TERIENERGY & ENVIRONMENTDATADIARY ANDYEARBOOKTERI Energy & Environment Data Diary and Yearbook (TEDDY) is an annual publication brought out by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) since 1986. It is the only comprehensive energy and environment yearbook in India which provides updated information on the energy supply sectors (coal and lignite, petroleum and natural gas, power, and renewable energy sources), energy demand sectors (agriculture, industry, transport, residential, and commercial sectors), and environment (local and global). The publication also provides a review of the government policies that have implications for these sectors of the Indian economy.

Each edition of TEDDY contains India's commercial energy balances for the last four years that provide comprehensive information on energy flows within different sectors of the economy and how they have been changing over time. These energy balances and conversion factors are a valuable ready reckoner for researchers, scholars, and organizations working on energy sector. After the introductory chapters, for the ease of readers, TEDDY has been divided into sections on energy supply, energy demand, and local and global environment.

Interactive graphs, figures, maps, and tables have been used throughout the chapters to explain facts, which make the book an interesting read. In addition, detailed tables at the end of each chapter represent statistical data on each of the above-mentioned sectors.

The publication is accompanied by a complimentary CD containing full text. The publication has more than 15,000 readers across the globe and is often cited in international peer reviewed journals and policy documents.

with complimentary CD

UPDATED EDITION

2015/16

TEDDYU

PDATED

EDITIO

N2015/16

TERIENERGY & ENVIRONMENTDATADIARY ANDYEARBOOK

2015/16UPDATED EDITION

Preface .......................................................................................................................... xiii About TEDDY 2015/16 (Updated Edition) .................................................................... xvContributors ................................................................................................................ xviiAcknowledgements ................................................................................................xixList of tables ................................................................................................................. xxiList of figures .............................................................................................................. xxixList of maps ...............................................................................................................xxxiii

1 Energy, environment, and sustainable development .....................................................1

Energy supply

2 Coal and lignite .......................................................................................................153 Petroleum and natural gas ........................................................................................714 Power ......................................................................................................................975 Renewable energy ..................................................................................................161

Energy demand

6 Agriculture ............................................................................................................1957 Industry ................................................................................................................2158 Transport ..............................................................................................................2379 Household energy ..................................................................................................277

Local and global environment

10 Environment .........................................................................................................29511 Climate change ......................................................................................................339

Index ...........................................................................................................................365

Contents

Preface

The year 2015 marked important milestones for the future of the world with the launch of new Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs) and the adoption of an ambitious Paris Agreement on Climate Change. A set of 17 goals and 169 targets have been announced to stimulate sustainable development action over the next 15 years. Paris Agreement recognized the need to hold the global temperature rise to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. The Paris Agreement rests on nationally determined contributions at its core, and therefore the driving force will come from domestic action, not from international obligations. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) takes pride in presenting the latest edition of its flagship publication TEDDY (TERI Energy & Environment Data Diary and Yearbook), which is the only periodic comprehensive energy and environment yearbook in India. TEDDY serves as a ready reckoner for energy and environment related information and statistics sourced from government bodies, policy documents, and other secondary databases. TEDDY brings information and knowledge on energy and environment in India to your desk and enables you to develop and validate trends that can be the building blocks for policy recommendations. The publication discusses energy supply in chapters on coal and lignite, petroleum and natural gas, power, and renewable energy. The aspects of energy demand are extensively covered in chapters on agriculture, industry, transport, and households. The section

on local and global environment examines local environmental issues, such as the comprehensive state of environment assessment, forestry, biodiversity, and climate change, and their respective impacts on society. The publication provides a review of government policies that have implications for these energy and environment sectors. An important aspect of this publication is the analysis of commercial energy flow in India by TERI researchers, as it estimates the flow of net available energy and its consumption by demand sectors in the future. The Green Focus at the end of each chapter provides a description of sustainable development practices or initiatives related to each discussed sector. TERI Energy & Environment Data Diary and Yearbook has been a much sought-after reference document across the world and it has been cited in government policy documents, scholarly articles, journals, and other peer-reviewed books in India and abroad. At TERI, we constantly update TEDDY for relevance and data integrity. We hope that TEDDY 2015/16 (Updated Edition), like earlier editions, will be of immense value to policymakers, business organizations, academic institutions, and research scholars. Comments and suggestions from readers are appreciated as these would help us in improving subsequent issues of this publication.

