, àd-rindelzed ufro moberebuli~ petre moulodnelad Seeswreba viRac ymawvili kacis CamoxrCobas.

mxatvruli dro gvauwyebs, rom moqmedeba xdeba gazafxulis pirze, Su-adRisas. mxatvruli sivrce ki avlabris xalxmraval moedans moicavs. Tavs iCens personaJis — petres individualuri dro, damZimebuli petres Sinaga-ni monologebiT, ayayanebuli xalxis xmamaRali gancdebiTa da tkivilebiT. kvlav ibadeba avantiuruli elementis moaxloebis SegrZneba. sivrce Caxu-Tulia da petre iZulebulia gaWirvebiT, magram mainc gadaadgildes, rom Tvali mohkras msxverpls:

ìmdeni miZvra-moZvra xalxSi, rom gainapira Tavi. saldaTebma zed gverdzed Camouares da Camoutares farajaSi gaxveuli kaci~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 231). avantiuruli elementi TandaTan izrdeba. mas aZlierebs petres fraza: `ra vqna! es biWi mecnoba. RmerTo, momagone: sad unda menaxos?~ (Wav-WavaZe 1950d: 231).

petre uucxovdeba garemos: `ha, petrev!.. — arigebda petre TavisTavs, — ar gabriyvde, eSmakma ar

gacdinos, marTali ar gegonos!.. eg sul macdurobaa, dagcineben, ityvian, soflelia da motyuvdao~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 231).

daZabuloba matulobs, personaJis individualuri dro TiTqmis kale-idoskopuria, moxuci meurme adgils veRar poulobs, ganuwyvetliv moZra-obis sivrceSi, eZebs gamosavals, magram sivrce lokaluria, erTferovani, ase vTqvaT, erTganwyobilebiani — mosaxdenis molodiniT datvirTuli da petres borgva, SfoTva verafers veRar cvlis: ymawvils mainc CamoaxrCo-ben!.. ayayanebuli xalxi nel-nela iwyebs daSlas da petre TiTqmis marto aRmoCndeba moedanze:

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`petrem miixed-moixeda da naxa, rom aRaravin rCeba aq. jaric wamovi-da... saxrCobelazed darCa uZravad dakidebuli is ubeduris Svili. petre gaocda~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 234).

gaWedili, CaxuTuli sivrce TiTqos gaiSala da gaTavisuflda, magram es Tavisufleba ufro sazareli da SemaZrwunebelia petresaTvis, vidre sa-surveli. gansxvavebiT `mgzavris werilebis~ personaJisagan, romlisTvi-sac swored gaSlili, gansakuTrebulad Tavisufali energiiT damuxtuli sivrce aRmoCndeba erTgvari biZgi Sinagani aRmafrenisaTvis, petre araTu daamSvida da Sinaganad gaawonaswora am Tavisuflebam, aramed — mRrRneli-viT SeuCina eWvi:

`gulSi didi eWvi Cauvarda. exla marto imis dardi hqonda, Seetyo raSi tyuvdeba: imaSi, rom es marTali TvalTmaqcobaa da tyuili CamoxrCoba, Tu marTali CamoxrCobaa~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 235).

dabneuli da daeWvebuli moxuci barbaciT Sedis morig sivrcul mo-delSi — `duqanSi~, rom suli moiTqvas da cota daisvenos. mis pirovnebaSi qaoturad aris dafiqsirebuli ramdenime emociur-fsiqologiuri momenti: mayureblebiT gaWedili moedani, farajaSi gaxveuli biWis nacnobi saxe, ayayanebuli xalxi, saxrCobelaze martod darCenili moqanave sxeuli... duqnis epizodSi Tvisebrivad bolo fazaSi Sedis avantiuruli elementis zemoqmedeba:

petre `dajda Tu ara, TiTqo fex-da-fex mohyvao, Semovida erTi nabad-Si gaxveuli ymawvili kaci. am axlad mosulma moiTxova sawer-kalami, qa-Raldi, daeyrdno dazgas da wera daiwyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 235).

petres indvidualuri dro sul ufro metad itvirTeba avantiuriT, sruliad eTiSeba mxatvruli sivrces — xalxmraval duqans da lokalizde-ba erT wertilSi: ucnobi ymawvilis garSemo. ucnobi aRar aris mxatvruli sivrcis Semadgeneli ucxo komponenti, igi ukve mis centrs, RerZs, xerxe-mals warmoadgens, romelic Tavis TavSi itevs da Tavisuflad areguli-rebs mxatvrul sivrcesac da drosac. amdenad, petre erTxans droisa da sivrcis miRmac ki aRmoCndeba:

àm yofaSi karga xanma gaiara, petres dagvianeba ainunSic ar mosdioda da im biWis cqeraSi ise nela iloRneboda, rom saRamomdisac Tavis sauzmes ver gaaTavebda. misi fiqri sul is biWi iyo: ra vqna, mecnoba da ratom ar ma-gondebao, wamdauwum ekiTxeboda TavisTavs da Tvals ar aSorebda. mzem karga gadixara Casavalisaken da petre ki im biWis vinaobiT gakvirvebuli ar iZroda adgilidam~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 236).

petres statikuri yofa TiTqmis ramdensame saaTs grZeldeba da am xnis ganmavlobaSi ikveTeba ori sruliad sapirispiro pozicia: erTi mxriv, dgas ucnobi, romelic swrafad, TavauRebliv wers, safiqrebelia, raimes mis-Tvis mniSvnelovans, da warmoadgens dro-sivrculi parametrebis Suaguls, meore mxriv ki zis moxuci petre, romelic eWviTa da interesiT Sescqeris ymawvils da sruliad amovardnilia mxatvruli dro-sivrculi garemodan. `bolos, rom meti gza aRar iyo, petre wamodga da, im biWis uambobiT wyur-vil-moukvleli mivida, meduqnes gausworda, erTi kidev gadaavlo Tvali im

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biWs da fusfusiT gaeqana avlabrisaken~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 236). petre cdi-lobs moSordes duqans, gadainacvlos sxva sivrcul garemoSi, magram siv-rculi gadaadgileba ar aris gamosavali: petresa da ucnobi ymawvilis ma-kavSireblad gvevlineba is avantiuruli elementi, romelmac Tavi iCina jer kidev saxrCobelas moedanze:

èxla moagonda petres, rom weRan sarCobelazed erTi nabdiani biWi sul gverdiT aetuzeboda xolme, saiTac ki wavidoda.

— gana ara, — sTqva TavisTavad, — maSinve mivxvdi, raRac ambavia. ro-gorc kruxi wiwilas, ise gars damtrialebda. nabdiani iyo, magasaviT Tva-lebzed qudi Camoefxata. swored isev is biWia, Tunda dagenaZlio~ (WavWava-Ze 1950d: 236).

mxatvruli dro-sivrce avantiuris, ase vTqvaT, `zemoqmedi efeqtiTaa~ aRWurvili da adre Tu gvian, avad Tu kargad, es avantiura unda amoixsnas.

ùecrad ukanidam viRacam mxarzed xeli dahkra. petre mobrunda, dai-naxa isev is nabadSi gaxveuli tanad maRali ymawvili biWi, Tvalebzed qud-Camofxatuli.

— aha, CamomarTvi es wigni, — uTxra ymawvilma biWma da miaCeCa xelSi qa-Raldi, — Tu Sen kiTxva ar ici, waakiTxe visme da yuri kargad daugde. dRe-vandels ambavs am wignidam Seityob~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 236).

avantiura TiTqmis amoxsnilia. axla mxolod misi arsis garkvevaRa sWirde-ba petres. Cqarobs petre, garbis, garbis. paralelurad matulobs Txrobis di-namikac: elvis siswrafiT mieqaneba personaJis individualuri dro, sulmouT-qmelad icvleba mxatvruli sivrce, romelic usasrulod iweleba petresaTvis:

`ra-rig gagrZelda es oxeri gzao, — ambobda gulSi, — mivdivar da ve-Rar mivsulvaro~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 237).

petre daiRala, ofli Camosdis, suls Zlivs iTqvams, mainc midis, ki ar midis, mirbis, miiltvis...

ìqav derefnis griloSi ipovna Svili; miwoliliyo griloSi da eZina. gaaRviZa.

— erTi adeg, es wigni wamikiTxe, — uTxra petrem da miawoda wigni~ (Wav-WavaZe 1950d: 236).

ucnobi biWis werili misi aRsarebaa, misi tkivilia, werilis Semotanas nawarmoebSi Tan axlavs ucnobi ymawvilis personaJisaTvis specifikuri dro-sivrculi plastis Seqmna.

personaJis individualuri dro moicavs misi cxovrebis sakmaod did periods — bavSobidan, vidre werilis daweris epizodamde. sivrce sxvadas-xva modelebs aerTianebs: mamiseul kar-midamos, `saldaTis Skolas~, qa-laqs, `sarCobelis moedans~. moqmedebaTa miTiTeba, ZiriTadad, mxolod mi-axloebiT, sxva moqmedebebTan SefardebiT xdeba. magaliTad:

`mama-Cveni roca mokvda, ...Cven orni Zmani patarebi davrCiT~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 238). `minam patarebi viyaviT, Cven soflad veyareniT upatronod~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 238), `bolos rom cota wamovizardeniT, maminacvalma mog-viSora Tavidam~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 238) da a.S. a.S.

dro konkretdeba mxolod orjer:

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`...gaxsovs, am oTxis wlis winad loWinis xevis pirs rom urmebi gamoSve-buli gqondaT?~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 239).

da: àm oris wlis winad ise moxda, TiTqo TiTon bedma migviyvana maminac-

vlis saxlSio~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 240). werilis finali sruliad gansxvavebul droul niuanss Seicavs: perso-

naJisaTvis specifikuri dro-sivrculi plasti warmoSobs da organulad erwymis personaJis fiqrisaTvis specifikur dro-sivrcul plasts da maTi sinTezi qmnis radikalurad gansxvavebul droul parametrs, romelsac Cven vuwodebT `Sinagan dros~. es aris ara personaJis garSemo, aramed — Sig-niT, sxeulSi, sulSi, `me~-Si Cateuli dro, damZimebuli pirovnuli tkivi-lebiTa da gancdebiT. Sinagani dro Tavis TavSi aerTianebs realursa da irealurs, arsebulsa da warmosaxuls, marTebulsa da aramarTebuls, gar-datexils mxolod pirovnuli TvalTaxedvis prizmaSi:

`mZuls qveyana da adamiani ufro. Cven Sua sabolood Cavtexe xidi: me erTi aqeT piras davrCi, Tqven mravalni iqiT. gankiTxvis dRem gamoaCinos, saiT arian marTalni da saiT mtyuanni. RmerTi gulTamxilavia: minam saqmes sasworzed dasdebdes, jer gulSi Caxedavs adamians~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 240).

sainteresoa, rom siRrmiseuli dro paralelurad iwvevs sivrcis sa-xecvlilebas. Tu werilis ZiriTad nawilSi fiqsirebuli personaJis indi-vidualuri sivrce, miuxedavad misi meryeobisa qalaqsa da sofels Sua, rea-lurad ar icvleba da gamudmebiT mZimea da daxuTuli, werilis finalSi, Sinagani drois gaCenasTan erTad, Tavs iCens sivrcis axali kategoriac — Sinagani, wiaRSi Cabudebuli sivrce, romlis gzac mimarTulia pirovnebis Sinagani samyarosaken da iq poulobs TavSesafars:

`me Cemi gza marTlis gza mgonia. marTali var, Tu mtyuani, — ar vici. es ki vici, rom erTi patara ZarRvi kidev mqonda gulSi da isic dRes sarCobela-zed Camwyda. amiT samudamod movwydi qveyanasa, rogorc winadve motexili toti ukanasknel Zafze-Ra dakidebuli. mSvidobiT!.. (WavWavaZe 1950d: 241).

ucnobi ymawvili ganwirulia. Sinagani dro-sivrcis Camoyalibeba da gaTa-viseba faqtobrivad wyvets personaJs mxatvruli dro-sivrculi garemosagan, saimedod amwyvdevs sakuTar `me~-Si. amdenad, Surisgebisa da Zalmomreobis gza, romelsac irCevs ucnobi ymawvili, ar aris TviTmizani. es mxolod misi lokaluri, Caketili Sinasamyaros protestia im realobis mimarT, romelmac ubiZga mas sulieri gandegilobisaken (am problemas met masStabsa da siRrmes miscems me-20 saukunis qarTuli proza.):

`yvelam unda mizRas Cemi danakargi. Zmis sisxls, minam cocxali var, avi-Reb... gana Sen ki amxanagi ara xar Cemis maminacvlisa! gana Sen ki ar damirCe erTa-derTi Zma! gana Sen ki ar miiyvane is sarCobelazed!~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 241).

magram ymawvilis socialur dramas aqvs meore mxarec — igi petres su-lieri gardaqmnis dasawyisia: Tu ymawvili sabolood uaryofs garemom-cvel droul da sivrcul samyaros da iketeba Tavis TavSi, petre, piriqiT, mTeli sicxadiT aRiqvams am samyaros da uneblieT amTlianebs ramdenime dro-sivrcul plasts: zafxulis cxel dRes da gzaze gamosul or patara

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biWs, maT mZime cxovrebas, gaqurdvis Rames, sarCobelas moedans, duqans, ucnob ymawvils... petre acnobierebs ukve ara mxolod miseul, aramed sxvis mier gamovlil tkivils, SeigrZnobs mas, da iwyebs fiqrs sakuTar pasuxis-mgeblobaze adamianebis winaSe:

`me ra SuaSi varo! — daiZaxa kvnesiT da TrTolviT SeSinebulma petrem. petre mTlad caxcaxebda~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 241).

dro-sivrculi qronotopi ara meqanikurad, ara avtomaturad mihyveba nawarmoebis mdinarebas, aramed viTardeba uaRresad sainteresod da swo-red es ganviTareba gansazRvravs nawarmoebis Sida arsis, misi mTavari saT-qmelis, misi ZiriTadi mimarTulebis gamokveTas.

TxzulebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~ tradiciuli sivrculi modelebi fiq-sirdeba: `sofeli-kar-midamo-saxli~ da `peizaJuri foni~. personaJTa in-dividualuri dro sxvadasxva xangrZlivobisaa da mxatvruli drois cik-luri brunvis fonze miedineba:

ès moxda martis damdegsa. gavida marti, gavida lamazi aprili da ufro lamazi maisi. dadga TibaTveca... gavidnen kidev dReni da Tveni. dadga maZRa-ri Semodgoma... movida Suaguli Semodgomisa... Sua-xanSi Sesulma Semodgomam zamTrisaken piri hqmna da naxevrad Seqceuli zurgi mTlad Seaqcia zafxul-sa... movida zamTari da moitana Tovli~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 298; 300; 320).

gansxvavebiT winare ganxiluli nawarmoebebisagan, òTaraanT qvrivSi~ koncentrirebuli mxatvruli drois brunva xazgasmulad spiraluria da moicavs personaJTa individualur droul segmentebs. oTaraanT qvrivis personaJis drouli veli ramdenime konkretuli TariRiT aRiniSneba:

òc-da-oTxis wlisa Zliv iqneboda, roca daqvrivda... is dRea da is dRe, Caicva lurji Silis perangi, Savi kaba, Tavzed Savi mandili moixvia da ai es oci weliwadia mxiaruli feri ar miukarebia tanzed~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 261). oTaraanT qvrivis sikvdilic konkretul TariRs ukavSirdeba — Soba dRes.

aseve ramdenime konkretuli TariRiT aRiniSneba giorgis personaJis individualuri dro:

òc-da-oTxis wlisa Zliv iqneboda (oTaraanT qvrivi — i.r.), roca daq-vrivda da erTis wlis Svili darCa~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 261), ìm dros, roca Cvens moTxrobas viwyebT, oTaraanT qvrivis — Svili giorgi oc-da-erTis wlis biWi iyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 262), `giorgi oc-da-erTis wlis vaJkaci iyo da colis SerTva fiqradac ar mosdioda~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 270).

sainteresoa erTi detali: TxzulebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~ fiqsirdeba personaJis sulieri mdgomareobis oden drois individualuri maCveneble-biT gansazRvris precedenti: àm oris wlis winaT Tof-iaraRi aisxa zed, ...wavida da sami dRe Sin aRar dabrunebula. ...mas aqeT daigdo naRvelma... mas aqeT daawva raRac lodi gulzed da veRar auxsnia~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 274).

bundovania movlenis sivrculi Wrili, bundovania mizezi, magram sru-liad naTelia individualuri drois maCvenebeli, romelsac giorgis pi-rovnuli metamorfoza ukavSirdeba.

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sivrculi modeli — `sofeli-kar-midamo-saxli~ — ramdenime persona-Jis — oTaraanT qvrivis, arCilisa da kesos — individualuri qronotopis Semadgenel komponentad gvevlineba.

sivrculi modeli — `sofeli~ — identuria: `veeberTela sofeli, ro-melsac Tunda `wablians~ davarqmev~; gansxvavebas qmnis sivrculi modeli — `kar-midamo—saxli~ rogorc vizualuri, ise funqciuri TvalsazrisiT.

oTaraanT qvrivi `glexkacobis kvalobaze~ SeZlebuli glexi iyo da ma-mulic kargi hqonda.

àmas qmrisagan darCa naxevarguTneuli saqoneli, ori fur-kameCi, sami Zroxa, amas garda, ori dRis kargad gakeTebuli da gavsebuli venaxi da oci-od dRis saxnav-saTesi miwa.

venaxs qvrivi Zalian kargad uvlida, Zalian apatiebda da venaxic karg mo-savals iZleoda~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 258).

qvrivis kar-midamos aRweriloba gulwrfel aRtacebas imsaxurebs: òTaraanT qvrivs soflis napiras erTi kai mozrdili ficruli edga,

misi ezo, sakmaod farTo glexkacisaTvis, garSemortymuli tyruSulis Ro-biTa. ezo wminda, faqizad Senaxuli da derefnidan moyolebuli Wiiskare-bamde sigrZe — siganezed mwvaned abibinebuli. . .

kacis Tvals iameboda, rom es ezo enaxa. . . saxlSi rom SesuliyaviT, yvelazed uwinares TvalSi gecemodaT sifa-

qize da dagvil-dawmendiloba iqaurobisa~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 256-257), a.S. a.S. rudunebiT movlili saxli, bostani, ezo, mamuli, anu TiTqmis idealu-

ri sivrculi modeli personaJis xasiaTis gamovlenis brwyinvale saSuale-bas warmoadgens.

sivrculi konstruqcia `sofeli—kar-midamo~ gansazRvravs arCilisa da kesos individualur qronotopsac: `da-Zmani erTad cxovrobdnen. gva-riani saxl-kari da mamulebi darCaT mamisagan~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 279). siv-rculi modelisgan, romelic da-Zmis individualur qronotopSia koncen-trirebuli, Cvens yuradRebas misi ori struqturuli elementi imsaxu-rebs: kesos baRi da arCilis oTaxi.

`dadga TibaTveca. kesos yvavilebis baRi, gegmazed gakeTebuli, moir-To, moikazma. ise gahlamazda wiTlad mixveul-moxveuli gzebiTa, Siga-da--Sig dayolil mwvane mdeloebiTa, yvavilebis feradiTa, rom kacis Tvali ver gaZReboda... minam mTis iqidam mze amoalaplapebda Tavis sxvisa da TeTrs Tovlian mTis wvers oqros wyals, oqros javars gadaasxamda, keso Cacmul-daxuruli baRSi iyo xolme yovel dRe... mTeli dRe dahgogavda fe-rad yvavilebs da mwvane mdeloebs Soris da yovel yvavils, yovels axlada-moxeTqils nergs, yovels axlad gamokvanZils kokors Sehxaroda...

Zvirad, Zalian Zvirad ki SeemTxveoda, rom imis baRSi sxva aravin yofili-yo: giorgi iq iyo da iq! rac unda adre gamosuliyo baRSi, giorgi an ToxiT xelSi an bariT, an sasxlaviT iq daxvdeboda xolme~... (WavWavaZe 1950e: 298-299).

sivrculi modelis — `yvavilebis baRis~ — vizualuri aRwera sinTezi-rebulia personaJTa individualuri drois mdinarebasTan. peizaJis aRwe-riloba ukavSirdeba personaJis moqmedebis dinamikas, amdenad, inarCunebs

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droul maxasiaTeblebs. moqmedebebi dinamikuri, ritmul-ganmeorebadia, rasac miuTiTebs frazebi: `yovel dRe~, `yovel cismara dRes~, mxatvruli sivrce intensificirebulia droSi da, Sesabamisad, dro aris mxatvrulad aRqmadi. giorgisa da kesos qronotopuli modelebi sruliad bunebrivad erwymis erTmaneTs.

arCilis oTaxi sikvdilis sarecelze mwoli giorgis ukanaskneli siv-rculi plastia. mxatvruli sivrce lokaluria, mkacrad SemozRuduli da mosaxdenis molodiniT garinduli:

`xmagakmendils oTaxSi ena veRaravin dasZra, asoc veRaravin Seatoka. marto erTad-erTis sanTlis ali hTrToda loginis TavSi, sxva yvela

sulierni TiTqo gaqvavdnen, TiTqo marilis svetebad gadaiqcneno. dadumda, Sehdga yvela da marto deda-Svilobis sacodavobaRa Tavis

didebulis zariT hRaRadebda uTqmelad, utyvad, xma-amouReblad~ (WavWa-vaZe 1950e: 306).

mxatvruli dro statikuria da mis uZraobas emorCileba TiToeuli per-sonaJis individualuri dro, gamonakliss warmoadgens giorgi: giorgis indi-vidualuri dro uaRresad swrafia, daZabuli, ganpirobebuli gardauvali ca-itnotiT da aRiqmeba rogorc erTaderTi moZravi wertili gaqvavebuli mxat-vruli drois fonze. giorgis aRsasruli Seqmnili mikrosamyaros dro-siv-rcul metamorfozas iwvevs: oTaxSi myofTa amoZravebis Sedegad igrZnoba amoqmedebuli mxatvruli drois susti majiscema, fiqsirdeba droSi Tanamim-devruli moqmedebebi:

àrCilma yvela aq mogrovils moaxle-mosamsaxureebs Cumad xeliT aniSna oTaxidam gasvla. yvelani gaikribnen. arCili da kesoc fexakrebiT gavidnen~... (WavWavaZe 1950e: 310).

iqmneba sivrculi vakuumi — `dacarielda oTaxi~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 310) — romlis mTlianobas da Rrmad tragikul atmosferos ver arRvevs TviT di-sonansuri elementis — sosia mewisqvilis tirilis fiqsaciis faqti. diso-nansuri elementi, miuxedavad misi dramatizmisa, struqturuli Tvalsaz-risiT ufunqcioa.

peizaJuri foni, rogorc struqturulad, ise esTetikurad faseuli masStaburi sivrculi modeli, TxzulebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~ ramdensame adgilas fiqsirdeba: Txzulebis meSvide TavSi — `javri dedisa~, merve Tav-Si — `gastexs qvasaca magarsa~ da nawarmoebis dasasruls. yvela aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi peizaJuri fonis aRwra mWidrod ukavSirdeba personaJTa indi-vidualuri drois mdinarebas: sivrculi garemos cvalebadobis procesi gadajaWvulia personaJTa qmedebis dinamikasTan da drouli maCveneblebis cvalebadobis procesTan.

ìm Rames oTaraanT qvrivs dilamde Zili ar mihkarebia... ar daeZina. ga-dabrunda xan iqiT, xan aqeT, Zili ar miekara. Rame ki ar ucdida, Tavis gzas eSureboda... Rame ki midioda da midioda. did-vaxSmobas gadascilda... gvia-ni mTvare ki mTis wverzed Sedga da piriqiT gadaqanebas apirebs. ager gadae-qana kidec da Cavida. Rame miiwura, ufro dabnelda... amovida alionic. Ra-mem dRes kari daurakuna... Rame gamoeTxova qveyanasa. erTi kalTa cisa aixa-

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da. gariJraJda. mtredisferma gadahkra cis gumbaTsa. dilam kari gauRo dRes da gamoixeda.

oTaraanT qvrivic mohRala fiqrma~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 273; 274; 275). personaJis individualuri dro personaJis fiqrisaTvis specifikuri

irealur-mxatvruli droiTaa gansazRvruli. peizaJuri fonisa da mxat-vruli drois cvalebadoba, individualuri drois daZabuli ritmi, dabo-los, personaJis vnebaTaRelvani — yovelive es mZlavrad damuxtul da eq-spresiul mTlianobaSia warmodgenili.

individualuri qronotopis kidev ufro rTul struqturul variants gvTavazobs Semdgomi pasaJi:

`mzem adgoma mainc ver daaswro. oTaraanT qvrivi pirdabanili da tanT-Cacmuli iyo, rom mzem maSin Zlivs amohyo Tavi mTis wveridam da gadmoxeda qveyanas Tavis erTad-erTis oqrosaviT brWyviala TvaliTa. mTebis nams mo-axvedra mzem Tavisi sxivi Tu ara, mTam orTqli auSva, TiTqo sakmels ukmevs am uzarmazars cecxlis burTsao... kidev ahyva wuxandelis fiqrsa... dedas Svili isev loginSi mwolare egona, roca — aqao, — da Svili ar gamovaRvi-Zoo — bnel saxlidam fex-akrebiT gareT gamovida cocxiT xelSi derefnis dasagvel-dasawmendad. gaukvirda, rom Tvali Seaswro giorgis, kaklis ma-Ral Stoebs Sescqeroda. yuasaviT TeTri da fafuki Rrubeli naWer-naWer aqa-iq midiod-modioda wynarad da auCqareblad gadawmendil cazed~... (Wav-WavaZe 1950e: 275-276).

am SemTxvevaSi, peizaJuri fonisa da mxatvruli drois cvalebadoba sin-Tezirebulia oTaraanT qvrivis dinamikur da giorgis statikur individua-lur droul plastebTan. peizaJuri foni xazs usvams personaJTa individua-luri drouli modelebis sxvaobas: Tu bunebis gamoRviZebis procesi esada-geba aqtiuri moqmedebiTa da fiqriT ganpirobebuli oTaraanT qvrivis per-sonaJis individualuri drois dinamikurobas, Rrublebis moZraoba caze ga-mokveTs pasiuri mdebareobiT ganpirobebuli giorgis personaJis individu-aluri drois statikurobas. mxatvruli sivrcis fonze aRqmadi dedisa da Svilis individualuri drouli modelebi mkveTrad upirispirdeba erTma-neTs da naTlad avlens TiToeuli personaJis Sinagan ganwyobilebas.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs oTaraanT qvrivis sikvdilis epi-zodi, romelic peizaJuri fonisa da personaJis sulieri mdgomareobis srul sinTezs warmoadgens. gansazRvrulia mxatvruli drois rogorc cikluri eta-pi — zamTari, ise — konkretuli TariRi: `Sobis Rame~.

`movida zamTari da moitana Tovli. swored Sobis Rames xelaxla movi-da didi Tovli~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 320).

amis Semdgom, peizaJis an peizaJur sivrceSi gabneuli obieqtebis deta-luri fiqsacia garkveuli vadiT wyvets mxatvruli drois funqcionirebas:

`glexkacobis saxlebs, CaliT da zogan kramitiT daxurulebs, mZimed daedo Tovli da WuWyiani Tavsaxuravebi mohrTo TeTrad, TiTqo Zalze ga-recxili Cadrebi gadaafarao. kaklis xeebi ezoebSi da xilisani baRCebsa da baRebSi Seikunwla axalis Tovlis quliTa da Savad gaSiSvlebuli totebi

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TeTrad gamolamazda... Tovli rom gadaiRo, bevrs xans ar gauvlia, yinvam mo-uWira... yinulad qceuli nawuri CurCxelebsaviT ekida xis totebs, Robeebis napirebs, Cardaxebis da banebis gareSemo~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 320-321) da a.S.

zamTris peizaJis naTeli foni Cabnelebuli saxlis foniT icvleba. Suq-Crdilis TamaSs, anu sivrculi modelis Canacvlebas Tan axlavs personaJis — oTaraanT qvrivis — individualuri drois gamotana wina planze. individua-luri dro mwvave caitnotis niSniTaa aRbeWdili — swrafia da mSfoTvare:

`vin meZaxis, vin!.. wadi, wadio!.. mivaRwev ki...~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 322). personaJis statikuri mdgomareoba TandaTan gadadis moqmedebaSi: `sTqva da qveSagebSi uRonod wamojda. tanisamosi iqav TaviT elaga. Ca-

icva Tbili windebi, Tbili axaluxi, zed gadaicva kaba, moixvia Tavs Savi Sa-li, gadmococda qveSagebidam, wahyo qoSebSi fexi... miswvda joxs... da fexak-rebiT gavida saxlidam~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 322).

personaJis qmedebis gadinamikurebas kvlav sivrculi plastis tran-sformacia mosdevs — saxli icvleba peizaJuri foniT, romlis aRwerilo-bac personaJis Sinagani ganwyobilebis izomorfulia:

èzos karidam rom avadmyofma fexi orRobeSi gadmodga da dainaxa ax-lad mosuli, fexuxlebeli Tovli, sTqva:

— jer uwminduri da murtali fexi adamianisa ar mohxvedria da ar gau-codvianebia es ucodveli Tovli~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 323).

sruliad samarTlianad miuTiTebs T. kikaCeiSvili: `rogorc yvela na-warmoebSi, ilia òTaraanT qvrivSic~ (cxadia, samyarosa da sazogadoebis obieqtur kanonzomierebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT) adamiansa da bunebas Soris harmoniul Sexamebas xedavs, zog SemTxvevaSi arcTu gamorCeuli landSaf-tic ki adamianuri vnebebis Tavisebur komentirebas kisrulobs da mniSvne-lovani mxatvruli funqciiT aRiWurveba~ (kikaCeiSvili 1991: 50).

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: i. WavWavaZis prozaul TxzulebebSi fiqsirebuli personaJTa indivi-

dualuri qronotopuli sistema uaRresad saintereso da araerTgvarovani struqturuli SemadgenlobiT xasiaTdeba: individualuri qronotopis TiToeuli damoukidebeli konstruqcia mxatvruli sivrcis, mxatvruli droisa da individualuri drois gansxvavebul plastebs aerTianebs. ana-logiuri sivrculi modelebis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva nawarmoebis doneze ar gulisxmobs maTi struqturuli da esTetikuri funqciebis analogiu-robas. TiToeuli personaJis qronotopuli modelis originalobas siv-rculi modelebis, mxatvruli da individualuri drouli maxasiaTeblebis mimarTebisa da Serwymis procesis mravalferovneba uzrunvelyofs.

realisturi literaturisaTvis niSandoblivi sivrculi modelebisa da drouli parametrebis tradiciuli damokidebulebis gverdiT Tavs iCens mxolod konkretuli avtorisa da konkretuli TxzulebisaTvis spe-cifikuri dro-sivrculi maCveneblebis mimarTebiTi invariantebi, magram, yvela SemTxvevaSi, personaJTa individualuri qronotopis funqcia mwer-lis msoflmxedvelobiT da SemoqmedebiT pozicias eqvemdebareba.

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rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, i. WavWavaZis TxzulebebSi yvela fiqsirebuli personaJTa individualuri qronotopuli modeli mxatvruli dro-sivrcis fsiqologiuri sublimaciis procesis gamokveTas emsaxureba. mxatvruli qronotopuli sistemis meore modeli, romelic, agreTve, mxatvruli dro--sivrcis siRrmiseul models warmoaCens, aris gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi.

3.2. gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi

specialur literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, romelic gzisa da Sex-vedris qronotops sruliad damoukidebeli dro-sivrculi konstruqciis statuss aniWebs. vfiqrobT, rom gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopis ukiduresi avtonomizacia ar aris marTebuli, nebismieri epoqisa da stilis litera-turul nawarmoebSi gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi mWidrodaa dakavSire-buli personaJTa individualur qronotopTan. gzisa da Sexvedris motivis rogorc esTetikurad faseuli siuJeturi elementis gardauval pirobas personaJi warmoadgens. gzisa da Sexvedris motivi qmnis da inarCunebs in-dividualur sivrcul da droul maxasiaTeblebs, magram rogorc esTeti-kurad faseuli dro-sivrculi konstruqcia moiazreba mxolod personaJ-Tan mimarTebaSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi, esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, ufunqcioa. amdenad, Cven migvaCnia: gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi unda ganvixiloT rogorc personaJTa individualur qronotopTan gardauvalad dakavSirebuli struqturuli erTeuli, rome-lic individualuri sivrculi da drouli plastebiT xasiTdeba.

gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi literaturuli nawarmoebis siuJetis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens. gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi aRiniSneba literaturis ganviTarebis yvela etapze — antikuri xanidan vidre me-20 sa-ukunis literaturis CaTvliT. gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi aerTianebs or principulad mniSvnelovan motivs: gzis motivs, romelic efuZneba gzis sivrcul models da Sexvedris motivs, romelic efuZneba drois konkre-tul models.

Sexvedris motivi SeiZleba ganvixiloT: struqturuli, emociuri da kom-poziciuri aspeqtebis TvalsazrisiT.

struqturuli aspeqti Sexvedris motivis Tvisebriv mxares gansazR-vravs: Sexvedra SeiZleba Sedges an ar Sedges. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Sexvedris motivis Tvisebrivi maCvenebeli dadebiTia, meore SemTxvevaSi — uaryofi-Ti. Sexvedris motivis struqturuli aspeqti mxatvruli drois raodenob-riv maxasiaTebels, universalur mimarTebas — àdre-gvian~ — eyrdnoba. sa-marTlianad miuTiTebs m. baxtini:

`raRac moxda erTi wuTiT adre an erTi wuTis dagvianebiT, anu rom ara movlenaTa SemTxveviTi damTxveva an cvlileba droSi, saerTod ar iqnebo-da siuJeti~ (baxtini 1986b: 129).

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emociuri aspeqti Sexvedris motivis emociurad Rirebul xasiaTs war-moaCens: Sexvedra SeiZleba iyos sasiamovno an arasasiamovno, mizanSewoni-li an aramizanSewonili, saSiSi an — piriqiT. Sexvedra SeiZleba atarebdes metaforul an nawilobriv metaforul xasiaTs.

kompoziciuri aspeqti avlens Sexvedris motivis kompoziciur funqci-as: Sexvedra SeiZleba warmoadgendes nawarmoebis kulminaciur wertils, SeiZleba aRniSnavdes kvanZis Sekvras an kvanZis gaxsnas.

Sexvedris motivi pirdapir damokidebulebaSia daSorebis, qorwinebis, gaqcevis, SeZenis, dakargvis, cnobis, vercnobis da sxva motivebTan.

Sexvedris motivi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, gzis motiviTaa gansazRvruli. gza rogorc sivrculi modeli masStaburia da aerTianebs danarCen

sivrcul modelebs. igi movlenaTa Serwymisa da moqmedebaTa dasrulebis asparezs warmoadgens. gza SeiZleba miemarTebodes mSobliur an ucxo te-ritoriaze, iyos grZeli an mokle, atarebdes metaforul an nawilobriv me-taforul xasiaTs.

gzisa da Sexvedris motivebis erTianoba, anu gzisa da Sexvedris qronoto-pi, zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebis araerTgvarovnebidan gamomdinare, yve-la nawarmoebSi gansxvavebul struqturul-esTetikur funqcias asrulebs.

i. WavWavaZis Txzulebebi, figuralurad rom vTqvaT, daqsaqsulia gze-biT. pricipulad mniSvnelovan funqcias asrulebs gza TxzulebebSi `mgzavris werilebi~, `glaxis naambobi~, `kacia-adamiani?!~, `sarCobelazed~, òTaraanT qvrivi~ da TiTqmis yvela maTganSi igi personaJTa sabediswero SexvedrebiTaa aRsavse.

gzas adgas `mgzavris werilebis~ mTavari personaJi. gzis motivis gar-dauvaloba jer kidev nawarmoebis saTaurSi fiqsirdeba — mgzavris, anu adamianis, romelic mogzaurobs, Canawerebi. personaJis gza grZelia, igi ucxoeTidan samSoblosaken moemarTeba da sakmaod masStabur geografiul areals moicavs. gzis sivrculi modeli, romelic nawarmoebSi magistra-luri xaziviTaa gavlebuli, nawilobriv metaforul xasiaTs atarebs: igi aramarto ucxour da mSobliur teritoriebs, anu konkretul istoriul-sivrcul landSaftebs Soris gavlebul sazRvrad, aramed mgzavris ideur-zneobrivi poziciebis wyalgamyofadac gvevlineba.

`mgzavris werilebis~ moqmedeba iwyeba `vladikavkasis~ sastumroSi. mxatvruli sivrculi modeli lokaluria, moqceuli sastumros, rusis pirdaubaneli da Tmadauvarcxneli ìamSCikiTa~ da danjRreuli `foStis povoskiT~ SemozRudul samkuTxedSi. arsebuli Caketili sivrcis garRveva warmoadgens im pirvel amocanas, romelic nawarmoebis dasawyisSive dgeba personaJis winaSe. swored aq iCens Tavs TxzulebaSi modulirebuli gzis kategoria. mgzavri midis da, uwinares yovlisa, tovebs sastumros ezos, e.i. arRvevs samkuTxedis erT kuTxes, saidanac miemarTeba misi gza samSoblo-saken. gza Tavdapirvelad rTulia: `danJRreulma zarma daiwyo Tavisi uge-muri JRara-JRuri, povoskam qvebzed xtoma da me laylayi xan aqeT da xan iqiTa~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 9), magram `raki vladikavkasidam gamovedi da Cemi

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qveynis siom damkra, gulma sul sxva-rigad damiwyo feTqa~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 11). gzis sirTule personaJis mSobliur sivrceSi gadmosvlis paralelu-rad ignorirdeba. Sesabamisad icvleba personaJis gzaze gadaadgilebis sa-Sualebac: ùcxoeTidam~ mgzavri danjRreuli `povoskiT~ modis, rac `sxva personaJis~, àxlad gacnobilis francielis~ ironias iwvevs:

èg etli visi mogonilia? — mkiTxa man: — rusisa, — vupasuxe me. — mgonia, ara xalxi magaSi ar Seecilos. mebralebiT, rom Tqven iZule-

buli xarT magas gaalayebinoT tvini da gaadRvebinoT gul-muceli. — ara uSavs-ra. mTeli ruseTi magiT dadis. . . — magiT dadis?! imitomac Sors aris wasuli~... (WavWavaZe 1950a: 78). mSobliur sivrceSi foStis ubadruki povoska cxeniT icvleba: `gavedi stanciis gareT da erTs moxeves Sevxvdi. viqirave misgan cxeni

im pirobiTa, rom TiTonac cxeniT gamomyoloda... SevsxediT cxenebzed da wamovediT stefanwmindidam~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 23-24).

gzis sivrculi modeli aerTianebs mikrosivrcul modelebs: `larsis stanciis~ oTaxs, stefanwmindis peizaJur Ramesa da dilas da erTgvari me-taforuli funqciiT itvirTeba: gzaze yovel gadaadgilebas Tan axlavs personaJis SemecnebiT-eTikuri gardaqmnis procesis gamZafreba — dro TiTqos erwymis sivrces da gzis saxiT gaedineba masze.

gzis metaforizms erTgvarad aZlierebs mgzavrisa da moxeve lelT Runias Sexvedris metaforuli xasiaTi. struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, Sexvedris mo-tivis maCvenebeli dadebiTia, emociuri TvalsazrisiT, Sexvedra sasiamovnoa:

èrT moxeves Sevxvdi... bolos aramc Tu vinane, didad kmayofilic dav-rCi, rom Cemi saqme egre moewyo. Cemi moxeve Zalian kaci gamodga~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 23).

kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT, mgzavrisa da lelT Runias Sexvedra am na-warmoebis kulminacias warmoadgens.

erTmaneTs xvdeba ori sruliad gansxvavebuli xasiaTisa da socialuri mdgomareobis mqone adamiani. gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi nawilobriv mxatvrul-realuri da nawilobriv metaforulia: mxatvruli realuri gza moicavs mgzavris savali gzis mxolod erT monakveTs — manZils stefanwmin-didan fasanauramde da warmoadgens laR, gaSlil sivrces, romelic ganfe-nilia mSobliur mxareSi. analogiurad, mxatvruli realobiTaa gansazR-vruli ori personaJis Sexvedra, romelic mxatvrul-realuri gzis garkve-ul monakveTze fiqsirdeba; rac Seexeba gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopis me-taforul xasiaTs, igi dasaxelebuli qronotopis gadamwyveti, mgzavri-saTvis sasicocxlo ideuri da zneobrivi mniSvnelobiTaa ganpirobebuli: lelT RuniasTan dialogi amTlianebs mgzavris sulieri kataklizmebis process, romelic mTeli mogzaurobis manZilze aRiniSneba da uaRresad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs misi ideur-zneobrivi misiis gamokveTaSi.

