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University of Ottawa
Term paper guidelines ECO 4117 – Development Economics
Literature Review Option
Louis Hotte
Fall 2015
Term paper guidelines | Literature Review
LOUIS HOTTE 1
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3
2 Topic proposal and bibliographic search (Due Day Month Year) ................................... 3
2.1 Bibliographic search for topic proposal .................................................................... 4
3 The intermediate report (Due Day Month Year) .............................................................. 5
4 The final paper (Due Day Month Year) ........................................................................... 5
4.1 The general structure................................................................................................. 5
4.2 The general introduction (2-3 pages) ........................................................................ 6
4.3 The reviews (5-7 pages each) ................................................................................... 6
4.3.1 The specific question(s) ........................................................................................ 7
4.3.2 The context ............................................................................................................ 7
4.3.3 The theory ............................................................................................................. 7
4.3.4 The data ................................................................................................................. 7
4.3.5 The methodology or empirical strategy ................................................................ 7
4.3.6 The main results .................................................................................................... 8
4.3.7 Discussions ............................................................................................................ 8
4.4 Discussion and conclusion (2-3 pages) ..................................................................... 8
4.5 Additional comments and tips .................................................................................. 8
4.5.1 Section titles .......................................................................................................... 8
4.5.2 A self-contained paper .......................................................................................... 9
5 List of recommended journals per topic ......................................................................... 10
5.1 General journals in economics ................................................................................ 10
5.2 Environmental and Resource Economics ............................................................... 10
5.3 Economics of Conflicts ........................................................................................... 10
5.4 Economics of Development .................................................................................... 10
6 Topic proposal form for literature review ...................................................................... 11
7 Checklist (TBC) ............................................................................................................. 12
A Style guidelines .............................................................................................................. 13
A.1 Table of contents ..................................................................................................... 13
A.2 Bibliography style ................................................................................................... 13
A.3 Citations .................................................................................................................. 13
A.4 Quotations ............................................................................................................... 14
A.5 Footnotes ................................................................................................................. 14
A.6 Tables ...................................................................................................................... 14
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LOUIS HOTTE 2
A.7 Figures..................................................................................................................... 14
A.8 Formatting and visuals ............................................................................................ 15
A.9 Title Page ................................................................................................................ 15
B References ...................................................................................................................... 16
C Example of table............................................................................................................. 17
D Example of figure ........................................................................................................... 18
E Model for title page ........................................................................................................ 19
Term paper guidelines | Literature Review
LOUIS HOTTE 3
WARNING!!!
Before anything, you must read the document entitled “Academic Integrity: Student’s
Guide” that has been produced by the University of Ottawa.
1 Introduction
For this course, a literature review consists in a detailed summary of three empirical papers.
The papers must be linked by an overarching question of interest. This question is chosen by the
student but must fit clearly within the general theme of the course. Each of the reviewed papers
must contain a regression analysis and have been published in a well-regarded, peer-reviewed
economics journal.
This exercise seeks to introduce the student to many of the critical stages of the research
process. This includes: the choice of a research topic; the search and identification of good
empirical work that is of relevance to the topic; the ability to perform a structured synthesis of
empirical work and express ideas clearly; the challenge of critically, creatively, and
constructively appraising empirical work and its theoretical underpinnings; the discipline of
adhering to a project timeline; and, finally, putting together a well-formatted, interesting paper
that follows the rigour of the scientific method.
The requirements are not overly demanding in terms of original contributions. It is designed
this way as a steppingstone into the world of research for advanced undergraduate students in the
economics major. In return, however, the expected technical level of the presentation, as well as
the short critical discussions, must clearly correspond to that of an advanced undergraduate
student in economics. The evaluation will strongly reflect that.
A word about language quality. This document concerns term papers written in English (or
French) by university students in an English (and French) language university. The quality of the
language must thus meet what is expected of university students at this stage.1
The paper is divided into two parts. The first part (with section first numbers) is mostly
specific to this course. In the second part (with section first letters), most directives are
applicable any term or MA major paper in economics.