Dr Ajay MathurDirector General

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)

About TEDDY 2015/16 (Updated Edition)

TERI Energy & Environment Data Diary and Yearbook (TEDDY) is an annual publication brought out by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) since 1986. The publication provides updated information on the energy supply sectors (coal and lignite, petroleum and natural gas, power, and renewable energy), energy-consuming sectors (agriculture, industry, transport, residential, and commercial sectors), and environment (local and global). The entire publication uses interactive graphs, figures, maps, and tables to explain facts, which makes the book an interesting read. The publication also provides a review of the government policies that have implications for energy and environment. The data in the yearbook provides the latest available information at the time of compilation of the chapters. The analytical narrative supporting the data has been well researched by sector experts at TERI. Care has been taken to ensure that continuity of information is maintained so that the readers can understand and analyse the trends and patterns of change in the energy and environment sector over a period of time. The launch of TEDDY 2015/16 was well received by the press and received coverage by media sources including but not limited to The Economic Times, DNA, The Times of India, and ZEE News. The overall structure of this year’s TEDDY is the same as the previous editions, with some improvisations. For the reference of our readers, the following table lists the chapters of the publication.

Chapter 1 : Energy, environment, and sustainable development

Chapter 2 : Coal and lignite

Chapter 3 : Petroleum and natural gas

Chapter 4 : Power

Chapter 5 : Renewable energy

Chapter 6 : Agriculture

Chapter 7 : Industry

Chapter 8 : Transport

Chapter 9 : Household energy

Chapter 10 : Environment

Chapter 11 : Climate change

The current edition of the publication, TEDDY 2015/16 (Updated Edition), comes with several interesting features. The Green Focus at the end of each chapter highlights sustainable initiatives and successful practices, which are of current interest in the sectors discussed under the sections of energy supply, energy demand, and local and global environment. The publication also discusses Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from an Indian perspective and the key points which are relevant for decision-making and policy in India. We are hopeful that like all the previous editions of the publication, TEDDY 2015/16 (Updated Edition) would be of immense value to our readers including policymakers, business organizations, academic institutions, research scholars, and development practitioners. Suggestions and comments from the readers shall be highly appreciated as these would help us in improving subsequent issues of this publication.

Contributors

Overall Guidance

Prabir Sengupta

Editors

Ashutosh SengerAastha SharmaShailly Kedia

Chapter Authors and Reviewers

Energy, environment, and sustainable development Authors : Ashutosh Senger, Nishant Jain, Aastha

Sharma, and Shailly KediaReviewers : Suneel Pandey and Rinki Jain

Coal and ligniteAuthors : Swati Mitchelle DSouza and Jonathan

Donald Syiemlieh Reviewer : Nitya Nanda

Petroleum and natural gasAuthor : Siddharth SinghReviewer : Pravin Kumar Agarwal

PowerAuthors : S Narayan Kumar and Sruthi NairReviewer : K Ramanathan

Renewable energy Authors : Prerna Sharma, Ankit Narula, Adwit

Kashyap, Chinmay Kinjavdekar, Nagendra Kumar, and Radhika Sharma

Reviewers : Shirish Garud, Ujjwal Bhattacharjee, and Sunil Dhingra

AgricultureAuthors : Manish Anand and Shilpanjali

Deshpande SarmaReviewer : Nutan Kaushik

IndustryAuthor : Sachin Kumar Reviewer : Prosanto Pal

TransportAuthor : Sangeetha Ann WilsonReviewers : Shri Prakash and Sarbojit Pal

Household energyAuthors : Martand Shardul and Vandita Sahay Reviewer : Prabir Sengupta

EnvironmentAuthors : Arindam Datta, Jai Kishan Malik, Sonia

Grover, and Siddharth EdakeReviewers : Suresh Chauhan, Anshuman, and

R Suresh

Climate changeAuthors : Swati Agarwal, Shivani Wadehra, and

Nehru MachineniReviewer : Manish Kumar Shrivastava

Maps

R K Joshi

Data Compilation

M Jayaraman

Executive Support

P D Tiwari

Documentation

Library and Information Centre, TERI

Publishing Team

Aman Sachdeva Anupama Jauhry Sachin Bhardwaj Santosh Gautam Shashi Bhushan Shilpa Mohan Sushmita Ghosh

Information Dissemination

Gitesh Sinha Kakali Ghosh Sanjeev Sharma

CD Publishing

Rajiv Sharma

Acknowledgements

The current edition of TERI Energy & Environment Data Diary and Yearbook (TEDDY) is a product of collective effort by the research and publishing team at The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). The publication provides the latest updated information and statistics about the energy and the environment in India. Throughout the preparation of the publication, the team gained guidance and support from Dr Ajay Mathur, Director General, TERI. Without his leadership, this publication would not have been possible. We especially thank Mr Prabir Sengupta, Distinguished Fellow, TERI for his constant encouragement, support, and guidance for this publication.