TxzulebaSi `glaxis naambobi~ gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi Sedare-biT rTul struqturas warmoadgens.

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gzis sivrculi modeli mxatvruli drois sxvadasxva planSia warmod-genili: mxatvruli awmyosa da mxatvruli warsulis planSi, da yvela Sem-TxvevaSi misi struqturul-esTetikuri faseuloba Sexvedris motiviTaa gansazRvruli.

mxatvruli awmyo drois WrilSi ganfenili Txzulebis mTavari persona-Jis — gabrielis masStaburi sivrculi modeli gzis kategoriiTaa warmodge-nili:

ìm Cem naTlimamis soflis saTaveSi, orRobeebi rom iwyeboda, zed saurme gzis piras, idga erTi Zveli sabZeli... xSirad Semxvedria am sabZlisaken avla da Camovla, radganac zed gzis piras idga... exla... rom amoviare... davinaxe erTi kaci, gomuris karebTan miwolili~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 33-34).

mitovebuli, ubadruki sabZeli, rogorc personaJis mikrosivrculi modeli, gzis masStabur sivrcul modelSia moqceuli, xolo gza mSobliu-ri sivrciTaa gansazRvruli.

struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, monadirisa da gabrielis Sexvedris mo-tivis Tvisebrivi maCvenebeli dadebiTia, Sexvedris emociuri xasiaTi — cvalebadi: arasasiamovnodan sasiamovnosaken mimarTuli. fiqsirebulia Sexvedris zusti dro: èrTi mSvenieri zafxulis dila~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 33). Sexvedris motivi ganapirobebs personaJis Txrobas — monologis dawyebasa da mxatvruli drois warsuli plastis warmoCenas. amdenad, nawarmoebis siu-Jetur qargaSi fiqsirebuli gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopuli modelebis udidesi nawili swored mxatvruli warsulis planSia koncentrirebuli.

fiqsirdeba gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopis struqturuli da esTetiku-ri Tvalsazrisis mixedviT mniSvnelovani eqvsi modeli: gabrielisa da mRvdlis, gabrielisa da Tamros, gabrielisa da pepias, gabrielisa da daTikos Sexvedrebi, sadac gabrielisa da pepias Sexvedris garda sxva Sexvedrebi ara-erTjeradi, anu ganmeorebadia.

gabrielisa da daTikos qalaqSi gamgzavrebisa da cxovrebis epizodSi gzis kategoriis funqciuri datvirTva sakmaod intensiuria: batoni da yma daadgnen qalaqisaken mimaval gzas da Cavidnen qalaqSi; gziTve ganisazR-vreba daTikos sivrculi modeli qalaqSi:

`daTiko yovel diliT skolaSi midioda, sadilad Sin movidoda, sadil-sukan wavidoda, zarebis darekvis dros isev Sin dabrundeboda~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 42).

qvemoT: ìman rogorRac oriod Tves Semdeg xSirad daiwyo gare-gare siaruli

da xandisxan mamlis yivilamdec ar Semodioda Sin~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 43). gzis masStaburi modelis mikrokomponentiT — quCiT — aRiniSneba gab-

rielis sivrculi modeli: `mec, raki Cems saqmes bolos movuRebdi, aviRebdi Tavs da quCis piras

qvazed Camovjdebodi~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 43). quCis dawvrilebiTi aRwera da saydris mikrosivrculi modelis fiqsi-

reba gamokveTavs gzis kategoriis esTetikur mniSvnelobas:

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`Cvenis quCidam erTi viwro quCa aubrundeboda, da iqav erTi patara saydari idga~ (58,43).

swored aRniSnul gzaze — quCaSi — xvdeba gabrieli mRvdels: àm laparakSi rom iyvnen, quCas Camoscildnen. ar vici, Cemi fexis xmau-

roba gaigo, Tu ara, Semomxeda~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 54). Sexvedris dRe miTiTebulia — kvira. erTmaneTs emTxveva ori moqmede-

ba: gabrielisa da glaxukas misvla saydarTan da wirvis damTavreba. ori movlenis damTxveva droSi iwvevs gabrielisa da mRvdlis Sexvedras. emoci-uri TvalsazrisiT, Sexvedra sasiamovnoa da aRtacebulic. Sexvedris mo-tivi mWidrod ukavSirdeba SeZenis motivs: mRvdelTan Sexvedra gabriels sZens codnasa da sulier sifaqizes, amdenad, gzis kategoria, rogorc Sex-vedris punqti, imTaviTve metaforizebuli saxiT warmogvidgeba:

`kacs raki RvTis madli Caesaxeba gulSi, mdidaria Tu Raribi, mainc mad-lis gzazed wava~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 75).

gzis kategoriis metaforuli mravalferovneba: gza — `madlis gza~ — `cxovrebis gza~, pirdapirproporciulia personaJis Sinagani metamorfo-zebisa:

`sxva SenTvis da Sen sxvisTvis, ai, gza cxovrebisa, ai, xidi cxovrebisa, ai, gasaRebi samoTxisa! marTali iyav da simarTles sdie, gza yovelTvis ka-curi geqneba~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 75), `Cemis bnelis cxovrebis gzazed imis me-ti varskvlavi ar amosula~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 78).

gabrielisa da daTikos dabruneba sofelSi moaswavebs gzis metafori-zebuli modelis kvlav mxatvrul-realur modelad gardaqmnas.

òr dRes ukan Cveni soflis boloebSi mivediT... Cemis miwa-wylis siom rom damkra, guli amitokda: is mTa, is bari, is tye, is mindor-veli rom da-vinaxe, avivse lxeniTa da siamiTa~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 78;80).

gza mSobliur sivrceSia ganfenili. mSobliur sivrceSi gamaval gzaze xvdeba gabrieli Tamros. gza vizualuria, Sexvedris dro — zustad mi-TiTebuli:

`SuadRe iyo, venaxidam movdiodi da, orRobeSi rom Semovedi, Cems mzes orRobis TavSi Tvali Sevaswar, Turme mamisaTvis kalozed jeri mihqonda~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 82).

Sexvedris motivis emociuri simZlavre personaJTa moqmedebis xazgas-muli dinamizmiTaa gadmocemuli:

ès amodena vaJi-kaci wavbarbacdi da wavawydi Robes... imanac me Tvali momkra: SekrTa, rogorc Sveli monadiresagan, da uceb ukan gatrialda. me bevri aRar mifiqria: visxlite fexi da gamovudeg. ise fexakrebiT Cqara mi-dioda, TiTqo ukan mteri egulebao. davewie kaklebqveS gamindvrebul-zed~... (WavWavaZe 1950b: 83).

orRobis gza jer `gamindvrebul~, gaSlil sivrceSi gadainacvlebs, Semdeg ki metaforizdeba:

`— gza!.. — miTxra amayad da brZanebiTa, — mama myavs da namusi maqvs... — RmerTman nurc erTsa da nurc meores nu mogaSoros... me marto is

mindoda, rom Cemi oboli Tavi SenTa fexT-qveS gzad gameSala. ar indome?..

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damiTmia gza!.. gza mSvidobisa!.. qalo! rad mikargav gza da kvalsa?~ (WavWa-vaZe 1950b: 83-84).

gzisa da Sexvedris esoden metaforizebuli qronotopi siyvarulis motivs ukavSirdeba.

cnoba-vercnobis motivTa saintereso monacvleobas warmogvidgens Txzulebis meaTe Tavi.

satusaRodan gamorekili patimrebi cimbiris gzas unda gauyenon. swo-red aseT viTarebaSi xvdeba gabrieli pepias:

ìmaT ukan mosdevda borkilis Cxara-CxuriT erTi tanSi mokakuli, drouli grZel-TeTrwvera tusaRi: Tavi CaeRuna da mzes ar uyurebda... da-vakvirve Tvali da, vai, imis mnaxavs! — pepia vicani... pepia iyo, magram ra pe-pia!.. veRar icnobdi, ise momkvdariyo da gamocvliliyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 105-106).

gza grZelia, momqancveli da tragikuli: mSobliuri sivrcidan ucxoe-Tisaken mimarTuli — `tusaRebi ambobdnen, rom xval saqarTvelos mijnas gavcildebiTo. guli momikvda, es rom gavigone~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 107).

gzis erTferovnebas arRvevs ùcxo elementis~ SemoWris faqti, rac, Tavis mxriv, moulodnel Sexvedras ganapirobebs:

`wami ar dascalebia, rom xuTi Tu eqvsi cxenosani zed wamogvawyda, das-Wyivles rusebs... am aliaqoTSi me da pepiam dro vixelTeT da gzis gadaRma Tav-Tavqve daveSviT... Cven ukan agvedevna erTi cxenosani~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 107).

Sexvedris dro konkretulia — Rame, Sexvedris motivi vercnobis moti-viTaa gajerebuli:

`Tu RmerTi gwams, vina xar? bnelaSi ver garCev, gviTxari Seni saxeli~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 107).

ucnobis pasuxi kvlavac axdens gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopis meta-forizebas:

`— saxeli rad gindaT? vinca var, is viqnebi... Tu gindaT damloceT: san-Tel-sakmeveli Tavis gzas ar dahkargavs~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 108).

gzis kategoriiTaa gansazRvruli duqanSi gabrielisa da Tamros Sex-vedris epizodic. duqani gzazea, anu gzis masStaburi sivrculi modeli moicavs duqnis mikrosivrcul models:

`meore dRes, saRamozed, diRmis viwroebSi mivedi da iq erT duqanSi Ca-movxti~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 114).

Sexvedra sxvadasxva movlenaTa droSi damTxvevis faqtiTaa ganpirobe-buli:

`puris Wamas rom vaTavebdi, erTi droSka moadga... qali da biWi gadmo-vidnen droSkidam da duqanSi Semovidnen~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 115).

gabrielisa da Tamros pirveli Sexvedrisagan gnsxvavebiT, maTi bolo Sexvedra emociuri TvalsazrisiT arasasiamovnoa:

`— unamusoo!.. vkar xeli Seubraleblad im ubedursa da mkerdidam, rogorc gveli, ise

moviSore~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 115).

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am siuJetur epizodSive fiqsirdeba uaRresad saintereso detali: gzis kategoriiT ganpirobebuli erTi Sexvedris motivi ugulebelyofs amave kategoriiT ganpirobebul meore Sexvedris motivs:

`barSi rom Camovel da gavivake, gulma mRvdlisaken gamiwia, mindoda imisagan locva-kurTxeva mimeRo da mere, rac mosasvleli iyo, mosuliyo. guls davujere da qalaqisaken gamovwie~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 114).

qalaqisaken gabrielis wamosvlis mizani TamrosTan Sexvedra ar yofila, igi mRvdlis sanaxavad moeSureboda da duqanSi mxolod savaxSmod gaCerda. am SemTxvevaSi, gabrielisa da mRvdlis Sexvedris motivis Tvisebrivi maCvenebe-li uaryofiTia. unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi movlena i. WavWavaZis sxva proza-ul TxzulebebSi ar fiqsirdeba: ori personaJi ver Sexvda erTmaneTs — ver Sexvda imitom, rom erTsa da imave dros isini sxvadasxva adgilas imyofebod-nen: gabrielisa da mRvdlis Sexvedra gabrielisa da Tamros moulodneli Sex-vedris motiviT gaimijna.

duqnidan gamosuli gabrielis personaJi ukompromiso SurisZiebis grZnobiTaa gamsWvaluli da misi sivrculi modeli, vidre daTikos mok-vlamde, daqsaqsuli gzebiT moiniSneba:

àm sam-oTx TveSi nadirsaviT tyeSi vimalebodi da mainc ki ori somexi gav-Zarcve da xuTi TavadiSvili... gamivarda yaCaRobis xma da daiwyo Cemi devna... dRes ityodnen: gabrom aq gaZarcva kacio da gzebs Semikravdnen; imave saRamos mouvidodaT ambavi, rom gabrom sami dRis savals iqiT kidev gaZarcva kacio da daebneodaT goneba~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 116).

aseve gzas ukavSirdeba gabrielisa da daTikos sabediswero Sexvedra — tyis gzas. dro-sivrculi maCveneblebi zustad mieTiTeba:

`mze Cawurvazed iyo... gza im tyis piras ido. daTiko im gzazed gamovi-da da Cemsken wamovida~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 116-117).

Sexvedris motivi personaJis gaqcevis motivs da Rrma sulier katak-lizmebs ukavSirdeba:

`daTikos mokvlis Semdeg me im are-mareSi yofna Zalian gamiZnelda... bolos gadavwyvite, rom gadavvardebi Sors saiTme... gamovwie da kaxeTs Se-movekedle... rac gadamxda, iqneb imis Rirsic viyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 118-119).

daTikosa da gabrielis Sexvedra, kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT, nawar-moebis kulminacias warmoadgens.

TxzulebaSi fiqsirebuli bolo Sexvedra kvlav gabrielisa da mRvdlis personaJebs gulisxmobs, magram ukve mxatvruli awmyos WrilSi iSleba. emociuri TvalsazrisiT, Sexvedra moulodnelia, sasiamovno da mi-zanSewonili, Sexvedris Sedegi ki nawarmoebis ideur-mxatvruli pozicii-Taa ganpirobebuli.

TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopis mar-Tlac Zalian saintereso da sayuradRebo modelebia warmodgenili: siuJe-turi pasaJi, romelSic luarsabisa da darejanis winasaqorwino movlenebi da qorwilis ambavia gadmocemuli, SexvedraTa sakmaod vrcel speqtrs gvTavazobs — sut-kneina xvdeba luarsabs, daviTi — mose gZelaZes, luarsa-bi — darejans, magram, miuxedavad amisa, sruliad aSkara da TvalSisacemia

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gzis sivrculi modelis erTgvari ignorireba: gza ar ixsenieba, ar aRiwere-ba, ar moiniSneba, mxolod — igulisxmeba:

`luarsabma marto erTi daviTi da erTi kidev viRaca gamoistumra~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 182), `didis pativiT miiRo mosem daviTi~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 182), `movida siZe didis mayrioniT~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 189).

gzis motiviT gansazRvruli Sexvedrebis motivi gzis sivrculi mode-lis fiqsaciis gareSe moiazreba.

gzisa da Sexvedris motivTa amgvari Seusabamobis sapirispiro vari-ants warmogvidgens col-qmris TeleTSi gamgzavrebis epizodi: gza, am Sem-TxvevaSi, iZens rogorc realur-mxatvrul, ise — simbolur funqciasac. realur-mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, gza moicavs manZils luarsabis saxli-dan TeleTis saydramde, simboluri TvalsazrisiT ki warmoadgens im siv-rcul models, romlis saSualebiTac luarsabi, pirvelad nawarmoebis siu-Jetis ganviTarebis manZilze, arRvevs sakuTar lokalur, iluzorul-idi-liur samyaros da Tavis kneinasTan erTad miemgzavreba salocavad:

`Tedos Seabmevines uremi, gadaafares fardagi, erTi kargi cxvari da-akres urmis bolos, axsenes RmerTi da erT mSvenier zafxulis dilas Seud-gnen qalaqis Sara-gzasa~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 194).

magram aqve unda aRiniSnos Semdegi: miuxedavad imisa, rom gza grZelia da mogzaurobis dro aT dRes iTvlis, gzas ar eniWeba gadamwyveti esTetiku-ri funqcia. gzis qronotopi ar ukavSirdeba Sexvedris qronotops da, Sesa-bamisad, ar ukavSirdeba personaJTa SemecnebiT-eTikuri transformirebis process. am epizodSi gzis rogorc realur-mxatvruli modelis funqcia butaforulia, sacnauria gzis oden simboluri daniSnuleba: gzas, erTi mxriv, gamohyavs luarsabi da darejani viwro, SemozRuduli samyarodan, magram, meore mxriv, ufro saimedod, mtkiced amwyvdevs maT TavianT bunagSi.

gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopis Sidastruqturuli sirTule, romelic fiqsirdeba TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~, brwyinvaled esadageba nawarmoebis dro-sivrculi qronotopis zogad modelsa da Txrobis avtoriseul stils.

uSualod gzidan iwyeba i. WavWavaZis Txzuleba `sarCobelazed~. dro miTiTebulia: Sua zafxuli, saRamo. gza mSobliur sivrceSia ganfenili da gzis motivi imTaviTve gansazRvravs personaJTa Sexvedris motivs:

`roca Seabes da wina meurmem Solti gamarTa, rom xarebs gautylaSunos da dasZras uremi, maSin uecrad xevis yuredam ori ymawvili gamovida gza-zed~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 225).

aq Cvens yuradRebas usaTuod miipyrobs sityva ùecrad~, romelic qmnis SemTxveviTobis atmosferos da afiqsirebs avantiurul elements. uecrad, SemTxveviT, sruliad gauTvaliswinebelad, mxolod imitom, rom ymawvilebis gzaze gamosvlis dro da adgili daemTxva meurmeTa qaravnis daZvris drosa da adgils, gansxvavebuli asakisa da socialuri mdgomareo-bis mqone personaJebi — petre da ori Zma — xvdebian erTmaneTs. Sexvedris motivi dakargvisa da gaqcevis motivebiTaa Sezavebuli: diliT petre Se-ityobs, rom ymawvilebma igi gaZarcves da gaiparnen.

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erTgvari Sinagani logikisa da gardauvalobis beWedi azis petresa da ucnobi ymawvili kacis ganmeorebiT Sexvedras. gzis modelis sqematuri mona-xazi ramdensame mimarTulebas amTlianebs: gzas, romelsac qalaqs mimavali petre adgas, gzas, romelsac avlabris moednisaken mimavali petre adgas da gzas, romelsac duqnidan gamosuli petre adgas. Tu gzis pirveli ori monak-veTi amzadebs, ukanaskneli agvirgvinebs petresa da ucnobi ymawvilis Sexved-ras: petre unda wamovides qalaqSi wisqvilis qvebis sayidlad da unda mius-wros avlabris moedanze biWis CamoxrCobis moments, rom Sexvdes ymawvils da amoxsnas nawarmoebis dasawyisSi sityviT ùecrad~ Semotanili avantiura.

Sexvedris motivis Tvisebrivi maCvenebeli dadebiTia da vercnobis mo-tivs ukavSirdeba:

`ra vqna, sad minaxavs es biWio, iZaxda gulSi petre... petre... im biWis vi-naobiT gakvirvebuli ar iZvroda adgilidam~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 236).

Txzulebis meoTxe TavSi daZabuloba matulobs, dro erwymis sivrces da gzis kategoria specifikuri mxatvrul-ritmuli funqciiTaa gansazRvruli:

ùfro gamalebuli wavida petre avlabris bakebisaken, guli ar uTmen-da, undoda male gaego, ra ewera wignSi... petre midioda, magram guli fexs uswrobda.

— ra-rig gagrZelda es oxeri gzao, — ambobda gulSi, — mivdivar da ve-Rar mivsulvaro.

bolos, rogorc iyo, mivida~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 237). gzis modelis ritmuli gancda vizualurs xdis personaJis rTul Sina-

gan, TiTqmis isteriul mdgomareobas, rac SvilTan Sexvedris Semdeg sity-vier saburvelsac iZens.

ucnobi ymawvilis werili, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mxatvruli warsulis WrilSi warmogvidgens Zmebis gzebiTa da SexvedrebiT daqsaqsul cxovre-bas, avantiuris amoxsnisa da petres sulieri metamorfozis sawindrad gvevlineba.

TxzulebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~ gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi nawarmoebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare dramatizmiTaa aRWurvili. gamonakliss warmoadgens Txzulebis meore Tavi, sadac gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopis funqcias zogad-vizualuri da regularuli xasiaTi eniWeba:

`marTla ase iyo Tu ara, — es unda ekiTxos erTs sxva qvrivs dedakacs, romelic soflis meore napiras idga da metad wvril-Sviliani iyo... oTara-anT qvrivi yovel kvira dRes erTi aTiod SoTs da erT badia korkots Tavis fexiT gadautanda xolme~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 253-254), `glaxa maTxovari ise ar miadgeboda kars, rom oTaranT qvrivs riTime ar gaekiTxa~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 254), `Tu metad Sesabralisi da Ronemixdili glaxa Sexvdeboda... waiyvanda, erT-or Careqas kai Rvinos gadaaxuxebda da gamoistumrebda~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 255) da sxva.

nawilobriv metaforul xasiaTs iZens gza giorgis Sinidan wasvlis epi-zodSi:

`sTqva esa, mxiarulad Seigdo mxarzed bargi da gaswia.

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oTaraanT qvrivma didxans adevna Tvali derefnidam... TiTqo xmaamou-Reblad ixvew-imudareboda — erTi mainc Semomxedoso, magram giorgim ukan aRar moixeda...~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 287).

gza, romelsac giorgi sasurveli Sexvedrisaken mihyavs, qvrivis Rrma sulier tkivils iwvevs:

`dedas gulma texa dauwyo. — ukan aRar moixeda!.. daikvnesa dedam, — Cemgan midis, TiTqo Zafic ar

iWers, sxvagan midis, TiTqo TokiT eweviano. fexTamdgomelas oTaraanT qvrivs Tavi Zirs Camouvarda damblasaviT~

(WavWavaZe 1950e: 287). gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopuli parametrebis maqsimaluri mobili-

zeba aRiniSneba giorgisa da oTaraanT qvrivis sikvdilis epizodebSi. giorgis sikvdili erTgvari ganpirobebulobis asociacias iwvevs: giorgi

unda wasuliyo mamapapiseuli saxlidan, anu unda dadgomoda gzas, rom misu-liyo arCilisa da kesos saxlSi, giorgi swored maSin unda gamoCeniliyo ezo-Si, rodesac petre Tivas dgamda — sxvagvarad giorgis sikvdili ar Sedgeboda. giorgis sikvdili gzisa da movlenaTa droSi damTxvevis kategoriebiTaa gan-sazRvruli. oTaraanT qvrivis mosvlac momakvdavi Svilis sarecelTan garda-uvlobis STabeWdilebas tovebs: oTaraanT qvrivs unda mieswro cocxali gi-orgisaTvis, rom amoexsna da gaego Svilis gulis nadebi. giorgisa da oTara-anT qvrivis aRniSnuli Sexvedra nawarmoebis kulminacias warmoadgens.

gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi absoluturad metaforizebulia oTa-raanT qvrivis sikvdilis epizodSi.

dauZlurebuli, dasustebuli qvrivi ukanasknelad ikrebs Zalas da `joxzed dandobili~ Svilis saflavisaken mimaval gzas Seuyveba.

aq yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi detali: mxatvruli drois maCvenebeli zustadaa miTiTebuli — Sobis Rame:

`swored Sobis Rames xelaxlad movida didi Tovli~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 320). oTaraanT qvrivis personaJis amoqmedebas Tan sdevs frazebi: `vin meZaxis, vin!.. wadi, wadio!.. rad iZaxis guli? rad meweva, rad?.. mi-

vaRwev ki?.. gzazed davece sadme da suli davlio, xom saZaRled gahxda Cemi leSi... rad meZaxi, rad?!.. mec male daviZineb... da, madloba RmerTsa, aRar gaviRviZeb... kidev!.. kidev meZaxis!.. dRevandel dRes daibada, dRevandel dRes!.. movdivar, movdivar!.. ~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 322).

es pasaJi SeiZleba orgvarad ganimartos: erTi TvalsazrisiT, qvrivi grZnobs aRsasrulis moaxloebas, Svilis dabadebis dRes midis mis saflav-ze da kvdeba, meore TvalsazrisiT, fraza — `dRevandel dRes daibada~, gu-lisxmobs qristeSobas da qvrivis sikvdili RvTis sauflosTan misi ziare-bis adekvaturia.

aRniSnuli pasaJis ganmartebis variantuli araerTgvarovnebis miuxeda-vad, gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi orive SemTxvevaSi inarCunebs metaforul xasiaTs: orive SemTxvevaSi es aris `gza sulisa~, grZeli, magram TeTri da ùcodveli TovliviT~ Seuryvneli, romelic Sexvedris sruliad abstraqtul models iTvaliswinebs. am SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba vimsjeloT ara Tu epizo-

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dis, aramed Txzulebis esqatologizmze, rac mogvianebiT, me-20 saukunis lite-raturaSi sakmaod mZlavrad iCens Tavs.

amrigad, i. WavWavaZis TxzulebebSi gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi speqtruli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. warmodgenilia gzisa da Sexved-ris qronotopis sruliad araerTgvarovani modelebi, romlebic gzisa da Sexvedris motivebis gansxvavebul tipebsa da urTierTmimarTebis formebs warmogvidgens.

mxatvruli dro-sivrcis fsiqologiuri sublimaciis process amTlia-nebs perceptuli qronotopi.

3.3. percefciuli dro da sivrce, anu percefciuli qronotopi

`mxatvruli droisa da fizikuri drois urTierTmimarTebis problema fsiqikur da fizikur droTa urTierTmimarTebis problemis analogiuria, rac asaxvis TeoriiTaa gamoxatuli da iTvaliswinebs im garemoebas, rom mxatvruli dro aris garkveulwilad konstruirebuli fsiqikuri dro... mxatvruli dro gacilebiT nakleb maStaburia, vidre fsiqikuri dro, rad-ganac masSi warmodgenili movlenebi garkveul moTxovnilebas unda akmayo-filebdes, da gacilebiT farToa, vidre fizikuri dro, imis gamoisobiT, rom materialuri obieqtebi idealur obieqtebze metad SezRudulia~, — miuTiTebs v. CeredniCenko (CeredniCenko 1986: 16).

fsiqikuri dro da sivrce subieqtis SegrZnebebis, warmodgenebis, aR-qmebis uaRresad farTo da saintereso samyaros amTlianebs. fsiqikuri dro-sivrcis masStaburobas misi Tvisebrivi universalizmi ganapirobebs:

`mxatvruli dro, romelic gvevlineba movlenaTa SegrZnebad, aRqmad da warmodgenil drod, ar axdens subieqtis azrovnebis procesis apelire-bas, garda amisa, mis sazRvrebSi realizdeba mxolod esTetikurad faseuli movlenebi...~ (CeredniCenko 1986: 15), fsiqikuri dro da sivrce ki aireklavs subieqtis nebismier SegrZnebas, warmodgenas, asociacias, misi esTetikuri faseulobis gauTvaliswineblad.

àRvniSnavT ra gansxvavebas fizikur da mxatvrul droebs Soris, unda mivuTiToT maT Rrma genetikur naTesaobazec — drois orive saxeoba indi-vidis... Sinagani gamocdilebis dros warmoadgens. es naTesaoba sruliad bunebriv interpretacias warmoSobs: mxatvruli dro fsiqikur dros kul-turul-istoriuli procesis msvlelobaSi, xelovnebis aRmocenebisTanave gamoeyo... imdenad ramdenadac mxatvruli drois farglebSi movlenebi ar mimoixileba da ar fasdeba, ...aramed uSualod ganicdeba, mizanSewonilia mxatvruli drois Sefardeba fsiqikuri drois iseT sferoebTan, romlebic ar gulisxmobs saazrovno process~ (CeredniCenko 1986: 15).

fsiqikuri drois, Sesabamisad, sivrcis aseT sferos percefciuli dro da sivrce warmoadgens.

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`percefciuli dro-sivrce, — miuTiTeben r. zobovi da a. mostepanenko, — rogorc Cans, yalibdeba adamianis (umaRlesi cxovelis) tvinSi fenomeno-logiur sivrceebsa da droebs Soris realizebuli korelaciis safuZvel-ze, rac ukavSirdeba calkeul grZnobaTa organoebsa da sensorul meqaniz-mebs (mxedveloba, smena, aRqma, moto-kinesTetikuri meqanizmebi da sxva)~ (zobovi... 1974: 12).

am elementTa erTianoba uzrunvelyofs mTliani percefciuli siv-rcis Seqmnas, romelic misTvis specifikur droul plastebs moicavs. per-cefciuli sivrcis formirebaSi dominantur rols asrulebs realuri siv-rcis aRqmqmeli grZnobaTa organoebi, gansakuTrebiT — mxedveloba, per-cefciuli drois formirebaSi ki — subieqtis Sinagani ritmi, rogorc indi-vidis `Sinagani gamocdilebis~ ekvivalenti.

percefciuli dro-sivrce, anu percefciuli qronotopi, romelic mxatvruli nawarmoebis siuJetSi fiqsirdeba, amTlianebs im struqturul komponentebs, romlebic gansazRvravs konkretuli nawarmoebis emociur-esTetikur individualizms:

`swored perceptualur dro-sivrceSia lokalizebuli is birTvi, ro-melic specifikuria ara sxva romelime, aramed — mxolod mocemuli nawar-moebisTvis~ (zobovi... 1974: 17)

i. WavWavaZis nebismieri Txzulebis TviTmyofadobas sagrZnoblad ga-napirobebs masSi modulirebuli percefciuli dro da sivrce, anu dro--sivrculi veli, romelic personaJis gancdebisa da asociaciebis anarekls warmoadgens. personaJis individualizmi misi percepciis unaris indivi-dualizmiT ganisazRvreba: percefciuli dro-sivrcis doneze mimdinare Semecnebis procesi wminda individualur xasiaTs atarebs da subieqtis Rrma Sinagan plastebSi kristalizdeba.

percefciuli dro-sivrce, romelic iTvaliswinebs personaJis emociur faqtors, sruliad araordinaruli, Tavisufali tipologiuri maxasiaTeble-biT gamoirCeva. igi uaRresad masStabur dro-sivrcul amplitudas moicavs. perceptualur dro-sivrceSi lokalizebulia aramarto SegrZnebebi da aR-qmebi, aramed — mogonebebi, warmodgenebi, fantaziebi, rac, cxadia, percefci-uli dro-sivrcis sruliad paradoqsul moqmedebas ukavSirdeba: percefciu-li sivrce mravalferovania, percefciuli dro ki — mravalganzomilebiani, mravalmimarTulebiani, retrospeqtiuli da mouwesrigebelia, xan moZravi, dinamikuri, xanac — gaqvavebuli, statikuri, damokidebuli subieqtis nervul mdgomareobaze. percefciuli dro yovelTvis wyvetadia, impulsuri, rac gan-pirobebulia emociuri faqtoris TaviseburebebiT.

`percefciuli dro-sivrcis mniSvnelovan Tvisebad, — weren r. zobovi da a. mostepanenko, — elementebTan misi transpoziciuri damokidebuleba migvaCnia. es niSnavs, rom am sferoSi SeuZlebelia sxvadasxva bunebis obieq-tebs Soris raime mkveTri mijnebis gavleba. aq sruliad Tavisuflad Tana-arseboben realuri sinamdvilis amsaxveli saxeebi da gamocdileba, indivi-dis warsuli gamocdilebis elementebi... da mravalferovani, wmindad fan-

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tastikuri warmosaxvebi. es elementebi saocari wesiT moZraobs da erwymis erTmaneTs~ (zobovi... 1974: 91).

mxatvrul nawarmoebSi koncentrirebuli percefciuli dro-sivrce personaJis ganwyobilebis srulyofil palitras warmogvidgens da misi dramatizmis xarisxs gansazRvravs. i. WavWavaZis TxzulebebSi asaxuli per-sonaJTa metamorfozis procesi da maTi saboloo bedi swored personaJTa SegrZnebebis, asociaciebis, aRqmebis sruliad logikuri realizebis Sede-gia: urTules problemasTan SeWidebuli mgzavri, mZime dilemis winaSe aR-moCenili petre, SurisZiebiT anTebuli ucnobi ymawvili, RvTisagan ganwi-ruli gabrieli, groteskuli luarsabi da darejani, oTaraanT qvrivisa da giorgis tragikuli, monumenturi figurebi — TiToeuli maTganis xvedri mTeli Txrobis manZilze aboboqrebuli vnebaTaRelvis logikur dasas-ruls warmoadgens.

klasikuri ganmartebiT, percefciuli dro-sivrcis ukidures gamov-linebas ori tipis fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba warmoadgens: Zilisa da Rrma hipnozis mdgomareobebi. i. WavWavaZis CvenTvis saintereso Txzule-bebSi orive tipis nimuSebia warmodgenli.

pirveli maTgani fiqsirebulia or nawarmoebSi: `glaxis naambobsa” da `kacia-adamianSi?!~.

`Zilis mdgomareobaSi dasaSvebia dro-sivrculi urTierTobebis sru-liad araerTgvarovani variaciebi, romlebic motivirebulia ara garegani, aramed Sinagani meqanizmebiT~ (zobovi... 1974: 21).

percefciuli qronotopi, romelic mxatvruli nawarmoebis persona-Jis Zilis mdgomareobaSi fiqsirdeba, personaJis sizmris saxiT realizde-ba. Cvens funqciebSi ar Sedis sizmris fenomenis axsna da mis garSemo arse-buli Teoriebis mimoxilva, mxolod mivuTiTebT: sizmris droisa da siv-rcis aRmoceneba mxatvruli dro-sivrcis funqcionirebis Sewyvetas moas-wavebs — mxatvruli dro iyineba, sivrce — ignorirdeba da situacias mxo-lod subieqtis percefciuli dro-sivrce aregulirebs.

Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT, rom realisturi xasiaTis literaturuli nawarmoebebis yvela struqturuli elementi met-naklebi xarisxiT, magram, arsebiTad, Seesabameba realisturi literaturisaTvis mniSvnelovani da specifikuri problemebis gaazrebas. percefciuli qronotopi, kerZod, mi-si konkretuli modeli — sizmris qronotopi, gamonakliss ar warmoadgens: misi Semotana nawarmoebSi savsebiT mizanSewonili da winaswar dagegmili movlenaa. personaJTa sizmris epizodebi, romlebic fiqsirebulia i. WavWa-vaZis TxzulebebSi `glaxis naambobi~ da `kacia-adamiani?!~ TiToeuli dasa-xelebuli nawarmoebis mxatvrul-esTetikuri misiis logikur komponen-tebs warmoadgens, Tumca erTmaneTisagan Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba.

`glaxis naambobis~ mTavari personaJis — gabrielis sizmari mis uaRre-sad daZabul sulier mdgomareobas ukavSirdeba. gabrielis sizmars ver uwodebT ìluminacias~, sulieri ganwmendis process, rodesac adamiani uyoymanod dgeba WeSmaritebis gzaze. gabrielis sizmari erTgvarad irek-lavs mis Sinagan meryeobasa da ideur-zneobriv dualizms. mRvdlis saxe,

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romelic esoden STambeWdavia gabrielis sizmarSi, ramdenadme simbolur xasiaTs atarebs: igi gabrielis meore, alternatiur `me”-sTan SeiZleba ga-vaigivoT. sizmris dro personaJis cxovrebis drois opoziciuria: sizmris mokle, wamieri dro upirispirdeba SedarebiT xangrZliv dros personaJis momavali cxovrebisa, romlis konturebic ukve asaxulia sizmarSi.

TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ aRwerili luarsabis sizmaric persona-JisTvis yvelaze mtkivneul problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli: erTi mxriv, es aris uSviloba, meore mxriv — daviTis jibri.

sizmarSi fiqsirebuli sivrce personaJis mier warmoebuli realur-mxatvruli sivrcis aRqmis Sedegs warmoadgens — moqmedeba moicavs nacnob, sruliad axlobel teritoriul areals: luarsabis saxlsa da kar-midamos. TviT sizmris, e. i. ukiduresad percefciuli aqtis, donezec personaJi uZ-luria daarRvios sivrcis SemozRuduloba da gaiWras warmosaxul, miRmi-er, kosmosur sivrceebSi. metic: sizmris ganviTarebis paralelurad aRi-niSneba sivrcis maqsimaluri lokalizacia — saxlis sivrce transformir-deba da gadainacvlebs jer kuboSi, Semdeg — miwis qveS, saflavSi. sivrcis lokalizeba personaJis sruli destruqciis procesis izomorfulia:

`lurasabs sisxli yelSi mosdis, unda wamodges, magram icis, rom mkvda-ria da imitom ara dgeba... saSinel mdgomareobaSia sawyali, cocxal-mkvda-ri luarsabi. ra hqnas aba mkvdarma?.. ai, miwac miayares... luarsabs uRonde-ba guli, suli exuTeba, haeri daexSo da, ai, erTi wuTic da gaTavdeba kide-ca~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 201-202).

sizmris dro mravalganzomilebiani da uaRresad dinamikuria. igi am-Tlianebs ara marto personaJis cnobierebaSi kodirebul gamocdilebas, aramed mimdinare da warmosaxul procesebsac. am TvalsazrisiT, sizmris drouli veli sam nawilad SeiZleba gaiyos: drois erTi monakveTi persona-Jis Sinagani gamocdilebis xangrZlivobis maCvenebelia, meore — awmyoSi ganviTarebuli movlenebisa, mesame ki — personaJis warmosaxvisa.

luarsabis cnobierebaSi daleqil Sreebs RmerTTan misi `Civili~ war-moaCens. drois maCvenebeli maqsimalurad daZabulia:

`yovel weliwads wminda ziareba mimiRia da aRsareba miTqvams... (daviTs ki — i.r.) SarSan, ivane naTlismcemlis Tavis mokveTis dRes xorci uWamia... ukurTxevel yurZensa sWams, feriscvalebamdis ar moicdis xolme, aRdgo-ma-dRes mRvdels ar moucdis — rom sufra ukurTxos... ziarebiT ki eziare-ba, xolme, magram ra gamovida? sami dRe emzadeba, marto sami dRe. aba, es ra ziarebaa!~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 200).

RmerTTan daviTis `dabezRebiT~ mTavrdeba personaJis pirovnebaSi daun-jebuli gamocdilebis retrospeqcia da movlenebi sizmriseul awmyoSi vi-Tardeba. Sesabamisad, transformirdeba dro. igi wyvetad-Tanamimdevrulia:

ài, miTam rva Tvec aris, rac darejani orsulia. erTi Tvec, erTad-er-Ti, da luarsabs Svili eyoleba... ori kvirac miTam gavida. ai, ori kvira kidev da darejani dawveba... magram! — ai, ubeduroba — luarsabi uecrad avad hxde-ba da Zalianac hxdeba, ase rom miTam mokvda kideca~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 201).