2 Topic proposal and bibliographic search (Due Day Month Year)2
A topic proposal form is provided in section 6. You will have to provide a topic title, a brief
summary of the question(s) and a list of three papers. The bibliographic search report is
described in the section below. To be submitted in printed form only.
This early stage of the research process has a tentative flavor attached to it and is meant to be
so. But do not treat it as any less important than the later stages. Whatever corners you cut here
will catch you up later on.
The research process calls for a maturing of ideas. Once you get started with this stage, you
will realise that your mind is at times wandering around the issues while eating corn flakes,
1 If you think that language is an issue to you, you must work on it AND START EARLY. There are resources
at the University to help. You should have the initial versions of your text proofread, as one usually makes the same
small number of mistakes repetitively. This constitutes an invaluable investment in your future. 2 Text in red denotes adaptions for the intended course.
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LOUIS HOTTE 4
riding the bus, or during yoga class. (Don’t do it while riding your bike through city streets
though; it’s dangerous and it hurts.) You may find yourself constructing arguments and
deconstructing them the next day. This is how one matures ideas and probably constitutes the
most important part of the research process. If you don’t find yourself doing that, then it may be
that you are not interested or convinced by your chosen topic.3 Try modifying it a little.
In any case, do not panic if you did not find exactly what you were expecting or if you do not
feel entirely compelled by the topic. Things will get better as you move along, provided you start
early and with the right attitude. Important in this respect is the bibliographic search. As you will
see in the topic proposal form, you will be asked to search through a bibliographic database from
the University library.
2.1 Bibliographic search for topic proposal
You must find three scientific articles containing mainly empirical work and published in a
good quality, peer-refereed journal not before year 2000. (More on this below.)
There are various good databases that can be used to search for articles on a specific
subject, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. For this topic proposal, I want you to
begin with either ECONLIT or JSTOR. Both can be accessed through the University library's list
of databases. (Databases A-Z)
A few remarks are in order here. One may also conduct a search using Google or Google
Scholar. The problem here is that you may end-up collecting many very bad, “pseudo-scientific”,
not seriously peer-reviewed papers. Experienced researchers are able to quickly disentangle the
lot. The inexperienced student ends up spending hours reading papers that in the end will not
help them at all, or worse, will confuse them or send them in the wrong direction.
Keep in mind that papers published in respected journals have (normally) gone through a
rigorous peer-refereeing process before being accepted for publication. This means that others
have done the work of identifying good quality and original contributions for you. This is a boon
for the inexperienced.4 In section 5, I provide a list of well-respected journals in economics that
tend to publish good empirical work, some in any sub-fields of economics, some in specific sub-
fields. If you find three empirical articles within the list that fit your topic well, your job is done.
For the above reasons, I want you to use either ECONLIT or JSTOR for the topic proposal.
With JSTOR, use the advanced search option and narrow your search within economics.
(ECONLIT is already limited to economics.) Restrict your search to articles and the date range
after 2000. Begin with a set of two or three keywords contained in the abstract with the AND
operator. If your search returns less than 10 articles, your keywords are too restrictive. Change
them or consider a broader topic. If it returns more than 200 articles, use additional or more
specific keywords, or consider a more restricted topic. Once your search results have narrowed to
between 10 and 200 articles, save them and email them to me.
You must go through the list of articles and find three for your term paper to be listed in your
topic proposal. To this end, you must select papers based on the title, then the abstract, and then
by downloading the paper and leafing through it. Make sure it contains a regression analysis, i.e.,
3 It may also be that you are not really interested in doing research. The consequences are not very serious in the
context of this course. But if you do like it, you may be ripe for graduate studies. 4 Alas, this is not failsafe. Sometimes bad papers get published in top journals while much better papers do not
make it there.
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LOUIS HOTTE 5
a regression equation and a table of estimated coefficients for the explanatory variables and their
statistical significance.
Expect to spend a few hours on this article search. It is a critical investment in your time.
