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Terrain Analysis through Maps
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Need for Maps
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Theodolite
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Every Inch
on Earth
is
Measured
Maps are Prepared
based on these
Measurements
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Classification of Maps
Function
Physical
(Natural
Features)
Scale
Cultural
(Man made
Features)
Small
Scale
(Important
Information
of Larger
Areas)
Large
Scale
(Detailed
Information
of a Smaller
Area)
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Different Maps
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Different
Maps
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Classification of Maps based on Function
Physical
(Natural Features)
Cultural
(Man made Features)
o Natural Vegetation
o Soil Map
o Climatic Map
o Astronomical Map
o Weather Map
o Physiography Map
o
o
o Political Map
o Agricultural Map
o Industrial Map
o Military Map
o Land use Map
o Historical Map
o
o
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Classification of maps based on Scale
(Maps showing only the
important information
of larger areas)
(Maps
representing detailed
information of a small area)
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Atlas Map
Wall Map
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Village Map
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Topographical Map
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Activity 1
Divide the class in to certain groups and Discuss
the Uses of Topographic Maps
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Topographic Maps
All Natural & Man made Features on
Earth
Contains the Surface Features
Undulations of the Terrain
Rivers, Water bodies, Forests
Agricultural & Barren Land
Villages, Towns
Transport, Communication
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Uses of Topographic Maps
Physical & Cultural analysis of Terrain
Military Operation & Maps preparation
Economic Planning (Study of Natural &
Cultural Resources)
Urban Planning
Protection of Resources
For Digitalised Maps (GIS)
Understanding Land Usage, Physiography,
Landforms etc..
Consolidation
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Map Reading Requires a good knowledge of
Scale
Statement of Scale
Representative Fraction
Linear Scale
Direction
Sign & Symbols
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They represented in maps in 3 different methods
1. Statement of scale
2. Representative fraction
3. Linear scale
Scale
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Direction
Sig
n &
S
ym
bo
ls
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Reading Topographic Maps
Need good Knowledge about
Numbering Scheme
Locational Aspects
Conventional Signs & Symbols
Elevation & Slope of the Terrain
Method of Representation
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Total Toposheets
2222 sheets (Whole World)
1800 sheets 00
to 600
N & S
420 sheets 600
to 880
N & S
2 sheets both the Poles
same Size & Shape
India & Neighboring Countries 105 Sheets
India 36 Sheets
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55D
3
ഇഞ്ച് ഷീറ്റുകൾ
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Million Sheets
40
Latitudinal &
40
Longitudinal
Extent
Index
Numbers
from 1-105
Scale is
1:1000000
Degree Sheets
10
Latitudinal &
10
Longitudinal
Extent
Each Million
sheet is
divided into 16
(A to P)
Scale is
1:250000
Inch Sheets
15’(15 Minutes)
Lati. & Longi. Extent
Each Degree
sheet is
divided into 16
(1-16)
Scale is
1:5000
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Activity 2
Answer the following Questions
1. The parts of states that are included in
toposheet number 45.
2. The index number of toposheet which cover the
state of Odisha.
3. The states that are included in toposheet
number 73.
4. The index number of toposheet which cover the
state of Karnataka.
5. The index number of toposheet which cover the
state of Kerala.
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Answers
45 Rajasthan, M.P, Gujarat
Odisha 64, 65, 73, 74
73 Odisha, Jharkhand, W. Bengal
Karnataka 47, 48, 56, 57
Kerala 48, 49, 58
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Conventional Signs & Symbols
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BM215
. 240
200.
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Activity 3
Find out the Conventional colours used to
represent the following information
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Black
Blue
Green
Yellow
White
Red
Brown
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Grid Reference
Red lines in the Toposheet
Eastings North – South Lines
Northings East – West Lines
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Eastings
15 16 17 18 19 20
15 16 17 18 19 20
o Direction North-South
o Value Increase
towards East
o Location Left to the
Geographic Feature
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Northings
o Direction East-West
o Value Increase
towards North
o Location South of
the Geographic Feature
75
76
77
78
79
80
75
76
77
78
79
80
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Reference Grid
Grid formed by Eastings & Northings
Each Grid (2 cm Width & Breadth)
covers an area with 1km Length &
Breadth on the Earth’s Surface
1:50000
East – West Lines
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How to find
out the
Location of
these
Features?