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luarsabis `viTom sikvdiliT~ sruldeba sizmriseuli awmyo da Tavs iCens drois warmosaxuli, fantastikuri modeli, romelic gansakuTrebu-li dinamizmiT gamoirCeva — moqmedebebi droSi Tanamimdevruli da xazgas-mulad ritmulia:

`mesame dRes mRvdlebic movidnen, aswies kubo da waiRes galobiTa da tiriliTa. am galobaSi da tirilSi daviTisa da imis colis mxiaruli simRe-ra esmis luarsabsa... ai, miwac miayares, jer muWa-muWad miwa cviva da kubos ficrebzed raxa-ruxi gaaqvs, mere Seatyo, rom niCbebiTac dauwyes miwis yra... saflavzed ferxulis xma Semoesma, xma gaikminda, yuri daugdo. moesma, rom daviTi da elisabedi ferxulSi Cabmulan da jer kidev svel saflavzeda ferxulsac uvlian~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 202-203).

sizmris finali uaRresad daZabulia. kaleidoskopurad aCqarebuli ritmuli droiTa da maqsimalurad lokalizebuli, SemozRuduli sivrciT gansazRvruli personaJi grZnobs aRsasruls da ukanasknelad cdilobs ga-darCenas:

`guli aenTo; erTi saSinlad gainZra, undoda ise wamoweuliyo, rom ku-bos Tavi da miwa aeglijna, saflavidam amosuliyo~ ((WavWavaZe 1950g: 203).

magram luarsabis brZola kraxiT mTavrdeba: àm trialSi da vai-vaglaxSi rom aris, erTi ixtuna, miTam saflavidam

amoxtoma unda, da taxtidam Zirs agurebzed ki bragvani moiRo~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 203).

samaridan amoxtoma amzadebs luarsabis ara amaRlebas, gaTavisufle-bas, Svebas, aramed, piriqiT, anadgurebs, spobs, Zirs dascems mas, rogorc fizikurad, ise sulierad. Txzulebis `kacia-adamiani?!~ personaJs ar Ses-wevs Zala, ganicados sulieri aRmafrenis, sulieri ganwmendis Seudarebe-li wuTebi, misi Sinagani energia mxolod unayofo TviTdasamarebisTvisaa sakmarisi.

sizmris efeqti — daRupvis SiSi, imdenad Zlieri da SemaZrwunebelia, rom luarsabi ramdensame xans aRgznebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba — TiTqmis dahipnozebulia:

`luarsabi gafiTrebuli agurebzed uZravad hgdia da sulelsaviT da-uWyetia ugunuri Tvalebi... sizmarma iseTi Tavbru daasxa, rom... jer arc-ra esmoda-ra da verc-rasa hxedavda... darejans elda eca, xom ar gagiJdao~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 203-204).

sizmris mimdinareobis realurad mcire, wamieri dro ar Seesabameba sizmrad naxulis gacilebiT masStabur drosa da Rrma STabeWdilebas: lu-arsabi mowyvetilia gare samyaros, rac `sizmris fiqrSi wasuli~ persona-Jis sruliad araadvekatur reaqciebSi mJRavndeba.

luarsabis sizmari ramdenadme simboluria — is nawarmoebis mTavari saTqmelis mikrovariants warmoadgens da amTlianebs ara marto personaJis, aramed avtoris vnebaTaRelvas, mis ideur-msoflmxedvelobiT pozicias.

sizmriseuli dro-sivrce, anu mkveTrad gamoxatuli percefciuli dro-sivrculi modelebi, romlebic fiqsirdeba i. WavWavaZis TxzulebebSi `glaxis naambobi~ da `kacia-adamiani?!~ warmoadgens dasaxelebul Txzule-

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baTa siuJetis uaRresad mniSvnelovan struqturul elementebs: Tu maTSi lokalizebuli percefciuli qronotopis, rogorc damoukidebeli dro--sivrculi parametris, mxatvrul-esTetikuri funqcia personaJis Rrmad fsiqologizebuli samyaros asaxviT isazRvreba, struqturul-kompozici-uri funqcia realisturi literaturisaTvis niSandoblivi maxasiaTeble-biTaa gansazRvruli.

saintereso detali fiqsirdeba TxzulebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~ — aq Tavs iCens percefciuli qronotopis arasruli modeli:

òTaraanT qvrivic mohRala fiqrma... Tvlema moeria, RviZili Zilad eqca da cxadi — sizmrad. sCans am fiqrebis zari ZilSiac Cahyva, rom mZina-rem ramdenjerme wamoiZaxa:

— RmerTo, mixsen! RmerTo mixsen!~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 275). personaJis mdgomareoba ganisazRvreba rogorc Zil-RviZili. perso-

naJi Tvlems, igi ver eZleva Rrma Zils — `fiqri landad gadaeqca... fiqrebis zari ZilSiac Cahyva~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 275). fiqrisaTvis specifikuri dro--sivrce myarad ejaWveba sizmrisaTvis specifikur dro-sivrces, Zilis pro-cesi eqvemdebareba fiqris process da sizmris dro-sivrculi plastebis struqturebi ar aris garkveuli. percefciuli qronotopuli modeli, Sesa-bamisad, arasrulia, magram igi zedmiwevniT esadageba personaJis emociur-fsiqologiur mdgomareobas.

percefciuli qronotopis aRniSnuli modeli subieqtis cnobierebiTi plastebis metamorfozebis urTules process aireklavs.

qronotopuli sistemis sami ZiriTadi modeli, personaJTa individua-luri qronotopi, gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi da percefciuli qrono-topi uaRresad mWidro kavSirSi imyofeba erTmaneTTan — isini sxvadasxva aspeqtiT kveTs erTmaneTs da maTi sinTezi asaxavs mxatvruli dro-sivrcis fsiqologiuri sublimaciis urTules process.

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T a v i 4

mkiTxveliseuli qronotopi

xelovnebis nimuSi, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, literaturuli nawarmoebi, rea-luri samyaros, anu realuri, obieqturi droisa da sivrcis konteqstSi formirdeba. erTi mxriv, literaturuli nawarmoebi SeqmnisTanave ayali-bebs misTvis specifikur, originalur dro-sivrcul xangrZlivobas, rome-lic gansxvavdeba realurisgan da emijneba mas. meore mxriv, iRebs ra das-rulebul saxes, literaturuli nawarmoebi, kvlav ubrundeba realur dro-sivrcul konteqsts, romelSic zogadad fizikuri sagnebi arsebobs: literaturuli teqsti rogorc realuri faqti da aRqmis obieqti buneb-rivad iwyebs kvlavarsebobas realur dro-sivrcul sistemaSi.

amrigad, literaturuli nawarmoebi, rogorc mTlianoba, iTvaliswi-nebs sam mniSvnelovan moments: Seqmnis process, rac xorcieldeba realuri dro-sivrcis konteqstSi, TviTmyofadobas, rac gulisxmobs mxatvruli dro-sivrcis individualuri modelis formirebas da aRqmis process, rac, agreTve, xorcieldeba realur dro-sivrcul konteqstSi. mxolod pirvel SemTxvevaSi realuri dro-sivrcis mekavSire aris avtori, meore SemTxveva-Si — mkiTxveli. Sesabamisad, literaturuli nawarmoebi sami qronotopuli modelis farglebSi funqcionirebs: avtoriseuli, mxatvruli da mkiTxve-liseuli qronotopuli modelebis farglebSi, sadac avtoriseuli da mkiTxveliseuli dro-sivrculi modelebi esadagebian literaturuli teqstis garegan formas da mxatvruli qronotopuli modelis gaazrebisa da aRqmis sxvadasxva poziciebad gvevlinebian.

specialur literaturaSi SemuSavebulia `mxatvruli metrikisa~ da `fizi-kuri metrikis~ cnebebi. mxatvruli metrika gulisxmobs uSualod moTxrobi-lis xangrZlivobas, anu mxatvrul-siuJetur dros, fizikuri metrika ki — Txrobisa da aRqmis xangrZlivobas. fizikuri metrika erTgvarad amTlianebs avtors, teqstsa da mkiTxvels: avtori mogviTxrobs konkretul ambavs garkve-uli drois ganmavlobaSi da aseve garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi mis monaTx-robs aRiqvams mkiTxveli, anu nawarmoebSi fiqsirebuli mxatvrul-siuJeturi movlena warmoadgens rogorc avtoris, ise mkiTxvelis intenciis sagans, mxo-lod drois gansxvavebuli perspeqtividan. aqve unda davZinoT: aRqmis drois xangrZlivoba pirdapir damokidebulebaSia Txrobis drois xangrZlivobasTan.

aRqmis drois xangrZlivoba mkveTrad ganasxvavebs or moments: kiTxvis xangrZlivobas da cnobierebaSi wakiTxulis fiqsaciis xangrZlivobas. kiTxvis xangrZlivoba subieqtisagan damoukidebeli gareSe mizezebiT ganisazRvreba: SesaZlebelia kiTxvis Seneleba an aCqareba, wakiTxulisaken mibruneba, Sesvene-

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ba kiTxvis procesSi da sxvadasxva. cnobierebaSi wakiTxulis fiqsacia srulad erTgvarovani xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdeba: igi Seesabameba Txrobis xangrZli-vobas da wakiTxuli masala urRvev mTlianobaSi aRiqmeba. aRqmis mTlianoba ganpirobebulia wakiTxulis calkeuli detalebis ara marto Tanamimdevru-li, mwyobri ganlagebiT, aramed maTi organuli SerwymiT. samarTlianad Se-niSnavs m. safarovi:

`romanis struqtura rom gavwyvitoT kiTxvis procesSi, anu, martivad rom vTqvaT, SevarCioT kiTxva romelime epizodze da vTxovoT mkiTxvels, aRgvidginos wakiTxuli, is, albaT, ver SesZlebs yvela Tavis sityva-sity-viT ganmeorebas. miuxedavad amisa, mis cnobierebaSi kodirebulia zogadi warmodgena wakiTxulze, rac, sxvaTa Soris, gansazRvravs mkiTxvelis mo-lodins jerac waukiTxavi Tavebisadmi.

ukve wakiTxuli detalebi erTiandeba, integrirdeba mexsierebaSi da uerTdeba mayureblis, mkiTxvelis, msmenelis percepciis obieqts. detali, romelic sxva detaliT icvleba, ar qreba, transformirdeba da myardeba mxatvruli nawarmoebis mTlianobiT. nebismieri mxatvruli nawarmoebis struqtura asaxavs process, romelSic mTeli elementebi aramarto meqani-kurad mosdeven erTimeores, aramed erwymian erTmaneTs... es mudmivi Ser-wymis procesia~ (safarovi 1974: 98).

aRqmis procesi iTvaliswinebs rogorc teqstis, ise mkiTxvelis indi-vidualur Taviseburebebs, ris gamoc mxatvruli qmnileba mkiTxvelis per-cefciuli dro-sivrcis sruliad gansxvavebul variaciebs iwvevs:

àRqmis procesSi xelovnebis nimuSi moqmedebs Cvenze e. w. `wina pla-niT~ (n. hartmanis termini), anu Tavisi struqturuli TaviseburebebiT, romlebic realuri (fizikuri) dro-sivrcis farglebSi yalibdeba... xe-lovnebis nawarmoebi warmoadgens Tvisebrivad araerTgvarovani informa-ciis wyaros sxvadasxva adamianisaTvis, epoqisaTvis da a.S. realurad, sxva-dasxva adamiani (igulisxmeba ganaTlebis done, asaki, socialuri mdgomare-oba da sxva) erTsa da imave mxatvruli nawarmoebidan sruliad gansxvave-bul ideebs, saxeebs, grZnobebs, ganwyobilebebs da gancdebs gamoarCevs. amiT, sxvaTa Soris, literaturuli nawarmoebi gansxvavdeba samecniero traqtatisagan, romlis informaciuli sizuste yovelTvis mkacrad fiq-sirdeba~ (zobovi... 1974: 22-25).

aRqmis araerTgvarovneba gamowveulia aRmqmeli subieqtis percefciu-li dro-sivrculi Sreebis araerTgvarovani lavirebiT da aRsaqmeli obi-eqtis — xelovnebis nimuSis, am SemTxvevaSi literaturuli teqstis — Tavi-seburebebiT. gamomdinare aqedan, realisturi literaturis aRqmis proce-sic ganisazRvreba rogorc mkiTxvelis percefciis unariT, ise — realis-turi literaturisaTvis niSandoblivi stilisturi kanonebis specifikiT.

realisturi literatura xazgasmuli yuradRebiT moekida avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs. marTalia, me-20 saukunis li-teraturulma kritikam araerTxel gadasinja àvtoris~ problema lite-raturaSi da, rbilad rom vTqvaT, minimalurad Seafasa misi roli teqstSi (t. elioti, r. barti, J. Jeneti da sxv.), magram me-19 saukunis literaturu-li tradicia ver Tavsdeba am inovaciuri gaazrebis farglebSi. realis-

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turma literaturam avtorsa da avtoriseul qronotops xazgasmulad mia-niWa gansakuTrebuli funqciebi: relisturi literaturis wiaRSi avtori-seuli qronotopi gvevlineba Txrobis dro-sivrculi orientaciis berke-tad da im uaRresad mniSvnelovan struqturul elementad, romelic gan-sazRvravs dro-sivrcis masStaburi, globaluri, e.w. `msoflio standarte-biT~ aRqmas. am fonze mkiTxveliseuli qronotopis funqcia — individua-luri recefcia — rasakvirvelia, aqtualuria, magram is aris maqsimalurad marTuli `yovlisSemZle avtoris~ mier. avtori regularulad mimarTavs mkiTxvels, uxsnis, ganumartavs, umtkicebs da sakmaod mwired utovebs, izeris termini rom vixmaroT, `bundovan adgilebs~, `teqstualur gaur-kvevlobebs~, romlebic unda Seavsos an TavsatexebiviT amoxsnas mkiTxvel-ma. cnobilia, rom kiTxvis aqti mudmivad gaxsnili perspeqtivaa, romelic, erTi mxriv, iTvaliswinebs konteqstualur modifikaciebs, xolo, meore mxriv, xels uwyobs mkiTxvelis maqsimaluri fleqsiurobisa da transfor-maciis unaris realizebas. anu sxvadasxva istoriuli da sociokulturuli konteqstis mkiTxveli sxvadasxgvarad erTveba teqstSi da aRqmis procesi individualuri aqtis saxes iZens. me-19 saukunis realisturi literatura, romelic ostaturad iyenebs teqsts social-erovnuli, eTikuri da filo-sofiuri xasiaTis problemebis gaxmianebis tribunad, TiTqos xelovnurad arRvevs recefciis am logikas. realisti mwerali cdilobs mkiTxvelis moTvinierebas, misi recefciis procesis garkveul kalapotSi Cayenebas, anu mimarTavs ritorikis xerxs. realisturi literaturuli kanonis far-glebSi mkiTxveli moiazreba rogorc avtorTan aqtiur dialogSi Cabmuli mosaubre, inteleqtualuri partniori, romelic usmens avtors da romlis mxardaWerasac mudmivad saWiroebs avtori. gamomdinare, aqedan, realistu-ri literatura da, cxadia, qarTuli realisturi literaturac, maqsimalu-rad aaqtiurebs teqstis doneze avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTobas.*

mkiTxvelis miRma realiebis samyaro sufevs. mkiTxveli moqceulia re-alur dro-sivrcul garemoSi da makrosamyaros poziciidan aRiqvams mik-rosamyaroSi — literaturul nawarmoebSi lokalizebul dro-sivrcul plastebs. erTmaneTs kveTs ori tipis dro-sivrculi xangrZlivoba: rea-luri dro-sivrculi kontinuumi, romelSic moTavsebulia mkiTxveli da mxatvruli dro-sivrculi kontinuumi, romelic struqturuli Tvalsaz-risiT rTulia: erTi mxriv, igi iTvaliswinebs aRqmis process, meore mxriv ki, aRqmis procesis specifikas.

aRqmis procesi gansazRvrulia mkiTxveliseuli sivrcisa da mxatvrul nawarmoebSi lokalizebuli sivrcis, mkiTxveliseuli droisa da mxatvrul nawarmoebSi lokalizebuli drois mWidro kavSiriT. sivrculi mimarTeba gulisxmobs erTiani sivrculi velis Seqmnas, romelic gardauvalad saWi-roa mkiTxvelis SegrZnebebisa da STabeWdilebebis ganfenisaTvis. drouli mimarTeba gulisxmobs mkiTxvelis mier nawarmoebis aRqmis dros: rogorc kiTxvis, ise cnobierebaSi wakiTxulis fiqsaciis dros.

* calkeuli literaturuli mimdinareobebis farglebSi am problemis analizis idea ekuTvnis r. ingardens.

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aRqmis procesis specifika gansazRvrulia recipientis dro-sivrcu-li koncentraciiT: kiTxvis procesis SedarebiT mokle xanSi mkiTxvels Za-luZs personaJebTan erTad daZlios cxovrebis sakmaod masStaburi drou-li periodi — dReebi, Tveebi, wlebi da aseve masStaburi sivrculi monakve-Tebi, Tumca TviTon mTeli kiTxvis manZilze SeiZleba mxolod erT realur sivrcul wertilSi imyofebodes.

miuxedavad imisa, rom, mkiTxveliseuli qronotopi, msgavsad avtori-seulisa, realuri dro-sivrcis modificirebul variants warmoadgens, gansxvavebiT avtoriseuli qronotopisgan, misi kveTa teqstSi formire-bul mxatvrul qronotopTan realuri faqtis doneze yovelTvis ar fiq-sirdeba, anu mxatvrul nawarmoebsa da mkiTxvels Soris arsebuli damoki-debuleba SeiZleba dafiqsirdes an ar dafiqsirdes. es bevrad aris damoki-debuli literaturuli epoqis stilsa da kanonebze, agreTve, avtoriseu-li qronotopis teqstualur funqciaze, anu teqstSi misi aqtivobis xaris-xze. fiqsaciis SemTxvevaSi struqturuli mimarTeba àvtoriseuli qrono-topi — mxatvruli qronotopi — mkiTxveliseuli qronotopi~ TvalsaCinoa, sapirispiro SemTxvevaSi — qvecnobieri. i. WavWavaZis Txzulebebi mxatvrul qmnilebasa da recipients Soris arsebuli damokidebulebis aRniSvnis ori-ve variants warmogvidgens, Tumca met-naklebi prioritetulobiT. ase ma-galiTad, CvenTvis saintereso Txzulebebidan orSi — `glaxis naambobi~ da `sarCobelazed~ — msgavsi damokidebuleba saerTod ar fiqsirdeba, magram qvecnobierad ivaraudeba, TxzulebebSi `mgzavris werilebi~, `kacia-adami-ani?!~ da òTaraanT qvrivi~ ki igi aqtiuria.

teqstisa da recipientis damokidebulebis fiqsacia-arfiqsacia ar gu-lisxmobs aRsaqmel obieqtsa da aRmqmel subieqts Soris arsebuli mimarTe-bis saTuobas, vinaidan is nebismier SemTxvevaSi arsebobs. damokidebulebis fiqsacia oden xazs usvams struqturuli mimarTebis: avtoriseuli qrono-topi — mxatvruli qronotopi — mkiTxveliseuli qronotopi Tavisebure-bas. fiqsirebuli damokidebuleba realistur literaturaSi sruliad cxadad avlens mis ara mxolod struqturul, aramed specifikur esTeti-kur datvirTvas: avtori, erTi mxriv, teqstis gzamkvlevis, anu navigato-ris funqciiTaa aRWurvili, xolo, meore mxriv, igi mudmivad saWiroebs da moelodeba mkiTxvelis maqsimalur mxardaWeras. cxadia, mkiTxveli, SeiZ-leba arc daeTnaxmos mas, magram, valdebulia, gaiTvaliswinos rogorc mo-saubre da partniori. msgavsi urTierTobis realizebis saukeTeso formas realistur literaturul tradiciaSi warmoadgens avtoris mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi.

TxzulebebSi `mgzavris werilebi~, òTaraanT qvrivi~ da `kacia-adamia-ni?!~ avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTobis fiqsacia teqstSi swored mkiTxvelisadmi avtoris mimarTvebSi xorcieldeba.

TxzulebaSi `mgzavris werilebi~ igi personaJis monologSi aRiniSneba: òTxi weliwadi iyo, rac me ruseTSi vimyofebodi da Cemi qveyana ar mena-

xa. oTxi weliwadi!.. ici, mkiTxvelo, es oTxi weliwadi ra oTxi weliwadia!~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 10).

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nawarmoebis daskvniT, merve TavSi, msgavsi mimarTva ar aRiniSneba, mag-ram mZafrad SeigrZnoba:

`me, gakvriT, rogorc mgzavri, vixseneb mas, rac misgan gamigonia. Cemi cda marto imaSia, rom imis azrisaTvis imisive feri SemerCia da imis sityvi-saTvis imisive kilo. Tu es Sevasrule, Cemi ganzraxvac Semisrulebia~ (Wav-WavaZe 1950a: 30).

TxzulebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~ avtoris mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi gi-orgis personaJs ukavSirdeba:

`giorgi ki rogorc CemTvis, mkiTxvelo, ise imaTTvis gamocana iyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 295).

Txzuleba `kacia-adamiani?!~ uxvadaa datvirTuli mkiTxvelisadmi mi-marTvebiT:

àr gegonoT, mkiTxvelno, rom es saxli ekuTvnodes erTs vismes Rarib-sa da mis-gamo iyos egre gulSeutkivrad Tavminebebuli~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 127); ès qoneba, ymebidan dawyebuli cxenamdina da miwamdina, imis xelSi, — vinc gamoyeneba icis, — kai lukma aris. maS raRad sdgas egre cudad? mkiTx-avs gakvirvebuli mkiTxveli. imitom rom qarTvelia, — mogigebT sruliad darwmunebuli, rom kai sabuTi giTxariT~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 128); `mkiTxvelo xom ar mogewyina?.. magram es unda icode, Sen, mkiTxvelo, rom me amisa qve-more xelis momwereli mkiTxvelis gasarTvelad ar vwer am uxeiro moTxro-basa. me minda am moTxrobam Caafiqros mkiTxveli da, Tu moiwyens, amis gamo moiwyinos, imitom rom fiqri da mowyena gauyrelni da-Zmani arian. me minda, rom mkiTxvelma imitom ki ar moiwyinos, rom gasarTveli ar ari, aramed imi-tom rom Camafiqrebelia. Tu amodena ixerxa da SesZlo am uxeiro werilma, me amis meti ara minda ra da arc mdomebia, Cemo mowyenilo mkiTxvelo!~ (Wav-WavaZe 1950g: 131); `netavi imaT, mkiTxvelo!..~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 137); `luarsa-bi dagviRonda, mkiTxvelo!~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 164); `bolos xom, — Senc ici, mkiTxvelo, — rom amaT erTmaneTi SeuyvardaT~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 192); àRar gaaTaveb?~ — mkiTxavs mowyenili, da iqneba gajavrebulic, mkiTxveli. — ro-gor ara! gavaTaveb, magram iciT riTa? imiTi, rom luarsabis bedniereba da-irRveva. Tu magisTana mtkice bednierebac dairRveva, maS raRa yofila da-urRveveli qveyanazed? — daiZaxebs CemTan erTad daRonebuli mkiTxveli. marto qveyanaa, mkiTxvelo, daurRveveli~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 220); `mag Sesan-dobars da Sesabraliss Cveulebas Tavisi azri da safuZveli hqonia, magram ar giTargmni ki, mkiTxvelo!~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 221); `me gavaTave da Sen, rac ginda, hqmen, mkiTxvelo~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 221); `sxvafriv mSvidobiT brZan-debodeT da SendobiT ixseniebdeT monasa Tqvensa~... (WavWavaZe 1950g: 223).

mkiTxvelisadmi avtoris esoden xSiri mimarTvebi, romlebic gajere-bulia ara marto calkeuli frazebiT, aramed seriozuli msjelobebiTa da daskvnebiT (gansakuTrebiT bolo TavSi) sruliad aSkarad da daufaravad gamoxatavs ara marto mimarTebas mxatvruli nawarmoebi — mkiTxveli, ara-med avtoriseuli da mkiTxveliseuli qronotopuli modelebis rogorc mxatvruli qronotopuli modelis gaazrebis poziciebis myar kavSirs, ga-mokveTils realistur literaturul tradiciaSi.

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amrigad, xelovnebis qmnileba da, kerZod, literaturuli nawarmoebi ar

moiazreba aRmqmeli subieqtis, anu mkiTxvelis gareSe. aRqmis procesi uaR-

resad individualuria, gamomdinare aRmqmel subieqtsa da aRsaqmel obi-

eqts Soris damyarebuli urTierTobidan, romelic aRsaqmeli obieqtis Ta-

viseburebebiTa da aRmqmeli subieqtis percefciul dro-sivrcul plasteb-

Si mimdinare araerTgvarovani drouli da sivrculi transformaciebiT ga-

nisazRvreba. aRqmis procesi naTelyofs uaRresad mWidro da faseul kavSirs,

romelic arsebobs erTi mxriv, avtoriseul da mkiTxveliseul qronotopebsa

da, meore mxriv, mxatvrul qronotops Soris. yoveli literaturuli skola

specifikurad aireklavs am urTierTobebs da ayalibebs sakuTar qronoto-

pul sistemas. Cveni azris erT-erTi dadastureba qarTuli realizmisa da misi

warmomadgenlis, ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebiTi gamocdilebaa.

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n a w i l i m e s a m e

n a r k v e v e b i

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mixail baxtinis Teoriuli koncefcia.

dialoguri kritika

TvalsaCino rusi filosofosi da literaturaTmcodne mixail baxtini marTebulad miiCneva me-20 saukunis ara mxolod rusuli, aramed evropuli filosofiur-esTetikuri azris erT-erT brwyinvale warmomadgenlad. m. baxtinis naazrevma mniSvnelovani kvali daaCnia me-20 saukunis filoso-fiur sivrces da makoordinebeli roli Seasrula literaturul-Teoriu-li azris ganviTarebaSi. man novatoruli cvlilebebi Seitana Janris Teo-riaSi, SeimuSava dialoguri kritikis meTodi da daamkvidra qronotopis fundamenturad dasabuTebuli koncefcia. me-20 saukunis literaturaT-mcodneobam warmatebulad moirgo m. baxtinis moZRvrebis zogadi modeli da zedmiwevniT kargad miusadaga misi calkeuli mosazrebebi, terminebi da cnebebi literaturuli teqstis specifikas.

nevelis filosofiuri skola mixail baxtinis moRvaweobis dasawyisi me-20 saukunis meore aTeuls

ukavSirdeba. 1918 wels qalaq nevelSi safuZveli Caeyara axalgazrda fi-losofosTa uaRresad saintereso erTobas, kavSirs, romelmac swrafadve daimkvidra filosofiuri skolis statusi da imTaviTve gansazRvra Tana-medrove rusuli filosofiur-esTetikuri azris mimarTuleba. sami filo-sofosi, romlebic bedma q. nevelSi Sehyara erTmaneTs, iyvnen m. baxtini, m. kagani da l. pumpianski. Tavdapirvelad maTi TanamSromloba, anu saubre-bi, `kantis seminaris~ egidiT mimdinareobda, magram SemdgomSi seminarma farTo Teoriul-filosofiuri mniSvneloba SeiZina da nevelis filoso-fiuri skolis saxiT Camoyalibda. nevelis filosofiuri skola ar hgavda tradiciul filosofiur skolebs. gansxvavebas qmnida skolis ara mxolod ideologiuri orientacia da muSaobis stili, aramed damaarsebelTa sru-li inertuloba skolis ideebis gavrcelebisa da damkvidrebis mimarT. ne-velis filosofiuri skolis ideologiur safuZvels evropuli azrovne-bis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli neokantianuri filosofia warmoadgenda, magram kantis filosofiurma naazrevma, iseve rogorc neokantianurma Teoriam da filosofiur-esTetikuri azrisaTvis kardinalurma mravalma sxva prob-lemam, nevelis filosofiuri skolis kedlebSi sruliad axleburi da ori-ginaluri interpretacia SeiZina.

nevelis filosofiuri skolis ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTebeli iyo ara filosofosTa poziciis erTsulovneba, aramed — jansaRi ideologiuri Tanadgoma, rac skolis TiToeuli wevris individualur azrovnebas iTva-liswinebda. meTodologiur siaxles warmoaCenda muSaobis stilic: regu-

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laruli saubrebi, axlad gamoqveynebuli Sromebisa da referatebis kiTxva, dialogebi, diskusiebi, xSirad — mwvave kamaTi da polemika. nevelis filo-sofiuri skolis muSaoba SeferxebebiT mimdinareobda, rasac, pirvel yov-lisa, ruseTSi arsebuli politikuri klimati ganapirobebda: moazrovne-ebs gamudmebiT uwevdaT gadaadgileba — nebsiT Tu uneblieT. Sesabamisad, skolis funqcionirebis periodi, romelic sul cxra weliwads gagrZelda (1918-1927 ww.), xasiaTdeboda garkveuli qronologiuri intervalebiT, ge-ografiul lokaciaTa siWreliT da damfuZnebelTa arasruli Semadgenlo-biT. sqematurad es procesi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:

1) 1918-1919 ww., q. neveli; skolas uZRvebian: m. baxtini, m. kagani da l. pumpianski.

2) 1919-1920 ww., q. vitebski; skolas uZRvebian: m. baxtini da l. pumpianski. 3) 1922-1923 ww., q. petrogradi; skolas uZRvebian: m. kagani da l. pumpianski. 4) 1924-1927 ww., q. leningradi; skolas uZRvebian: m. baxtini da l. pumpianski. axalgazrda filosofosTa sameulis xSiri dacileba drosa da sivrceSi

aramc da aramc ar moaswavebda maTi erTiani filosofiuri dro-sivrcis rRve-vas. nevelis filosofiuri skolis funqcionirebis periodSic da Semdgomac isini mudmivad interesdebodnen erTmaneTis SromebiT (rasac adasturebs xSi-ri citirebani erTmaneTis statiebidan da wignebidan), miRwevebiT, bediT.

nevelis skolis periodulma funqcionirebam ruseTis sxvadasxva qalaq-Si (neveli, vitebski, petrogradi) ganapiroba TanamoazreTa mcirericxovani, magram geografiulad gavrcobili da monoliTuri gundis Camoyalibeba. mis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen: pianisti m. iudina, musikaTmcodne i. solertinski, musikaTmcodne da poeti v. voloSinovi, aRmosavleTmcodne n. konradi, is-torikosi e. tarle, aRmosavleTmcodne g. tubianski, biologi i. kanaevi, kri-tikosi p. medvedevi, literaturaTmcodne b. engelgardti, mTargmneli a. frankovski, geologi b. zalesski, inJineri a. regeviCi, poeti k. vaginovi. mogvianebiT, 70-80-ian wlebSi nevelis filosofiuri skolis Tanamzraxvel-Ta am gunds, cxadia, m. kaganisa da l. pumpianskis TaosnobiT, `baxtinis wre~ ewoda. terminma ukvdavyo didi moazrovnis axlo garemocva, is istoriul-kulturuli da sociokulturuli birTvi, romlis wiaRSic yalibdeboda m. baxtinis msoflmxedveloba. marTebulad SeniSnavs v. maxlini: `baxtinis wre miuTiTebs garkveul, arsebiTad araoficialur (baxtinis gagebiT) fena-sa da mentalitetze sabWoTa periodis (gansakuTrebiT 20-iani wlebis) rusu-li inteligenciis wreebSi, adamianebze, romlebic yalibdebodnen da Segne-bulad akumulirdebodnen pre da postrevoluciuri wlebis inteligenciis wiaRSi; zogadkulturuli TvalsazrisiT isini izrdebodnen da viTarde-bodnen specifikuri mimarTulebiT, romelic Sors iyo ara mxolod `zevi-dan~ Tavsmoxveuli revoluciuri ideologiisgan, aramed — `qvemodan~ mob-jenili inteligenturi kulturavangardisgan... msgavsi adamianebi uCinarni iyvnen sabWour mxatvrul-literaturuli sivrceSi~ (maxlini 2001: 132). vfiqrobT, swored am garemoebam ganapiroba `baxtinis wris~ wevrTa mkveT-rad izolirebuli arseboba, urTierTobaTa Rrmad personaluri xasiaTi, Se-mozRuduloba da ideologiuri ganvrcobiTobis mcire albaToba.

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nevelis filosofiur skolas pirdapiri memkvidreebi ar darCenia, mag-ram istorias darCa movlena, filosofiuri paradoqsi, romlis mecnie-rul-Teoriuli programa dRes TiTqmis yvela humanitaruli disciplinis interesis sagans warmoadgens. nevelis filosofiuri skolis jerovani Se-faseba da analizi, albaT, filosofiis istorikosTa saqmea, Cven ki Semovi-farglebiT im ZiriTadi literaturaTmcodneobiTi problemebis CamonaT-valiT, romlebic gamoikveTa nevelis filosofiuri skolis wiaRSi da rom-lebmac didi gavlena iqonia rogorc m. baxtinis naazrevze, ise — me-20 sau-kunis literaturul-Teoriul sivrceze. es problemebia:

1. literaturuli Janris gansazRvreba; 2. f. dostoevskis Semoqmedebis, misi poetikis novatoruli analizi; 3. dialoguri kritikis Camoyalibeba; 4. sicilisa da karnavalis filosofiis SemuSaveba; 5. konkretul mxatvrul teqstebze. gamomdinare am problematikis TiTqmis universalobamde miyvanili

mravalferovnebidan, nevelis filosofiuri skola SeiZleba Sefasdes ro-gorc me-20 saukunis filosofiuri da zogadhumanitaruli kulturis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi monapovari, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia m. baxti-nis msoflmxedvelobrivi sistemis marTebuli analizi. aseTive didi zegav-lena m. baxtinis moZRvrebaze iqonia misma Tanamedrove literaturul-Teo-riulma atmosferom da im konteqstma, romelic gamoikveTa rusul da evro-pul saliteraturo wreebSi da romelTan mimarTebiTac Camoyalibda m. bax-tinis Teoriuli koncefciis safuZvlebi — Janrisa da diskursis Teoriebi.

literaturul-Teoriuli atmosfero

me-20 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi literaturuli Janris, kerZod, romanis Jan-ris problema araerTi literaturul-Teoriuli mimdinareobis msjelobis obieqtad iqca. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCa rusuli formaluri skola, romlis upirveles mizans warmoadgenda mxatvruli teqstis litera-turul-RirebulebiTi modelis dadgena literaturis formaluri aspeqte-bis, ama Tu im literaturuli teqstisaTvis specifikuri mxatvruli da enob-rivi formebis maqsimaluri aqcentirebis fonze. `literaturuli nawarmoebi wminda formaa, — werda v. Sklovski, — ara sagani, ara masala, aramed masalebis urTierTqmedeba~ (Sklovski 1929: 226). formalur aspeqtebze yuradRebis kon-centrireba, cxadia, ar niSnavda literaturis moraluri an socialuri fun-qciebis ignorirebas, Tumca, am TvalsazrisiTac formalistebs sakmaod ori-ginaluri pozicia ekavaT: maTi azriT, literaturas axasiaTebda samyaros kvlav da xelaxla aRmoCenis unari, dadgenilis, nacnobis gaucnaurebis, fami-larulis gaucxoebis, anu `defamilarizaciis~ unari (ix. v. Sklovski, `xelov-neba rogorc xerxi”). defamilarizaciis procesi, formaluri Teoriis Tanax-mad, Semoqmeds erTxel ukve Sefasebuli realiebis, poziciis gadasinjvisa da

276

samyaros ara mocemul pirobad, aramed SegrZnebul siaxled aRqmis saSuale-bas aZlevda. `xelovnebis mizans, — aRniSnavda v. Sklovski, — warmoadgens sag-nis SegrZneba da ara misi amocnoba~ (Sklovski 1929: 13). defamilarizaciis me-Todi formalistebma literaturis Zireul struqturebTan daakavSires da misi meSveobiT scades literaturuli teqstis Tvisebriv, lingvistur da Janrul kanonzomierebaTa dadgena.

Janrebi, formalistebis SexedulebiT, transformirebad modelTa qselia da eqvemdebareba èvoluciis kanons~, rac niSnavs Zveli Janrebis ara gaqrobasa da amoZirkvas, aramed konstruqciul gadanacvlebas JanrTa sistemis farglebSi (ix. v. Sklovski, òrnamentuli proza~, i. tinianovi, `literaturuli faqti~). gadanacvlebis safuZvels warmoadgens `dominan-ta~, anu Janris upirates maxasiaTeblebTa gamoyofis principi. dominantas definicia mWidrod ukavSirdeba literaturuli sistemis wiaRSi mimdinare JanrTa gadanacvlebis process zogadJanrul sibrtyeze, da gulisxmobs JanrTa mudmiv moZraobas `periferiasa~ da `centrs~ Soris. sayuradReboa, rom literaturuli Janrebis gadanacvlebis mizezs formalistebi eZieb-dnen ara gare, e.w. eqstraliteraturul, aramed Sida, e.w. intraliteratu-rul kanonzomierebebSi. miaCndaT, rom literatura warmoadgenda dinami-kur metyvelebiT konstruqcias, romelic garkveul etapze avtomatizde-boda, anu iqceoda Cveulebriv, familarul movlenad da cxadyofda axali movlenis, anu deavtomatizebuli konstruqciuli principis warmoqmnis aucileblobas. sistemis deavtomatizacia gulisxmobda mis gaucnaurebas, defamilarizacias, anu arsebuli modelis gaazrebul transformacias axal, uCveulo, originalur mxatvrul modelad. ganaxlebuli sistema ey-rdnoba axal dominantebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen Janris gadanacvle-bas `periferiidan~ `centrisaken~ da — piriqiT. Sesabamisad, Janri gvevli-neba gaxsnil konstruqciul tendenciad, dinamikur mimarTulebad, rome-lic uSvebs interJanruli urTierTobebis axlebur, defamilarizebuli sistemis realizacias. Janris sazRvrebi moqnili da fleqsiuri xdeba, gan-sakuTrebiT, romanis Janrisa, romelic parodirebisa da TviTmodificire-bis unariT gamoirCeva (ix. v. Sklovski, `literatura siuJets miRma~).

magram, miuxedavad Janris, `rogorc masalis, cvalebadobis unarisa erTi literaturuli sistemidan meoreSi~ (tinianovi 1977: 275), formalis-tTa TeoriaSi JanrTa klasikuri determinacia (èposi~, `tragedia~, `kome-dia~, `romani~ da sxva) myarad inarCunebs Tavis poziciebs da sayovelTaod miRebul, stabilur modelad gaiazreba; formalistebs miiCniaT, rom li-teraturuli Janrebis specifika da raodenoba ucvleli rCeboda; saukune-Ta wiaR, literaturis ganviTarebis konkretul etapze icvleboda (cxadia, dominantebis gaTvaliswinebiT) Janris mxolod statusi, Rirebuleba, re-zonansi da mniSvneloba. miuxedavad literaturul JanrTa ganviTarebis `dialeqtikuri~ da èvoluciuri~ principebisadmi didi interesisa, for-malistebis mier Camoyalibebuli Janris Teoria unda Sefasdes Sidalite-raturul, avtonomiur da teqnikur-formalur kanonzomierebebze dafuZ-nebul sinqronul koncefciad.

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aranakleb mniSvnelobas iZenda literaturuli JanrebisaTvis niSan-doblivi poeturi enobrivi modelis formireba, rasac formalistebi sasa-ubro enis defamilarizaciasTan akavSirebdnen: Tu nebismieri sxva tipis teqsti sjerdeba sasaubro enis lingvistur SesaZleblobebs, mxatvruli teqsti moiTxovs mis ganaxlebas, transformirebas, anu lingvistur defa-milarizacias, rac, Tavis mxriv, mkiTxvelis percefciul (aRqmiT) defami-larizacias iwvevs. lingvisturi defamilarizacia konkretuli sqemebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. amgvar sqemebs ganekuTvneba riTma, metrika, meta-fora, simbolo, anu yvela is komponenti, romelic qmnis enis araordina-rul models da xels uwyobs arsebuli informaciis mxatvrulad gadamuSa-vebas.* rogori iyo am fonze romanis Janris enobrivi modelis mimarTeba sa-saubro enis modelTan? anu, ramdenad inarCunebda igi lingvisturi defa-milarizaciis kontrastulobas sasaubro enasTan mimarTebiT?

am problemasTan dakavSirebiT 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gamokveTili ka-tegoriuli toni formalistebma (ix. i. tinianovi, `literaturuli evoluciis Sesaxeb~, v. Sklovski, `mesame fabrika~) imave aTwleulis miwuruls gadasinjes da aRiares, rom mxatvruli sityva ar warmoadgens sasaubro sityvisgan mkveT-rad gamijnul absolutur avtonomias, metic, igi yalibdeba sasaubro enis mxardamxar da yoveldRiuri cxovreba literaturas swored sityvis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba. me-20 saukunis rusul literaturaTmcodneobaSi sasaubro sity-vasa da mxatvrul sityvas Soris kavSiris aRmoCena iyo udidesi movlena, rom-lis meqanizmis dadgenac formalistebma veRar SeZles, magram seriozuli biZgi ki misces m. baxtinis diskursis Teoriis Camoyalibebas.