You do not just want three articles that fit your topic well; you want them to be good and
interesting. If you cannot seem to find any good articles, consider changing your topic. In fact,
you will probably be naturally led to deviate from your original topic while conducting the
search. You might come across other topics that you did not initially think of, but find more
interesting than your original one. That is a perfectly normal outcome of a search. Be flexible at
this point.
3 The intermediate report (Due Day Month Year)
A document containing the following must be submitted at class break on printed paper (no
emailing please):
a) A final reference list containing three empirical papers with regression analysis that
closely and convincingly fit your topic.
b) A complete review of one paper. This will in fact correspond to the first review of the
three reviews that you are expected to do for the final paper. This first review must
follow closely the sectional structure proposed in section 4.1 below and its associated
explanations and style guidelines with proper referencing etc. Each section must be
written with full sentences in your own words. And of course, no copying/pasting from
the paper; this would be plagiarism.
4 The final paper (Due Day Month Year)
The term paper consists of a small review of the literature on a topic of direct relevance to
development economics. The review is primarily based on three empirical papers that contain
regression analysis. (You may briefly mention and cite additional empirical or theoretical papers
but they cannot be described in details.) The topic and the three reviewed papers must have been
preapproved by the professor. Papers that do not fit clearly within a chosen topic in development
economics are not acceptable and will not be corrected.
The term paper must contain 15 to 20 pages of “pure” text (4000 to 5000 words). It is always
a good idea to identify clearly the subject under discussion with section and subsection headings.
A common mistake by students is to jump back and forth between different topics such as data
description, own results, results of others, all within the same paragraph and without clearly
stating so. This not only becomes very confusing for the reader but it usually reflects
disorganization in the student’s thoughts. By adhering to a sectional structure, the student will
view things more clearly. It also makes it easier for both the writer and the reader to move back
and forth between different parts of the paper.
The final paper submission must be accompanied with the checklist found in section 7,
checked out and signed.
4.1 The general structure
For the term paper in this course, the student must adhere closely to the following structure:
Term paper guidelines | Literature Review
LOUIS HOTTE 6
I. Introduction
II. Title for review 1
a. The specific question
b. The context
c. The theory
d. The data
e. The methodology
f. The main results
g. Discussion (brief)
III. Title for review 2
a. …
IV. Title for review 3
a. …
V. Discussion and conclusion
VI. References
The subsections must appear explicitly in your final text. Here are suggestions on how to
go about each subsection.
4.2 The general introduction (2-3 pages)
Students often tend to neglect the introduction, thinking that all of the hard and novel work
appears in later sections of the paper and the reader will figure things out. This is a mistake.
Think of when you begin to read a new article. The first thing you will do is read the first two
paragraphs in the introduction. If this does not catch your attention, you move on to something
else. This is often simply due to the fact that the introduction was written in haste just before the
submission deadline and not because the paper is not interesting. Why bother reading a paper if
the introduction is badly written, confusing, or full of spelling mistakes?
There is no hard and fast rule on how to write an introduction. The experienced
researcher can use creativity here also. But students often do not have this experience and end up
writing an introduction that lacks focus and clarity and does not do justice to the rest of the
paper. For this reason, I prefer to impose some structure to the introduction with the following
set of rules.
Aim for a two- to three-page introduction. Write one paragraph (about one-half page) for
each of the following topic in the same order:
i. The big issues in the larger context of economics and the social sciences
ii. The main specific question(s) that you address in your term paper (five maximum)
iii. The methodology that you use (a literature review here, with three main papers)
iv. A brief description of the different approaches used
v. The main results (five maximum)
vi. A brief “road map” of your paper
Somewhere in the introduction, you should state clearly what you consider to be the main
lessons that you have learned.
4.3 The reviews (5-7 pages each)
Proceed one paper at a time, a separate section for each, and write one to three paragraphs for
each of the following subjects:
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LOUIS HOTTE 7
4.3.1 The specific question(s)
Describe the specific question(s) that the paper addresses. Suppose, for instance, that your
general topic is whether natural resource abundance causes conflict. Then the specific question
of the paper being reviewed here may be something like the link between oil prices and civil war
casualties in Colombia between 1980 and 2000.