We extend our gratitude to all the authors and reviewers of the publication who have done due fact-checking and put together research narratives for the chapters. We greatly acknowledge the colleagues at TERI Press for their constant support in bringing out the publication. Finally, we thank Mr P D Tiwari for extending all possible executive support. We are confident that this publication will meet the highest standards of scholarship and be immensely useful to our readers, including policymakers, business organizations, academic institutions, and research scholars working in the areas of energy and environment.

Energy, environment, and sustainable development 1 Final commercial energy consumption (in MTOE) in India by sector ........................2 2 Sustainable Development Goals and nodal agencies for India ..................................11

Coal and lignite 1 Coal production in 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14, 2014/15, and 2015/16 by company ...20 2 Capital investments to be made by CIL ..................................................................20 3 Coal blocks auctioned/allocated until April 2015 .....................................................22 4 Auctioned coal blocks with specified end use ..........................................................23 5 Coal consumption pattern (in MT) ........................................................................25 6 Proposed washeries by CIL ....................................................................................27 7 Companies participating in the initial rationalization of linkages...............................28 8 Coal handling by ports (in MT) .............................................................................30 9 Average parcel sizes and average TRT at major ports ..............................................31 10 Environmental clearances in 2015/16......................................................................32 11 Projects granted Stage II forest clearance during 2015/16 ........................................32 2.1 Coal resources of states (million tonnes) as on 1 April 2015 ....................................43 2.2 Coal resources (million tonnes) by category as on 1 April 2015 ................................43 2.3 Lignite resources of states and union territories (million tonnes) as on 1 April 2015 ....44 2.4 Lignite mined out (million tonnes) till 31 March 2015 ............................................44 2.5 Coal production (million tonnes) in various states: 2000/01–2014/15 .......................45 2.6 All-India production (million tonnes) of coal, lignite, and other derivatives:

2000/01–2014/15 ...................................................................................................46 2.7 Coal production (million tonnes) of various companies: 2000/01–2014/15 ..............47 2.8 Coal dispatches (million tonnes) in various states: 2000/01–2014/15 ........................49 2.9 Coal dispatches (million tonnes) of various companies: 2000/01–2014/15 ................50 2.10 Supply of indigenous coal ('000 tonnes) to steel plants: 2008/09–2013/14 ................52 2.11 Availability and consumption (million tonnes) of raw coal by sector:

2000/01–2014/15 ...................................................................................................53 2.12 Indigenous coal supply plan (BE) and achievement: 2014/15 ...................................54 2.13 Output per man-shift (tonnes) in opencast and underground mining:

2000/01–2014/15 ..................................................................................................55 2.14 Inter-modal split of coal movement (million tonnes): 2000/01–2014/15 ...................55 2.15 Traffic handled (million tonnes) at major ports: 2007/08–2014/15 ...........................56 2.16 Customs duty structure on imported coal: 2010/11 ................................................57 2.17 Import (million tonnes) of coking and non-coking coal: 1991/92–2014/15 ...............57 2.18 Comparison of gross calorific value and useful heat value for non-coking coal

(with 6% moisture content) ....................................................................................58 2.19a Categorization of coal and coke ..............................................................................59 2.19b Grades of coal .......................................................................................................60 2.20 Pricing of non-coking coal based on gross calorific value ..........................................61 2.21 Revised rates of royalty ( `/tonne) ...........................................................................63

List of tables

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TERI Energy and Environment Data Diary and Yearbook 2015/16 (Updated Edition)

2.22 Royalty paid (` million) on coal to the states: 1991/92–2012/13 ...............................64 2.23 Average pithead unit value (`/tonne) of coal: 1974/75–2008/09 ...............................65 2.24a Allocation of coal and lignite blocks during 2014/15 ...............................................66 2.24b Allotment of captive coal blocks as on 31 March 2014 by year and sector ................67 2.25 Annual plan and actual expenditure (` million): 1993/94–2015/16 ...........................68

Additional tables in the CD 2.26a Raw coal feed and clean coal production (million tonnes) of washeries: 1995/96–2006/07 2.26b Coking coal washery performance ('000 tonnes): 2007/08–2013/14 2.26c Performance of non-coking coal washeries owned by collieries: 2007/08–2013/14 2.27 Production (million tonnes) from coal washeries: 1990/91–2006/07 2.28 Coal pithead stock (million tonnes) of various companies: 1995/96–2014/15 2.29 Coal production (million tonnes) in various companies: 1993/94–2014/15 2.30 Supply of indigenous coal ('000 tonnes) to steel plants: 2000/01–2007/08