20-ian wlebSive rusi formalistebis defamilarizaciis Teorias mxari aubes Cexma struqturalistebma, romlebic meTodurad aviTarebdnen e.w. `winare xedvis princips~. Cex struqturalistTa termini `winare xedva~ formaluri `dominantas~ mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda da mimarTuli iyo opo-ziciis àvtomatizacia/deavtomatizacia~ gaRrmavebisaken. Sesabamisad, `winare xedvis principiT~ Cexi mkvlevrebi xazs usvamdnen enobrivi meqaniz-mis gamoyenebas im mizniT, rom mas Tavisken miepyro yuradReba da aRqmuli-yo uCveulo, araavtomatizebul, anu deavtomatizebul sistemad. avtoma-tizacia moiazreboda enis ordinarul, standartad qceuli modelis tol-fas cnebad, `winare xedvis principi~ ki — am familaruli struqturis gauc-naurebis, gaucxoebis, defamilarizaciisaTvis saWiro dominantebis er-Tobliobad. `winare xedvis principis~ damkvidrebiTa da literaturul Janrebze misi ganvrcobiTa da ganzogadebiT Cexma struqturalistebma ga-amyares rusi formalistebis mier mecnierulad damuSavebuli Janris Teo-riis sinqronuli koncefcia.

romanis Janrze, mis warmomavlobasa da tendenciebze msjelobda m. bax-tinis kidev erTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari o. freidenbergi, avtori naSromi-

* Cveulebriv da defamilarizebul struqturebs Soris arsebuli kontrastebis warmosaCenad formalistebma ori kategoriis — `fabulisa~ da `siuJetis~ analizi warmoadgines. maT miaCndaT, rom fabula mokled da amomwuravad gadmocemda momxdar ambavs, siuJeti ki, mxatvrul sqemebze dayrdnobiT, Tanmimdevrulad xdida fardas avtoris, personaJebisa da mkiTxvelis vnebaTaRelvebs. amgvarad, siuJeti ostaturad manipulirebda fabuliT, sZenda mas mxatvrul Rirebulebas da warmatebiT inarCunebda teqstis madefamilarizebel funqcias (ix. v. propi, `zRapris morfologia~).

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sa `siuJetisa da Janris poetika~. o. freidenbergi n. maris mowafe iyo da mis `semantikuri paleontologiis~ meTodze dayrdnobiT axdenda uZvelesi, er-Tiani miTologiuri memkvidreobis identifikacias literaturis ganviTa-rebis yvela etapze. o. freidenbergs nebismieri gansxvaveba msgavsebis inva-riantad esaxeboda da amis nimuSad mohyavda romanis Janri: igi, mecnieris mtkicebiT, eposis erTi konkretuli versia gaxldaT. aq o. freidenbergi aS-karad iziarebda a. veselovskis pozicias romanis rogorc epikuri qsovilis Sesaxeb (ix. a. veselovski, ìstoriuli poetika~). mosazrebas o. freidenber-gi berZnul romansa da eposs Soris arsebuli siuJeturi analogiebiT xsnida da romanis Janris dasabamad swored berZnul eposs miiCnevda.

o. freidenbergis analogiur poziciaze idga b. grivcovic, avtori wigni-sa `romanis Teoria~, romelic 1927 w. daibeWda q. moskovSi. b. grivcovs miaC-nda, rom eposi ara mxolod win uswrebda romanis Janris Camoyalibebas, aramed erTgvar moralur prioritetsac ki inarCunebda romanTan mimarTebiT.

swored amgvari suraTi, romanis Janris Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, ikveTe-boda literaturaTmcodneobaSi m. baxtinis moRvaweobis sawyisi periodis-Tvis. erTi mxriv, formaluri skola da Cexuri struqturalizmi Janris mkveTrad gamoxatuli sinqronuli TeoriiTa da zogadi wesebisa da sqemebis formirebis mZlavri tendenciebiT, romlebic gansxvavebul Janrul mode-lebs daakmayofilebda, meore mxriv, veselovski-freidenbergi-grivcovis Teoriuli xazi, romelic Tanamedrove JanrTa fundaments antikuri perio-dis JanrebSi Wvretda.

ai, is xuTi ZiriTadi idea, romelic m. baxtinis Tanamedrove litera-turis TeoriaSi gamoikveTa da romelmac biZgi misca romanis Janris inter-pretaciis baxtiniseul versias:

1) Janris Teoriis sinqronulobis idea; 2) JanrTa mudmivi gadanacvlebis idea; 3) JanrTa sazRvrebis fleqsiurobis idea; 4) romanis Janris enobrivi struqturis naTesaobis idea sasaubro enis

struqturasTan da realuri yofis fenomenTan; 5) romanis Janris eposis saxesxvaobad gaazrebis idea. m. baxtini rTuli amocanebis winaSe idga.

mixail baxtinis novatoruli xedva. Janris Teoria

m. baxtinis ZiriTadi literaturaTmcodneobiTi Sromebi Semdegi qro-nologiuri TanmimdevrobiT daiwera: `dostoevskis Semoqmedebis proble-mebi~ — 1929 w. (mogvianebiT gadamuSavda da gamoica saTauriT `dostoevskis poetikis problemebi~ — 1963; 1972; 1979), `sityva romanSi~ — 1934-1935 ww., `droisa da qronotopis formebi romanSi~ — 1937-1938 ww., `romanis sityvis preistoriidan~ — 1940 w, èposi da romani~ — 1941 w. 1940-41 wlebSive daiwe-

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ra `fransua rables Semoqmedeba da Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis epoqis xalxuri kultura~, magram gadamuSavda 60-ian wlebSi da daibeWda 1963 wels. am teqstebSi gamoikveTa baxtinis rogorc literaturis Teoretiko-sis novatoruli xedvis, problemaTa axleburad dasmisa da gaazrebis una-ri. baxtinis originaloba, pirvel yovlisa, gamovlinda im Teoriul pozi-ciaSi, romelic man Tavis Tanamedrove literaturul-Teoriuli sivrcis mimarT daikava. m. baxtini aqtiurad Caeba romanis Janris irgvliv gaCaRe-bul debatebSi da gaemijna aRiarebul azrs. man Taviseburad gadawyvita literaturul-Teoriuli azrisaTvis mniSvnelovani sami ZiriTadi prob-lema: Janris Teoriis sinqronulobis, romanis enis sasaubro enasTan mimar-Tebisa da romanis Janris warmomavlobis problemebi.

baxtini iyo pirveli moazrovne, romelmac, romanis Janris analizze dayrdnobiT, Tamamad daarRvia Janris sinqronuli gaazrebis tradicia da mecnierulad daasabuTa diaqronuli koncefcia. gamoikveTa mijnebi: Tu sinqronul perspeqtivaSi Janri aRiqmeboda Sidaliteraturuli kanonebiT ganpirobebul dadgenil, formulirebul da gamyarebul konstruqciad, diaqronul perspeqtivaSi igi ganixileboda konkretuli epoqisaTvis ni-Sandobliv istoriul da kulturul Rirebulebebze damokidebul perma-nentulad qmnad sistemad. Janris sinqronuli determinacia amkvidrebda mis struqturul orientirebsa da niSnulebs, romlebTan mimarTebiTac ga-iazreboda nebismieri Janris wiaRSi mimdinare cvalebadoba, regresi Tu ganviTareba; gansxvavebiT sinqronulisagan, diaqronuli determinacia (ganpirobeba) realuri, istoriul-kulturuli, parametrebis fonze gani-xilavda Janrs da, am kuTxiT, dasabams aZlevda mraval samomavlo koncef-cias. baxtins miaCnda, rom romans `gamoarCevs... mxatvruli saxis agebis axa-li sivrce, sivrce, romelic asaxavs romanis maqsimalur kontaqts Tanamed-roveobasTan misi qmnadobisas~ (baxtini 1986: 399).

romanis Janris diaqronul perspeqtivaSi gaazrebiT baxtinma Zireuli cvlileba Seitana Janris TeoriaSi. `literaturul Janrebs mudam safuZ-vlianad ganixilavdnen, — aRniSnavs igi, — magram antikuri epoqidan moyo-lebuli dRemde Janrebs Seiswavlidnen maTi literaturul-mxatvruli specifikis WrilSi, diferencialur gansxvavebaTa (literaturis far-glebSi) TvalsazrisiT, da ara rogorc erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul ga-moTqmaTa garkveul tipebs, romlebic, saerTo sityvier (enobriv) sivrces inarCunebs~ (baxtini 1986: 429). sityvis xelovnebis Seswavlis sferoSi bax-tini sakuTar meTodologias ganixilavs àbstraqtul formalizmsa~ da ìdenturad abstraqtul ideologizms~ Soris mijnis daZlevad. daZlevis sirTule mdgomareobs ZiriTadi postulatis realizebis efeqturobaSi: Tu sityvas socialur fenomenad gaviazrebT, maSin forma da Sinaarsi sity-vis erT segmentSi moqceul mTlianobad warmogvidgeba. diskursis socia-lurobis idea mWidrod ukavSirdeba Janris ideas. Sesabamisad, Janri iZens socialur statuss, anu gvevlineba socialur struqturad, romelic Seuq-cevad damokidebulebaSia nebismier individualur talantTan. Janris WeS-mariti poetika baxtinisaTvis `mxolod Janris sociologiaa~ da nebismier

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Janrs socialur da lingvistur struqturebs Soris transmisiur (gadam-cem) kavSirad ganixilavs. Janrs, rogorc segments, gansazRvravs misi media-toruli funqciis determinacia, romelic erTdroulad moicavs lingvis-tur da istoriul ganzomilebebs. Sesabamisad, Janri baxtinis TeoriaSi `SemoqmedebiTi mexsierebis~ identuri cnebaa, romelic SemoqmedebiTad ai-reklavs mimdinare cvalebadobaTa evoluciur process.

rusi formalistebis msgavsad, baxtini yuradRebas amaxvilebs romanis sityvis Taviseburebaze da igi xelovnurad Seqmnil sistemad esaxeba, mag-ram, gansxvavebiT formalistebisagan, misi sistema eyrdnoba ara winaswar SemuSavebul sqemebs, aramed — cocxal enasa da frazeologias. romanis Jan-ris upirveles maxasiaTeblad baxtins cnobierebis mravalenovanebasTan dakavSirebuli da swored romanis farglebSi realizebadi stilisturi samganzomilebianoba miaCnia. `gansxvavebiT sxva didi Janrebisagan, — wers baxtini, — romani Camoyalibda da ganviTarda Sinagani da garegani enobrivi mravalferovnebis gaaqtiurebis procesSi, es romanis mSobliuri stiqiaa~ (baxtini 1986: 401). amrigad, romani, aris sxvadasxva tipis socialuri mety-velebisa da individualur xmaTa xelovnurad organizebuli mravalfe-rovneba. baxtini ar gamijnavs sasaubro enis mravalferovnebasa da enobriv mravalferovnebas da romani enebs Soris warmoebuli dialogebis qsovi-lad warmoudgeba. amieridan romans veRar miviCnevT adamianisa da sazoga-doebis Sesaxeb SeTxzul martiv ambad, sazogadoebis sityvier modelad. igi socialur fenebs Soris arsebul TanaxmierebaTa Tu uTanxmoebaTa funda-mentur struqturad gvevlineba.

cxadia, diskursuli planisadmi m. baxtinis yuradReba formalistebis Txrobis sistemisa da sxvadasxva TxrobiTi modifikaciebisadmi (Сказ) inte-resma ganapiroba magram, gansxvavebiT formalistebisagan, baxtinis meTo-dologiaSi ena ganixileba ara abstraqtul gramatikul kategoriaTa sim-ravled, aramed — ideologiurad Rirebul sistemad, msoflSegrZnebad da azrad. romanis Janri, baxtinis mtkicebiT, emyareba lingvisturad Rirebu-li formebis kombinaciebs, romelTa miRmac sxvadasxva msoflmxedvelob-rivi sistemebi moiazreba. SeuZlebelia, enis miCneva formalur elementad; enis xelovnuri modifikacia Tavisi arsiT verasodes iqneba formaluri.

enebs Soris urTierToba socio-lingvistur poziciaTa Sejaxebis avan-scenaa; winaaRmdegobrivi procesia, romelic dialogis formiT aris gamo-xatuli. amrigad, romanis Janri dialoguri formiT warmoCenili socialu-ri realobis modelia.

romans, rogorc dapirispirebul enobriv da msoflmxedvelobriv sis-temaTa Sejaxebis vels, m. baxtini procesebis logikur Sedegad ufro miiC-nevs, vidre sawyis an amosaval wertilad: kacobriobis istoriis ganviTare-bis yovel etapze mudmivad Tanaarsebobs verbalurad da ideologiurad antagonisturi Zalebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen konfliqtis cnebis di-namikas. analogiur suraTs ganWvrets baxtini romanis Janris (da saerTod Janris) specifikaSic: romanis siuJeti korelatur da dapirispirebul ena-Ta rTul urTierTobriv modelebs eqvemdebareba.

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m. baxtinis Teoriuli naazrevis originalobas kidev ufro mkafiod warmoaCens misi msjeloba romanis Janris warmomavlobaze. igi gardauvala-daa dakavSirebuli enis fenomenTan. mkvlevris azriT, yovel istoriul etapze nebismieri enis Sinagani struqturuli ganlageba aris romanis Jan-ris Camoyalibebis aucilebeli winapiroba, anu ena avtomaturad miiCneva romanis warmoSobis istoriul winapirobad. aqve baxtini xazs usvams lite-raturuli cnobierebis e.w. `lingvisturi miusafrobis~ kondicias, rac Se-uZlebels xdis lingvisturi mediumis arsebobas teqstSi da svams enis swo-ri sociologiuri interpretaciis sakiTxs.

msgavsad o. freidenbergisa da a. veselovskisa, m. baxtini ar uaryofs, rom romanistikis Tavdapirveli lokacia elinistur periods miekuTvneba, magram ganixilavs ra romanis Janris geneziss, gamohyofs im principul ma-xasiaTeblebs, romlebmac ganasxvaves romanis Janri eposisagan da ganapi-robes romanis Janris TviTmyofadoba da originaloba. es maxasiaTeblebi gaxlavT poliglasia da parodia.

poliglasia, anu mravalxmianoba wiTel zolad gasdevs m. baxtinis Teo-riul sistemas da gamosWvivis moazrovnis mier SemoTavazebul nebismieri tipis gansazRvrebaSi. rac Seexeba parodias, igi specifikur diskursul tendencias Seicavs da Tavisuflad moZraobs sxvadasxva Janrul modelebs Soris. iqmneba erTgvari eqstraJanruli an interJanruli samyaro, romel-sac Sinagani mTlianoba gamoarCevs da romelic, baxtinis azriT, SeiZleba ganisazRvros romanul Janrad. amrigad, romani baxtinisaTvis multiJan-ruli sistemaa, uwyveti procesia, romelic aireklavs rogorc gansxvave-bul diskursul plastebs, ise — konkretuli epoqis, xalxisa da kulturi-saTvis niSandobliv mravalxmianobas. m. baxtini principulad icavs roma-nis Janris TviTmyofadobisa da istoriuli xangrZlivobis ideas. misi az-riT, romani eposis Janris qvevarianti, anu misi `droebiT Semcvleli~ struqtura ki ar aris, aramed damoukideblad warmoiSva literaturis gan-viTarebis adreul etapze da dRemde inarCunebs Janrul Rirsebas, aqtua-lobasa da prestiJs. metic, baxtini eposs gansazRvravs rogorc àbsolu-tur warsuls~, samuzeumo eqsponats, arqaizms, romans ki awmyos gardauval atributad da ganmsazRvrel modernistul Janrad miiCnevs. `romanis Camo-yalibebis procesi jer ar dasrulebula, — wers baxtini, — is axal fazaSi Se-dis. epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia samyaros saocari garTuleba da gaRrma-veba, adamianuri moTxovnilebis, sifxizlisa da kriticizmis zrda. swored es faqtorebi gansazRvravs romanis ganviTarebis gezs~ (baxtini 1986: 427). romani misTvis marad cocxali organizmia, mxatvruli struqtura, romelic zedmiwevniTi sizustiT warmoaCens sazogadoebriv da kulturul sinamdvi-leSi mimdinare istoriul procesebs sazogadoebaTaSorisi da kulturaTa-Sorisi dialogis saxiT.

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dialoguri kritika. heteroglasia, dialogizmi, polifonia

mixail baxtinis Teoriuli sistemis qvakuTxedia dialoguri kritika, — centraluri da sabaziso sayrdeni, romelsac efuZneba sxva ZiriTadi cne-bebi da principebi. dialogizmma, rogorc meTodma, gansazRvra romanis Janris analizis baxtiniseuli gezi da mimarTuleba. dialoguri kritikis safuZvlebi Camoyalibebulia naSromebSi `sityva romanSi~ da `dostoevskis poetikis problemebi~.

baxtinis azriT, urTierTobaTa dialoguri principis realizeba mxat-vruli prozis privilegiaa, romelsac verc poezia iyenebs da verc drama. rogorc epikuri, ise dramatuli tipis nawarmoebSi, or adamians Soris dia-logi arsobrivad ori damoukidebeli monologia, romlebic monacvleobiT vlindeba teqstSi. prozaSi Txrobis umTavresi faqtoria orxmiani struqtu-ra da misi meSveobiT mTxrobelisa Tu avtoris Txroba personaJis Txrobas-Tan mimarTebiT, SesaZloa, `sxvis sityvad~ aRviqvaT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, `sxvisi sityva~, rogorc Tema, gansazRvravs nawarmoebis kompozicias.

baxtinis azriT, `sxvisi gamonaTqvamis~ wvdoma niSnavs mimarTebiT ori-entacias sxvasTan, romelSic yovel aRqmul frazas zed edeba sapasuxo fraza. gamomdinare aqedan, yovelgvari urTierToba Tavisi arsiT dialo-guria. àvtoris axleburi pozicia gmirTan mimarTebiT dostoevskis poli-foniur romanSi seriozulad ganxorcielebuli da bolomde gatarebuli dialoguri poziciaa, romelic adasturebs gmiris damoukideblobas, Sina-gan Tavisuflebas, dausruleblobasa da meryeobas. avtorisaTvis gmiri aris ara ìs~, ara — `me~, aramed, srulqmnili `sxva `me~. gmiri aris ara rito-rikulad gaTamaSebuli an literaturul-pirobiTi, aramed seriozuli, namdvili dialoguri mimarTebis subieqti~ (baxtini 1972: 107). dialogi ga-moxatavs sityvis WeSmarit funqcias, anu imgvari sasaubro modelis Tvise-bas, romelic orxmiani sistemis saxiT yalibdeba da teqstis organizacii-sas aqcenti `sxvis sityvazea.~

orxmianoba, anu heteroglasia nairgvar, diferencialur metyvelebas niSnavs da literaturis TeoriaSi baxtinis mier damkvidrebul erT-erT fundamentur terminadaa miCneuli. heteroglasiis klasikuri ganmarteba sociolingvistikis sferos ganekuTvneba da socioleqtis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, magram baxtinma termini mxatvrul teqstze ganavrco da cnebis lingvistur datvirTvas mxatvrul-literaturuli funqciac SesZina. he-teroglasia aris ara mxolod sxvadasxva enobrivi modelebis erToba, ara-med maTi miznobrivi koordinacia mxatvrul teqstSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, baxtiniseuli heteroglasia teqstualizebuli heteroglasiaa.

heteroglasiis baxtiniseuli ganmarteba or urTierTsapirispiro me-Todologias efuZneba: filosofiursa da empiriul-kulturul analizs. pirvelis TvalsazrisiT, heteroglasia enis Tvisebaa da misi mravalferova-neba bunebiTia, meoris mixedviT, igi enis Tvisebaa, oRond ganviTarebis mxo-

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lod konkretul, istoriul etapze. baxtiniseuli heteroglasia orive am aspeqts aerTianebs da, moazrovnis mier SemoRebul sxva terminTa msgavsad, erTdroulad normatiulicaa da istoriulic.

ra xdeba, rodesac heteroglasiis gansxvavebuli enobrivi modelebi literaturul arenaze inacvleben? `rodesac heteroglasia mkvidrdeba romanSi, igi SemoqmedebiTi gardasaxvis obieqti xdeba; enaSi Semavali soci-aluri da istoriuli xmebi, maTi yvela sityva da forma struqturul sis-temad organizdeba da gamoxatavs avtoris socio-ideologiuri poziciis mravalferovnebas~ (baxtini 1985: 300). am SemTxvevaSi, heteroglasia buneb-rivad erwymis romanis qsovils da mxatvruli asaxvis umTavres sagnad iq-ceva. heteroglasia, baxtinis azriT, enobriv urTierTobaTa or gamijnul formas gulisxmobs: sxvadasxva socialur enebs erTi nacionaluri enis farglebSi da sxvadasxva nacionalur enebs erTi kulturis farglebSi. romanis JanrSi es formebi ramdenime mimarTulebiT realizdeba: a) perso-naJTa dialogebisa da Sinagani metyvelebis mimarTulebiT; b) socialuri, profesiuli da Jargonuli sityvis mimarTulebiT; g) kulturuli dialeq-tebis mimarTulebiT. samive am mimarTulebis realizeba teqstSi dialogu-ria: isini icnobs erTmaneTs, reagirebs erTmaneTze da icvlebs erTmaneT-Tan damokidebulebisda mixedviT.

heteroglasia ar warmoadgens teqstSi enobriv diferenciaTa marti-vad danergil neitralitets. heteroglasia iwvevs konfliqts sxvadasxva enobriv struqturebs Soris (igulisxmeba personaJisa da avtoris enobri-vi struqturebi). amdenad, heteroglasia orxmiani diskursia, romelic er-Tdroulad ori tipis enobriv models moicavs: personaJis pirdapir mety-velebas da avtoris ukufenil metyvelebas. heteroglasia dialogizaciis winapirobas warmoadgens. baxtini mijnavs dialogizmisa da heteroglasiis cnebebs, magram asabuTebs maT gardauval kavSirs. dialogizmi, baxtinis az-riT, gansxvavebul enaTa urTierTqmedebis process warmoaCens, maSin ro-desac heteroglasia aRwers da amkvidrebs enaTa Soris arsebul gansxvave-bas; magram maTi kavSiri gardauvalia: heteroglasiis mier gamovlenili enobrivi diferenciacia mxatvruli teqstis doneze dialogis saxiT rea-lizdeba. dialogizebuli heteroglasiis pirobebSi baxtini or xmas gamo-yofs: warmomdgenels da warmodgenils. warmomdgenel xmas baxtini avto-ris an mTxrobelis xmasTan aigivebs, warmodgenils — personaJis xmasTan, rac, Tavis mxriv, struqturulad rTuli da araTanabari movlenaa. orxmia-ni diskursi polemizirebul xasiaTs atarebs da uaRresad dialoguria.

aq, albaT, gasaTvaliswinebelia baxtinis originaluri Sexeduleba ro-manis enobriv struqturasa da personaJebs Soris urTierTdamokidebule-bis Sesaxeb. sayovelTaod miRebuli azri, rom romanis enobrivi struqtura emsaxureba personaJTa xasiaTebis gaxsnas, baxtinma kardinalurad Secvala da ganacxada, rom personaJebi konkretul enobriv modelebs ganasaxiere-ben da sxvadasxva enobrivi sistemebis maqsimalur raodenobas amkvidreben romanSi. moazrovnis Rrma rwmeniT, SeuZlebelia personaJis msoflmxedve-lobrivi Sreebis warmoCena misTvis niSandoblivi diskursis warmoCenis ga-

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reSe. Sesabamisad, personaJTa urTierTmimarTebac dialogis saxiT aris warmodgenili.

termini `dialogizmi~ baxtinis mier damkvidrebul erT-erT yvelaze orazrovan termins warmoadgens. igi erTdroulad lingvistur datvir-Tvasac atarebs da novelistursac, gamoiyeneba enis rogorc konkretuli modelis gansaxilvelad, ise — misi gamorCeulad Rirebuli mxatvruli Tvi-sebebis dasadgenad. baxtiniseuli dialogizmi gulisxmobs ori gansxvave-buli xmis arsebobas erT xmaSi. magram konkretulad romel xmebze saub-robs baxtini? ra ivaraudeba gamTlianebul orxmovanebaSi? gansxvavebuli stiluri diskursebi da konteqstebi Tu àvtorisa~ da `gmiris~ xmebi?

dialogizmis cnebis baxtiniseuli analizi dostoevskis Semoqmedebas ukavSirdeba da misi romanebis mxatvrul-struqturuli analizis wiaRSi xorcieldeba. baxtinis naSromi — `dostoevskis poetikis problemebi~ SeiZ-leba miviCnioT dialoguri kritikis dasabamad literaturis TeoriaSi.

dostoevskis, rogorc mweralsa da moazrovnes, baxtini marTebulad mi-iCnevs dialogisadmi Sinaganad ganwyobil fenomenad. `dostoevski dajil-doebuli iyo genialuri niWiT, moesmina Tavisi epoqis dialogi, — aRniSnavs baxtini, — ufro zustad, moesmina Tavisi epoqa rogorc uzarmazari dialo-gi, moexelTebina masSi ara mxolod calkeuli xmebis JReradoba, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, dialoguri urTierTobebi xmaTa Soris, maTi dialogu-ri urTierTqmedeba~ (baxtini 1972: 150). dostoevskis prozis niSandoblivi diskursi, baxtinis azriT, udavod adasturebs erT WeSmaritebas: dialogu-ri orxmovanebis wvdoma SeuZlebelia tradiciul lingvistur meTodebze dayrdnobiT, orxmian diskurss ar akmayofilebs gramatikuli mcire jgufe-bis kvleva, igi mTeli enobrivi sistemis yovelmxriv analizs saWiroebs. ga-momdinare aqedan, baxtini amkvidrebs metalingvistikis cnebas, rogorc er-TaderT SesaZleblobas romanis enobrivi struqturis specifikis dadgenis, misTvis niSandoblivi monologuri, dialoguri da polifoniuri enobrivi modelebis gamovlenisaTvis. ìsini SeiZleba mivakuTnoT metalingvistikas, — aRniSnavs baxtini, — Tu am cnebaSi gaviazrebT garkveuli disciplinebis sa-xiT Camouyalibebel Seswavlas sityvis im Taviseburebebisa, romlebic sru-liad marTebulad scdebian lingvistikis farglebs~ (baxtini 1972: 309). kvlevis metalingvisturi meTodi literaturul Janrs mravalplanian semi-ologiur sistemad ganixilavs da efuZneba dialoguri diskursis cnebas.

dostoevskis rogorc romanistis genialoba, baxtinis azriT, mdgoma-reobs enis funqciuri datvirTvis maqsimalur gazrdasa da gafarToebaSi, rac teqstSi dialogizmis saxiT vlindeba. dostoevskis romanebis umete-soba, baxtinis azriT, damoukidebel da erTmaneTTan Seurwymel xmaTa gam-mas da, Sesabamisad, araintegrirebad sinTezs warmoadgens, rac romanSi uC-veulo mravalxmianobis, anu polifoniurobis winapirobaa.

polifoniuri romanis Tanabar, damoukidebel xmaTa realizeba dialo-guri procesia da garkveul dro-sivrcul, anu qronotopul sibrtyeze xorcieldeba. magram droSi movlenis formireba dialeqtikis kanons eqvem-debareba, dialeqtika ki dostoevskis romanebSi sacnauri ar aris. maS, ra

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ganapirobebs dostoevskis romanTa qronotopul sistemas? baxtinis az-riT, dostoevski samyaros drois miRma da drois gareSe, mxolod sivrcu-li koordinatebiT aRiqvams. dostoevskiseuli qronotopi maqsimalurad sivrculia da polifoniurobas personaJTa Sinagani konfliqtebis sivrce-Si gaSla ganapirobebs; ara droiT-Tanamimdevruli avtoriseuli Txroba personaJebis Sesaxeb, aramed — personaJTa Sinagani samyaros sivrculi de-terminacia. determinirebuli personaJi determinirebul xmaTa simravles warmoadgens da TviTrealizebis procesi dialogis formiT xorcieldeba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, personaJis SigniT warmoebuli metyveleba, anu mo-nologi, baxtinisaTvis dialogis gaSinaganebuli formaa; dialogisa, rome-lic interiorizebulia da erTi mTelis wiaR gaedineba. monologi aris personaJis mier sakuTar TavTan mimarTebisas gamomuSavebuli `Sinagani sityva,~ anu erTgvari kontaqti da TanamSromloba sakuTar TavTan. duali-zebuli mdgomareoba — àdamiani adamianSi~, `me meSi~ — Tavisi arsiT dialo-guria: me vsaubrob, mas esmis, Sesabamisad, Cven varsebobT. `dialoguri uTan-xmoeba SigniT gadainacvlebs, sityvis ufaqizes struqturul elementebSi (da, Sesabamisad, — cnobierebis elementebSi)~ (baxtini 1972: 359). dialogi aR-wevs TiToeul sityvaSi, iwvevs xmaTa dapirispirebas, Sejaxebas, qmnis e.w. mik-rodialogur atmosferos, riTac vlindeba personaJis cnobierebis gansxva-vebul Sreebs Soris Camoyalibebuli dialoguri urTierTmimarTeba.

dialogizmi baxtinis Janris Teoriis centraluri cnebaa. romani, misi azriT, socialur fenomens warmoadgens da gulisxmobs diskursis farTod ganfenas quCebis, qalaqebis, qveynebis, socialuri fenebis, Taobebis, epo-qebis, kulturebis dausazRvrav sivrceSi. Sesabamisad, romanis stilica da Txrobis sistemac mravalferovania da gansxvavebul sabazo elementebs em-yareba. es elementebia:

a) avtoris pirdapiri, mxatvrul-literaturuli Txroba; b) yoveldRiuri zepiri Txrobis variaciuli stilizacia; g) Sualeduri, werilobiTi literaturuli formebis stilizacia; d) avtoris zemxatvruli, msjelobiTi tipis Txroba (moraluri, filo-

sofiuri, mecnieruli xasiaTisa da sxva); e) personaJTa stilisturad individualizebuli Txroba. yvela es elementi Tavs iyris romanis enobriv modelSi da gansazR-

vravs romanis dialoguri diskursis mravalferovnebas. aq igulisxmeba in-dividualuri xmebis dialoguri diskursi erTi enis farglebSi, sxvadasxva socialur enebs Soris erTi nacionaluri enis farglebSi da gansxvavebul nacionalur enebs Soris erTi kulturis farglebSi. yoveli am dialoguri diskursis funqcia romanis polifoniuri arsis warmoCenaa.

baxtini dialogs akavSirebs diskursis uRrmes SreebTan. gamoyofs ra diskursis or fundamentur saxeobas — monologur da dialogur diskurss — igi azustebs TiToeuli maTganis funqcias da moqmedebis areals. mono-loguri diskursi gulisxmobs TxrobiT-aRweriTi maneriT asaxvas (eposi) — istoriul diskurssa da mecnierul diskurss; dialoguri diskursi ki — polifoniur romans, menipeur da karnavalur tradiciebs.

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polifoniur romans baxtini mravalxmian romans uwodebs da am musika-lur termins damoukidebeli, magram erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli xmebis Tanayofis saukeTeso gamoxatulebad miiCnevs. polifoniuri teq-stis idealur nimuSad baxtins dostoevskis romanebi miaCnia. `damoukide-bel da Seurevnel xmaTa da cnobierebaTa simravle, srulfasovani xmebis WeSmariti polifonia namdvilad warmoadgens dostoevskis romanebis Tavi-seburebas~ (baxtini 1972: 7). baxtinis mosazrebiT, polifonia romanSi dia-logis formiT realizdeba: xmebi, romlebic polifoniur romans qmnian, di-alogurad ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. magram dialogis sibrtye romanSi ar aris Tanabari da mraval rTul da uxilav Sres moicavs; gamosWvivis ara oden per-sonaJis Sinagan konfliqturi xmebSi, aramed yovel sityvaSi, mimikasa da moZ-raobaSi. dialogi rTuli, siRrmiseuli struqturaa da mis calkeul elemen-tebs Soris mravalferovani kavSiri qmnis polifoniurobis gancdas.

polifoniuri romanis personaJebi ar warmoadgenen avtoris mier mar-Tul da manipulirebul obieqtebs. homofoniuri, anu erTxmiani romanisa-gan gansxvavebiT, sadac avtori personaJebiT dakompleqtebul orkestrs diriJorobs, polifoniuri romanis moqmedi pirebi damoukidebel subieq-tebad gvevlinebian; metic, polifoniuri romanis personaJTa avtonomia avtoris avtonomiis tolfasia, personaJis Rirebuli sityva avtoriseuli sityvis Rirebulebas uTanabrdeba da xasiaTis Secnobis umniSvnelovanes komponents warmoadgens.

amrigad, baxtiniseuli polifonia gulisxmobs personaJis xmis srul gaTavisuflebas avtoris xmis diqtatisagan, magram ismis logikuri kiTxva: sad qreba avtoris wamyvani roli da funqcia? im faqts, rom romanis mTxzveli, Semqneli da Tavidan bolomde damweri avtoria, baxtini ar da verc uaryofs. misi azriT, polifoniuri romanis personaJTa Tavisufleba limitirebulia da mas personaJis warmoCenis avtoriseuli arCevani ganapi-robebs. swored es ubiZgebs avtors garkveuli mimarTulebiT imoZraos. personaJis ès damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba avtoris Canafiqris nawi-lia; es Canafiqri erTgvarad ganawyobs gmirs Tavisuflebisaken (pirobiTi Tavisuflebisaken, rasakvirvelia) da, rogorc aseTs, SeuZRveba mTelis mkacr da gaangariSebul sqemaSi~ (baxtini 1972: 20). avtori qmnis, magram — personaJi azrovnebs, avtori ayalibebs personaJis diskurss, magram ani-Webs mas Sinagani logikisa da personaluri, e.w. `sxvisi~ diskursis ganviTa-rebis damoukideblobas. iqmneba romanis mTavari, magistraluri dialogu-ri atmosfero: avtoris diskursis mimarT personaJis diskursis organize-ba msmenelisa da mopasuxis statusiT. Sesabamisad, polifonia qronotopi-zebulia da gulisxmobs avtorisa da personaJis Tanaarsebobas identur dro-sivrcul koordinatebSi. magram, miuxedavad personaJTa funqciis aq-centirebisa, polifoniuri romanis analizisas baxtini gansakuTrebul yu-radRebas miaqcevs avtoris fenomens. avtori moiazreba yvela xmis miRma myof ideur da mxatvrul centrad. baxtini frTxilad mijnavs avtors na-ratorisagan, vinaidan ganasxvavebs TxrobiTi orientaciis sam tips: avto-ris Txrobas, naratoris, anu mTxrobelis Txrobas da personaJis Txrobas.