4.3.2 The context
Describe the area of application of the analysis. This includes the set of countries, the
periods, the sub-population, etc. Does it involve specific events such as a war period, a major
recession, an agrarian or education reform?
4.3.3 The theory
Explain what phenomena that the paper seeks to analyse. Do this mostly in plain words, i.e.,
as if you were explaining to fellow economics students during class break. The technical level
must correspond to that of students who have completed intermediate courses in economics. You
may add in some variables and mathematical expressions but this is not the point of your review,
so do not overdo it.
4.3.4 The data
Talk mostly about the data of interest. We are not much concerned about data that is widely
used, such as GDP per capita, GDP growth, schooling level, stock prices, etc. Concentrate your
discussion on the data that is somewhat unique and critical to the study. Who collected this data,
where, and how? Were there any specific difficulties or potential biases? For instance, how were
the casualties from the civil war in Colombia collected and by whom? Do they include both
civilians and fighters? How can we be sure that civilian casualties are not caused by crime
instead?
4.3.5 The methodology or empirical strategy
Here you should be quite specific. Your training as an economist must transpire here and
single you out from the untrained, say, CBC journalist. What is the precise relationship being
estimated? What are the dependent variable and explanatory variables of interest? Express the
main equation being estimated on a separate line, using the math editor. If various equations are
being estimated, chose one or two that seem most important; this type of choice constitutes the
core of a good summary. Mention how the explanatory variables are expected to affect the
dependent one. Are there any potential endogeneity issues with the estimated relationship? How
are they resolved? Any potential bias with the way the data was collected?
I realize that a paper’s technical level may be somewhat inaccessible to you given your
training. Be honest about your ignorance; people actually appreciate that – I am sure that you
have before – but only if you don’t just stop there. There are two options here: i) If the issue
seems crucial to the analysis, mention that you don't have a very precise understanding of some
technical considerations and go on to provide a conjectural and intuitive interpretation; your
boss/professor/reader will be impressed by these efforts. ii) If either it is really too hard to
understand, or it does some seem very crucial - or sadly sometimes even both - just say so and
move on. I, at times, do that myself in class for a paper that is otherwise valuable enough that it
is still worth the frustration. The idea is to convince me that at the very least, you have put in
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LOUIS HOTTE 8
some reasonable amount of effort at understanding the statistical or theoretical problem that the
advanced technique sought to address. (See also related comment about direct quotes below.)
4.3.6 The main results
Again, the technical level of the results discussion should match the expectations for an
advanced undergraduate student in economics who knows about the concept of a regression with
multiple explanatory variables – more or less corresponding to your eventual colleagues and
bosses at Statistics Canada. You must report details of at least one regression column and briefly
discuss statistical significance and magnitudes of the effects of the explanatory variables.
Providing a table (built yourself) is entirely optional; you can very well report the regression
result(s) clearly in words in two or three paragraphs. (This might actually be a better intellectual
exercise.) Whatever you do, do not copy and paste the tables from the original article. Choose
one or two sets of regressions and build your own table. Discuss whether or not the evidence
confirms the theory. Do the results appear to be robust?
4.3.7 Discussions
Comment the results briefly in your own view. Now is the time to be a little creative. Are the
results convincing? Is there anything that you would have done differently? Can you think of an
extension that you wished to undertake?
4.4 Discussion and conclusion (2-3 pages)
Begin by restating the initial big question(s) that appeared in the introduction. (Using
different words of course. Never copy/paste yourself.) Go on by describing the main results
obtained in each of the three papers in about one paragraph each.
At this point, you must be a little creative. Compare the three papers. Discuss what you
consider to be important results and what is not so convincing in terms of causality. If you are
critical, be constructive by proposing some improvements. If a paper appears to you as bad
science throughout, say it. Do you see any policy implications?
4.5 Additional comments and tips
4.5.1 Section titles
Regarding a review section’s title, students tend to just literally provide the title of the paper.
I find it much nicer to come up with an own title, say like “2. On the link between property rights
and natural resource use” or “2. Access to education and the “Bolsa Familia” program in Brazil”.