Petroleum and natural gas 1 Trends in onshore–offshore crude oil production (in MT) .......................................72 2 Production of crude oil by region (in MT) ..............................................................73 3 Top five countries from which India imported crude oil in 2014/15 (provisional) ......75 4 Capacity, length, and operators of major crude pipelines .........................................75 5 Installed capacity and crude throughput .................................................................76 6 Gross refining margins ($/barrel) ............................................................................78 7 Production of petroleum products (in '000 tonnes) ..................................................79 8 Consumption of petroleum products (in '000 tonnes) ..............................................79 9 Import of petroleum products by quantity (in '000 tonnes) and value (in ` crore) ......80 10 Export of petroleum products by quantity (in '000 tonnes) and value (in ` crore) ......80 11 Length of major petroleum product pipelines ..........................................................81 12 Under-recoveries (in ` crore) by product and DBT ..................................................82 13 Share of under-recoveries (in ` crore) ......................................................................82 14 Production of natural gas by company (in BCM) ....................................................83 15 Production of onshore natural gas by region (in BCM) ............................................83 16 Existing and planned LNG terminals in India .........................................................86 17 Length and capacity of natural gas pipelines in India ...............................................87 18 Gas pipelines under construction ............................................................................88 19 Off-take of natural gas by industry (in MCM) .........................................................89 20 Price of natural gas produced in India on a gross calorific value basis (in $/MMBTU) ..89 21 Coalbed methane production in India (in mmscm) .................................................90

Additional tables in the CD 3.1 Hydrocarbon discoveries by ONGC, OIL, PSC regime during 2013/14 3.2 Oil and natural gas reserves: 2005–15 3.3 Production ('000 tonnes) of crude oil: 2000/01–2014/15 3.4 Production (million cubic metres) of natural gas: 2000/01–2014/15 3.5 Reserve replacement ratio and life of reserves for crude oil (million tonnes) and natural gas

(billion cubic metres): 1995/96–2014/15 3.6 Installed refining capacity and refinery crude processing ('000 tonnes): 2007/08–2014/15 3.7 Production ('000 tonnes) of petroleum products: 2008/09–2014/15 3.8 Imports ('000 tonnes) and value (` million) of crude oil and petroleum products: 2007/08–2014/15

List of tables

TERI Energy and Environment Data Diary and Yearbook 2015/16 (Updated Edition) xxiii

3.9 Exports ('000 tonnes) and value ( ̀ million) of crude oil and petroleum products: 2007/08–2014/15 3.10 Sales/consumption of petroleum products ('000 tonnes): 2007/08–2014/15 3.11 Sector-wise consumption of natural gas (2008/09–2014/15) (in MMSCM) 3.12 Subsidies on major petroleum products ( ̀ million): 1995/96–2008/09 3.13 Compressed natural gas activities in India as on 31 March 2015 3.14 Exploratory and developmental drilling by the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd and Oil India

Ltd: 2005/06–2014/15 3.15 Refinery crude throughput and production ('000 tonnes) of petroleum products: 2005/06–2014/15 3.16 Average annual compound growth rates of consumption of petroleum products (%) 3.17 Consumption ('000 tonnes) of major petroleum products, by state (public sector undertakings sales

only): 2014/15 3.18 Development of spot prices of key Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, crudes

($ per barrel): 2006–14 (September) 3.19 Realization of excise and customs duties from crude oil and petroleum products (` million):

2005/06–2014/15 3.20 Consumer prices of natural gas (`/1000 cubic metres) (excluding royalty, taxes, and all statutory

levies) 3.21a Tenth Five-year Plan outlay of public sector undertakings under the purview of the Ministry of

Petroleum and Natural Gas (` crore) 3.21b Twelfth Five-year Plan outlay and actual expenditure for petroleum and natural gas sectors (` crore) 3.21c Twelfth Five-year Plan outlay and actual expenditure for petroleum and natural gas sectors (` crore)

Power 1 Transmission and distribution network (km) ......................................................... 100 2 Capacity addition target and achievement for the Twelfth Plan (MW) by

sector and source ................................................................................................. 102 3 Current status of smart grid pilot projects in India ................................................. 105 4.1a Installed capacity (MW) as on 31 March 2015 ...................................................... 110 4.1b Growth of installed electrical energy generation capacity (MW), utilities by mode .. 116 4.2 Annual gross generation in utilities (GWh): 2010/11–2012/13 ............................... 117 4.3 Annual plant load factor (%) of thermal/nuclear electricity generation plants,

by state/union territory: 2012/13 ........................................................................... 118 4.4 Installed capacity (MW) and generation (GWh): 1990/91–2012/13