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avtoris statusis swori gansazRvreba Zalze mniSvnelovania dialoguri da polifoniuri romanis analizisas: romanSi avtoris xma dabalansebulia heteroglasiuri orxmovanebiT, rac dialogis formiT realizdeba da per-sonaJTa dialogur diskursTan erTad uzrunvelyofs romanis polifoni-ur struqturas.

polifoniuri romanis saTaveebs baxtini menipeur satirasa da karnava-lur tradiciebSi Wvrets.

menipeuri satira da polifonia menipeuri satiris sakiTxs m. baxtini ganixilavs werilSi èposi da ro-

mani~, magram ufro dawvrilebiT es problematika gaanalizda mis progra-mul naSromSi `dostoevskis poetikis problemebi~. menipeur satiras baxti-ni karnavalur folklorsa da sokratul dialogebTan akavSirebs da dos-toevskis polifoniuri romanis umTavres wyarod miiCnevs.

termini `menipeuri satira~ garkveuli tipis filosofiur romans aR-niSnavs da Zveli welTaRricxviT III saukunis filosofosis, menipes saxel-Tan aris dakavSirebuli. Tavad menipes mier Seqmnil satirul nawarmoebebs Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram is faqti, rom Janris gansazRvreba romaelma varonma swored menipes saxels daukavSira, metyvelebs filosofosis did avtoritetze klasikuri periodis filosofiur-literaturul wreebSi. menipeuri Janris pirvel warmomadgenlad iTvleba antisTene, sokrates mo-wafe da sokrateseuli dialogebis erT-erTi avtori; tradiciebis gam-grZeleblad ki miCneulni arian seneka (àpokolokintozisi~), petroniusi (`satirikoni~), lukiane (`satirebi~), apuleusi (òqros viri~).

menipeas baxtiniseuli ganmarteba vrceli da mravalspeqtriania. meni-pea komikuri Janria, romelic Seicavs tragikul sawyisebsac. mis simbolur Tu fantastikur siuJetsa da personaJebSi xSirad vlindeba sxvadasxva Jan-ruli elementebis sinTezirebuli formebi. menipea akademizmisgan aTavi-suflebs enas da ganaviTarebs mas filosofiuri universalizmis mimarTu-lebiT. iqmneba erTgvari praqtikuli filosofia, romelic arRvevs adamia-nis epikur da tragikul mTlianobas da warmoaCens mis determinirebul bu-nebas. eqscentrikuli, xSirad skandaluri enobrivi modelebis saSualebiT iqmneba epikuri monumenturobisa da tragikuli katastrofulobisgan gan-sxvavebuli sruliad axali mxatvruli kategoria, romelic mowodebulia tradiciebis rRvevis, moralur-zneobrivi normebis profanaciisa da eti-ketis ugulebelyofis araTanabari procesis warmosaCenad. menipeas Janri oficiozis miRmaa, uaryofs gabatonebul azrs da azrovnebis gansxvavebul modelebs gvTavazobs.

menipeas baxtiniseulma gansazRvrebam araerTgvarovani rezonansi ga-moiwvia mis Tanamedrove literaturul-Teoriul wreebSi. zogi daeTanxma Janris amgvar definicias, magram bevrma, maT Soris formalistebmac, ar mi-

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iRo menipeas rogorc damoukidebeli Janris gansazRvreba (ix. v. Sklovski, `lari: msgavsebaTa gansxvavebis Sesaxeb~). miuxedavad amisa, baxtins pozicia ar Seucvlia: menipeas Janrma, baxtinis rwmeniT, zedmiwevniT gamoxata ev-ropuli filosofiuri da literaturuli azris tendencia, — gamyarebuli substanciis CarCoebis rRveva da alternatiuli, gina dialoguri tipis az-rovnebis danergva, — romelic Seicavda globaluri transformirebis Se-saZleblobebs. `menipeuri satira dialoguria, — wers baxtini, — aRsavse pa-rodiiTa da travestiiT, stiluri mravalferovnebiT~ (baxtini 1986: 414). dostoevski rogorc dialoguri da polifoniuri romanebis avtori, bax-tinis mosazrebiT, ver auvlida gverds menipeuri Janris tradiciebs. dos-toevskis prozam SeiTvisa menipeuri dialogizmi da aqcia igi umaRlesi ti-pis polifoniad. dostoevskiseuli polifonia mWidrod daukavSirda meni-peur satirasa da karnavalur tradicias.

karnavali da karnavaluri literatura

karnavalisa da karnavaluri literaturis sakiTxs miuZRvna baxtinma cnobili naSromi fransua rables Sesaxeb, romelSic msjelobis misTvis Cveuli logikiT scada karnavalizaciis rolis gansazRvra rables Semoq-medebaSi. baxtini ubrundeba `xalxuri iumoris~ miviwyebul tradiciebs, ayalibebs misi niSandoblivi diskursis models da saagulisxmo parale-lebs avlebs dostoevskis diskursis modelTan.

baxtinis mier gaazrebuli karnavali warmoadgens kacobriobis isto-riis umniSvnelovanes elements, romelmac teqsturi forma miiRo. `karna-vali aRiqmeba rogorc specifikuri kosmogonia, romelic ar cnobs sub-stanciasa da mizezobriobas da arsebobs mxolod aqtiuri urTierTobis saxiT~ (kristeva 2001: 230). teqstSi karnavali gansxvavebuli siuJetebis, konteqstebisa da enobrivi modelebis meSveobiT realizdeba, magram mis WeSmarit arss mxolod teqstualizeba ar warmoadgens: karnavali, pirvel yovlisa, aqtiuri moqmedebiT gamoxatuli dResaswaulia, zeimia, romelic erTdroulad moicavs Semsrulebels da mayurebels, moqmedebis obieqtsa da damkvirvebel subieqts. `karnavalma ar icis mayureblisa da Semsruleb-lis definicia. ar cnobs rampas, Tundac dasabamieri formiT... karnavals ar Seimecneben, masSi cxovroben da cxovrobs yvela, radgan igi Tavisi ar-siT saxalxo movlenaa. vidre mimdinareobs karnavali, misi cxovreba erTa-derTi cxorebaa... karnavalSi Tavad cxovreba TamaSobs ... gansxvavebul, Ta-visufal (galaRebul) formas cxovrebisa, Tavissave aRorZinebas da ukeTe-si sawyisis ganaxlebas~ (baxtini 1986: 297-298). gamomdinare aqedan, karnava-li gaorebuli movlenaa da dialoguri urTierTobis baxtiniseul Teorias eqvemdebareba: karnavali dapirispirebulobaTa erTianobas ganasaxovnebs, — paradoqsul simbiozs, romelic Tavis TavSi amTlianebs namdvilsa da warmosaxuls, miTiursa da realurs, sceniursa da yofiTs. xalxuri iumo-

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ris Zirebze amozrdili karnavali sicilis meSveobiT sacnaurs xdis yofie-rebis dualizms, — sadagi yofis moZaladur bunebas, SiSs da alternativas uqmnis mkacr sinamdviles.

karnavaluri motivebis reinkarnacias (ganmeorebas) baxtini Sua sauku-neebis literaturasTan akavSirebs da oficiozis, saeklesio diqtatisa da feodaluri kulturis winaaRmdeg mimarTul Tamam manifestaciebad miiC-nevs. xazs usvams ra xalxuri iumoris ganmsazRvrel statuss karnavaluri literaturis CamoyalibebaSi, baxtini gamoyofs karnavaluri literatu-risaTvis niSandobliv Semdeg Taviseburebebs:

1) ritualuri sanaxaobis, karnavaluri inscenirebisa da komikuri si-tuaciebis warmodgena saxalxo TavSeyris adgilebSi;

2) komikuri sityvieri kompoziciebis, zepiri da werilobiTi parodie-bis formireba;

3) karnavaluri sityvis ambivalenturi struqturis realizeba; 4) Tavisufali da familaruli urTierTobebis provocireba sxvadas-

xva socialuri fenis adamianebs Soris; 5) opoziciur wyvilTa gamTlianeba: dabadeba/sikvdili, siyrme/sibere,

maRla/dabla, saxe/zurgi, sibrZne/sisulele, qeba/lanZRva da sxva; 6) aracnobieri instiqtebis — seqsi, Wama-sma — aqcentireba; 7) sikvdilisa da ganaxlebis magistraluri motivebis damkvidreba. karnavalis centraluri opoziciaa maRla/dabla-s struqtura, rad-

gan, baxtinis azriT, mis inversiul formebSi zedmiwevniT vlindeba karna-valisaTvis niSandoblivi SeniRbuli urTierTobebis groteskuli Seusaba-moba. karnavalis ZiriTad motivebs Soris mkvlevari gamoarCevs Camoyali-bebis, cvalebadobisa da ganaxlebis motivebs. sayuradReboa, rom ganaxle-ba, arasodes xorcieldeba konkretuli karnavaluri subieqtis doneze, igi xalxis, rogorc mTliani da monoliTuri organizmis Tvisebaa da gardauv-lad ukavSirdeba sikvdils. karnavaluri individis sikvdili, xalxis cxov-rebis mxolod patara fragmentia, wamia, romelic am xalxisave ganaxlebisa da srulyofisTvisaa saWiro. sikvdilisa da ganaxlebis TemaTa amgvar gaaz-rebas baxtinologTa nawilma ìndividualuri sxeulis rekviemi~ uwoda (m. riklini, n. glazeneri) da baxtinis Teoriul naazreevSi stalinuri re-Jimis koleqtiuri paTosis gamoxatulebad aRiqva. vfiqrobT, msgavsi vara-udi mcdari da zedapirulia. baxtinis filosofiuri Tu literaturaT-mcodneobiTi Sromebi individualobisa da personalurobis paTosiTaa ga-jerebuli, karnavalis SemTxvevaSi ki igi icavs principul pozicias, rom-lis Tanaxmada karnavali gamorCeulad arapersonaluri movlenaa.

karnavalizacia baxtinis TeoriaSi groteskuli realizmis ekvivalen-turi cnebaa, xalxis mier parodirebuli yofis sinonimi, romelSic sicili mkveTrad degradaciul da materializebad funqcias asrulebs. degrada-cia groteskisaTvis tipuri da mniSvnelovani procesia. igi ambivalenturi xasiaTisaa: erTi mxriv, gulisxmobs radikalur daRmasvlas, daSvebas cidan miwaze, meore mxriv ki — aRmasvlasa da xelaxal dabadebas. `daRmasvla~ da àRmasvla~, baxtinis azriT, ara mxolod fardobiTi cnebebia, aramed — to-

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pografiulic, romlebic genetikurad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. `daRmas-vlaca~ da àRmasvlac~ `miwis~ Sesatyvisi kategoriebia, mxolod `daRmas-vla~ moicavs miwas rogorc STanmTqmels (samare/ saSo), àRmasvla~ — ro-gorc mSobels (saSo). sicilis paradigmis gansxeuleba baxtiniseuli karna-valizaciis umniSvnelovanesi momentia.

sicili baxtinisaTvis dinamikuri procesia, kompleqsuri reaqcia, anu gonebis, nervebisa da kunTebis erToblivi moZraobaa. `karnavaluri sicili yovlismomcvelia, igi, erTi rom, saxalxo movlenaa, — wers baxtini, — (xal-xuroba, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tavad karnavalis bunebas asaxavs), icinis yvela; es aris sicili, ganawilebuli samyaroze da meorec: karnavaluri si-cili universaluria, igi yvelasa da yvelaferzea mimarTuli~ (baxtini 1986: 303). karnavaluri sicili wamieri movlenaa, romelic ar cnobs usas-rulo droiT xangrZlivobas da gulisxmobs imanentur gadasvlas, gadanac-vlebas `monobis garkveuli mdgomareobidan Tavisuflebis garkveuli mdgomareobaSi~ (averincevi 2001: 470). TavisuflebaSi gadasvla aRniSnavs ara TavisuflebaSi yofnas, aramed — gaTavisuflebis process. magram ne-bismieri gaTavisuflebis dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi faseuloba damokidebu-lia im movlenis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT faseulobaze, romlisganac vTavi-sufldebiT. baxtinis azriT, karnavaluri sicili aris gaTavisufleba, er-Ti mxriv, oficiozisgan, oficialuri reJimisa da kulturis Tavsmoxveuli niRbisgan, meore mxriv ki — sakuTari adamianuri sisusteebisagan. am Tval-sazrisiT, rables Semoqmedeba universaluria. rable yovelgvari Zaldata-nebis gareSe axerxebs sicilis orgemage bunebis realizebas: sicils saku-Tar Tavze, anu `me~-s sicils opoziciur alter egoze, da sicils garesamya-roze. Tu rablem SeZlo sicilis rogorc simarTlis formis damkvidreba literaturaSi, baxtinma sicilis rogorc movlenis absolutizacia moaxdi-na da karnavaluri diskursi bazisur cnebad gamoacxada: sicili dapirispi-rebulobaTa erTianobas gulisxmobs, dualistur realiebs moicavs da am-kvidrebs maT romanis enobriv modelSi. dualizmis enobrivi gansaxovneba dialogur xasiaTs atarebs da Sesabamis dro-sivrcul, anu qronotopul mo-delebSi realizdeba.

qronotopis Teoria

koncefcia qronotopis Sesaxeb baxtinma Tanamimdevrulad Camoayaliba naSromebSi `droisa da qronotopis formebi romanSi~, `sityva romanSi~ da `sasaubro Janrebi~ da sxva gviandel eseebSi.

qronotopis baxtiniseuli cneba etimologiurad berZnulidan momdi-nareobs: `qronos~ dros niSnavs, `topos~ — sivrces. droisa da sivrcis ka-tegoriaTa gamTlianeba erT terminad — `qronotopi~ — cxadyofs baxtinis rwmenas am elementTa ganuyofelobis Sesaxeb mxatvrul struqturaSi. àr-sebiT urTierTmimarTebas droul da sivrcul koordinatebs Soris, — wers

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baxtini, — Cven qronotops vuwodebT (rac, sityvasityviT niSnavs `dro-siv-rces~)... CvenTvis mniSvnelovania terminSi sivrcisa da drois ganuyofelo-bis gamoxatva (dro rogorc sivrcis meoTxe koordinati)... mxatvrul-li-teraturul qronotopSi xdeba sivrculi da droiTi niSnebis Serwyma erT gaazrebul da konkretul mTlianobad~ (baxtini 1986: 121).

qronotopis cnebiT baxtini ganamtkicebs mkveTrad gamoxatul diaqro-nul Tvalsazriss. literaturul teqstsa da garesamyaros kavSiris dasabu-Tebisas qronotopi warmoaCens mkvlevaris Rrma dainteresebis sagans. igi bax-tinisaTvis warmoadgens erTgvar sazoms imisa, Tu rogor xorcieldeba kon-kretuli epoqisa da konkretuli Janris pirobebSi realuri, anu istoriuli dro-sivrcisa da istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovani pirovnebebis sinTezi, agreT-ve, mxatvruli drois-sivrcisa da personaJTa maTTan SeTavsebis procesi. qronotopis Semadgeneli elementebis (dro, sivrce) dominanturobas Janris Tavisebureba gansazRvravs: magaliTad, Tu mxatvruli nawarmoebi samogzau-ro an saTavgadasavlo Janrisaa, maSin dro dominirebs, xolo Tu nawarmoebi idiliur-pastoralur xasiaTisaa – sivrce. magram, miuxedavad gardamavali prioritetulobisa, dro da sivrce erT konkretul mTlianobas Seadgens da uerTmaneTod ar moiazrebian.

dro-sivrcesa da maTSi moqmed adamianebs Soris damokidebulebani ic-vleba teqstis istoriuli da literaturuli garemocvis mixedviT, anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, baxtiniseuli qronotopi erTdroulad istoriu-li movlenacaa da Janrulic.

baxtinis koncefciis Tanaxmad, qronotopi sami ZiriTadi mimarTule-biT funqcionirebs. esenia:

a) teqstis doneze istoriis warmoCena; b) teqstis doneze Janris realizeba; g) personaJTa individualuri dro-sivrculi velis asaxva. yoveli mimarTuleba mudam cvalebad komponentebTanaa dakavSirebuli

da, amisda kvalad, iwvevs cvladi qronotopuli modelebis Camoyalibebas. baxtini, qronologiuri principis gaTvaliswinebiT, mimoixilavs msoflio literaturaSi arsebul qronotopul nairsaxeobaTa specifikas, gamoyofs homerosis eposis, Sua saukuneebisa da me-18 saukunis literaturisaTvis niSandobliv qronotopebs, axdens maT SedarebiT analizs da cxadyofs qronotopis istoriul da Janrwarmomqmnel funqciebs. tradiciuli nor-mebis rRvevisa da novatoruli xedvis damkvidrebis nimuSad baxtini sagan-gebod gamoarCevs rableseul qronotops. garda rablesi, igi gamohyofs mwerlebs, romlebmac, misi azriT, SeZles individualuri xelweriT gamor-Ceuli qronotopuli modelebis damkvidreba: balzaks, stendals, dosto-evskis. dawvrilebiT ganixilavs ra dostoevskiseul qronotops, baxtini aRniSnavs, rom dro aq amorTulia istoriuli drois nakadidan, sivrce ki yofiT koordinatebSi rCeba (saxli, bina, oTaxi) da zRurblis, sazRvris mi-marTulebiT iSleba. sivrcis proeqcia dostoevskisTan eTikur-zneobriv RirebulebaTa Tanadia.

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qronotopi, baxtinis TvalsazrisiT, sagrZnoblad elastiuri katego-riaa. igi dro-sivrculi urTierTobebis mravalferovan nairsaxeobas gu-lisxmobs: avtoris qronotops, cnoba-vercnobis qronotops, avantiurul qronotops, idiliur qronotops da sxva. sagangebod ganixilavs baxtini gzi-sa da Sexvedris qronotops, rogorc dro-sivrculi mTlianobis sanimuSo teqstualur gamoxatulebas. `yovel SexvedraSi (rogorc es berZnuli roma-nis analizisas warmovaCineT), — wers baxtini, — drouli gansazRvruloba (èrTsa da imave dros~) ganuyofelia sivrculi gansazRvrulobisgan (èrTsa da imave adgilas~) (baxtini 1986: 134). baxtiniseul qronotopul modelebs Soris urTierToba dialogur xasiaTs atarebs. qronotopTaSorisi dialogi avtorisa da mkiTxvelis dialogSi erTveba da integrirdeba.

TiToeuli am qronotopuli modelis daniSnulebad baxtins istoriu-li da Janrul-tipuri funqciebis realizeba miaCnia.

qronotopis baxtiniseulma Teoriam udidesi zegavlena iqonia rogorc mis Tanamedrove, ise — ufro gviandel literaturaTmcodneobaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qronotopis yoveli axali interpretacia mixeil baxtinis Teori-asTan mimarTebiT Camoyalibda da, yovelTvis, eTanxmeboda Tu ara, mudmivi kontaqti mainc arsebobda masTan.

mixail baxtini da me-20 saukunis literaturis Teoria

mixail baxtinis filosofiurma da Teoriulma naazrevma mniSvnelova-ni kvali daaCnia me-20 saukunis filosofiur-esTetikuri da literatu-raTmcodneobiTi azris ganviTarebas, gansazRvra araerTi Teoriul-meTo-dologiuri skolis kursi da mimarTuleba. man problemaTa imdenad farTo speqtri warmoadgina da gaaanaliza, rom verc erTi meTodologiuri skola gverds ver uvlida mis filosofiur, istoriul da stilisturi siRrmiT gamorCeul naazrevs. cvetan todorovma baxtins `sabWoTa sivrcis erT-er-Ti yvelaze didi moazrovne da me-20 saukunis udidesi Teoretikosi~ uwo-da; pol de manma ki misi moRvaweoba `TxrobiTi sistemis, diskursisa da poe-tikis problemebis kvlevis sferoSi unikalur warmatebad~ Seafasa. iulia kristevas azriT, baxtinis SromaTa gamoCena me-20 saukunis gariJraJze iyo `kaSkaSa movlena~, aRmoCena, romelmac gansazRvra mTeli saukunis litera-turul-kulturuli atmosfero.

baxtinis damsaxureba Tanamedrove lingvisturi kritikis, semiotikis, struqturuli naratologiisa da sxva meTodologiuri skolebis winaSe Zalze mniSvnelovania. am Rvawlis siRrmiseuli analizi vrceli gamokvlevis sagania. Cven mxolod warmovadgenT baxtinis im mosazrebaTa nusxas, romleb-mac gavlena iqonia me-20 saukunis literaturul-Teoriul sivrceze:

1) literaturuli struqturis rogorc sxva srtuqturebTan mimarTe-biT gamomuSavebuli qmnadobis gaazreba;

2) romanis Janris specifikisa da genezisis definicia;

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3) diskursis tipologiis dadgena; 4) heteroglasiis rogorc orxmiani diskursis definicia, àvtoris

xmisa~ da `sxvisi xmis~ statusisa da urTierTmimarTebis gansazRvra; 5) dialoguri kritikis SemuSaveba; dialoguri principis rogorc po-

lifoniuri romanis Camoyalibebis aucilebeli winapirobis gansazRvra; 6) menipeas Janris definicia da menipeas rogorc socialurad aqtua-

luri teqstis gaazreba; 7) karnavalizaciis istoriul-ontologiuri gaazreba; 8) qronotopis rogorc literaturisaTvis principulad mniSvnelova-

ni kategoriis definicia. cxadia, es CamonaTvali baxtinis mxolod Zireul mosazrebaTa nusxas

warmoadgens da srulad ver asaxavs misi Teoriuli naazrevis mravalfe-rovnebas. dRemde aqtualuria baxtinis Sromebi; igi dominirebs, mniSvne-lobs, fasobs, magram miuxedavad amisa, damokidebuleba baxtinis naazrevi-sadmi arasodes aris calsaxad dadebiTi an uaryofiTi: baxtinis Teorias-Tan mimarTebac gamokveTilad dialoguri anu imgvaria rogoric dialogu-ri kritikis fuZemdebels Sehferis. ideebs ecnobian, iyeneben, gardaqmnian, aviTareben, iwoneben an iwuneben, magram mudam aucilebel `sxvad~ aRiqva-men, gasaTvaliswinebel partniorad da dialogis procesSi aqtiurad Cab-mul mosaubred miaCniaT. sergei averincevis TqmiT, `Cvenma saerTo maswav-lebelma, aravis misca ufleba yofiliyo misi `mimdevari~ am sityvis trivi-aluri gagebiT. `baxtinistoba~, Tuki saerTod SeiZleba saubari amgvar movlenaze, ewinaaRmdegeba baxtinis azris yvelaze Rrma intencias. baxtin-Tan uTanxmoeba ar niSnavs mis dakargvas, baxtinis dakargvas mxolod dia-loguri situaciidan gamorTva moaswavebs~ (averincevi 2001: 468).

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gzis metaforizebuli modelebi:

`glaxis naambobidan~ òTaraanT qvrivamde~

gzis sivrcul models sruliad damoukidebeli konstruqciis statusi eni-Weba teqstSi — yoveli teqsti daqsaqsulia gzebiT, romlebic sxvadasxva mimar-TulebiT miemarTebian da qmnian teqstis fizikursa Tu sulier geografias. gzis sivrculi modeli mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli droSi fiqsirebuli Sexvedris motivTan, maTi mTlianobis, rogorc esTetikurad faseuli siuJeturi struq-turis, gardauval pirobas ki pesonaJi warmoadgens: gzisa da Sexvedris qrono-topi moiazreba mxolod personaJTan mimarTebaSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi, es-Tetikuri TvalsazrisiT, ufunqcioa. personaJi adgas gzas, gzaze xvdeba `sxvas~ an `sxva mes~, gamoicdeba winaaRmdegobebiTa da peripetiebiT, agreTve, tran-sformaciebisa da metamorfozebis urTulesi fazebiT da etapobrivad kravs teqstis konceptualur karkass. Sesabamisad, yoveli teqstis struqturul-kon-ceptualuri sqema sami elementiTaa gansazRvruli: gzis motiviT, romelic efuZneba gzis sivrcul models, Sexvedris motiviT, romelic efuZneba drois konkretul models da personaJis individualuri maxasiaTeblebiT.

gza, rogorc sivrculi modeli, masStaburia da aerTianebs teqstis danarCen sivrcul modelebs. igi movlenaTa Serwymisa da moqmedebaTa das-rulebis asparezs warmoadgens. gza SeiZleba miemarTebodes mSobliur an ucxo teritoriaze, iyos grZeli an mokle, agreTve, atarebdes metaforul an nawilobriv metaforul xasiaTs.*

gzis sivrculi modeli motivirebulia SexvedriT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sainteresoa struqturuli, emociuri da kompoziciuri aspeqtebis TvalsazrisiT.

struqturuli aspeqti Sexvedris Tvisebriv mxares gansazRvravs: Sexved-ra SeiZleba Sedges an ar Sedges. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Sexvedris motivis Tvi-sebrivi maCvenebeli dadebiTia, meore SemTxvevaSi — uaryofiTi. Sexvedris mo-tivis struqturuli aspeqti mxatvruli drois raodenobriv maxasiaTebels, universalur mimarTebas — àdre-gvian~ — eyrdnoba. mixail baxtini miuTiTebs:

`raRac moxda erTi wuTiT adre an erTi wuTis dagvianebiT, anu rom ara movlenaTa SemTxveviTi damTxveva an cvlileba droSi, saerTod ar iqnebo-da siuJeti~ (baxtini 1986: 129).

emociuri aspeqti Sexvedris motivis emociurad Rirebul xasiaTs warmoa-Cens: Sexvedra SeiZleba iyos sasiamovno an arasasiamovno, mizanSewonili an ara-mizanSewonili, saSiSi an — uwyinari, metaforuli an nawilobriv metaforuli.

kompoziciuri aspeqti avlens Sexvedris motivis kompoziciur funqci-as: Sexvedra SeiZleba warmoadgendes nawarmoebis kulminaciur wertils, SeiZleba aRniSnavdes kvanZis Sekvras an gaxsnas.

* gzis modelis metaforizebis idea aqtualuria ara marto dasavlur, aramed aRmosavlur saazrovno sivrceSic. magaliTisaTvis, iaponur enaze `do~ aris `gza~; cneba morgebulia adamianis moRvaweobis nebismier sferoze (Tundac: `karate do~) da Tavisi ZiriTadi datvirTviT niSnavs: `gza budasaken~.

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teqstSi Sexvedris motivi pirdapir damokidebulebaSia daSorebis, qorwinebis, gaqcevis, SeZenis, dakargvis, cnobis, vercnobis da sxva faseul motivebTan.

gzisa sivrculi modelisa da Sexvedris motivis erTianoba, anu gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi, zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebis araerTgva-rovnebidan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva teqstSi gansxvavebul struqturul-esTetikur funqcias asrulebs. gamonakliss am TvalsazrisiT arc ilia WavWavaZis proza warmoadgens: pricipulad mniSvnelovani funqcia akisria gzas ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebebSi `mgzavris werilebi~, `glaxis naambobi~, `kacia-adamiani?!~, `sarCobelazed~, òTaraanT qvrivi~, TiTqmis yvela maT-ganSi igi personaJTa sabediswero SexvedrebiTaa aRsavse da gansazRvravs teqstis transformaciul SesaZleblobebs.

gzas adgas `mgzavris werilebis~ mTavari personaJi. gzis motivis gar-dauvaloba jer kidev nawarmoebis saTaurSi fiqsirdeba — mgzavris, anu adamianis, romelic mogzaurobs, Canawerebi. personaJis gza grZelia, igi ucxoeTidan samSoblosaken moemarTeba da sakmaod masStabur geografiul areals moicavs. gzis sivrculi modeli, romelic teqstSi magistraluri xaziviTaa gavlebuli, nawilobriv metaforul xasiaTs atarebs: igi ara mar-to ucxour da mSobliur teritoriebs, anu konkretul istoriul-siv-rcul landSaftebs Soris gavlebul sazRvrad, aramed mgzavris ideur-zneobrivi poziciebis wyalgamyofadac gvevlineba.

`mgzavris werilebis~ moqmedeba iwyeba `vladikavkasis~ sastumroSi. mxatvruli sivrculi modeli lokaluria, moqceuli sastumros, rusis pirdaubaneli da Tmadauvarcxneli ìamSCikiTa~ da danjRreuli `foStis povoskiT~ SemozRudul samkuTxedSi. arsebuli Caketili sivrcis garRveva warmoadgens im pirvel amocanas, romelic nawarmoebis dasawyisSive dgeba personaJis winaSe. swored aq iCens pirvelad Tavs TxzulebaSi modulire-buli gzis kategoria. mgzavri midis da, uwinares yovlisa, tovebs sastum-ros ezos, e.i. arRvevs samkuTxedis erT kuTxes, saidanac miemarTeba misi gza samSoblosaken. gza Tavdapirvelad rTulia: `danJRreulma zarma da-iwyo Tavisi ugemuri JRara-JRuri, povoskam qvebzed xtoma da me laylayi xan aqeT da xan iqiTa~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 9), magram `raki vladikavkasidam ga-movedi da Cemi qveynis siom damkra, gulma sul sxva-rigad damiwyo feTqa~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 11). gzis sirTule personaJis mSobliur sivrceSi gadmos-vlis paralelurad ignorirdeba, rac simbolurad mijnavs mSobliur, mo-natrebul sivrces ucxo da arasasiamovno sivrcisagan. gzis fizikuri mo-deli iwyebs transformirebas metaforizebis mimarTulebiT. Sesabamisad icvleba personaJis gzaze gadaadgilebis saSualebac: ùcxoeTidam~ mgzav-ri danjRreuli `povoskiT~ modis, rac `sxva personaJis~, àxlad gacnobi-lis francielis~ ironias iwvevs:

èg etli visi mogonilia? — mkiTxa man: — rusisa, — vupasuxe me. — mgonia, ara xalxi magaSi ar Seecilos. mebralebiT, rom Tqven iZule-

buli xarT magas gaalayebinoT tvini da gaadRvebinoT gul-muceli.

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— ara uSavs-ra. mTeli ruseTi magiT dadis... — magiT dadis?! imitomac Sors aris wasuli~... (WavWavaZe 1950a: 78). mSobliur sivrceSi foStis ubadruki povoska cxeniT icvleba: `gavedi stanciis gareT da erTs moxeves Sevxvdi. viqirave misgan cxeni

im pirobiTa, rom TiTonac cxeniT gamomyoloda... SevsxediT cxenebzed da wamovediT stefanwmindidam~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 23-24).

gzis sivrculi modeli aerTianebs mikrosivrcul modelebs: `larsis stanciis~ oTaxs, stefanwmindis peizaJur Ramesa da dilas da sruliad ga-mokveTili metaforuli funqciiT itvirTeba: gzaze yovel gadaadgilebas Tan axlavs personaJis sulieri da eTikuri gardaqmnis procesis gamZafre-ba — dro TiTqos erwymis sivrces da gzis saxiT gaedineba masze. am Tval-sazrisiT arsebiT mniSvnelobas iZens stefanwmindis Ramis epizodi: mgzav-ri tovebs `stanciis~ oTaxs da gadis ufro masStabur, gaSlil sivrceSi. igi aRar emorCileba araviTar sazRvrebs, mijnebsa da CarCoebs. mgzavri aRmoCndeba Tavisufali sivrcis centrSi, Sinaganad flobs dros, rac gana-pirobebs misi sulieri transformaciis gardauvalobas. moZraobisa da uZ-raobis, naTelisa da bnelis uzogadesi problemebis definicia cxadad ga-mokveTs personaJis Sinagan, fsiqologiur-emociur da azrobriv zrdas, romelic pirdapirproporciulia dro-sivrculi Tavisuflebis zrdisa.

mxolod aseTi Sinagani gaTavisuflebisa da ideur-zneobrivi amaRle-bis Semdeg aqvs mgzavrs ufleba, pirispir Sexvdes Tavisi mSobeli qveynis tkivils — lelT Runias. gzis modelis metaforizms metad aZlierebs Sex-vedris xasiaTi. struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, Sexvedris motivis maCvene-beli dadebiTia, emociuri TvalsazrisiT — sasiamovno:

èrT moxeves Sevxvdi... bolos aramc Tu vinane, didad kmayofilic dav-rCi, rom Cemi saqme egre moewyo. Cemi moxeve Zalian kaci gamodga~ (WavWavaZe 1950a: 23).

kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT, mgzavrisa da lelT Runias Sexvedra am na-warmoebis kulminacias warmoadgens.

gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi nawilobriv mxatvrul-realuri da na-wilobriv metaforulia: mxatvruli realuri gza moicavs mgzavris savali gzis mxolod erT monakveTs — manZils stefanwmindidan fasanauramde da warmoadgens laR, gaSlil sivrces, romelic ganfenilia mSobliur mxareSi. analogiurad, mxatvruli realobiTaa gansazRvruli personaJebis Sexved-rac, romelic mxatvrul-realuri gzis garkveul monakveTze fiqsirdeba; rac Seexeba gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopis metaforul xasiaTs, igi dasa-xelebuli qronotopis gadamwyveti, mgzavrisaTvis sasicocxlo ideuri da zneobrivi mniSvnelobiTaa ganpirobebuli: lelT RuniasTan dialogi am-Tlianebs mgzavris sulieri kataklizmebis process, romelic mTeli mog-zaurobis manZilze aRiniSneba da uaRresad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs misi ideur-zneobrivi misiis gamokveTaSi.

TxzulebaSi `glaxis naambobi~ gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi Sedare-biT rTul struqturas warmoadgens.

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gzis sivrculi modeli mxatvruli drois sxvadasxva planSia warmod-genili: mxatvruli awmyosa da mxatvruli warsulis planSi da yvela Sem-TxvevaSi misi struqturul-esTetikuri faseuloba Sexvedris motiviTaa gansazRvruli.

mxatvruli awmyo drois planSi ganfenili Txzulebis mTavari persona-Jis — gabrielis masStaburi sivrculi modeli gzis kategoriiTaa warmod-genili:

ìm Cem naTlimamis soflis saTaveSi, orRobeebi rom iwyeboda, zed sa-urme gzis piras, idga erTi Zveli sabZeli... xSirad Semxvedria am sabZlisa-ken avla da Camovla, radganac zed gzis piras idga... exla... rom amoviare... davinaxe erTi kaci, gomuris karebTan miwolili~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 33-34).

mitovebuli, ubadruki sabZeli, rogorc personaJis mikrosivrculi modeli, gzis masStabur sivrcul modelSia moqceuli, xolo gza mSobliu-ri sivrciTaa gansazRvruli.

struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, monadirisa da gabrielis Sexvedris mo-tivis Tvisebrivi maCvenebeli dadebiTia, Sexvedris emociuri xasiaTi — cvalebadi: arasasiamovnodan sasiamovnosaken mimarTuli. fiqsirebulia Sexvedris zusti dro: èrTi mSvenieri zafxulis dila~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 33). Sexvedris motivi ganapirobebs personaJis Txrobas — monologis dawyebasa da mxatvruli drois warsuli planis warmoCenas. amdenad, nawarmoebis siu-Jetur qargaSi fiqsirebuli gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopuli modelebis udidesi nawili swored mxatvruli warsulis planSia koncentrirebuli.

fiqsirdeba gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopis struqturuli da esTeti-kuri Tvalsazrisis mixedviT mniSvnelovani eqvsi modeli: gabrielisa da mRvdlis, gabrielisa da Tamros, gabrielisa da pepias, gabrielisa da daTi-kos Sexvedrebi, sadac gabrielisa da pepias Sexvedris garda sxva Sexvedrebi araerTjeradi, anu ganmeorebadia.

gabrielisa da daTikos qalaqSi gamgzavrebisa da cxovrebis epizodSi gzis kategoriis funqciuri datvirTva sakmaod intensiuria: batoni da yma daadgnen qalaqisaken mimaval gzas da Cavidnen qalaqSi; gziTve ganisazR-vreba daTikos sivrculi modeli qalaqSi:

`daTiko yovel diliT skolaSi midioda, sadilad Sin movidoda, sadils-ukan wavidoda, zarebis darekvis dros isev Sin dabrundeboda~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 42).

qvemoT: ìman rogorRac oriod Tves Semdeg xSirad daiwyo gare-gare siaruli

da xandisxan mamlis yivilamdec ar Semodioda Sin~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 43). gzis masStaburi modelis mikrokomponentiT — quCiT — aRiniSneba gab-

rielis sivrculi modeli: `mec, raki Cems saqmes bolos movuRebdi, aviRebdi Tavs da quCis piras

qvazed Camovjdebodi~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 43). quCis dawvrilebiTi aRwera da saydris mikrosivrculi modelis fiqsi-

reba gamokveTavs gzis kategoriis esTetikur mniSvnelobas:

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`Cvenis quCidam erTi viwro quCa aubrundeboda, da iqav erTi patara saydari idga~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 43).

swored aRniSnul gzaze — quCaSi — xvdeba gabrieli mRvdels: àm laparakSi rom iyvnen, quCas Camoscildnen. ar vici, Cemi fexis xmau-

roba gaigo, Tu ara, Semomxeda~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 54). Sexvedris dRe miTiTebulia — kvira. erTmaneTs emTxveva ori moqmede-

ba: gabrielisa da glaxukas misvla saydarTan da wirvis damTavreba. ori movlenis damTxveva droSi ganapirobebs gabrielisa da mRvdlis Sexvedras. emociuri TvalsazrisiT, Sexvedra sasiamovnoa da aRtacebulic. Sexvedris motivi mWidrod ukavSirdeba SeZenis motivs: mRvdelTan Sexvedram gabrie-lis personaJs unda SesZinos codna da aziaros sulier faseulobebs (mog-vianebiT codnisa da rwmenis urTierTmimarTebas konceptualuri dapiris-pirebis rangSi aiyvans mixeil javaxiSvili romanSi `jayos xiznebi~). amde-nad, gzis kategoria, rogorc gabrielisa da mRvdlis Sexvedris punqti, im-TaviTve metaforizebuli saxiT warmogvidgeba:

`kacs raki RvTis madli Caesaxeba gulSi, mdidaria Tu Raribi, mainc mad-lis gzazed wava~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 75).

mRvdeli aRniSnuli siuJeturi monakveTisa da sivrculi fonis esTetiku-rad faseul figuras warmoadgens:

`...wamodga da wavida saydrisaken. mec Tan avedevne. mivediT. is mRvdeli SuaSi idga, xalxi buzsaviT irevoda imis garSemo... swored kacs rom wyali moswyurdeba, ise momwyurda imis sityvebis gageba~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 48), `Se-vaRe dabali quCis kari. derefanSi erTi ubralo taxti damxvda, zed is-xdnen Svidiode patara biWebi. SuaSi Tavmoxdili ijda Cveni mRvdeli~ (Wav-WavaZe 1950b: 60), `rom dainaxes mRvdeli modiso, erTob sixaruliT daigri-ales: `mRvdeli movida, mRvdeli! madloba RmerTsa, qristiani suli aRar dairCobao~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 69), `movixede, TiTo xelis moqnevazed is da-locvilis-Svili erT did alags gadainacvlebda, rogorc gemi, ise arRvev-da wyals~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 70).

mRvdlis sruli idealizebis process sinTezurad erwymis misi por-tretuli fiqsacia:

`ra giTxrad, ra kaci davinaxe Cem win! ...xatebs rom hxataven, is iyo! mad-liT, madliT iyvnen savseni imis Cafiqrebuli Tvalebi~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 55).

gabrielis personaJi dasaxelebul siuJetur monakveTSi SeiZleba aR-viqvaT rogorc mxatvruli sivrcis erT-erTi Semadgeneli komponenti, er-T-erTi obieqti, romelic sxva mraval obieqtTan erTad koncentrirebu-lia mRvdlis personaJis irgvliv.

mRvdeli gabrielisaTvis gzis gamkvalavia. gzis fizikuri cneba tran-sformirdeba iseT kategoriebSi, rogorica: cxovrebis gza, madlis gza, ka-curi gza, mSvidobis gza, marTlis gza, ucodveli gza, sulis gza. TiToeul am kategorias zneobrivi datvirTva akisria teqstebSi.

gzis kategoriis metaforuli mravalferovneba: gza — `madlis gza~ — `cxovrebis gza~, pirdapirproporciulia personaJis Sinagani metamorfo-zebisa:

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`sxva SenTvis da Sen sxvisTvis, ai, gza cxovrebisa, ai, xidi cxovrebisa, ai, gasaRebi samoTxisa! marTali iyav da simarTles sdie, gza yovelTvis kacuri geqneba~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 75), `Cemis bnelis cxovrebis gzazed imis meti varskvlavi ar amosula~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 78).

gabrielisa da daTikos dabruneba sofelSi moaswavebs gzis metafori-zebuli modelis kvlav mxatvrul-realur modelad gardaqmnas.

òr dRes ukan Cveni soflis boloebSi mivediT... Cemis miwa-wylis siom rom damkra, guli amitokda: is mTa, is bari, is tye, is mindor-veli rom da-vinaxe, avivse lxeniTa da siamiTa~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 78;80).

gza mSobliur sivrceSia ganfenili. mSobliur sivrceSi gamaval gzaze xvdeba gabrieli Tamros. gza vizualuria, Sexvedris dro — zustad mi-TiTebuli:

`SuadRe iyo, venaxidam movdiodi da, orRobeSi rom Semovedi, Cems mzes orRobis TavSi Tvali Sevaswar, Turme mamisaTvis kalozed jeri mihqonda~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 82).

Sexvedris motivis emociuri simZlavre personaJTa moqmedebis gzis xazgasmuli dinamizmiTaa gadmocemuli:

ès amodena vaJi-kaci wavbarbacdi da wavawydi Robes... imanac me Tvali momkra: SekrTa, rogorc Sveli monadiresagan, da uceb ukan gatrialda. me bevri aRar mifiqria: visxlite fexi da gamovudeg. ise fexakrebiT Cqara mi-dioda, TiTqo ukan mteri egulebao. davewie kaklebqveS gamindvrebul-zed~... (WavWavaZe 1950b: 83).

orRobis gza jer `gamindvrebul~, gaSlil sivrceSi gadainacvlebs, Semdeg ki metaforizdeba:

`— gza!.. — miTxra amayad da brZanebiTa, — mama myavs da namusi maqvs... — RmerTman nurc erTsa da nurc meores nu mogaSoros... me marto is

mindoda, rom Cemi oboli Tavi SenTa fexT-qveS gzad gameSala. ar indome?.. damiTmia gza!.. gza mSvidobisa!.. qalo! rad mikargav gza da kvalsa?~ (Wav-WavaZe 1950b: 83-84).

gzisa da Sexvedris esoden metaforizebuli qronotopi siyvarulis motivs ukavSirdeba.

cnoba-vercnobis motivTa saintereso monacvleobas warmogvidgens Txzulebis meaTe Tavi.

satusaRodan gamorekili patimrebi cimbiris gzas unda gauyenon. swo-red aseT viTarebaSi xvdeba gabrieli pepias:

ìmaT ukan mosdevda borkilis Cxara-CxuriT erTi tanSi mokakuli, dro-uli grZel-TeTrwvera tusaRi: Tavi CaeRuna da mzes ar uyurebda... davakvir-ve Tvali da, vai, imis mnaxavs! — pepia vicani... pepia iyo, magram ra pepia!.. ve-Rar icnobdi, ise momkvdariyo da gamocvliliyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 105-106).

gza grZelia, momqancveli da tragikuli: mSobliuri sivrcidan ucxoe-Tisaken mimarTuli — `tusaRebi ambobdnen, rom xval saqarTvelos mijnas gavcildebiTo. guli momikvda, es rom gavigone~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 107).

gzis erTferovnebas arRvevs ùcxo elementis~ SemoWris faqti, rac, Tavis mxriv, moulodnel Sexvedras ganapirobebs:

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`wami ar dascalebia, rom xuTi Tu eqvsi cxenosani zed wamogvawyda, dasWyivles rusebs... am aliaqoTSi me da pepiam dro vixelTeT da gzis ga-daRma Tav-Tavqve daveSviT... Cven ukan agvedevna erTi cxenosani~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 107).

Sexvedris dro konkretulia — Rame, Sexvedris motivi vercnobis moti-viTaa gajerebuli:

`Tu RmerTi gwams, vina xar? bnelaSi ver garCev, gviTxari Seni saxeli~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 107).

ucnobis pasuxi kvlavac gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopis metaforize-bas axdens:

`— saxeli rad gindaT? vinca var, is viqnebi... Tu gindaT damloceT: san-Tel-sakmeveli Tavis gzas ar dahkargavs~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 108).

gzis kategoriiTaa gansazRvruli duqanSi gabrielisa da Tamros Sex-vedris epizodic. duqani gzazea, anu gzis masStaburi sivrculi modeli moicavs duqnis mikrosivrcul models:

`meore dRes, saRamozed, diRmis viwroebSi mivedi da iq erT duqanSi Ca-movxti~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 114).