When you begin your review with the Specific question section, you can then say something like:
In this section, I propose to review the paper by Hotte et al. (2014), who analyze the
effect of imperfectly defined property rights on the management of our natural resources.
More specifically, the authors develop a theoretical model that looks at the difference
between two types of weak property rights, …
Or,
There is no question that economic growth is an enviable goal by itself. However, a
number of development experts are worried that growth may exacerbate income
inequalities. The paper by Haddad (2010), to be reviewed here, looks at the effectiveness
of a specific government program that aims to alleviate such adverse effects. The
Term paper guidelines | Literature Review
LOUIS HOTTE 9
program, called Bolsa Familia, was implemented in Brazil … The specific empirical
question that the author considers is …
4.5.2 A self-contained paper
Your term paper must be self-contained, i.e., it can be fully understood without access to the
original papers being reviewed.
This means, for instance, that you must not refer directly to the table and figure numbers of
the original paper. Instead, you must describe in your own words what the table or figure teaches
us and then cite it as follows: (Miguel and Kremer 2004, Table VIII).
Term paper guidelines | Literature Review
LOUIS HOTTE 10
5 List of recommended journals per topic
This list was built to help students search for published empirical papers in economics. Most
journals publish both empirical and theoretical papers. The list is neither exhaustive nor fail-safe.
Beware of journals that carry very similar names!
5.1 General journals in economics
The following journals contain empirical work in any sub-field of economics.
American Economic Rev AEJ: Applied Economics AEJ: Economic Policy J of Development Economics J of Political Economy Canadian J of Economics
J of Public Economics Quarterly J of Economics
Rev of Economic and Statistics Rev of Economic Studies
Economic Journal Oxford Bulletin of Econ and Stat
European Economic Rev International Economic Rev
J of European Econ Association Scandinavian J of Econ
NBER Working papers J of Law and Economics
European Journal of Political Economy J Econ Behavior & Organisation
Economica
5.2 Environmental and Resource Economics
J of Environmental Econ & Mngmt Resource and Energy Econ Ecological Economics Environment and Development Econ Environmental and Resource Econ J of the Association of Environmental and Resource
Economists Land Economics Am J of Agricultural Econ Marine Resource Econ
5.3 Economics of Conflicts
American Political Science Rev Annual Rev of Political Science
Journal of Conflict Resolution American J of Political Science
J of Peace Research
5.4 Economics of Development
J of Development Econ J of Econ Growth Econ Devel & Cultural Change J of Devel Studies
World Development J of African Economies
Rev of Devel Econ
Term paper guidelines | Literature Review
LOUIS HOTTE 11
6 Topic proposal form for literature review
Student name and number:
Email address:
Tentative title:
Research question and motivation: (10 lines max.)
Preliminary references: (List three scientific papers that you have found through one the following
databases: ECONLIT, JSTOR. You must save your search results and email them to the professor. Search results
should fit your research topic reasonably closely and include between 15 and 200 results. Provide a complete
reference as per section B.)
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LOUIS HOTTE 12
7 Checklist (TBC)
Print and attach the following checklist to your paper. Each item must be checked by hand and
signed at the bottom.
o Page numbers o Table of Contents
o List of references o Citations for paraphrasing
o Quotations with page numbers for
quoting
o Economic versus statistical
significance
o Table numbers and titles o Figure numbers and titles
o Spell check o I have read “Academic Integrity:
Student’s guide”
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LOUIS HOTTE 13
A Style guidelines
Each discipline and each journal have its own styles regarding references, section headings,
footnotes, etc. In principle, an author can choose his/her own style within the ones used in the
discipline. You may consult articles in economics to see the different styles in use. Compare with
law articles to see how different the styles can be.5 What is not negotiable is that once you adopt
a style, you must stick to it throughout the whole paper.
For this course, however, I impose that all students use the style of the Canadian Journal of
Economics.
A.1 Table of contents
Make sure to have page numbers and a TOC with sections and subsections. Your word
processor can do that quite nicely. The introduction begins with page 1. Do not forget to update
with the final version.