(with respect to non-utilities of installed capacity 1 MW and above) ...................... 120 4.5 Length of transmission and distribution lines (ckt km) by region and

state/union territory as on 31 March 2013 ............................................................. 122 4.6 Transmission and distribution losses as a percentage of availability in

states/union territories: 2001/02–2012/13.............................................................. 124 4.7a Aggregate technical and commercial losses (%) for SEBs and PDs selling directly

to the consumers: 2011/12–2013/14 ..................................................................... 126 4.7b Aggregate technical and commercial losses (%) for all discoms of unbundled

states: 2011/12–2013/14....................................................................................... 127 4.7c Aggregate technical and commercial losses (%) for utilities selling directly to

consumers: 2009/10–2011/12 ............................................................................... 131 4.8 Energy sales to ultimate consumer utilities (GWh): 2012/13 .................................. 135 4.9 Number of consumers and connected load: 2000/01–2012/13 .............................. 137 4.10 Per capita consumption (kWh) of electricity: 2000/01–2012/13 ............................. 138 4.11 Power supply position: peak demand versus peak met (2014/15)............................ 140

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TERI Energy and Environment Data Diary and Yearbook 2015/16 (Updated Edition)

4.12 Power supply position: requirement versus availability (April 2014–March 2015) ... 142 4.13a Status of consumer metering: 2006/07 .................................................................. 144 4.13b Number of consumers (in lakh): 2009/10–2013/14 ................................................ 146 4.14 List of existing inter-regional links ........................................................................ 147 4.15 Details of nuclear power projects as on December 2015 ........................................ 149 4.16 Progress report of village electrification as on 31 October 2015 .............................. 150 4.17 Electrification of rural households ........................................................................ 152 4.18 Status of hydroelectric potential development, in terms of installed capacity of

above 25 MW as on 31 October 2015 ................................................................... 154 4.19 Profit and loss of power utilities (` million) by state: 2011/12–2013/14 ................... 156 4.20 Status of reforms and restructuring in power sector ............................................... 158

Additional tables in the CD 4.21 Plan outlay and expenditure (` million) for the power sector 4.22 Electricity generation and consumption (GWh) in selected industries having

captive power plants of 1 MW and above: 2012/13

Renewable energy 1 Status of bio-power (grid-connected/off-grid) and family-size biogas plants

in India (till March 2016) .................................................................................... 164 2 State-wise list of biomass gasifier plants installed in India with their capacity .......... 165 3 Data on the cumulative systems installed up to 31 December 2015 ........................ 166 4 Some successfully operated biogas-based power plants and their performance ........ 169 5 State-wise biomass power plants based on urban, industrial, and agricultural

wastes, including biomass cogeneration (non-bagasse), commissioned in India ....... 170 6 Total commissioned capacity of concentrated solar thermal power plants ............... 172 7 JNNSM targets and achievements ........................................................................ 172 5.1a Cumulative deployment of various renewable energy systems/devices in India

(as on 31 December 2015) ................................................................................... 184 5.1b State-wise renewable energy potential (MW) ........................................................ 185 5.2 Wind power cumulative installed capacity (MW) in India, by state: 2006–15 ......... 186 5.3 Wind power installed capacity (MW) in India, by state: 2002/03–2014/15 ............. 187 5.4 Wind power potential in India .............................................................................. 188 5.5 Potential, installed, and under-implementation projects in small hydropower

sector (up to 25 MW) by state/union territory (as on 31 December 2015) .............. 189 5.6 National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (plants in number) ............ 190 5.7 State-wise cumulative commissioned biomass power and bagasse cogeneration

projects ............................................................................................................... 192 5.8 Tentative state-wise breakup of renewable power target to be achieved by 2022 ...... 193

Agriculture 1 Electricity consumption in the agriculture sector ................................................... 200 2 Number of diesel and electric pumps used in India................................................ 200 3 Production, imports, and consumption of fertilizers (in thousand tonnes

of nutrients) ........................................................................................................ 203 4 Area under conservation agriculture in different countries (as of 2016) .................. 204 5 Conservation agricultural practices, potential benefits, and associated costs for

technology adoption in rain-fed regions of India .................................................... 207

Teri Energy & Environment Data DiaryAnd Yearbook (2015 /16)

Publisher : TERI Press ISBN : 9788179935910 Author : Teri

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