Sexvedra sxvadasxva movlenaTa droSi damTxvevis faqtiTaa ganpirobebuli: `puris Wamas rom vaTavebdi, erTi droSka moadga... qali da biWi gadmo-

vidnen droSkidam da duqanSi Semovidnen~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 115). gabrielisa da Tamros pirveli Sexvedrisagan gansxvavebiT, maTi bolo

Sexvedra emociuri TvalsazrisiT arasasiamovnoa: ` — unamusoo!.. vkar xeli Seubraleblad im ubedursa da mkerdidam, rogorc gveli, ise

moviSore~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 115). am siuJetur epizodSive fiqsirdeba uaRresad saintereso detali:

gzis kategoriiT ganpirobebuli erTi Sexvedris motivi ugulebelyofs amave kategoriiT ganpirobebul meore Sexvedris motivs:

`barSi rom Camovel da gavivake, gulma mRvdlisaken gamiwia, mindoda imisagan locva-kurTxeva mimeRo da mere, rac mosasvleli iyo, mosuliyo. guls davujere da qalaqisaken gamovwie~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 114).

qalaqisaken gabrielis wamosvlis mizani TamrosTan Sexvedra ar yofi-la, igi mRvdlis sanaxavad moeSureboda da duqanSi mxolod savaxSmod ga-Cerda. am SemTxvevaSi, gabrielisa da mRvdlis Sexvedris motivis Tvisebri-vi maCvenebeli uaryofiTia. unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi movlena i. WavWava-Zis sxva prozaul TxzulebebSi ar fiqsirdeba: ori personaJi ver Sexvda erTmaneTs — ver Sexvda imitom, rom erTsa da imave dros isini sxvadasxva adgilas imyofebodnen: gabrielisa da mRvdlis Sexvedra gabrielisa da Tamros moulodneli Sexvedris motiviT gaimijna.

duqnidan gamosuli gabrielis personaJi ukompromiso SurisZiebis grZnobiTaa gamsWvaluli da misi sivrculi modeli, vidre daTikos mok-vlamde, daqsaqsuli gzebiT moiniSneba:

àm sam-oTx TveSi nadirsaviT tyeSi vimalebodi da mainc ki ori somexi gavZarcve da xuTi TavadiSvili... gamivarda yaCaRobis xma da daiwyo Cemi

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devna... dRes ityodnen: gabrom aq gaZarcva kacio da gzebs Semikravdnen; imave saRamos mouvidodaT ambavi, rom gabrom sami dRis savals iqiT kidev gaZarcva kacio da daebneodaT goneba~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 116).

aseve gzas ukavSirdeba gabrielisa da daTikos sabediswero Sexvedra — tyis gzas. dro-sivrculi maCveneblebi zustad mieTiTeba:

`mze Cawurvazed iyo... gza im tyis piras ido. daTiko im gzazed gamovi-da da Cemsken wamovida~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 116-117).

Sexvedris motivis Sedegi personaJis gaqceva da Rrma sulieri katak-lizmebia:

`daTikos mokvlis Semdeg me im are-mareSi yofna Zalian gamiZnelda... bolos gadavwyvite, rom gadavvardebi Sors saiTme... gamovwie da kaxeTs Se-movekedle... rac gadamxda, iqneb imis Rirsic viyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950b: 118-119).

daTikosa da gabrielis Sexvedra, kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT, nawar-moebis kulminacias warmoadgens.

TxzulebaSi fiqsirebuli bolo Sexvedra kvlav gabrielisa da mRvdlis personaJebs gulisxmobs, magram is ukve mxatvruli awmyos planSi iSleba. emociuri TvalsazrisiT, Sexvedra moulodnelia, sasiamovno da mi-zanSewonili, Sexvedris Sedegi ki nawarmoebis ideur-mxatvruli pozicii-Taa ganpirobebuli.

TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopis mar-Tlac Zalian saintereso da sayuradRebo modelebia warmodgenili: siuJetu-ri pasaJi, romelSic luarsabisa da darejanis winasaqorwino movlenebi da qorwilis ambavia gadmocemuli, SexvedraTa sakmaod vrcel speqtrs gvTava-zobs — sut-kneina xvdeba luarsabs, daviTi — mose gZelaZes, luarsabi — dare-jans, magram, miuxedavad amisa, sruliad aSkara da TvalSisacemia gzis sivrcu-li modelis erTgvari ignorireba: gza ar ixsenieba, ar aRiwereba, ar moiniSne-ba, mxolod — igulisxmeba:

`luarsabma marto erTi daviTi da erTi kidev viRaca gamoistumra~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 182), `didis pativiT miiRo mosem daviTi~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 182), `movida siZe didis mayrioniT~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 189).

gzis motiviT gansazRvruli Sexvedrebis motivi gzis sivrculi mode-lis fiqsaciis gareSe moiazreba.

gzisa da Sexvedris motivTa amgvari Seusabamobis sapirispiro variants warmogvidgens col-qmris TeleTSi gamgzavrebis epizodi: gza, am SemTxveva-Si, iZens rogorc realur-mxatvrul, ise — simbolur funqciasac. realur-mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, gza moicavs manZils luarsabis saxlidan Tele-Tis saydramde, simboluri TvalsazrisiT ki warmoadgens im sivrcul mo-dels, romlis saSualebiTac luarsabi, pirvelad nawarmoebis siuJetis gan-viTarebis manZilze, arRvevs sakuTar lokalur, iluzorul-idiliur samya-ros da Tavis kneinasTan erTad miemgzavreba salocavad. Sesabamisad, gza TiTqos sulieri faseulobebis gamofxizlebisaken aris gadebuli:

`Tedos Seabmevines uremi, gadaafares fardagi, erTi kargi cxvari da-akres urmis bolos, axsenes RmerTi da erT mSvenier zafxulis dilas Seud-gnen qalaqis Sara-gzasa~ (WavWavaZe 1950g: 194).

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magram mkiTxvelis molodinis horizonti ar emTxveva avtoris Cana-fiqrs: miuxedavad imisa, rom gza grZelia da mogzaurobis dro aT dRes iT-vlis, gzas ar eniWeba gadamwyveti esTetikuri funqcia — gzis modelis me-taforizeba iseTive farsia, rogorc luarsabisa da darejanis cxovreba: gza carielia, gzis sivrculi modeli ar ukavSirdeba Sexvedris motivs da, Sesabamisad, ar ukavSirdeba personaJTa SemecnebiT-eTikuri transformi-rebis process. am epizodSi gzis rogorc realur-mxatvruli modelis funqcia butaforulia — TeleTis saydari, rogorc sivrculi modeli, ara oden devizualuri, aramed ufunqciocaa; sacnauria gzis oden simboluri daniSnuleba: gzas, erTi mxriv, gamohyavs luarsabi da darejani viwro, Se-mozRuduli samyarodan, magram, meore mxriv, ufro saimedod, mtkiced am-wyvdevs maT TavianT naWuWSi.

gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopis Sidastruqturuli sirTule, romelic fiqsirdeba TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~, brwyinvaled esadageba nawarmo-ebis dro-sivrculi qronotopis zogad modelsa da Txrobis avtoriseul stils.

uSualod gzidan iwyeba i. WavWavaZis Txzuleba `sarCobelazed~. dro miTiTebulia: Sua zafxuli, saRamo. gza mSobliur sivrceSia ganfenili da imTaviTve gansazRvravs personaJTa Sexvedris motivs:

`roca Seabes da wina meurmem Solti gamarTa, rom xarebs gautylaSunos da dasZras uremi, maSin uecrad xevis yuredam ori ymawvili gamovida gza-zed~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 225).

aq Cvens yuradRebas usaTuod miipyrobs sityva ùecrad~, romelic qmnis SemTxveviTobis atmosferos da afiqsirebs avantiurul elements. uecrad, SemTxveviT, sruliad gauTvaliswinebelad, mxolod imitom, rom ymawvilebis gzaze gamosvlis dro da adgili daemTxva meurmeTa qaravnis daZvris drosa da adgils, gansxvavebuli asakisa da socialuri mdgomareo-bis mqone personaJebi — petre da ori Zma — xvdebian erTmaneTs. Sexvedris motivi dakargvisa da gaqcevis motivebiTaa Sezavebuli: diliT petre Se-ityobs, rom ymawvilebma igi gaZarcves da gaiparnen.

erTgvari Sinagani logikisa da gardauvalobis beWedi azis petresa da ucnobi ymawvili kacis ganmeorebiT Sexvedras. gzis modelis sqematuri mo-naxazi ramdensame mimarTulebas amTlianebs: gzas, romelsac qalaqs mimava-li petre adgas, gzas, romelsac avlabris moednisaken mimavali petre ad-gas da gzas, romelsac duqnidan gamosuli petre adgas. Tu gzis pirveli ori monakveTi amzadebs, ukanaskneli agvirgvinebs petresa da ucnobi ymaw-vilis Sexvedras: petre unda wamovides qalaqSi wisqvilis qvebis sayidlad da unda miuswros avlabris moedanze biWis CamoxrCobis moments, rom Sem-dgom duqanSi Sexvdes ymawvils da amoxsnas nawarmoebis dasawyisSi sityviT ùecrad~ Semotanili avantiura.

duqanSi personaJTa Sexvedris motivis Tvisebrivi maCvenebeli dadebi-Tia da `vercnobis motivs~ ukavSirdeba:

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`ra vqna, sad minaxavs es biWio, iZaxda gulSi petre... petre... im biWis vi-naobiT gakvirvebuli ar iZvroda adgilidam~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 236).

Txzulebis meoTxe TavSi daZabuloba matulobs, dro intensificirde-ba sivrceSi da gzis kategoria specifikuri mxatvrul-ritmuli funqcii-Taa gansazRvruli: ucnobi biWis werili TiTqos xelebs swvavs petres, Cqa-robs petre, garbis, garbis. paralelurad matulobs Txrobis dinamikac: elvis siswrafiT mieqaneba personaJis individualuri dro, gza usasru-lod iweleba petresaTvis:

ùfro gamalebuli wavida petre avlabris bakebisaken, guli ar uTmen-da, undoda male gaego, ra ewera wignSi... petre midioda, magram guli fexs uswrobda.

— ra-rig gagrZelda es oxeri gzao, — ambobda gulSi, — mivdivar da ve-Rar mivsulvaro.

bolos, rogorc iyo, mivida~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 237). gzis modelis ritmuli gancda vizualurs xdis personaJis rTul Sina-

gan mdgomareobas: ucnobi ymawvilis werili, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mxatvruli warsulis

planSi iSleba, warmogvidgens Zmebis gzebiTa da SexvedrebiT daqsaqsul cxovrebas, misi finali ki avantiuris amoxsnisa da petres sulieri meta-morfozis sawindrad gvevlineba.

werilis finalSi personaJisaTvis specifikuri dro-sivrculi plani warmoSobs da organulad erwymis personaJis fiqrisaTvis specifikur dro-sivrcul plans da maTi sinTezi qmnis radikalurad gansxvavebul droul parametrs, romelsac Cven vuwodebT `Sinagan dros~. es aris ara personaJis garSemo, aramed — SigniT, sxeulSi, sulSi, `me~-Si Cateuli dro, damZimebuli pirovnuli tkivilebiTa da gancdebiT. Sinagani dro Tavis TavSi aerTianebs realursa da irealurs, arsebulsa da warmosaxuls, mar-Tebulsa da aramarTebuls, gardatexils mxolod pirovnuli TvalTaxed-vis prizmaSi:

`mZuls qveyana da adamiani ufro. Cven Sua sabolood Cavtexe xidi: me erTi aqeT piras davrCi, Tqven mravalni iqiT. gankiTxvis dRem gamoaCinos, saiT arian marTalni da saiT mtyuanni. RmerTi gulTamxilavia: minam saqmes sasworzed dasdebdes, jer gulSi Caxedavs adamians~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 240).

sainteresoa, rom siRrmiseuli dro paralelurad iwvevs sivrcis sa-xecvlilebas. Tu werilis ZiriTad nawilSi fiqsirebuli personaJis indi-vidualuri sivrce, miuxedavad misi meryeobisa qalaqsa da sofels Sua, rea-lurad ar icvleba da gamudmebiT mZimea da daxuTuli, werilis finalSi, Sinagani drois gaCenasTan erTad, Tavs iCens sivrcis axali kategoriac — Sinagani, wiaRSi Cabudebuli sivrce, romlis gzac mimarTulia pirovnebis Sinagani samyarosaken da iq poulobs TavSesafars. gzis modeli ukidure-sad metaforizebulia:

`me Cemi gza marTlis gza mgonia. marTali var, Tu mtyuani, — ar vici. es ki vici, rom erTi patara ZarRvi kidev mqonda gulSi da isic dRes sarCobe-

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lazed Camwyda. amiT samudamod movwydi qveyanasa, rogorc winadve motexili toti ukanasknel Zafze-Ra dakidebuli. mSvidobiT!..~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 241).

ucnobi ymawvili ganwirulia. Sinagani dro-sivrcis Camoyalibeba da ga-Taviseba faqtobrivad wyvets personaJs mxatvruli dro-sivrculi garemo-sagan, saimedod amwyvdevs sakuTar `me~-Si. amdenad, Surisgebisa da Zalmom-reobis gza, romelsac irCevs ucnobi ymawvili, ar aris TviTmizani. es mxo-lod misi lokaluri, Caketili Sinasamyaros protestia im realobis mi-marT, romelmac ubiZga mas sulieri gandegilobisaken:

`yvelam unda mizRas Cemi danakargi. Zmis sisxls, minam cocxali var, aviReb... gana Sen ki amxanagi ara xar Cemis maminacvlisa! gana Sen ki ar damir-Ce erTaderTi Zma! gana Sen ki ar miiyvane is sarCobelazed!~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 241).

magram ymawvilis socialur dramas aqvs meore mxarec — igi petres su-lieri gardaqmnis dasawyisia: Tu ymawvili sabolood uaryofs garemom-cvel droul da sivrcul samyaros da iketeba Tavis TavSi, petre, piriqiT, mTeli sicxadiT aRiqvams am samyaros da uneblieT amTlianebs ramdenime dro-sivrcul plans: zafxulis cxel dRes da gzaze gamosul or patara biWs, maT mZime cxovrebas, gaqurdvis Rames, sarCobelas moedans, duqans, ucnob ymawvils... petre acnobierebs ukve ara mxolod miseul, aramed sxvis mier gamovlil tkivils, SeigrZnobs mas, da iwyebs fiqrs sakuTar pasuxis-mgeblobaze adamianebis winaSe:

`me ra SuaSi varo! — daiZaxa kvnesiT da TrTolviT SeSinebulma petrem. petre mTlad caxcaxebda~ (WavWavaZe 1950d: 241).

TxzulebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~ gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi, nawar-moebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, dramatizmiTaa aRsavse. gamonakliss war-moadgens Txzulebis meore Tavi, sadac gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopis funqcias zogad-vizualuri da regularuli xasiaTi eniWeba:

`marTla ase iyo Tu ara, — es unda ekiTxos erTs sxva qvrivs dedakacs, romelic soflis meore napiras idga da metad wvril-Sviliani iyo... oTara-anT qvrivi yovel kvira dRes erTi aTiod SoTs da erT badia korkots Tavis fexiT gadautanda xolme~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 253-254), `glaxa maTxovari ise ar miadgeboda kars, rom oTaranT qvrivs riTime ar gaekiTxa~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 254), `Tu metad Sesabralisi da Ronemixdili glaxa Sexvdeboda... waiyvanda, erT-or Careqas kai Rvinos gadaaxuxebda da gamoistumrebda~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 255) da sxva.

nawilobriv metaforul xasiaTs iZens gza giorgis Sinidan wasvlis epi-zodSi:

`sTqva esa, mxiarulad Seigdo mxarzed bargi da gaswia. oTaraanT qvrivma didxans adevna Tvali derefnidam... TiTqo xmaamou-

Reblad ixvew-imudareboda — erTi mainc Semomxedoso, magram giorgim ukan aRar moixeda...~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 287).

gza, romelsac giorgi sasurveli Sexvedrisaken mihyavs, qvrivis Rrma sulier tkivils iwvevs:

`dedas gulma texa dauwyo.

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— ukan aRar moixeda!.. daikvnesa dedam, — Cemgan midis, TiTqo Zafic ar iWers, sxvagan midis, TiTqo TokiT eweviano.

fexTamdgomelas oTaraanT qvrivs Tavi Zirs Camouvarda damblasaviT~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 287).

gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopuli parametrebis maqsimaluri mobili-zeba aRiniSneba giorgisa da oTaraanT qvrivis sikvdilis epizodebSi.

giorgis sikvdili erTgvari ganpirobebulobis asociacias iwvevs: gi-orgi unda wasuliyo mamapapiseuli saxlidan, anu unda dadgomoda gzas, rom misuliyo arCilisa da kesos saxlSi, giorgi swored maSin unda gamoCe-niliyo ezoSi, rodesac petre Tivas dgamda — sxvagvarad giorgis sikvdili ar Sedgeboda. giorgis sikvdili gzisa da movlenaTa droSi damTxvevis ka-tegoriebiTaa gansazRvruli. oTaraanT qvrivis mosvlac momakvdavi Svi-lis sarecelTan gardauvlobis STabeWdilebas tovebs: oTaraanT qvrivs unda mieswro cocxali giorgisaTvis, rom amoexsna da gaego Svilis gulis nadebi. giorgisa da oTaraanT qvrivis aRniSnuli Sexvedra nawarmoebis kulminacias warmoadgens.

gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi absoluturad metaforizebulia oTa-raanT qvrivis sikvdilis epizodSi.

epizodi peizaJuri fonisa da personaJis sulieri mdgomareobis srul sinTezs warmoadgens. aq yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi detali: gansazRvrulia mxatvruli drois rogorc cikluri etapi — zamTari, ise — konkretuli Ta-riRi: `Sobis Rame~.

`movida zamTari da moitana Tovli. swored Sobis Rames xelaxla movi-da didi Tovli~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 320).

zamTris peizaJis naTeli foni Cabnelebuli saxlis foniT icvleba. Suq-Crdilis TamaSs, anu sivrculi modelis Canacvlebas Tan axlavs perso-naJis — oTaraanT qvrivis — individualuri drois gamotana wina planze. individualuri dro mwvave caitnotis niSniTaa aRbeWdili — swrafia da mSfoTvare:

`vin meZaxis, vin!.. wadi, wadio!.. mivaRwev ki?..~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 322). personaJis statikuri mdgomareoba TandaTan aqtiurdeba: `sTqva da qveSagebSi uRonod wamojda. tanisamosi iqav TaviT elaga. Ca-

icva Tbili windebi, Tbili axaluxi, zed gadaicva kaba, moixvia Tavs Savi Sa-li, gadmococda qveSagebidam, wahyo qoSebSi fexi... miswvda joxs... da fexak-rebiT gavida saxlidam~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 322).

personaJis qmedebis gadinamikurebas kvlav sivrculi planis tran-sformacia mosdevs — saxli icvleba gzis sivrculi modeliT, romlis aRwe-rilobac personaJis Sinagani ganwyobilebis izomorfulia:

èzos karidam rom avadmyofma fexi orRobeSi gadmodga da dainaxa ax-lad mosuli, fexuxlebeli Tovli, sTqva:

— jer uwminduri da murtali fexi adamianisa ar mohxvedria da ar gaucodvianebia es ucodveli Tovli~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 323).

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dauZlurebuli, dasustebuli qvrivi ukanasknelad ikrebs Zalas da `joxzed dandobili~ Svilis saflavisaken mimaval gzas Seuyveba.

oTaraanT qvrivis personaJis amoqmedebas Tan sdevs frazebi: `...rad iZaxis guli? rad meweva, rad?.. mivaRwev ki?.. gzazed davece sad-

me da suli davlio, xom saZaRled gahxda Cemi leSi? rad meZaxi, rad?!.. mec male daviZineb da, madloba RmerTsa, aRar gaviRviZeb ... kidev!.. kidev meZa-xis!.. dRevandel dRes daibada, dRevandel dRes!.. movdivar, movdivar!..~ (WavWavaZe 1950e: 322).

es pasaJi SeiZleba orgvarad ganimartos: erTi TvalsazrisiT, qvrivi grZnobs aRsasrulis moaxloebas, Svilis dabadebis dRes midis mis saflav-ze da kvdeba, meore TvalsazrisiT, fraza — `dRevandel dRes daibada~, gu-lisxmobs qristeSobas da qvrivis sikvdili RvTis sauflosTan misi ziare-bis adekvaturia.

aRniSnuli pasaJis ganmartebis variantuli araerTgvarovnebis miuxe-davad, gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi orive SemTxvevaSi inarCunebs meta-forul xasiaTs: orive SemTxvevaSi es aris `gza sulisa~, grZeli, magram TeTri da ùcodveli TovliviT~ Seuryvneli, romelic Sexvedris sruliad abstraqtul models iTvaliswinebs. am SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba vimsje-loT ara Tu epizodis, aramed Txzulebis esqatologizmze, rac mogviane-biT, me-20 saukunis literaturaSi sakmaod mZlavrad iCens Tavs.

amrigad, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ilia WavWavaZis Txzule-bebSi gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi speqtruli mravalferovnebiT gamo-irCeva. gza da Sexvedra TiTqmis arasdros ifargleba mxolod realur-mxatvruli modelis funqciiT, aramed metaforizdeba sulieri faseulo-bebis mimarTulebiT. Cvens mier aqcentirebuli metaforizeba sivrculi da drouli struqturebisa realisturi teqstisaTvis niSandoblivi movle-naa: me-19 saukunis realisturi literatura aqtiurad iyenebs teqsts so-cial-erovnuli, eTikuri, religiuri da filosofiuri xasiaTis probleme-bis gaxmianebis tribunad, metaforizeba ki miznis miRwevis saukeTeso poe-tikuri xerxia — gabundovanebuli, orazrovani, xSirad enigmaturi wiaR-svlebi fiqrisaken ubiZgebs mkiTxvels, daafiqrebs maRal Rirebulebebze, romlebic Znelad gamoiTqmis arsebuli cenzurisa Tu ideologiur-poli-tikuri wnexis pirobebSi, magram romlebzec Tavis personaJTan erTad dau-Ralavad fiqrobs avtori.

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ilia da misi mkiTxveli

mxatvruli teqsti xangrZlivobis sam tips iTvaliswinebs: Seqmnis pro-cess, romelic mimdinareobs realuri dro-sivrculi parametrebis far-glebSi da teqstis mekavSired avtors moiazrebs, mxatvrul kontinuums, rac gulisxmobs konkretuli teqstisaTvis niSandoblivi individualuri mxatvruli qronotopuli modelis formirebas da aRqmis process, rome-lic, agreTve, xorcieldeba realuri dro-sivrcis konteqstSi, mxolod teqstis mekavSired amjerad gvevlineba mkiTxveli. Sesabamisad, literatu-ruli nawarmoebi sami temporaluri modelis farglebSi funqcionirebs — avtoriseuli, mxatvruli da mkiTxveliseuli modelebisa, sadac avtorise-uli da mkiTxveliseuli temporaluri modelebi esadageba literaturu-li teqstis garegan formas da mxatvruli temporaluri modelis gaazrebi-sa da aRqmis sxvadasxva poziciebad gvevlineba. am poziciaTa struqturu-li urTierTmimarTebis daregulirebis mizniT, specialur literaturaSi SemuSavebulia fizikuri da mxatvruli metrikis cnebebi. fizikuri metri-ka, TumcaRa, TavisTavad, aRniSnavs Txrobisa da aRqmis xangrZlivobebs, magram mudmivad ganixilavs maT moTxrobilis xangrZlivobasTan, anu `mxatvrul metrikasTan~ mimarTebaSi: avtori mogviTxrobs konkretul am-bavs garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi da, aseve garkveuli drois ganmavloba-Si, mis monaTxrobs aRiqvams mkiTxveli, anu nawarmoebSi fiqsirebuli mxat-vrul-siuJeturi movlena warmoadgens rogorc avtoris, ise mkiTxvelis intenciis sagans, magram gansxvavebuli perspeqtividan. ibadeba kiTxva: ram-denad SesaZlebelia avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqtis dadgena teqstis konkretul monakveTTan mimarTebaSi da am kontaqtis ra Teoriuli da kom-poziciuri formebi arsebobs?

miuxedavad imisa, rom Txrobis xangrZlivoba avtoris prerogativaa, xolo aRqmisa — mkiTxvelis, urTierToba maT Soris imTaviTve gansazRvru-lia: aRqmis drois xangrZlivoba pirdapir damokidebulebaSia Txrobis drois xangrZlivobasTan.

aRqmis drois xangrZlivoba, tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, or pozici-as ganasxvavebs: kiTxvis xangrZlivobasa da wakiTxulis cnobierebaSi fiqsa-ciis xangrZlivobas. aqedan, Tu kiTxvis xangrZlivoba subieqtisagan damou-kidebeli, gareSe mizezebiT ganisazRvreba — SesaZlebelia kiTxvis Senele-ba an aCqareba, wakiTxulisaken mibruneba, Sesveneba kiTxvis procesSi da sxva, — wakiTxulis cnobierebaSi fiqsacia, piriqiT, sruliad erTgvarovani xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdeba: igi Seesabameba Txrobis xangrZlivobas da wa-kiTxuli masala urRvev mTlianobaSi aRiqmeba. aRqmis mTlianoba ganpiro-bebulia ara marto wakiTxulis calkeuli detalebis Tanmimdevruli, mwyobri ganlagebiT, aramed maTi organuli gamTlianebiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es aris mudmivi Serwymis procesi, rodesac avtori teqstis far-glebSi iwvevs mkiTxvelis warmosaxvas, xolo mkiTxveli, aseve teqstis far-

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glebSi, pasuxobs avtoris gamowvevas. Sesabamisad, mkiTxvelisa da avtoris kontaqti individualuri Teoriuli modelis saxes iZens konkretuli lite-raturuli epoqis, stilis, problematikisa da meTodologiis farglebSi: literaturis ganviTarebis nebismieri etapis, rogorc tipologiurad da struqturulad mowesrigebuli movlenis, konteqstSi avtorisa da mkiTxve-lis urTierTmimarTeba konkretuli literaturuli sistemisaTvis niSan-doblivi stilistur da meTodologiur kanonebs emorCileba. gamonakliss am TvalsazrisiT arc me-19 saukunis realisturi literatura warmoadgens.

realizmis literaturuli skola xazgasmuli yuradRebiT moekida av-torisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs. marTalia, mogvianebiT, me-20 saukunis literaturulma kritikam araerTxel gadasinja àvtoris~ problema literaturaSi da, rbilad rom vTqvaT, minimalurad Seafasa misi roli teqstSi (t. elioti, r. barti, J. Jeneti da sxv.), me-19 saukunis lite-raturuli tradicia ver Tavsdeba am inovaciuri gaazrebis farglebSi: re-alisturi literaturis wiaRSi avtori da avtoriseuli qronotopi gvev-lineba Txrobis kompoziciuri da dro-sivrculi orientaciis RerZad. cxa-dia, aqtualuria mkiTxvelisa da mkiTxveliseuli qronotopis — individua-luri recefciis procesis — funqciac, magram, umeteswilad, is regulire-bulia avtoris mier: avtori mimarTavs mkiTxvels, uxsnis, ganumartavs, ekiTxeba, pasuxobs, umtkicebs, anu sakmaod mwired utovebs, izeris termini rom moviSvelioT, `bundovan adgilebs~ Tu `teqstualur gaurkvevlobebs~, romlebic unda Seavsos an TavsatexebiviT amoxsnas mkiTxvelma. cnobilia, rom kiTxvis aqti mudmivad gaxsnili perspeqtivaa, romelic, erTi mxriv, iTvaliswinebs konteqstualur modifikaciebs, xolo, meore mxriv, xels uwyobs mkiTxvelis maqsimaluri fleqsiurobisa da transformaciis unaris realizebas. anu sxvadasxva istoriuli da sociokulturuli konteqstis mkiTxveli sxvadasxvagvarad erTveba teqstSi da aRqmis procesi individu-aluri aqtis saxes iZens. me-19 saukunis realisturi literatura, romelic ostaturad iyenebs teqsts social-erovnuli, eTikuri da filosofiuri xasiaTis problemebis gaxmianebis tribunad, TiTqos xelovnurad arRvevs recefciis am logikas. realisti mwerali cdilobs mkiTxvelis `dayolie-bas~, misi recefciis procesis garkveul kalapotSi Cayenebas da am miznis misaRwevad, aqtiurad mimarTavs oratoruli pragmatikis Tumca nacad, mag-ram stilisturad modificirebul xerxs.

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oratoruli pragmatikis safuZvlebi jer kidev antikur epoqaSi Camoa-yaliba aristotelem, rodesac maRali ritorikis mraval mniSvnelovan funqciaTa Soris, sagangebod gamohyo misi stilisturi funqcia: msmenel-ze zemoqmedebis oratoruli berketebis, sityvaTa logikuri ganlagebisa da saubrisaTvis Sesaferisi gamometyvelebis SerCeva. stilisturi funqci-is samive zemoT CamoTvlili komponenti Tanabrad saWiroa oratorisaTvis,

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Tumca maTi xvedriTi wili bevradaa damokidebuli oratoris konkretul miznebsa da amocanebze. aseT SemTxvevaSi, romeli stilisturi komponentis gaaqtiurebas unda elodes msmeneli maSin, rodesac oratorad mxatvruli teqstis avtori gvevlineba? literaturuli teqstis avtori mxolod maSin irgebs oratoris niRabs, Tu mkiTxvelis recefciisaTvis misTvis sasurve-li gezis micemas cdilobs da mTavar iaraRad, cxadia, sityvas aqcevs, sity-vaTa ganlagebas — kavSirsa da intonacias. sityvis es ritorikuli funqcia gansakuTrebuli efeqturobiT gamoiyenes Sua saukuneebis moRvaweebma. aristoteleseuli Segoneba — `sityva Sedgeba ori nawilisagan, radgan au-cilebelia daadgino is sagani, razedac msjelob da daamtkico kidec~ (aristotele 1981: 195), amasTan, `sabuTebi damajerebeli unda iyos~ (aris-totele 1981: 206) — adreuli Sua saukeneebis moazrovneebma ostaturad gadmoanacvles mxatvruli teqstis sibrtyeze da alegoriuli egzegetikis umTavres ornamentad gardaqmnes. alegoriuli egzegetikis meTodis Sesa-bamisad, avtoris pozicia (ZiriTadad bibliur teqstebTan mimarTebaSi), rogorc utyuari WeSmariteba, moxerxebulad ganTavsda `sxvagvarad Tqmis~ stilisturi xerxis yalibSi. aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri teqsti SeiZleba da-emorCilos alegoriuli reinterpretaciis process, romlis wiaRSic gan-xorcieldeba movlenis damajerebeli gadaazreba, xolo warmmarTvel rols Seasrulebs avtoris konceptualuri strategia. am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwies porfiriusma, proklem, netarma avgus-tinem, mogvianebiT — dantem, romlebmac, `sxvagvarad Tqmis~ meTodologiis danergviT SeZles ara marto qristianuli Teologiis tradiciis, aramed teqstebis inerpretaciuli mravalferovnebis kulturis Camoyalibeba. oratoruli pragmatika warmatebiT modelirda poetikur sistemaSi.

qristianuli azrovnebis wiaRSi fesvCayrili tradicia met-naklebi upiratesobiT gagrZelda Semdgomi epoqebis literaturul azrovnebaSi: Tu neoklasicisturi esTetikuri koncepti ritorikuli stilis gadaWar-bebul dozas iTvaliswinebda, riTac azaralebda teqstis mxatvrul plans da metad mosawyens, mkacrad didaqtikursa da logikurs xdida Txrobas, mas TiTqmis ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas romantikosebi, rac meore ukidure-sobas warmoadgenda. me-19 saukunis 40-iani wlebidan gaZlierebulma rea-listurma tendenciam aRadgina darRveuli balansi da oratoruli pragma-tika kvlavac normirebuli reJimis pirobebSi Caayena. procesis mowesrige-baSi gadamwyveti roli mieniWa avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTmimarTe-bis struqturul daregulirebas: avtori gamoikveTa rogorc konceptua-luri lideri, teqstis warmmarTveli koordinata, oratori, xolo mkiTx-veli warmoCinda rogorc avtorTan aqtiur dialogSi Cabmuli mosaubre, inteleqtualuri partniori, romelic usmens avtors da romlis mxardaWe-rasac mudmivad saWiroebs avtori. gamomdinare aqedan, realisturi lite-ratura da, cxadia, qarTuli realisturi literaturac, daefuZna orato-ruli pragmatikis modificirebul, dialogur meTods da maqsimalurad gaaaqtiura avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierToba teqstSi kompoziciuri kveTis meSveobiT. kompoziciuri kveTis saukeTeso formad mkiTxvelTan av-

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toris Ria dialogi iqca, saubari e.w. `gaxsnili teqstiT~, rodesac avtori teqstSive afiqsirebs Tavis urTierTobas mkiTxvelTan da gulwrfeli saub-risaken mouwodebs mas. urTierTobis fiqsacia, ara marto TvalsaCinoebas sZens avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqts teqstSi, aramed gamokveTs struq-turuli mimarTebis àvtoriseuli qronotopi~ / `mxatvruli qronotopi~ / `mkiTxveliseuli qronotopi~ Sinaarsobriv da kompoziciur mniSvnelobas.

mkiTxvelTan dialogis mosurne realisti avtori, erTi mxriv, sityvis mesaWis, teqstis gzamkvlevis, erTgvari mimarTulebis mimcemis funqciiTaa aRWurvili, xolo, meore mxriv, igi mudmivad saWiroebs da moelodeba mkiTxvelis maqsimalur mxardaWeras. cxadia, mkiTxveli, SeiZleba arc dae-Tanxmos mas, magram, valdebulia, gaiTvaliswinos igi, rogorc mosaubre da partniori. msgavsi urTierTobis realizebis saukeTeso formas realis-turliteraturul tradiciaSi warmoadgens avtoris mimarTva mkiTxveli-sadmi, xerxi, romelsac warmatebiT iTvisebs zogadad realisturi litera-tura, xolo `qarTuli sakiTxaviT~ mxrebdamZimebuli qarTuli realizmi mas gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba.

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`qarTuli sakiTxavi~ im saWirboroto problemaTa erTobliobaa, rom-lebic mudmivad Tan sdevda (da sdevs) qarTveli erisa da misi literaturis istorias, Tumca me-19 saukuneSi, qarTuli realizmis lideris, ilia WavWa-vaZis naazrevSi, igi mkveTrad gamoxatul sistemad Camoyalibda da samoqme-do lozungis — `mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba~ — saxe miiRo.

ilia WavWavaZe gacilebiT mets moiTxovda sakuTari Txzulebebisgan, vidre es erTi mwerlis Semoqmedeba iyo: igi ara martivad `wamkiTxvelT~, aramed Tanamoazreebsa da gulSematkivrebs, Sesabamisad, saimedo dasay-rdens eZiebda qarTul sazogadoebaSi. mas ar sWirdeboda seiris macqerali mkiTxveli, romelic ramdenime saaTiT Seiqcevda Tavs kiTxviT da dascil-deboda. dasustebuli, modunebuli, `gulgrilobis morevSi~ CaZiruli sa-qarTvelos Wirisufals kargad hqonda Segnebuli TanamebrZolTa gamoWed-vis aucilebloba. aseT dros swored rom saukeTeso mokavSired moCanda oratoruli pragmatikis literaturuli modifikacia avtoris rolis aq-centirebiTa da mkiTxvelTan gaZlierebuli kontaqtiT. iliac siamovne-biT daeyrdno mas da jiutad Seudga mkiTxvelis `moTvinierebas~.

ilia Riad iwvevs dialogSi Tavis mkiTxvels: uyveba, usabuTebs, uxsnis, ganumartavs, ekiTxeba, pasuxobs, anu mouRlelad da Tavdauzogavad esaub-reba Tavis ers. ilias oratoruli pragmatikis mTavari berketi zneobrio-baa, vinaidan mSvenivrad uwyis: `molaparakis zneobas udidesi zemoqmedebi-Ti Zala aqvs msmenelebze, romelTac sityviT aRtaceba SeuZliaT~ (aristo-tele 1981: 36). mas gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom: `sityva, mimarTuli msmenele-bisadmi, gamiznulia an imisaTvis, rom oratorma msmenelTa keTilganwyobi-leba moipovos, an imisTvis, rom maTSi brazi gamoiwvios, an maTi yuradReba

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miipyros, anda piriqiT. radgan msmenelis yuradRebis mipyroba yovelTvis araa sasurveli, amitom bevri oratori cdilobs msmeneli gaacinos. yove-live es ki iwvevs imis ukeT gagebas, rasac urCeven da agreTve imas, rom ora-tori zneobrivad wminda pirovnebad moCandes. radgan ufro metad aseT oratorebs usmenen xolme. msmenelebi TanaugrZnoben dids, Taviseburs, sakvirvels, sasiamovnos~ (aristotele 1981: 198). iliac yvela saSualebiT cdilobs mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyrobas da ndobis mopovebas. saetapo mniSvnelobis mqone TxzulebebSi — `mgzavris werilebi~, òTaraanT qvrivi~ da `kacia-adamiani?!~— sadac igi mTeli ZaliTa da energiT utevs `qarTul sakiTxavs~ da ara marto mas, ilia maqsimalurad aaqtiurebs kontaqts mkiTxvelTan. avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTobis fiqsacia teqstSi av-toris mkiTxvelisadmi regularul mimarTvebSi xorcieldeba.

TxzulebaSi `mgzavris werilebi~ igi mTavari personaJis piriT gadmoicema: òTxi weliwadi iyo, rac me ruseTSi vimyofebodi da Cemi qveyana ar mena-

xa. oTxi weliwadi!.. ici, mkiTxvelo, es oTxi weliwadi ra oTxi weliwadia!..~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 10).

aRniSnuli mimarTva `mgzavris werilebis~ konceptualur laitmotivs warmoadgens: mas efuZneba Txzulebis Sinaarsobrivi da kompoziciuri pi-ramida. saxezea mkacrad motivirebuli ritorikuli dialogi mkiTxvelTan, romelic adgens avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTobis CarCos da gansazR-vravs am urTierTobis xasiaTs naraciis procesSi. Semdgomi Txrobisas msgavsi tipis mkveTri mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi Tumca ar fiqsirdeba, magram mZafrad SeigrZnoba emociuri qveteqstebis meSveobiT. gamonakliss warmo-adgens nawarmoebis daskvniTi, merve Tavi, sadac avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqti teqstis doneze kvlavac aqtiur formas iZens — avtori amTavrebs saubars Tavis dakvirvebul mkiTxvelTan da ajamebs naraciis Sedegebs:

`me, gakvriT, rogorc mgzavri, vixseneb mas, rac misgan gamigonia. Cemi cda marto imaSia, rom imis azrisaTvis imisive feri SemerCia da imis sityvi-saTvis imisive kilo. Tu es Sevasrule, Cemi ganzraxvac Semisrulebia~ (Wav-WavaZe 1950: 30).

TxzulebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~ avtoris erTaderTi pirdapiri mimar-Tva mkiTxvelisadmi giorgis personaJs ukavSirdeba, rac warmoaCens mkiTx-velis mier giorgis personaJis gaazrebis mniSvnelobas avtorisaTvis:

`giorgi ki rogorc CemTvis, mkiTxvelo, ise imaTTvis gamocana iyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 295).

mwerali TiTqos Tavazianad epatiJeba mkiTxvels Tavisufali inter-pretaciis samyaroSi, magram es `Tavisufleba~ maqsimaluradaa marTuli: ilia nabij-nabij xsnis `dedaSvilobisa~ da `xidCatexilobis~ problemaTa epicentrSi moqceuli personaJis gamocanas teqstSi da mkiTxvelsac Tan iaxlebs.