A.2 Bibliography style
A reference list must be provided at the end of your paper. See section B for an example. It
follows the style of the Canadian Journal of Economics and contains most types of references
that you will encounter. You must follow that style. Note that titles of books or journals are in
italics. Titles of articles, chapters of books, working papers or other documents are between
quotation marks. References are listed in alphabetical order of authors. Only include works cited
in your term paper.
A.3 Citations
At this point, you must have read the document entitled “Academic Integrity: Student’s
Guide” and be able to make the difference between paraphrasing, quoting and
summarizing. If not, do so now. Citations in the text must follow the CJE style. The following (fictitious) paragraph gives the
most common occurences:
The review by Hotte (2013) provides many examples that confirm these results. However,
other researchers have obtained opposite results (Helpman et al. 1968; Head and Ries 2003a).
There are in fact two types of foreign investment that will affect wages, portfolio (Caves 1996)
and direct (Ma 2004).
Use last names only. If there are two authors, mention them both. If there are more than two,
mention the first author’s name with “et al.” Complete references appear only once and that is in
the reference section. The CJE style does not use footnotes to cite sources, so do the same. The
footnote may refer to sources, but only when it adds something new.
Regarding the frequency of the same source, one per paragraph is about right. Doing it
for every sentence is usually too much. The bottom line is that one must be able to make the
distinction between what comes from you and what comes from another source. The very first
time you refer to the reviewed paper, give the author's name and year, as shown above. Again,
never write the reference’s title in the text; one can look it up in your reference section at the end.
5 Three of the most prestigious journals in economics are The American Economic Review, The Journal of
Political Economy and The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Prominent law journals include The Yale Law Journal
and Harvard Law Review.
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LOUIS HOTTE 14
In the ensuing paragraphs, just providing the page number is usually enough. Note that it is
acceptable to refer to the same paper throughout the section as this is what the exercise is about
here. But if you do refer to another source at some point, then you must give the name and year.
Just make sure that in the ensuing citations, there is no possible confusion between the sources
that you are referring to. Use judgement.
A.4 Quotations
The use of quotations is only warranted when it seems almost impossible to use your own
words, usually because the author says things in an exceptionally sharp manner. But this is, well,
exceptional. Few papers deserve that. I would say no more than three quotations per paper. Also,
do not resort to direct quotes just because a text is too technical. (On the problem of advanced
techniques, see my comments in section 4.3.5.)
In line with the CJE style, a quotation appears continuously in the text, is indicated between
single quotation marks, and the source includes the page number. Here is an example taken from
Brander (2007):6 ‘We are actually leaving the world a better place than when we got it . . .
mankind’s lot has vastly improved in every significant measurable field and . . . is likely to
continue to do so’ (Lomborg 2001, 351). Another example will go as follows: For the case of
conflict, Hotte (2013, 263) writes that ‘The presence of a fixed factor implies that the production
technology exhibits decreasing returns to the variable factors… [T]he natural resource input is of
fixed size because of its nonreplicability.’
If you need to quote a much longer passage, do it in a single-spaced, indented paragraph.
A.5 Footnotes
Footnotes can used for additional comments that may be useful to some readers but may be
skipped without loss to the main argument. The idea is to lighten the text. There is a bit of a
judgement call to be made here.
As per the CJE style, put the footnotes at the bottom of the same page, numbered sequentially
from the start to the end of the entire paper.
A.6 Tables
When making a review of another paper, do not reproduce its regression table(s) (or any
other) by photocopy or copy/paste. If you deem desirable to discuss a paper’s results using a
table, you must build it yourself and indicate the source. This usually means that you will cut
some regression results (usually columns) from the original table; indeed, the purpose of a
review consists in summarizing the original paper. Do not report a regression if you won’t
discuss it.
Any table that you include must be discussed in your paper and referred to by its number.
The CJE style goes as follows: The results of the regression are presented in table 2. When
building a regression table, follow the format provided in section C. (You may need to refer to
other publications in the CJE for additional examples.) If you generate your own numbers for a
table, you must provide the data sources in the text and the method used.