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4 Figure Grid Reference
Eastings (Left) 52
Northings (South) 18
Location of Lake =
5218 (Fifty two Eighteen)
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6 Figure
Grid Reference
Eastings (Left) 15
Divide into 10 equal
parts 5
155
Northings (South) 76
Divide into 10 equal
parts 6
766
Location of Lake =
155766 (Fifteen Five Seventy six Six)
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Activity 4
Find out the Answers
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Answers
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Contour Lines
Imaginary Lines
drawn connecting
Places having Equal
Elevation from the
Sea Level
The Respective Altitude
marked with each Contour line are
called Contour Values
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The difference between
the value of Two adjacent
Contour is Contour Interval
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From Contour Lines
Altitude of the
Place
Nature of the
Slope
Shape of the
Landform
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Shapes of the Landforms can be
done by 2 Methods
Method 1 Method 2
Assessing the
Topography Directly
from the Contours
Assessing the
Topography by
Tracing out Contours
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Method 1
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Method 2
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Intervisibility
If any 2 Places are
mutually Visible, then we
can establish that these
places are Intervisible
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Activity 5
Find out the Answers
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Answers
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Toposheet Interpretation – 3 Stages
1. Marginal / Primary Information
2. Physical / Natural Features
3. Cultural / Man-made Features
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Activity 6 (Group) Prepare a Short Note on Toposheet
Interpretation & Find out Answers
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Marginal / Primary Information
o General Information in Outside the
Margin of Map
o It Includes Toposheet Number,
Name of area, Latitudes &
Longitudes, Values of Northings &
Eastings, Scale of Map, Contour
Interval, Year of Survey and
Publication, Agency etc..
Short Note
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(a)Toposheet Number
(b) Name of the Place Karnataka (Gulburga, Raichur)
(c) Latitudinal Location 160 15’ N – 16
0 20’ N
(f) Northings 83 to 92
(i) Year of Survey 1959-60
56 D
11
Answers
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(d) Longitudinal Location 760
30’ E – 760
35’ E
(e) Easting 93 to 02
(g) Scale of Map 1: 50000
(h) Contour Interval 20 mtr.
(j) Year of Publication 2005
(k) Agency in charge Dr. Prithish Nag, Suvey of India
Answers
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Physical / Natural Features
Water bodies (Rivers, Streams, wells..),
Land forms
Location to be found based on
Direction or Grid Reference Method
Short Note
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Answers
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Cultural / Man made Features
Settlements, Roads, Boundaries,
Places of Worship, Agricultural Land,
Post Office, Police Station, Bridges..
Location to be found based on
Direction or Grid Reference Method
Short Note
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Answers
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Additional Activity by QGIS Software
Contour lines connect points of equal
Altitude in a map using contour lines.
We can find out the three-dimensional
shape of places easily with the help of
QGIS software in Ubuntu
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Application Science Quantum GIS
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Click on Layer Add Layer Add Vector
Layer
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Click on
Browse and
select
contour.shp
file from
home Qgis
Project
contour and
click Open
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(You can see Contour lines)
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Click on Layer Properties
Click on Labels Label this layer with and
select
Elevation
and click
Ok
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(You can see height)
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Click on Raster Analysis DEM (Terrain
Models)
From Input file
click Select
contour.asc file
and click Open
In Output file give
a file name and
click OK and
close the boxes
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You can
see the
three-
dimensi
onal
shape of
that
places
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Additional Activities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Michael Angelo M.A. MA (Phi., His.)
HSA (Social Science)
Master Trainer, IT@SCHOOL, EKM
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9746953695