CvenTvis saintereso mesame Txzuleba `kacia-adamiani?!~, gamorCeulad uxvadaa datvirTuli mkiTxvelisadmi mimarTvebiT. rogorc Cans, Txzule-bis problematikis maqsimaluri eqsponirebiT frTaSesxmulma iliam zedmi-wevniT kargad moirgo oratoris tribuna. mkiTxvelisaTvis gankuTvnili

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ritorikuli mimarTvebi, SekiTxvebi Tu SeZaxilebi klasikuri ritorikis stilSia Sesrulebuli da literaturuli ritorikis brwyinvale nimuSs warmoadgens:

àr gegonoT, mkiTxvelno, rom es saxli ekuTvnodes erTs vismes Rarib-sa da mis-gamo iyos egre gulSeutkivrad Tavminebebuli~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 127); ès qoneba, ymebidan dawyebuli cxenamdina da miwamdina, imis xelSi, — vinc gamoyeneba icis, — kai lukma aris. maS raRad sdgas egre cudad? mkiTx-avs gakvirvebuli mkiTxveli. imitom rom qarTvelia, — mogigebT sruliad darwmunebuli, rom kai sabuTi giTxariT~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 128); `mkiTxvelo, xom ar mogewyina?.. magram es unda icode, Sen, mkiTxvelo, rom me amisa qve-more xelis momwereli mkiTxvelis gasarTvelad ar vwer am uxeiro moTxro-basa. me minda am moTxrobam Caafiqros mkiTxveli da, Tu moiwyens, amis gamo moiwyinos, imitom rom fiqri da mowyena gauyrelni da-Zmani arian. me minda, rom mkiTxvelma imitom ki ar moiwyinos, rom gasarTveli ar ari, aramed imi-tom rom Camafiqrebelia. Tu amodena ixerxa da SesZlo am uxeiro werilma, me amis meti ara minda ra da arc mdomebia, Cemo mowyenilo mkiTxvelo!~ (Wav-WavaZe 1950: 131); `netavi imaT, mkiTxvelo!..~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 137); `luarsabi dagviRonda, mkiTxvelo!~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 164); `bolos xom, — Senc ici, mkiTxvelo, — rom amaT erTmaneTi SeuyvardaT~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 192); àRar gaaTaveb?~ — mkiTxavs mowyenili, da iqneba gajavrebulic, mkiTxveli. — ro-gor ara! gavaTaveb, magram iciT riTa? imiTi, rom luarsabis bedniereba da-irRveva. Tu magisTana mtkice bednierebac dairRveva, maS raRa yofila da-urRveveli qveyanazed? — daiZaxebs CemTan erTad daRonebuli mkiTxveli. marto qveyanaa, mkiTxvelo, daurRveveli~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 220); `mag Sesan-dobars da Sesabraliss Cveulebas Tavisi azri da safuZveli hqonia, magram ar giTargmni ki, mkiTxvelo!~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 221); `me gavaTave da Sen, rac ginda, hqmen, mkiTxvelo~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 221); `sxvafriv mSvidobiT brZande-bodeT da SendobiT ixseniebdeT monasa Tqvensa~... (WavWavaZe 1950: 223).

mkiTxvelisadmi avtoris esoden xSiri mimarTvebi, romlebic gajere-bulia ara marto calkeuli frazebiT, aramed seriozuli msjelobebiTa da daskvnebiT (gansakuTrebiT bolo TavSi), ara marto sruliad aSkarad da daufaravad afiqsirebs kontaqts avtori — mkiTxveli, aramed warmoaCens avtoriseuli da mkiTxveliseuli qronotopuli modelebis myar poziciur kavSirs, gamokveTils mxatvrul qronotopul modelTan mimarTebaSi. da-culia fizikuri metrikis norma: avtoris yuradReba, drois garkveul mo-nakveTSi, koncentrirebulia konkretul sakiTxze da, aseve drois garkve-ul monakveTSi, aRiqvams mas mkiTxveli. avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqti teqstis konkretul monakveTTan mimarTebaSi dadgenilia oratoruli pragmatikis meTodis farglebSi da gamoxatulia kompoziciuri kveTis formiT. avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierToba fiqsirdeba Riad, e.w. `gax-snili teqstiT~, sadac avtori gvevlineba dialogis mesaWed, mkiTxveli ki — mis aqtiur msmenelad. ilia, rogorc WeSmaritad realisti mwerali, ara-sodes iviwyebs `Tavis mkiTxvels~, mas, visTvisac qmnis, Sromobs, iRvwis da ibrZvis.

313

* * *

...avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierToba tradiciuli literaturaT-mcodneobiTi samkuTxedis — avtori, teqsti, mkiTxveli — erT-erTi umniS-vnelovanesi da urTulesi maxasiaTebelia. teqsti iseve ar moiazreba aR-mqmeli subieqtis anu mkiTxvelis gareSe, rogorc ar SeiZleba moazrebul iqnes avtoris gareSe. avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqtis specifikas gan-sazRvravs da adgens literaturuli epoqa misi esTetikuri principebiTa da meTodologiuri kanonebiT.

realizmis epoqaSi gansakuTrebulad fasobs avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierToba teqstSi. realisti mwerali arc neoklasicisturi epoqis diq-tatoria, magram arc romantizmis epoqis liberali — realisti mwerlebi Zalian hgvanan pultTan mdgom diriJorebs, romlebic, TumcaRa akontro-leben orkestris (teqstis) yovel bgeras (struqturul rgols), warmate-bisaTvis mudmivad saWiroeben mxardamWerTa aplodismentebs. oratoruli pragmatikis modificirebuli poetikuri sistemis principebiT SeiaraRe-buli realisti mwerlebi mkiTxvelis gulisa da gonebis `dapyrobas~ es-wrafvian, cdiloben, Tanamoazreebad aqcion isini, gulSematkivrebad, rom-lebTanac yovelTvis SeiZleba konstruqciuli dialogis warmarTva.

314

b o l o T q m a

wignma `teqsti da qronotopi~ avtoris xangrZlivi Sromis Sedegebs mo-uyara Tavi. miuxedavad imisa, rom wigni sami nawilisagan Sedgeba, misi Ti-Toeuli ganakveTi daeTmo Tanamedrove literaturis TeoriisaTvis mniS-vnelovan da saintereso erT problemas – teqstisa da qronotopis urTi-erTmimarTebis sakiTxs, mxolod problemis gaazreba gansxvavebuli meTo-dologiebis WrilSi ganxorcielda. wignis konceptualur amocanad SeiZ-leba ganisazRvros qronotopuli modelebis funqciis gamokveTa, erTi mxriv, literaturuli Janris, xolo meore mxriv — literaturuli mimdi-nareobis formirebis, dadgenisa da aRweris saqmeSi SedarebiTi analizis principiT. Tu wignis pirveli nawilis mizani iyo mxatvruli qronotopis gaazrebis kulturologiur-literaturuli paradigmis Teoriuli Seswav-la da, Semdgom, misi interpretacia me-20 saukunis antiutopiuri romanis Janris, kerZod, esqatologiuri antiutopiis doneze, wignis meore nawili mieZRvna mxatvruli qronotopis zogadstruqturuli Taviseburebebis dadgenas da qarTuli realizmis literaturuli mimdinareobis farglebSi maTi realizebis specifikis kvlevas. wignis daskvniTi, mesame nawili moicavs sakiTxis garSemo warmoebul praqtikul kvlvevebs.

xangrZlivi samecniero kvlevis procesSi gamoikveTa rigi sayuradRe-bo sakiTxebisa, daisaxa axali interpretaciuli meTodologiebi da Teori-uli modelebi, gakeTda daskvnebi, Sejamda Sedegebi.

vimedovnebT, rom wignSi dasmuli problemebi sainteresoa, aqtualuri xasiaTisaa da maTi masStaburi kvleva samomavlodac gagrZeldeba.

am imediT gtovebT.

irma ratiani

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damowmebuli literatura

nawili pirveli

qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi esqatologiuri antiutopiis interpretaciisaTvis

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Irma Ratiani

TEXT AND CHRONOTOPE

Foreword The book “Text and Chronotope” is comprised of three parts, each dealing with such an

important problem of the modern theory of literature as the conceptual and methodological interrelationship of text and chronotope. The material of long-term research is brought together in the book. It unites two scholarly monographs of the author and seven papers. However, each stage of research conceptualizes the problem under study in a different context and, accordingly, is oriented to a different scholarly result.

Part one – “Chronotope in an Anti-utopian Novel. Towards the Interpretation of Eschatological Anti-utopia” – is devoted to the theoretical problem of defining the function of chronotopic models in the process of identifying and formulating a literary genre. In particular, the work is an attempt at defining the genre of literary anti-utopia and study of genre peculiarities in the context of the literary and anthropological theories of chronotope. The problem is studied by recourse to concrete literary texts, while the interpretation of texts is carried out on the methodological basis of comparative literary criticism. The genesis of the literary anti-utopian genre and the question of genre specificity are discussed, on the one hand, as well as the basic trends of realization of chronotopic categories and their genre-coordinating function generally within literary anti-utopia, and in particular eschatological anti-utopia, on the other.

The description of literary genres and their classification constitute the basic conceptual-methodological means of determining their essence and purpose. From this standpoint, the new genres, are worthy of special attention, as they not only introduce and shape the style of thought at definite literary periods, but prompt literary critics to constant discussion and analysis. Literary anti-utopia is one such genre, which to a large extent defined 20th century literary aesthetics, justly becoming a serious object of literary-critical research. But, notwithstanding the large scale of research carried out, the analytical study of literary anti-utopia gives rise to many questions of principle. The need is noticeable for the introduction of innovative methods of research and conceptions. The present work is not only a scholarly discussion with the critical thought that has taken shape around the genre of literary anti-utopia, but an attempt at a novel interpretation of the genre of literary anti-utopia from the angles of holistic theory of genre and chronotopic theory. The former ensures the conceptualization of literary anti-utopia in the context of a synthesized model of synchronic and diachronic theories, while the latter determination of the trends of realization of significant chronotopic categories and of the genre-coordinating function.

Conceptualization of the genre of literary anti-utopia in the light of chronotopic theory has for the first time become the subject of a special study. Also for the first time, with a view to defining the genre, methodological transfer of the theory of liminality, worked out within positive anthropology, to the plane of artistic text and the interpretation of chronotopic models is represented in the context of the anthropological theory of liminality. Accordingly, research is expanded along the line of large-scale literary-theoretical and cultural analysis. This calls for critical mastery of already known sources and active introduction of new sources in scholarly use.

The basic results of this stage of research may be formulated thus: general aspects of the shaping and development of the genre of anti-utopia are identified in the study; the essential philosophical and literary premises for its evolution as a genre are outlined: the specificity of conceptualizing literary anti-utopia in the context of synchronic and diachronic conception is demonstrated; holistic theory is argued as the right theoretical-methodological criterion for the conceptualization of literary anti-utopia and the genre specificity; the significance of the categories of time and space in the history of development of world intellectual thought is defined and the trends of non-uniform interpretation of these categories both in philosophical-scholarly and 326

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literary-critical spheres are pointed out; the coordinating function of chronotopic categories in the process of genre classification in the meta-text of literary anti-utopia, and the literary model of eschatological anti-utopia is stressed; the anthropological theory of liminality is compared to the genre of literary anti-utopia; the extent of its spread is determined within the frame of literary anti-utopia, in general, and eschatological anti-utopia in particular; liminal models of chronotope are discussed in specific specimens of 20th-century eschatological anti-utopia; extensive scholarly literature has been used in the research, as well as belletrist texts: V. Nabokov’s novel “Invitation to a Beheading” and “Bend Sinister” and M. Javakhishvili’s novel “Jaqo’s Dispossessed”; the texts are discussed by recourse to comparative analysis.

The second part of the book “Chronotope in Ilia Chavchavadze’s Prose. Analysis of Five Novels”, is devoted to the theoretical problem of the analysis of general trends of the formation of specific chronotopic models and their realization within a literary trend. The purpose of the study is to identify general structural peculiarities of time and space and research into the specificity of their implementation. On the basis of an analysis of Chavchavadze’s prose works the specificity of chronotopic models characteristic of classical realism has been identified, as well as the principles of their structural heterogeneity and reception.

Problems important to the reader interested in the chronotope are highlighted from the beginning: what is the temporal-spatial structure and orientation of narrative; how are the general characteristics of artistic time grouped; what do plot time and space mean; what specificity are they distinguished for, what is the relationship of the individual chronotopes of the author, the character and the reader, etc. The work aims at methodological imitation of realism in general, and of the literary trend of Georgian realism, in particular, a novel reading of the literary legacy of Ilia Chavchavadze, the leader of Georgian realism, its innovative reception in the context of the theory of chronotope, which accords with the standards of modern literary criticism.

Chavchavadze is an author the analysis of whose legacy is invariably in the sphere of interest of Georgian (and not only Georgian) critics, beginning with the early twentieth century to the present day. Accordingly, his literary contributions are within the context of ever renewable reception. Differing reception is one of the most important characteristics of the present book. The variability of the angle and position of reception sheds lights on the dynamics of the complexity of the object under study and on the diverse prospects of the methods of research.

The main results of the present stage of research are shown by the following accents: the theory of chronotope, as a methodology of the study of text, is conceptualized in the intercultural (European literary processes) context; by recourse to the theory of chronotope, as a theoretical strategy of a novel study and with a view to defining the genre, the differing principles of the literary trend and method of realism are brought to the foreground; having established the chronotopic boundaries, their systemic and synthetic theoretical analysis is proposed in close connection with the text, as exemplified by Chavchavadze’s five basic novels; analysis of concrete texts is carried out in a complex way; it is argued that the works of any writer, no matter how well and thoroughly they have been studied, are essentially layered and, by permanently renewable research, acquire an absolutely unexpected line.

The interpretation methodologies worked out in both – the first and second – parts of the book, as approved theoretical models, may be successfully implemented (and to some extent have been introduced) in a novel analysis of other literary genres, epochs, trends and texts.

The third part of the book comprises papers that deal with separate problems of the text and chronotope. These papers were published in Georgian and foreign scholarly journals and collections. Some of the papers were written after the publication of the cited monographs. Of these, “Metaphoric Models of the Road: from the “Story of a Beggar” to “Widow of Otar” and “Ilia and His Reader” constitute a return to the problems posed in the author’s monograph “Chronotope in Ilia Chavchavadze’s Prose” – a generalization of these problems and in-depth stu-dy. The paper – “Mikhail Bakhtin’s Theoretical Conception. Dialogic Criticism” is an implementation of the author’s long-time design to write a maximally comprehensive and readable

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critical essay on the founder of the theory of chronotope, Mikhail Bakhtin. The paper – “Mikhail Bakhtin’s Theoretical Conception. Dialogic Criticism” is an attempt at interpreting the basic scholarly views of M. Bakhtin, one of the leaders of 20th-century study of literature. The paper discusses the scholar’s fundamental theories on literary genre, carnival and chronotope; the paper, “Metaphoric Models of Road from the “Story of a Beggar” to “Widow of Otar” aims at establishing the relation of the spatial models taking shape in Chavchavadze’s prose with the conceptual method of metaphorizing; “Ilia and his Reader” identifies the peculiarities of Chavchavadze’s communication with the reader, with account of the principles of the chronotopic framework. The papers were selected by the conceptual criteria of the book, on the one hand, and the author’s professional consideration, on the other. It should also be noted that several papers suffered insignificant alterations following the first publication.

I hope that the book presented in three parts, devoted to the interpretation of one basic problem – that of interrelationship between text and chronotope – from a different theoretical angle, will contribute to further development and extension of literary critical research along the indicated line.

Finally, I wish to express my special thanks and respect to those persons whose professional and collegial support made possible to publish the book in its present form: to the editors: Mr. Tengiz Kikacheishvili, Professor of the Branch of Comparative Literature at Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Mr. Merab Ghaghanidze, Professor of the Georgian Literature Branch at Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; the reviewers: Dr. Gaga Lomidze, Chairman of the Scientific Council at Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature, Ms. Bela Tsipuria, Professor of the Branch of Comparative Literature at I. Chavchavadze State University. Profound thanks to Professor Sadao Tsukui of Osaka University, Japan; Mr. Arrian Tchanturia, teacher and translator of the Branch of English Philology at Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; thanks are also due to the Editorial Board of the Faculty of Humanities, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University and to Tbilisi State University Press for their support in editing the book.

PART 1

CHRONOTOPE IN THE ANTI-UTOPIAN NOVEL. TOWARDS THE INTERPRETATION OF ESCHATOLOGICAL ANTI-UTOPIA

MAIN CONCLUSIONS The work “Chronotope in the Anti-utopian Novel. Towards the Interpretation of Escha-

tological Anti-utopia”, is devoted to research into a highly important and interesting problem: the genre definition of literary anti-utopia and study of the specificity of realization of chronotopic models in particular anti-utopian texts. The purpose of the work was to study and identify the general paradigm of conceptualization of the categories of artistic time and space.

The introduction touches upon the history of research into the question, the scholarly conceptions around the problem are reviewed, significant sources and positions are analyzed; the conjectural motives of their origin and outcomes are pointed out. The principal methodological constructions on which the thesis is based are formulated here. It is indicated that the author of the present work considers it advisable to research into the genre of literary anti-utopia in the context of holistic and chronotopic theories. It is noted that the analysis of concrete literary material is based on the comparative method.

In the first chapter, “Literary Anti-utopia and General Trends of its Development”, the question of anti-utopia is discussed as the question of the genesis of a form of thought which took shape in ambivalent integrity with utopia and conceptual evolution. The analysis is given of philosophical and literary texts essential for the formation of the genre of literary anti-utopia. The following views are formulated:

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1. The formation of anti-utopia, as a concept, and later genre, is closely linked to the concept of utopia and genre. I believe, from the beginning anti-utopia became intertwined with utopia and, together with it, it traversed a road of development before it came to actively oppose it in the shape of counter-genre. It was not all of a sudden but gradually that anti-utopia developed into a system opposed to utopia, into its mirror reflection that soundly evaluated the illusory character of utopian mirage.

2. The significant inner opposition of utopia and anti-utopia manifested itself way back at the level of the first utopian personage – the ambivalent phenomenon of Cronus – and became especially well reflected in the satirical works of the Classical period, that constituted a contrastive synthesis of positive and negative elements.

3. The perception of utopia and anti-utopia as elements of single but ambivalent whole altered to a certain extent in the period of stoicism, in particular in Seneca’s doctrine. The latter seriously questioned the prospect of really forming an ideal society, and he outlined an alternative way of reaching “idyllic happiness” – a way of personal and spiritual self-determination. Accor-dingly, I consider it right to take Seneca’s text of “Life without care” as a text of the first serious anti-utopian character.

4. The Christian world view that actively opposed Caesar’s sinful and perverted model with that of heavenly paradise, further deepened and filled with content the opposition between the utopian and anti-utopian motives.

5. An appreciable activation of the anti-utopian attitude is noticeable in the Middle Ages. The realistic anti-utopianism of Machiavelli and Hobbes came into sharp opposition with the utopian illusions widespread and popular in their times, giving priority to the realistic model of “strong authority”. Swift’s work “Gulliver’s Travels” was distinguished for complete scepticism with regard to utopia. The end of the writer’s illusions regarding the possibility of man’s hu-manism, equality and unity took shape in the work. The tragic split came to light that existed bet-ween the creative individuality of the artist and the hardened norms of a mechanised society. “Gulliver’s Travels” demonstrated the breakdown of the ambivalent unity of utopia and anti-utopia, demonstrating the essential aspiration of anti-utopia towards an independent genre form.

6. In the lap of romantic world view, namely Mary Shelley’s work “Frankenstein” or “The New Prometheus” gave rise to the cardinal theme of literary anti-utopia: the development of a mystic and destructive force subjected to human control that destroys all human.

7. In the teachings of Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard and Nietzsche the philosophical basis of literary anti-utopia took shape: man’s free activity, the problem of the loss of creative will and individual thought were posed acutely, not only the global crisis of the period found reflection in it, but the tragedy of man caught up in the crisis; accordingly, the “philosophy of life” imbued with quest for individualism and subjectivist attitude can safely be considered the philosophical-conceptual basis of literary anti-utopia.

8. The anti-utopian spirit deepened in the philosophical and literary space at the end of the 19th century. The best proof of this is the texts of F. Dostoyevsky’s “Great Inquisitor”, in which the main themes of literary anti-utopia came to light in their completeness: a) utopia that is coming close to the verge of implementation is destructive to man’s free will and creative nature; b) profanation of the sacred, biblical themes and the imposed collective happiness drives mankind to spiritual destruction.

9. It is noteworthy that the Russian writer found an analogue in Georgian literary space as well, i.e. Vazha Pshavela, in whose works the establishment of personality and personal originality became the basic principle.

Resting on such strong, historical, philosophical and literary foundation, early in the 20th century the negative attitude of the world’s intellectual circles against utopia, in general, and realizable utopia, in particular, took clear shape. Works of anti-utopian character were written one after another, which attacked not only their contemporary technocratic forecasts, but were steeped in universal scepticism and consistently formulated anti-utopian principles directed against

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universal identification, genetic standardization of society and mass culture. In the 20th century literary anti-utopia took shape as an independent literary genre.

In chapter two, “Theoretical-methodological Aspects of the Conceptualization of the Genre of Anti-utopia and Genre Specifics”, a conceptual and structural analysis of the two different an-gles of the conceptualization of literary genre – synchronic and diachronic – is presented; a the-oretical-methodological criterion of defining the genre of literary anti-utopia is determined, the conceptual, motivational and structural models of anti-utopia as an independent literary genre are designated. The following views are outlined:

1. Since Classical times to the present day, the theory of genre has to a certain extent taken two differing, antagonistic courses: synchronic and diachronic. Synchronism reflects the permanence and constancy of genre forms, while diachronic course evinces periodic transformation in the context of his-torical and cultural changes. Accordingly, the definition of genre in the synchronic aspect is based on the assumption of formulated literary conventions, while in the diachronic aspect – of non-formulated literary conventions. In the synchronic perspective the genre is perceived as an established, formulated and steadied construction determined by intra-literary laws, while in diachronic perspective as a perma-nently becoming system depending on historical and cultural values characteristic of a concrete period. The history of the genre theory equally reflected the conceptual and structural evolution of these two differing angles.

2. The theoretical thinking of the Classical period (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Horace and Quintilian) defines genre as an established and regulated order, the so-called decorum that corresponds to the specificity of a concrete specimen of art, and is determined by structural-receptive characteristics peculiar to it.

3. The genre criticism of the Renaissance period (Chaucer, Rustaveli, Dante, Minturno, Sca-lieri) constitutes not only a dynamic continuation and strengthening of classical synchronism, but its correction and development. Despite the considerable influence of Aristotle’s “Poetics” and, accordingly the dominance of the conception of synchronism, the Renaissance genre criticism was still distinguished by definite innovations: the mobility and flexibility of the socio-political model characteristic of the Renaissance period, made for the unusual flexibility and the formation of extraordinary subgenre combinations of literary genres; in other words, the late Renaissance pe-riod, for the first time in the theory of genre, demonstrated the significance of the so-called extra-literary factors in regulating the inner, so-called intra-literary processes.

4. Unlike the Renaissance period, the neoclassical period (Boileau, Dryden, Johnson), with few exceptions, was marked by extreme dogmatism and sketchiness. The interest in genre classification of literature, inherited from the classical period, became one of the most important levers of “rational period” thought, while synchronism – one of the permissible methods of genre determination.

5. In the context of the dichotomised interrelationship of classicism and romanticism, the essential antagonism took shape in the process of working out the concept of genre: whereas neo-classicist critics considered it decisive to analyse a concrete writer or work within the frame of a concrete genre, critics of the period of romanticism gave conceptual priority to interpretation of genre forms from the standpoint of individual parameters; in other words, to romanticists (Goethe, Schiller, Hugo) it was not the structural-psychological aspect of genre, but its spiritual-psycho-logical side. At the same time, the genre theory of the romantic period was distinguished for an outside-the-prism view, or quest for a link of genre models with a system outside literature; not only synchronic but diachronic possibilities of genre conceptualization came to light – orientation to “outside” meant the assumption of the relation of literature with the principle of “variability”.

6. The theory of genre (Belinsky, Chavchavadze, Brunetiere), formulated in the second half of the 19th century, on the one hand, in terms of world view, disassociated itself from the idea of the “individual autonomy of an artist”, established by the romanticists, while on the other hand, it firmly based itself on its contemporary philosophical and scientific achievements; accordingly, I believe that genre criticism of the post-romantic period, which was distinguished for its argued

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outside-the-prism view, came into contact with diachronism as the realization of the principal methodology and conceptualization in the context of historical-social context.

7. B. Croce became one of the first interpreters of the modern theory of genre. However, the theory of the “rejection of genre”, put forward by him, met with opponents from the very begin-ning in the 20th-century critical space in the shape of the Russian formalistic school and Czech structuralism. The activity of both schools may be assessed as a synchronic conception based on intra-literary, autonomous, technical-formal laws. The first thinker who boldly broke the tradition of synchronic conceptualization of genre and who successfully gave a scholarly argumentation of the diachronic conception was M. Bakhtin. He conceptualized genre as a transmissive link between social and linguistic structures creating a noteworthy and scientifically argued precedent of conceptualization of genre in the diachronic context. In opposition to this, structural poetics (Todorov, Culler) returned to the synchronic trend of conceptualization of genre – that, too, in modified form. The theory of I. Lotman, leader of the Russian structural school proved to be an exception, being a successful attempt to unite the synchronic and diachronic angles in “text” and “extra-text” models in which any literary text is conceptualized in the context of history or extra-text. Lotman’s initiative found analogues in the theoretical trends of hermeneutic criticisms and receptive aesthetics, yet attaining serious depth in Northrop Frye’s theory.

8. Thus, the review of the evolution of the genre theory since the Classical period to the present has made it clear that the definition of genre from classical times to the mid-20th century was unilaterally related either to synchronic or diachronic dimensions. The demolition of the ra-dical principle “or-or” commenced in the methodologies of the leading literary-critical schools of the 20th century, and was carried out in an attempt to synthesize the synchronic and diachronic angles.

9. I believe that the formation of the genre of anti-utopia is conditioned both by synchronic or formulated, intra-structural norms and by diachronic or non-formulated, historical-cultural aspects. In my view, literary anti-utopia: a)mastered extremely well the experience and specificity of literary utopia; b) successfully tried the inter-genre combination of the genre of the utopian novel with the genres of classical comedy and satire; c) it adapted itself in the social space of definite periods; d) developed historical and cultural consciousness. Hence, I believe that literary anti-utopia integrated the synchronic and diachronic laws and affected their valuable synthesis. The global or holistic theory is the theoretical-methodological foundation which, in my view, is the right criterion for defining the structure and the specificity of genre. It integrates the synchronic and diachronic angles of genre, or unites the conceptions of the static intra-structural and dynamic outside-the structure, establishing genre as intra and extra entities.

10. In order to express the concepts of genre graphically, I applied the figure of “Ar-chimedes’ spiral” which schematically reflects the relationship of two intersecting worlds – de-finite and indefinite. In my opinion, the structure of Archimedes’ spiral precisely applies to the interdependence of the synchronic and diachronic angles of the genre theory: if the synchronic model permanently tends to the diachronic model and expands in the direction of the historical-cultural context, the diachronic model also permanently tends towards the synchronic, narrowing in the direction of concrete genre characteristics. Valuable in this flexible spiral construction is the intersection of synchronic and diachronic models, expressing the necessity and permanence of the union of these two differing and graphically corresponding to the global or holistic theory genre conceptualization.

11. The holistic theory involves and integrates both models of genre determination: synchronic and diachronic. The synchronic model serves as the basis of the etymological, ty-pological and semiotic classification, while the diachronic model synthesises genre as a stren-gthened construction with concrete environmental conditions, determines the extent of the adap-tation of genre in a definite historical-cultural context. In my view, literary anti-utopia, as a genre, can be identified and evaluated only within the context of the holistic theory. Over the centuries, anti-utopia gathered around itself characteristics specific to the genre, but genre was formed,

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determined and implemented within a definite historical, social and cultural context; in other words, the diachronic perspective of genre establishment intersected – at a definite, ontologically valuable phase – with the synchronic perspective of genre.

12. In my view, the principal genre characteristic and determining genre feature of literary anti-utopia are ordered society of opposition / person identified with opposition, mass/person, where society is a relevant concept of mass subjected to hypertrophied governmental mechanism, while a human being is a concept of a person opposed to it, or nonconformist. Accordingly, two differing psychological types take shape in an anti-utopian novel: mass and individual, whose antagonistic inter-relationship is clearly revealed in the motivational model of an anti-utopian novel.

13. Several established motifs constitute the motivational basis of an anti-utopian novel: motif of collective work; motif of quasi-nomination; motif of leader; motif of scientific progress and technocracy; motif of the levelling of the creative mind; motif of fear; motif of destruction of family tradition; pseudo-carnival and pseudo-ritual motif; motif of parodying. The specificity of each of these motivation models are analysed in detail in the work.

14. Having outlined the general motivational model of literary anti-utopia as a genre, I considered it advisable to define its general structural models as well. If the motivation model of genre determines its conceptual model, the structural specificity of the genre or its inner-structural framework not only reveals clearly the basic laws of genre but serves as the basis of deepening the conceptual model of genre and intra-genre division. In my opinion, the following should be considered the basic structural characteristics of anti-utopia: a) the plot of anti-utopia is placed bet-ween the coordinates of “hell” and “paradise”; b) the world of anti-utopia is directed towards a boundary zone, a valuable landmark, which must be overcome by the nonconformist character; c) the temporal and spatial paradigm is vertical. Each of these structural models is analysed in detail in the work. By way of conclusion it may be said that: the main plot opposition of an anti-utopian text, hell/paradise, is an ordered society/ individual person of the central conceptual opposition of the genre, or a structural paradigm mass/person. “Here”, which is the symbol of happiness and paradise for the standard-bearers of the new order, turns into an analogue of disaster and false-paradise or hell for the character of an anti-utopia. Contrary to this, “there”, where for the ideologists the dangerous “hell” or anarchy caused by destabilization reigns, for the character of anti-utopia an unrestricted world of freedom or paradise is in place. The foregoing gives us ground to conclude: whereas “here” structurally integrates the opposition paradise/false paradise or hell, “there” also structurally encompasses the opposition hell/false hell or paradise. Accordingly, the world of realized utopia in literary anti-utopia and the world of realized utopia and the world of anti-utopia risen against it, represented in literary anti-utopia, is topographically identical, and is a contrastive unity of functionally antagonistic systems marked by plus and minus +/ – signs. Proceeding from this, I shall make bold to assert that the structural law determining anti-utopia is its binary nature or contradictory wholeness of binary opposition.

15. Anti-utopia effects cultural materialization of the contrastive model of binary pairs, demonstrating its contradictory relation to the model of the real world.

16. In the anti-utopian novel the utopian model exists as a permanent reality, while the anti-utopian model takes shape in relation to it. The utopian model embraces space horizontally, for ideal equality cannot be unequal, while the anti-utopian is in the process of search for an alternative. The valuable projection of an anti-utopian model is vertical: its vertical paradigm emerges from the horizontal plane of utopia. Paradigmatic reorientation of horizontal model to vertical brings about conceptual reorientation of space from desacred plane to sacred spread or valuable transformation the model “here” to model “there”. At the same time, it is noteworthy that the archetypal conflict of the here/there opposition causes basic change of temporal structures. “This” time is opposed by “another” time, “that” time that will set in “after” and is not “now”. “After” lies beyond the valuable boundary, i.e. border zone, and the mobile character tends to it on the vertical paradigm. I believe that the central structural oppositions identified by me –

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hell/paradise, below/above, now/ after – clearly depict the temporal spatial or chronotopic orientation.

Accordingly, I consider accentuating chronotopic coordinates fully justified and logical. Chapter three, “Towards the Conceptualization of the Concepts of Time and Space: Trends

of Realization of Artistic Time and Space in Literary Anti-utopia” analyses two cardinally differing conceptions – subjectivist and objectivist; their literary-critical connotations and relation to the question of genre and relation to the question of genre determination of literary anti-utopia are discussed and a liminal theory of time and space is formulated. The following views are stated:

1. I believe that the difference between the subjectivist and objectivist trends of conceptualization of time-space is due to the non-uniform conceptualization of finiteness/infinity of time, reversibility/irreversibility, and, accordingly, of concepts of death and eternity.

2. Having analysed in detail the relation of classical thinkers to the problem of time and space, I came to the conclusion that the review of ancient Greek conceptions of time and space shows the presence of two, albeit differing, yet parallel projections: a) Parmenides – Zeno – Plato – Plotinus; b) Heraclitus – Pythagoras – Democritus – Aristotle; the difference between these pro-jections stems from their invariant attitude to time and related problems of space, while parallelism is due to a certain vagueness of positions: time in their thought is neither a purely subjective, nor purely objective category.

3. The first thinker who put an end to conceptual vacillation was Saint Augustine. He definitively acknowledged the limitation of time to human consciousness, and he methodically worked out a subjectivist theory. In St. Augustine’s teaching, cycling time, characteristic of the Classical period, is superseded by rectilinear, teleological time. St. Augustine considers its direction to be an apocalyptic drive towards “non-being”, as a result of which eternity free from the shackles of time will set in.

4. The Christian conception of time, formulated in St. Augustine’s teaching, as profound eschatologist, found large-scale reflection in Christian philosophy and was fully revealed in Georgian Christian thought.

5. However, the founders of exact sciences opposed the Christian position with the principle of causal determinism: Galilee placed time in the frame of geometry, conceptualizing it as the fourth dimension of space, while Newton declared it (time) an absolute category existing by itself, objectively and unrelated to outside phenomena.

6. Hegel’s theory based on historical dialectic, became the philosophical implication of the objectivistic theory of time and space, while Kant’s teaching was taken for a subjectivist alternative, in which time and space constituted not the components characteristic of reality but a priori forms of sensible perception; definition of the interrelationship of the essence of time and space continued with great intensity in post-Kantian times too – both in philosophical and scientific spheres (G. Berkeley, Ch. Darwin, G Leibniz); yet it reached a critical phase after A. Einstein created his theory of relativity.

7. Einstein’s physics, in particular the theory of relativity, conceptualized time to be the fourth coordinate of space or component of a single temporal-spatial continuum, ruling out the probability of subjectivist conceptualization of time and space. The theories of S. Alexender and P. Florenski may be considered a philosophical implication of Einstein’s theory, while H. Bergson’s teaching may be taken for its conceptual opponents.

8. Bergson developed a “theory of pure duration”, according to which the value of duration free of chronology is conditioned by its quality. Length or a durée implies gaining an insight into the uninterrupted continuum of the universe, the subject being considered its only carrier.

The following may be said by way of conclusion: whereas the supporters of the objectivistic theory consider time and space to be objectively existing categories (obviously from differing angles of shade), the subjectivists consider them as characteristic of subject. A difference in prin-ciple between these two positions – apart from the contradictory definition between the essence of time and space – is created by the non-uniform definition of the problems of reversi-bility/irreversibility, the finiteness/infinity of time and space and death/eternity: whereas those

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who unequivocally support the objectivistic theory of the law of irreversibility of time, the supporters of the subjectivist law attempt to explain the inversional irreversibility of time by the conception of projecting memory and imagination in the present: while the supporters of the objectivistic theory of time unanimously acknowledge the idea of infinity of the flow of time as the property of moving matter, the subjectivist flatly rule out and reject this idea; if according to the objectivistic theory of time the values of time and space depend not on the inner world of the individual but on moving matter, according to the subjectivist theory of time, both time and space are finite categories and their finiteness as characteristics of the really existing world is due to the finiteness of the world itself; whereas according to the objectivistic theory, “eternity” is a quan-titative measure of time, corresponding to an uninterrupted length of time, according to the su-bjectivist theory of time, “eternity” is a concept denoting supra-reality – of a quality free of the qu-antitative framework of time.

But any discourse of the categories of time and space at the level of literary text, primarily implies definition of the specificity of implementing the categories of time and space in the literary system, or theoretical-literary definition of artistic time and artistic space. In my opinion, in the wake of the philosophical-scientific conceptualization of time and space objectivistic and sub-jectivist trends became the determining trends in the definition of time and space in 20th century literary criticism:

1. M. Bakhtin’s chronotopic theory is the most important connotation in the objectivistic theory of conceptualization of time and space. The term “chronotope” demonstrates Bakhtin’s conviction in the indivisibility of time and space in an artistic structure. For Bakhtin chronotope is a sort of measure of how, under conditions of a concrete period and concrete genre, the synthesis of personalities significant for real historical time and space and for history takes place, as well as the process of correlation with them of artistic time, space and characters. In other words, Bakhtin’s chronotope is simultaneously a historical event and genre as well, being conceptualized from synchronic and diachronic aspects.

2. Conceptualization of time and space as a single whole segment found serious supporters in Russian and European literary criticism. In this respect, J. Frank’s article, written in the spirit of “spatial form” and entitled “Spatial form in Modern Literature” merits special attention. However, the objectivistic trend of temporal-spatial continuum found a serious alternative in the opposing subjectivist conception marked by dominance of time. I believe, the article by William V. Spanos, “Modern Literary Criticism and Specialization of Time: Existential Critique”, acquires program-matic significance from this point of view.

3. In my view, the trends of implanting the theory of time and space in a literary system, or the basic literary critical connotations of the theory of time and space, reveal the difference that exists between their theoretical-methodological principles.

4. The conception of chronotope and the logical attempt to adapt it to the literary genre system of anti-utopia is, in my view, not only right and valid but even essential in the process of intra-structural determination. The chronotopic model of anti-utopia as a valuable structural fra-mework of the genre becomes integrated with the also valuable conceptual and motivational models, resulting in a single, whole, substantiated genre model which, I think, can well be deepened along the lines of anti-utopian meta-text. The idea of anti-utopian meta-text not only rounds up the literature of anti-utopian genre but it allows its internal division as well. An essential aspect of determination, in my view, stems from the specificity of chronotopic models. Accordingly, I consider the chronotopic system of text to be the basis of the genre determination of anti-utopia, or the author’s individual relation to chronotopic opposition characteristic of anti-utopia.

5. The non-uniform conceptualization of the chronotopic model in the context of synchronic or intra-genre and diachronic or cultural-historical processes makes for the determination of the genre of anti-utopia into anti-utopias of individual types: scientific anti-utopia, fantastic anti-utopia, satirical anti-utopia, etc. I consider Nabokov’s works “Invitation to a Beheading” and

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“Bend Sinister” as an independent variety of anti-utopia, defining it as eschatological anti-utopia. I believe that the novel “Jaqo’s Dispossessed” by the great Georgian writer M. Javakhishvili may be read in the same context.

6. Eschatology, that defines the structure of this specific variety of anti-utopia, would seem to point from the beginning to the writer’s in-depth attitude to chronotopic models. The central problem of eschatological anti-utopia is not only a grotesque protest against the existing regime, but awakening of a person lost in the depth of “ideal order” and “mass” ideology, demonstration of his total incompatibility with the existing temporal-spatial setting and his drive towards an alternative temporal-spatial milieu. Accentuated in eschatological anti-utopia are both separate motifs and traits, characteristic of anti-utopia, and a trend to global conceptualization of space; in other words, social-historical anti-utopianism is transferred to the apocalyptic plane and the moral function of the chronotope is extended.

7. I believe that the leading position in the text of eschatological anti-utopia is retained by the category of artistic time, the conceptualization of which is essentially subjectivist. A wholeness of time and space is formed, but time in this continuum is neither the fourth coordinate of space, as conceptualized in Bakhtin’s theory, nor a specialized model, as defined by J. Frank: time is a conceptual dominant – justification of the diachronic process of the formation of the genre of anti-utopia, on the one hand, and the central segments of the synchronous structure of the genre, on the other.

8. The plot time and space, characteristic of eschatological anti-utopia, is a subjectivist transposition of centuries-old philosophical and scientific conceptualization of time and space. In other words, eschatological anti-utopia, which discusses the categories of time and space in the context of deep eschatologism, offers a subjectivist interpretation of time and space.

The realisation of the extremely subjective paradigm in the context of eschatological anti-utopia became closely linked with the thought over man’s earthly destiny, valuable limit and limitlessness. I think the theory of “limit” or that of liminality, developed in the 1920s by positive anthropology, and later by structural anthropology ideally fitted the eschatological conceptu-alization of temporal-spatial categories. The concept of liminality is based on subjectivist trends of conceptualization of the universe, in particular time and space, acquiring apocalyptic depth in the chronotopic model of eschatological anti-utopia. The following views are stated in the work:

1. The founder of the liminal theory, the French anthropologist Arnold van Gennep, linked the term and concept “liminality” to the ritual of transition. He believes that each process of movement or “transition” is united in three phases: 1) Separation; 2) Marginality or liminality; 3) Uniting or incorporation. The first phase implies isolation of a concrete individual form or distinguished individual, so called “initiate” from a fixed social or cultural structure; the second phase expresses the ambivalent state of the initiate or “transit passenger” – his transfer to an inter-mediate, ambivalent social zone, to the so-called “limbo”; the third phase corresponds to the return of the initiate to the society – only with a renewed social status of the individual.

2. Of the cited three phases special interest attaches to the second or liminal phase in which the individual acquires the experience of the social environment becoming totally vague and he disassociates from the real temporal-spatial environment. The term “liminal” derives from Latin li-minital, meaning threshold – a corridor between two different places. It is introduced into theory with an analogous purpose. In its essence and function the liminal phase is a transitive, dy-namically intermediate condition, placed between established and transformed structures. Accor-dingly, the ritual or movement or rites de passage may be defined as integrity of the three con-ditions: “pre-liminal”, which implies separation from the pre-world; “liminal”, denoting the period of transitivity, and “post-liminal”, related to incorporation in the new world.