A.7 Figures
6 Actually, I highly recommend that you download a copy of Brander’s (2007) paper because it includes a good
literature review (of sustainability and growth) and thus provides just about all the style examples that you will need.
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LOUIS HOTTE 15
Figures may be reproduced directly from the original text. In a review, however, a figure
should be included only if it is absolutely necessary for a good understanding. Indicate the
source. Any figure that you include must be discussed in your paper and referred to by its
number. The CJE style goes as follows: An illustration is provided in figure 3. See my example
in section D.
A.8 Formatting and visuals
Try to use some features that your text editor provides in order to give a nice visual rendition
of your term paper. In particular, the sectioning commands and numbering can be quite nice with
MS Word; if you do it smartly, it can make a good difference for the reader – your boss? - who
may have the option to just dump your - otherwise excellent - work before reading on. Your
professor doesn’t have that option, but he/she is still human and can be somewhat influenced by
the formatting, maybe to the order of +/- 3 % for an otherwise good paper, probably more when
the writing is also bad. Do not overdo this however. The very last thing you want is to give the
impression that you spent more time on the container than the content.
A.9 Title Page
See the model in section E.
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LOUIS HOTTE 16
B References7
Ayres, Ian, and Steven D. Levitt (1998) ‘Measuring positive externalities from unobservable victim
precaution: an empirical analysis of Lojack,’ Quarterly Journal of Economics 113, 43-77
Brander, James A. (2007) ‘Viewpoint: Sustainability: Malthus revisited?’ Canadian Journal of
Economics 40, 1-38
Caves, D. (1996) Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, 2nd ed. Cambridge Surveys of
Economics Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Feenstra, Robert C. and Gordon H. Hanson (2003) ‘Global production sharing and rising inequality: a
survey of trade and wages,’ in Handbook of International Trade, ed. E. Kwan Choi and James Harrigan
(Blackwell)
Head, K., and J. Ries (2003a) ‘Overseas investment and firm exports,’ Review of International
Economics 9, 108-22
--- (2003b) ‘Heterogeneity and the foreign direct investment versus exports decision of Japanese
manufacturers,’ Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 17, 448-67
Helpman, E., M. Melitz and Y. Rubenstein (2007) ‘Estimating trade flows: trading partners and
trading volumes,’ NBER Working Paper No. 12927
Hotte, Louis (2013) ‘Environmental Conflict and Natural Resources,’ in Encyclopedia of Energy,
Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics, ed. J.F. Shogren, Vol. 3, 261-270 (Amsterdam:
Elsevier)
Hotte, Louis and Tanguy van Ypersele (2008) ‘Individual protection against property crime:
decomposing the effects of protection observability’ Canadian Journal of Economics 41, 537-563
Hummels, David (1999) ‘Have international transportation costs declined?’ Mimeo
Kneller, Richard, and Mauro Pisu (2005) ‘Industrial linkages and export spillovers from FDI,’
manuscript, University of Nottingham
Ma, Alyson C. (2004) ‘Trade and multinational firms: evidence from China,’ PhD thesis, University
of California
McCullagh, P., and J.A. Nelder (1989) Generalized Linear Models (New York: Chapman and Hall)
Pastore, A.L., and K. Maguire, eds (2005) Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics [Online].
Available at http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/
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Thomson, W. (2011) A Guide for the Young Economist (Boston: MIT Press)
7 Some of the references below do not appear in the present text. They have been included simply to provide
additional examples on how to write a reference. Be reminded that one should not include references that are not
mentioned in the text.
Term paper guidelines | Literature Review
LOUIS HOTTE 18
D Example of figure
FIGURE 2: Equilibrium predation efforts (Source: Hotte and van Ypersele 2008)
Term paper guidelines | Literature Review
LOUIS HOTTE 19
E Model for title page
The Fiendish Behavior of the Lone Economist across the Street:
A frosty window into the evidence
by
Mu Fanchu
(543210-1)
Term paper presented to
Professor Ludwig Kaldo
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course
ECO 4117: Development Economics
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, Ontario
December 2015