3. Almost half a century later Gennep’s theory was transferred to the plane of structural anthropology by Victor Turner; he defined the liminal phase as “inter-structural situation” arising “between various position structures”. In Turner’s view, the liminal phase performs the function of threshold, separating differing stages of life. In the liminal phase the status of the individual is

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essentially ambivalent and vague – “neither here, nor there”. He is stranded, in an indefinite position, in condition of expectation of implementation of reconstructed and renewed cultural models and alternative paradigms.

4. Production of an “alternative” is the principal function and purpose of Turner’s liminal theory. Alternative implies the possible existence not only of one, visible world but of other alternative worlds as well. Accordingly, whereas the really existing world constitutes the given condition of the pre-liminal state, it causes the separation of the individual from the firmed structures; the alternative world is the result of the post-liminal state – a structure that takes shape as a result of transformation. As to the liminal phase, it corresponds both conceptually and structurally to those deep ethical layers that perform the role of a certain transit corridor, connecting link, a valuable boundary between “this” and “other” worlds.

5. I believe that by its essence and purpose literature constitutes a liminal phenomenon: it performs the function of a transitory phase between reality and imagination, or between the chronologically ordered world restricted by technological-bureaucratic numeration and the creative world imbued with conviction, true ideas and fantasies.

6. The idea of liminality of literature is justified by the evolutionary paradigm of the genre theory: in the context of synchronic and diachronic angles, where literature is conceptualized as a subversive support marginality (Plato, Aristotle) or as an intermediary neutrality (F. Sidney), or as a self-transcendental flexibility (Schiller, Shelley), literature is unswervingly perceived as liminal condition, intermediary phenomenon that is capable not only of separating worlds differing from one another, but – owing to the real model of the world, of producing an alternative or “other world’s” model.

7. Production of an alternative implies not only accentuation of an obvious difference between the real and imagined worlds but demonstrating those logical and ontological con-tradictions that exist between necessity and possibility. An alternative world turns into a possibility only when it takes shape in the author’s fantasy and is consistently implemented through the transformational spirit of a chosen protagonist. The liminal phase is an essential aspect of the transformation process, as transition space spread between alternative worlds, ambivalent on-tological landscape serving as a watershed of existing and imaginary systems. The categories of time and space constitute the principal and determining categories of transitivity;

8. Rites de passage or ritual of moving is a bridge built to the other, oppositional reality, calling for an absolutely different interpretation of temporal-spatial dimensions.

Turner devoted a special study to this problem, entitled: “Images of Anti-temporality. An Essay in Experimental Anthropology”. The following aspects of the paper are noteworthy:

1. The principal object of research – “anti-temporality” – is from the beginning conceptualized by Turner in an oppositional or alternative context: “anti-temporality” is a concept oppositional to “temporality”, it is an undivided integrity that allows conceptualization of the ontological reevaluation of mankind’s socio-cultural experience. In this case the liminal phase constitutes an intermediary, transitional, ambivalent, “neither-here-nor-there condition”, in which the individual disassociates from the normative context and, through transformation produces an oppositional, contrastive world. Accordingly, liminal time, as well as liminal space reflects the highly complex process of the individual’s disassociation from the ordered chronological system, on the one hand, and his integration into an alternative anti-chronological, anti-temporal system, on the other.

2. Proceeding from the philosophical-world view fundamentals, genre specificity and the subjectivist trend of conceptualization of time and space, it may be concluded: literary anti-utopia, in particular eschatological anti-utopia, with its total incompatibility with the existing pseudo-utopian regime, the chronologically, temporally and spatially ordered model of life, as well as his indefatigable drive towards reincarnation of man’s individual self (Ego), towards liberty, elevation, creates a brilliant mould for the liminal phase. Eschatological anti-utopia not only reflects the split that exists between the subject and objective reality, but is an ambivalent stepping-stone, a “transit corridor” for passing into a different, alternative cosmos; opposition bet-

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ween the pre-liminal and post-liminal, or alternative worlds at the level of eschatological anti-utopia is qualitatively incompatible and disproportionate;

3. I think the paradigm of a synthetic conceptualization of this anti-utopian model is extremely well proved by the liminal models of artistic time and space, having taken shape in 20th-century eschatological anti-utopias, performing a genre-determining function.

In Chapter Four, “Liminal Models of Artistic Time and Space in 20th Century Eschatological Anti-utopias” (according to V. Nabokov’s novel “Invitation to a Beheading” and “Bend Sinister” and M. Javakhishvili’s novel “Jaqo’s Dispossessed)” the following views are outlined:

1. The interpretation of these novels of Nabokov and Javakhishvili into a single genre model, in my view, is equally based on diachronic, or historical-cultural, and synchronic, or intra-literary factors: a) the creative activity of both writers belongs to one and the same period, proceeding un-der such totalitarian regimes as communism and fascism; b) the conceptual levers of the cited novels are unambiguously linked to the quest of the individual Ego, lost in the mass drive, as well as of the faith and God, levelled by the effort of the leaders of the regime; the three novels meet the classic genre characteristics of literary anti-utopia and go deeper in the direction of the eschatological experience of the world; c) in the works of either writer time and space constitute aspects of subjective cognition, characteristics of human mind, developed as a result of inner perception.

2. Nabokov clearly formulated the conception of time in his novel “”Ada”. The material reviewed by me shows that Nabokov’s theory, in all parameters, shares the subjectivist position of time perception, in which temporal and spatial dimensions constitute internal composition rather than external. Javakhishvili also reveals an analogous attitude to the time phenomenon. His negative attitude to the real model of time demonstrates the writer’s striving to leave the existing world – to an alternative reality. Both writers see a way out in a subject lit up only with an individual ego – in a person that wakes up, sets out his own cosmogony marked by eschatological depth, and works out an alternative reality beyond the valuable boundary, ambivalent liminal zone and most involved painful transformations.

3. Such paradigm of the chronotopic system in the novels of Nabokov and Javakhishvili is projected in-depth in a general motivational paradigm of the anti-utopian genre, is integrated with the genre characteristics of literary anti-utopia and defines its specific variety – conceptual and structural model of eschatological anti-utopia. Obviously, I am not asserting the idea that the cited novels of Nabokov and Javakhsihsvili evince absolute ideal-political identity, but their relation to liminal processes and, which is important, to an alternative cosmos, is analogous.

My views in the work are argued by means of the method of comparative investigation, on the intercultural plane; against the background of a detailed analysis of material, the following characteristics typical of artistic time and space models are identified and analyzed in the above novels:

1. All parameters indicative of real time constitute a configurative element of a chronologically ordered model, being rigid temporally. The flow of objective time is irreversible. It speeds along to an end, this end being death.

2. The ordered structure of objective time is opposed by internal time, distinguished for its uneven pulsation, which is inversely reversible, or projects memory and imagination in the present.

3. Subjective time is worked out by the non-conformist hero of anti-utopia, who internalizes the world into a single whole beyond “cosmic synchronizing”: he adopts it, destroys it, restores it, colours it with subjective imaginings and gives shape to an absolutely new, alternative reality.

4. In the process of forming an alternative reality the character breaks away from real time, transfers into the liminal phase of time – into the ambivalent zone where, at the cost of extreme spiritual concentration, he works out an alternative temporal model.

5. Anti-temporality is the only alternative of real time – a quality free from the quantitative framework of time, or supra-temporal eternity.

6. Both writers flourishing in the period of totalitarianism permanently direct their efforts towards transforming the countable and measurable parameters of objective time into an internal

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texture in which the process of individual cognition of the temporal world consciously develops into its rejection, or contradictory perception of death. Death is an end to the extent it is the last boundary beyond which the other world’s alternative duration spreads that is free from time and, accordingly of fear, torture, captivity and death.

7. In the complex compositional structure of the novels spatial structure undeviatingly performs the function of a multi-aspectual and in-depth layer.

8. In general spatial model is characterized by “extra spatial” and “intra-spatial” hierarchic quality: the former is a micro-model of the real world, while the latter the personal spatial field growing up in the character’s consciousness.

9. The “outer space” is a metaphoric realization of a geometrically ordered Euclidian world. It bears the character of artificially illustrated entourage, being distinguished for pseudo-carnival meaning. “Outer space” is a zone closed on all sides.

10. “Inner space” constitutes an alternative model of “outer space”. Cardinal spatial oppositions emerge; “here/there”, hell/paradise, desacred/sacred, static/dynamic. Their conflict is demonstrated by the arbitrary interrelationship of binary spatial oppositions;

11. “Inner space” is the result of the complex spiritual transformation of the character, essentially adapted to the sacred model of liminal space.

12. I believe that the hierarchy of the time and space structures characteristic of the world view of Nabokov and Javakhishvili constitutes an internalized, subjective form of the outer world. Against the background of the developing structure of subjective reality, a sensation of continuity and simultaneity, conditioned by individual coordination of temporal and spatial coordinates, characteristic of the mind are created. The specific chronotopic system logically merges with conceptual, motivational and structural characteristics typical of literary anti-utopia, determining the formation of a special variety of literary anti-utopia, namely eschatological anti-utopia.

Thus the general paradigm of conceptualization of artistic time and space in 20th-century anti-utopian novel has been discussed in the present work, and specificity of genre definition of literary anti-utopia and realization of chronotopic models in concrete anti-utopian texts has been identified. I think, the problem posed is of topical character and its large-scale study should be continued in the future too. Consideration of the problem of genre determination of literary anti-utopia in the context of specific chronotopic models and their transformational quality will facilitate further deepening of theoretical research into the genre of anti-utopia as well as the implementation of one of the serious methodological conceptions of conceptualization of the 20th-century literature, and obviously Georgian literature too.

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PART 2

CHRONOTOPE IN ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE’S PROSE. ANALYSIS OF FIVE NOVELS

MAIN CONCLUSIONS The paper “Chronotope in Ilia Chavchavadze’s Prose. Analysis of Five Novels” is devoted to

defining the structural-aesthetic function of artistic time and space in realistic prose and revealing its peculiarities in the works of I. Chavchavadze, a realist writer.

The problem is stated in the introduction, light is shed on the history of the question, the significance of a clearly-expressed structural function of the artistic temporal-spatial chronotope specific to realistic literature. It is noted that a chronotope characteristic of realistic literature did not restrict itself to intra-plot problems alone; it found itself in direct correlation with epochal problems, i.e. with the process of actualization of social-national and ethic-philosophical character, taking place in reality. This trend in realistic literature led to the unity of the processes of two powerful streams: a) global perception of time and space at so-called “world standards” and b) the unity of the processes of psychological sublimation of time and space. The former was defined by the interrelationship of the time and reality, specific to the literary work, and the latter by the specificity of the chronotope concentrated immediately on the literary work. Clearly enough, their means of expression also became different: global, large-scale perception of time and space in realistic literature was expressed by temporal-spatial orientation, while the process of its psychological sublimation by the structure of the artistic chronotopic system. It is pointed out that in the works of Chavchavadze, who was a maitre of Georgian realistic literature, in particular, in his prose works of our present interest, both aspects of the perception of time and space are dosed synchronously, and are distinguished by highly interesting diversity.

In the first chapter of the study: “Temporal-Spatial Orientation of the Narrative”, light is shed on the specificity of the temporal-spatial orientation, which in Chavchavadze’s prosaic works is distinguished by an interrelation of time and space and artistic time and space. The following views are stated:

1. The author’s time and space, or the author’s chronotope, represents a modified variant of real-objective time and space. The author’s position with regard to perception of artistic time and space demonstrates the dependence of real and artistic temporal-spatial layers, which determines the degree of temporal-spatial correlation of the processes occurring in reality and the events reflected in the artistic micro-universe. In Georgian realistic literature and, obviously, in Chavchavadze’s works, the regulating function quite clearly devolved on the author’s time and space: by regulating the process of narration it orders the relationship that exists between real-objective time and space and the artistic-imaginary time and space, only in a way that is acceptable and comprehensible to the author’s world view.

2. The temporal-spatial orientation of narrative distinguishes the narrative made by the first person from that made by the third person. In the former case the text rests on the narrator’s temporal-spatial field, and in the latter the narrator’s temporal-spatial field is limited to the function of the chronotope of an outside observer. The functional non-uniformity of the narrator’s chronotopic system determines the non-uniformity of the interrelationship of the artistic and real temporal-spatial models.

My conception is confirmed by a detailed analysis of the temporal-spatial orientation of the narration specific to Chavchavadze’s prose works:

In his “The Traveler’s Diaries” the interrelationship of real and artistic temporal-spatial layers takes place directly, in conditions of narration by the first person. Narration is personified. The author’s temporal-spatial field comes close to the artistic temporal-spatial field, but the sharply

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expressed artistic-conventional atmosphere and grammatical tense forms do not allow complete isomorphism.

In Chavchavadze’s “Story of a Beggar” the author’s time and space integrates three temporal-spatial models: conceptual, real and real-perceptual temporal-spatial models. The crossing of real and artistic spatial pa-rameters is expressed by the crossing of vertical and horizontal spatial models, where the vertical spatial model expresses the opposition of the character’s spatial models, while the horizontal spatial model, the opposition of the character’s and author’s, or that of artistic and real spatial layers. The spatial opposition represented in the horizontal spatial model adjusts perfectly to the author’s world view stand. The problem of the person’s solitude and his relationship with the outer world is posed acutely. The relationship of the real and artistic temporal parameters is also oppositional: the author’s time is in dual opposition to artistic time: it is in opposition to the character’s “small” artistic time and to the character’s “great” artistic time. These terms are introduced by me. The opposition of temporal layers corresponds to that of spatial ones, or to the specificity of the horizontal spatial layers. The relationship of real and artistic time-spatial layers, recorded in Chavchavadze’s “Story of a Beggar”, impressed with two-way opposition, expresses with especial precision the author’s civic and world view stand.

In the story “Is a Human a Man?!” the narration is in the third person and the author’s time and space offers a unity of real and conceptual temporal-spatial constructions. I have defined the relation of the author’s time and space to artistic time and space as a crossing of dots and lines of temporal-spatial layers. Against the background of such relationship the degree of compatibility of the author’s world view and creative principles with the developments described in the work are evinced clearly while the process of aesthetic cognition in conditions of conceptual time and space is in direct relationship with the process occurring in the real temporal-spatial environment.

In the story “On the Scaffold”, the author’s time and space extend not only in real time and space but in the intonation of artistic word as well. Through the intonation of literary speech a precedent is created of defining the author’s chronotopic model. I think this detail is a highly interesting variant of large-scale perception of time and space.

In “Widow of Otar” the relation of artistic and temporal-spatial layers takes shape against the background of the author’s real time and space original style of narration.

Thus, the temporal-spatial orientation of narration, which defines the specificity of the modified variant of the author’s chronotope, sheds light on the specificity of the relation between real time and space and artistic time and space, determining the global character of the functioning of time and space.

In the second chapter of the study – “Artistic or Plot Time and Space” – the specificities of the process of psychological sublimation of time and space are defined. The process takes place immediately in the artistic temporal-spatial micro-world, taking shape within the artistic chronotopic system:

1. The concept of artistic chronotope is defined. Artistic chronotope is conceptualized as a formal-semantic category specific to literature, uniting the categories of artistic time and artistic space, ensuring their inseparability in literature.

2. Artistic time is conceptualized as a time of aesthetically valuable happenings. Its typological characteristics are also defined and their relation to the characteristics of real time: artistic time is a fictive-imaginary time, multidimensional, reversible, unordered, movable or static, interruptible or continuous. It is characterized by certain duration; it may be finite or infinite, closed or open.

3. It is believed that the diversity of typological features characteristic of artistic time determines the structural non-uniformity of artistic time. From the structural point of view, artistic time distinguishes two types of sequence: the sequence “early-late” and the sequence “past-pre-sent-future”, where the former reflects the quantitative aspect of the duration of artistic time, and the latter the qualitative aspect. Significantly, the category of future time, which by itself is a rather ambiguous temporal unit, and in an artistic text is assimilated only with forecast, wish or hy-

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pothesis, is distinguished in realistic literature with maximum functional significance and exists in two forms: either as an inevitable result, or conjectural possibility.

Having analyzed the specificity of realization of the quantitative indices of artistic time in Chavchavadze’s works, I have arrived at the following conclusions:

1. The relation “early-late”, denoting the quantitative indices of artistic time, is linked to the point of conventional countdown, the so-called concept of “vector zero” that defines the sequence of actions;

2. Chavchavadze’s prose works retain the main characteristic typical of the “early-late” category: each subsequent development is linked to the preceding one;

3. The relation “early-late” offers a quantitative variety: sequence and non-sequence, where sequence unites two streams – strong and weak sequences. Under strong sequence happenings are not delimited by temporal pauses, in conditions of weak sequence a pause between happenings is attested.

4. Chavchavadze’s works may generally present a sequence of happenings, while individual sections of narration may offer a realization of non-sequent structure, and vice versa. In his “The Traveler’s Diaries” the sequence is strong and the formula of quantitative indices has the form “early-late”; in the “Story of a Beggar”, “Is a Human a Man?!”, “On the Scaffold”, and “Widow of Otar” a system of non-sequent developments is in evidence: in the “Story of a Beggar” the relation “late-early-late” is found, in “Is a Human a Man?!” “late-early-late”, in “On the Scaffold” “early-late-early-late”, in “Widow of Otar” “late-early-late”; yet each of them contain invariants of a sequent system as well.

5. One regularity takes clear shape in Chavchavadze’s works: the exact fixation of temporal pauses is in direct dependence on the process of the transformation of the characters.

6. The specificity of the quantitative indices of artistic time is defined by three typological characteristics: reversibility, disorderliness and discontinuity.

An analysis of the specificity of the qualitative indices of artistic time presents a different picture:

1. In the first place, I believe that definition of the categories of the present, past and future should be carried out without any assimilation with the author’s or reader’s temporal planes.

2. The qualitative indices of artistic time are defined not by one but several starting points, which are due to their multi-dimensionality – an important characteristic of artistic time.

3. Realistic prose reveals a very specific regularity of the definition of planes of artistic time: the time planes identified in the entire model of artistic time – artistic present, past and future – are concentrated, from some one ideal-ethical standpoints, around the central events, the so-called “occurrence-nucleus”.

4. The occurrence-nucleus does not imply granting privilege to some temporal planes. It may belong to both artistic present and artistic past. In Chavchavadze’s prose works central happenings are quite clearly identifiable, that can be safely considered starting points delimiting the three planes typical of artistic time.

In “The Traveler’s Diaries” the meeting with Lelt-Ghunia emerges as occurrence-nucleus, belonging to the plane of artistic present. In the “Story of a Beggar” the episode of killing of Datiko by Gabriel belongs to the plane of artistic past. In “Is a Human a Man?!” the wedding of Luarsab and Darejan also belongs to the plane of the past. In “On the Scaffold” the episode of the hanging of the unknown young man, is defined as the artistic present, and in “Widow of Otar” the episode of the death of Giorgi, occurrs in the plane of artistic past.

5. The presence of the basic starting points implies the existence of other micro-temporal planes and starting points.

The structural integrity of artistic time implies the synthesis and wholeness of its quantitative and qualitative indices.

As to artistic space, it is conceptualized in the study as an illusory-imaginary world that creates a background for action in the work, maximally close to reality. It is noted that realistic

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literature has offered us a novel version of conceptualizing artistic space, which may be formulated as a conception:

1. Artistic space has evinced not only further complexity of structural content but deepening of its functional significance. The function of artistic space has gone beyond aesthetic limits alone and, as aesthetic background, it has emerged as an indispensable component of solving most involved ethical-philosophical problems.

2. The complexity of the functional mission of artistic space has made for its complete intensification in time. Thus, research into the specificity of the artistic spatial models existing within realistic literature is unfeasible without bearing in mind the specificity of artistic time of the work and its artistic chronotopic system.

3. The principal spatial models, defined in Chavchavadze’s prose works: road, village, household church, road-side inn, landscape background – are conceptualized only in relation to artistic time and the artistic chronotopic system.

In the third chapter of the work “The Artistic Chronotopic System” it is noted that the artistic chronotopic system, specific to realistic literature, has been equipped with the function of reflecting the psychological sublimation process of time and space. Such an important structural-aesthetic function has come to light against the background of merger of non-homogeneous chronotopic constructions. Three basic chronotopic models have been identified in Chavchavadze’s prose works: individual chronotope of the characters, the chronotope of the road and meeting and perceptual chronotope.

The Individual chronotope of characters is distinguished for the following peculiarities: 1. Each independent model of an individual chronotope unites differing planes and layers of

artistic time and space. 2. In “The Traveler’s Diaries” time-and-space, specific to the character / traveler, has been

singled out, which I have structurally delimited from the time and space of thought specific to the author, defined as a process characteristic of the subject’s mind. The relation of the chronotope of Lelt-Ghunia to that of the traveler has been attested.

In the “Story of a Beggar” an extremely close link of the characters’ transformation process with models of artistic chronotopes has been revealed; a precedent of the creation of an absolutely extraordinary spatial contrast has been recorded; the so-called “construction of equation” has been identified in the shape of “love”, which has slipped out of the mould of artistic time.

The chronotopic system found in “Is a Human a Man?!” has been defined as an abstract-static chronotope, unifying everyday life and biographical temporal-spatial layers and a quasi-idyllic micro-world.

In the story “On the Scaffold” a chronotope mixed with an adventurous element took shape, noted for special temporal rhythmic and spatial dynamism. An in-depth time and space specific to the unknown youth has been singled out separately.

In “Widow of Otar” I considered the method of defining the character’s spiritual state only by temporal or only spatial characteristics as typical of a localized chronotopic system.

3. Cases of spatial analogy are evidenced in Chavchavadze’s prose works, but use of analogous spatial models at the level of various works does not imply an analogy of their structural and aesthetic functions.

4. The relation of landscape background as a spatial model to artistic time has been delimited. If a detailed description of objects scattered in the landscape space is not followed by plot-related valuable variability, the passage is dislocated from the mould of artistic time, but if the variability and dynamics of the characters’ actions is related to the registering of the variability of the landscape environment, then the landscape background, as a spatial model, becomes more intensive.

The road and meeting chronotope, closely linked to the individual chronotope of characters has evinced the following specificity in Chavchavadze’s works:

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1. Road is conceptualized as a large-scale spatial model, and meeting, as is characteristic of it, as a temporal model.

2. Three important aspects of the motive of meeting: structural, emotional and compositional, and the peculiarities of their realization took shape.

3. In Chavchavadze’s works, especially in “Widow of Otar”, not only the artistic but also partially and fully metaphorized models of the chronotope of the road and meeting were identified.

Accordingly, not only their real and artistic, but symbolic function too was registered. In “Is a Human a Man?!” the precedent of internal structural incongruity of the road and meeting chronotope was noted;

4. The chronotope of the road and meeting is marked by a quantitative index of artistic time, stability of the “early-late” relation and non-homogeneity of the qualitative index of artistic time. The chronotope of the road and meeting is related to differing semantic-emotional motifs.

In Chavchavadze’s the “Story of a Beggar” and “Is a Human a Man?!” perceptual chronotope is presented in its extreme form of manifestation – dream.

The concept of perceptual chronotope is defined in the present study, and its peculiarities are noted in Chavchavadze’s prose works.

1. Perceptual space is diverse, time-multidimensional, retrospective, interruptible – at times dynamic, at others static, depending on the subject’s emotional factor. Therefore, perceptual time and space makes full not only the subject’s present but his experience and imagination as well, or those components that determine the emotional individualism of a concrete work.

2. The emergence of a dream, or perceptual time and space, heralds the cessation of the functioning of artistic time and space.

3. As a realist writer, Chavchavadze brings in the dream chronotope with a clear purpose: it is a better means of showing the author’s world view position. Whereas in the “Story of a Beggar” and “Is a Human a Man?!” the existing perceptual chronotopes, whose artistic and aesthetic fun-ction as independent temporal-perceptual parameters is limited to reflecting the profoundly psychologized world of the character, the structural-compositional function is defined for realistic literature by a significant characteristic. In “Widow of Otar” an incomplete model of a perceptual chronotope is notable.

The important chronotopic models, identified in Chavchavadze’s works are closely interconnected, justifying Bakhtin’s view:

“Chronotopes merge with one another; they coexist, get intertwined, alternate with one another and oppose one another, or are in more complex interrelations…. The general nature of these relations may be defined as dialogic (in the broad meaning of the term). But this dialogue does not belong to the world described in the work. It stands beyond the world described in the work, though it defines the work as a whole. It (the dialogue) belongs to the world of the author (as the creator of the work), the listener and the reader” (Bakhtin, 1986: 284).

Because of this, with a view to structural perfection of the present study, I considered it advisable to discuss the reader’s chronotopic model as well. In chapter four of the work, “The Reader’s Chronotope”, the general character of the reader’s time and space is defined:

1. Perception is an indispensable condition of the existence of any creation of art, in particular of a literary work. The process of perception is not uniform, due to the peculiarities of the object to be perceived, and to the non-uniform maneuvering of the receptive temporal-spatial layers of the perceiving subject.

2. Nineteenth-century realistic literature, that was the text to voice social-national, ethical and philosophical problems, seeks to place the reader’s reception process in a definite channel, or has recourse to the device of rhetoric. Within the realistic literary law the reader is thought of as an interlocutor engaged in active dialogue with the author – an intellectual partner who listens to the author and whose support the author always needs. Therefore, realistic literature, and clearly enough, Georgian realistic literature too maximally activates the relationship between the author and reader at the level of text.

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3. The relation of the reader’s chronotope to artistic chronotope may or may not be evidenced. In Chavchavadze’s works both versions of relationship between literary work and recipient are present. Despite the relational invariance, the perception process integrates three important elements: the author’s chronotope, artistic chronotope and reader’s chronotope.

Thus, the present work has discussed the specificity of artistic time and space and its regularities, generally in realistic literature and, in particular, as exemplified by Chavchavadze’s works, it is hoped to rouse the reader’s interest.

PART 3

ARTICLES

MIKHAIL BAKHTIN’S THEORETICAL CONCEPTION. DIALOGIC CRITICISM

Summary The thoughts of the outstanding Russian philosopher and literary critic Mikhail Bakhtin made a

substantial impact on 20th-century philosophical space, playing a coordinating role in the development of literary-theoretical thinking.

Bakhtin’s originality was revealed primarily in the theoretical position on whose basis he resolved in his own way two basic problems important for Russian theoretical thought: the relation of the language of the novel to the spoken language and the origin of the genre of the novel. Bakhtin conceptualized speech as a social phenomenon, as a result of which form and content emerge as a whole placed in a single segment. The idea of the social discourse is closely connected with the idea of genre. Accordingly, genre acquires a social status, or emerges as a social structure.

Similarly to Russian formalists, Bakhtin focuses attention on the specificity of the word of the novel, considering it to be an artificially created system. But unlike the formalists, his system rests not on schemes worked out in advance, but on the live language and phraseology. In Bakhtin’s view, the novel is an artificially organized diversity of different types of social speech and individual voices. He does not delimit the diversity of spoken language from language diversity, defining the novel as a network of dialogues carried on between languages. He links the origin of the genre of the novel to the phenomenon of language. In Bakhtin’s view, the internal structural arrangement, existing at any historical stage in all languages, is a necessary precondition for the genre of the novel to take shape, or language is automatically considered a historical precondition for the origin of the novel.

According to Bakhtin, the novel is a multi-genre system, a continuous process that faithfully reflects differing discourse layers and specific polyphony of a concrete period, people and culture. To him the novel is an ever live organism, artistic structure, revealing with great precision the historical processes occurring in social and cultural reality in the shape of inter-social and intercultural dialogue.

Dialogic criticism is the cornerstone of Bakhtin’s theoretical system – a central, basic principle on which other main concepts and principles rest like a superstructure. A dialogue conducted between two persons is essentially two independent dialogues, alternating in the text. The two-voice structure in prose becomes the main factor of narration and, through it, the narration of the author or narrator may be perceived as “other’s” speech in relation to the narration of the character. Expressed otherwise, “other’s words”, as a theme, determines the composition of the work. Gaining an insight into “another’s statement”, in Bakhtin’s view, means orientation with

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regard to another person, with the responding phase superimposed on each perceived one. Therefore, all relationship is in its essence dialogic.

Dialogue is an expression of the genuine function of the speech, the property of such a conversational model in which the organization of the text is accented on “other’s speech”, being shaped as a two-voice system.

Two-voice structure or heteroglassia in the theory of literature means various, differential speech and is considered to be one of the basic terms established by Bakhtin. In his view, “heteroglassia” is not only a unity of various language models but their purposeful coordination in a literary text. To put it in a different way, Bakhtin’s “heteroglassia” is textualized. “Heteroglassia”, he believes, implies two delimited language relations: different social languages within a single national language and different national languages with a single culture. But heteroglassia is not a neutrality of language differentiations simply implemented in the text. Heteroglassia causes a conflict between different language structures. Thus, heteroglassia is a two-voice discourse embracing at the same time two types of language model: the direct speech of the character and the author’s background speech. Heteroglassia is a precondition of dialogism. Bakhtin delimits the concepts of dialogism and heteroglassia, yet he argues their inevitable link: whereas dialogism brings out the process of interaction of different languages, heteroglassia describes and establishes the difference existing bet-ween languages. The language differentiation brought to light by heteroglassia is realized at dialogue level of a literary text.

Bakhtin’s dialogism implies the existence of two different voices in one voice. But specifically about which voices does Bakhtin speak? What is implied under two voices made integral? Different style discourses and contexts or the “author’s” and “character’s” voices?

Bakhtin’s analysis of the concept of dialogism is connected with research into Dostoyevsky’s works involving in-depth literary-structural study of his well-known novels.

In Bakhtin’s view, Dostoyevsky’s genius as a novelist lies in his maximally increasing and expanding the functional significance of language, manifested in the texts by dialogism. Most of Dostoyevsky’s novels, Bakhtin believes, represent a gamma of independent and unblended voices, a non-integrable synthesis, being a doubtless precondition of unusual polyphony.

Realization of the equal, independent voices of a polyphonous novel is a dialogic process, being implemented on a definite temporal-spatial or chronotopic plane.

Dialogism is the central concept of Bakhtin’s theory of genre. In his view, the novel is a social phenomenon and it implies wide-spread discourse in the unlimited space of streets, cities, countries, social strata, generations, epochs and cultures. The function of each of this dialogic dis-course is to demonstrate the polyphonic essence of the novel.

Bakhtin perceives the origin of the polyphonic novel in Menippean satire and carnival traditions.

The carnival, conceptualized by Bakhtin, constitutes the most important element of the history of mankind that has acquired textual form. In the text the carnival is realized through different plots, contexts and language models, but textual form is not only its genuine essence; car-nival is primarily a festival expressed by activity-festivity that simultaneously embraces the performer and the spectator, the object of action and the observing subject. The carnival has grown on roots of folk humour; through laughter it makes understandable the dualistic nature of existence, and opposes truth, as an alternative, to the imposed regime of violence and fear.

Bakhtin links the reincarnation of carnival motifs to medieval literature, defining it as bold manifestations of opposition to officialdom, church diktat and feudal culture. Carnival in Bakhtin’s theory is an equivalent concept of grotesque realism, a synonym of existence parodied by the people, in which laughter performs a drastically degrading and materialized function. Carnival laughter is liberation, on the one hand, from officialdom, from the mask imposed by the official regime and culture, and on the other hand, from one’s own human weaknesses. Laughter implies integrity of contradictions, embracing dualistic realities and establishing them in the language

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model of the novel. The language embodiment of dualism is of dialogic character and is realized in relevant temporal-spatial or chronotopic models.

Bakhtin’s concept of chronotope etymologically derives from Greek: chronos meaning “time” and topos “space”. The uniting by Bakhtin of the categories of time and space in one term, chronotope, demonstrates his belief in the inseparability of these elements in a literary structure. To him chronotope is a certain measure – a measure of how – in conditions of a concrete epoch and concrete genre – synthesis of real or historical time and space and personages important for history is affected, as well as the process of their adjustment to artistic time, space and characters. In Bakhtin’s view, the dominance of the constituent elements (time and space) of a chronotope is determined by the specificity of genre: the relationships between time and space and between human beings domiciled in them – Bakhtin believes, alter according to the historical and literary environment of the text, or to put it otherwise, Bakhtin’s chronotope is at the same time a historical and genre phenomenon as well.

According to Bakhtin’s conception, the chronotope functions in three principal directions: a) showing history at text level; b) realization of genre at text level; c) reflection of the individual time and space field of the characters.

Each of these directions is related to constantly changing components and, obviously, causes the creation of alterable chronotopic models.

Chronotope in Bakhtin’s opinion is a clearly elastic category. It implies diverse varieties of temporal and spatial relations: the author’s chronotope, that of recognizing-failing to recognize, adventurous chronotope, idyllic chronotope, etc. Bakhtin pays special attention to the chronotope of road and meeting, as the best textual expression of the unity of time and space. He considers realization of the historical and genre-typical functions to be the purpose of each of these chronotope models.

Bakhtin’s theory of chronotope exerted a great influence both on his contemporary and later literary criticism.

Bakhtin’s ideas are being familiarized with, used, transformed, developed; at times they are liked, at others disapproved, but they are always perceived as an indispensable “other”, a partner to be taken account of, an interlocutor actively engaged in the process of dialogue.

METAPHORIC MODELS OF ROAD: FROM “STORY OF A BEGGAR” TO “THE WIDOW OF OTAR”

Summary

The spatial model of Road acquires the status of completely independent construction in a text – each text is over-crossed by Roads, going towards different directions, thus creating physical and spiritual geography of the text. Spatial model of Road is intertwined with the motive of Meeting being fixed in time, and a protagonist represents an inevitable condition for their wholeness, as of aesthetically valuable plot structure: the chronotope of Road and Meeting is realized only in relation to the character; otherwise, it is functionless from aesthetic point of view.

Road, representing a spatial model, is a wide-scale phenomenon and unites other spatial models of the text. It represents the field for event merging and action completion. The road can lead to native or foreign territory; it can be both long and short; carry metaphoric or partially metaphoric meaning.

Correspondingly, the unity of the spatial model of Road and motive of Meeting, or the chronotope of Road and Meeting, deduced from the heterogeneity of the above mentioned characteristics, plays various structural-aesthetical functions in different texts. Ilia Chavchavadze’s fiction is no exception: Road plays a crucial role in Ilia Chavchavadze’s works “The Traveler’s Diaries”, “Story of a Beggar”, “Is a Human a Man?!”, “On the Scaffold” and “The Widow of Otar”. Each of these texts represents a personage’s fatal meeting place and defines transformative possibilities of the text. In Ilia’s works Road is not only a border line drawn between native and

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foreign territories, or concrete historical-spatial landscape, but it is in proportion to characters’ inner metamorphoses and represents a watershed for their ideological-moral positions.

Physical concept of Road is continuously transformed in such categories as: Road of Life, Road of Charity, Human’s Road, Road of Peace, Road of Rightness, Road of Truthfulness, and Road of Spirit. Each of these categories carries a deep moral value in the text.

In Ilia Chavchavadze’s works the chronotope of Road and Meeting is singled out by spectre diversity. Road and Meeting, as a close encounter with it, is never limited to real-artistic function, but is metaphorized towards spiritual values. Metaphorization of spatial and temporal structures, that we have emphasized, is peculiar for realistic texts: 19th-century realistic literature actively uses text as a tribune for heralding problems of social-national, ethical, religious and philosophical nature, metaphorizing is the best poetic means for achieving the goal – unclear, ambiguous, and enigmatic movements tempt reader to think, make him meditate on high values, which are probably hard to utter in the current conditions under the censorship and ideological-political pressure, but which is the main target of author’s and protagonist’s intention.

ILIA AND HIS READER∗

Summary

Literary text functions within the frameworks of three temporary models: author's, literary text's and reader's models, where the author's and the reader's temporary samples correspond to the ostensible form of the work of art and represent different layers in the process of realizing and understanding the text.

In order to regulate those relationships, there were introduced a number of key terms in literary theory, such as “Physical Metrics” and “Artistic Metrics”. Physical metrics, usually corresponds to the temporal models of story telling and reception, but aims at considering an artistic temporal model. The duration of story telling being the author's prerogative, on the one hand, and the process of perception, that of the reader's, on the other hand, are linked from the very beginning. There is a close dependence between the duration of perception and duration of the story telling.

The Author awakens reader’s imagination in the realms of a text and the reader responds to the author's provocation within the frameworks of a text as well. Correspondingly, the contact between the reader and the author is formed as an individual theoretical model in the boundaries of concrete Literary Epoch, Style and Methodology. Realism was not an exception. This angle of Realistic Literary School was based on the modified form of Oratorical Pragmatics.

The basics of oratorical pragmatics were established in early antiquity by Aristotle, when he defined three main stylistic functions of rhetoric: influence on the audience, logical order of words and the perfect mimics. All three functions are very important for the orator, but what happens when the rhetoric becomes an active form of literary description? The writer of the literary text tries to be an orator when he is willing to give a direction to the reader and uses the word as a major weapon: the organization of words, word connections and the intonation.

The rhetoric function of the word was effectively used by the medieval writers. The school of Allegoric Exegetics was formed and Oratorical Pragmatics was successfully transformed into the poetical system. This tradition has evolved in the next periods of literary development: if neoclassical tradition was too much radical in this way, Romantics were almost completely indifferent. Realism re-evaluated the best tradition of oratorical pragmatics, which became one of the main methodological weapons of realism.

∗ The full English version of this article is published in the electronic journal “Litinfo”, Issue 2.

www.litinfo.ge.

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Realistic Literature, and Georgian Realistic Literature, in particular, was based on the method of Oratorical Pragmatics: the author was outlined as a leader, the main coordinate of the text, orator. The reader was presented as a speaker, being actively involved in the dialogue with the author, his intellectual partner, who listens to the author and whose support is of an utmost importance for the reader.

Realistic Literature activated the interrelation between the author and the reader as much as possible by means of compositional crossing in the text. The best form for outlining the compositional crossing was the open dialogue of the reader with the author, author's address towards the reader. This method was used by Ilia Chavchavadze as well.

Ilia invites his reader, retells the story, proves, explains, defines, asks, answers, stands on the tribune of the orator and speaks to his nation. Morality represents the main point for his rhetoric.

In his works " Traveler’s Diaries", "The Widow of Otar" and "Is He Human a Man?!" Ilia activates the contact between the reader and the author as much as possible.

Author's frequent address towards the reader, overloaded not only with the phrases but with the serious discussions and conclusions as well, proves the strong interrelation between the author and the reader. Besides, it presents a strong positional contact of the author's and the reader's chronotopic model in relation to the chronotopic model of a literary text.

In the triangle of the traditional literary studies _ author, text and reader _ the interrelation between the reader and the author is one of the most important and distinguishable peculiarities of the text. We cannot consider a text without mentioning the reader as well as the author. The peculiarity of that interrelation defines the literary epoch with its aesthetic principles and methodological rules.

A F T E R W O R D

The book “Text and Chronotope” brings together the multi-year work of the author. Although the book consists of three parts, each of its sections is devoted to one problem significant and interesting for modern theory of literature – the question of interrelationship of text and chronotope. Only the problem has been treated in the context of different methodologies. The conceptual task of the book may be defined as giving shape to the function of chronotopic models in the formation, identification and description of literary genre, on the one hand, and of a literary trend, on the other. Whereas the purpose of the first part of the book was theoretical study of the cultural-literary paradigm of the conceptualization of the artistic chronotope, and further, its interpretation at the level of the 20th-century genre of anti-utopian novel, namely at the level of eschatological anti-utopia, the second part of the book has been devoted to the identification of the general structural peculiarities of artistic chronotope and to the study of its specificity of their realization within the framework of the literary trend of Georgian realism. The third, concluding part of the book comprises the practical studies round the chosen problem.

In the process of long-standing research a number of noteworthy questions arose, new interpretative methodologies and theoretical models have been set out, conclusions drawn and the results summed up.

I hope the problems posed in the book are interesting, topical and their large-scale study will continue in the future too.

Leaving you with this hope.

Translated to English by Arrian Tchanturia

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