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8/13/2019 TERRITOR1
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TERRITORY-Territoryisthefixedportionofthesurfaceofthe
earthinhabitedbythepeopleofthestate
ACQUISITION AND LOSS OF TERRITORIES: To the fivemodes
ofacquiringsovereigntyover territorycorrespond fivemodesof
losing it namely cession, dereliction, operations of nature,subjugation, prescription; just as cession gives territory to a
state,soanotherstatelosesterritory;derelictionistheobverse
ofoccupation;operations ofnaturebothincrease anddecrease
territory;subjugationfollowingconquestisthelossofterritoryto
avictorstateinwar;andprescriptionmaybe bothacquisitive
andextinctiveof territorial rights.But there is sixth modeof
losingterritorynamelyrevolt.
ACQUISITION OF TERRITORIES
1.
DiscoveryandOccupation
2. Prescription
3. Cession
4. Subjugation
5. accretion
ACQUISITION AND LOSS OF TERRITORY
Territories may be acquired by:
a. Discovery and occupation is an original mode of acquisition by which
territory not belonging to any state or terra
nullius is placed under the sovereignty of the
discoveringstate.
EXAMPLE: ISLAND OF PALMAS OF CASE
wasacaseinvolvingaterritorialdisputeovertheIslandof
Palmas (or Miangas) between theNetherlandsand theUnited
States
LOCATION: liesbetweenMindanao,thesouthernmostpartof
thePhilippines, andtheNanusaIslands, thenorthernmost part
ofIndonesiaotherthanPalmas.
the Netherlands founded its claim on a continuous and
peacefuldisplayofauthorityoverthedisputedisland.
TheUnitedStates,asasuccessortotherightsofSpain
over thePhilippines, based its claim on discovery, based on
theSpanishsightingoftheislandinthe16thcentury.
UNITES STATES ARGUMENT:
a. it held the island because it had
receivedactual title throughlegitimatetreatiesfrom the
original"discoverer"oftheisland,Spain.
b. The United States argued that Spain
acquired title to Palmas when Spain discovered the
island andthe island wasterra nullius. Spain'stitleto
theisland,becauseitwasapartofthePhilippines,was
thencededtotheUnitedStatesintheTreatyofParis
(1898)afterSpain'sdefeatintheSpanish-AmericanWar.
The arbitrator noted that no new international law
invalidatedthelegaltransferofterritoryviacession.
RULING:
decidedinfavoroftheNetherlandsbyrulingthatevenadmitting
thatSpainhad discovered theislandandhada inchoatetitle
over it, an inchoate title could not prevail against continuousandpeacefulauthoritybyanotherstate.Therulingfurtheradded
thatsuchdisplaymightprevailovera prior,definitive title put
forward by anothercase. The Island ofPalmas case showed
thatholdingatitlebasedoneffectiveexerciseofsovereigntyis
superior to a claim founded on discovery. The Palmas case
maintainsthatevenifdiscoverywas recognizedbyinternational
lawasamodeofacquiringatitletoaterritory,thepresent
tit le has to be complemented by an effective display of
authority. In other words, a title established by discovery, if
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_nulliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_nulliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish-American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish-American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_nulliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands8/13/2019 TERRITOR1
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valid, could be lost by failure to display continuous state
act ivi ty. Based on the Las Palmas Case, it has been
maintained that thereis greater weight inthe opinion [of the
international legal community] that discovery alone does not
constituteanindependentmodeforterritorialacquisition:atbeast
it creates aninchoate titlewhich must beperfected within areasonabletimebyeffectiveoccupationoritwilllapse.
Governing principle:
Terranulliusorstatelesscouldbeacquiredbydiscovery
2 REQUISITES:
1. possessionIt is effected through a formal proclamation and the
symbolicactofraisingthenationalflagintheterritory.
2. administrationTherehadtobeoccupationnotatemporaryortransient
occupation but an effective occupation one that would
takerealpossessionoftheterritoryandestablishsome
kindofadministration
PRESCRIPTION:
requires long cont inued and adverse possession to vest
acquisitivetitleintheclaimant.
2 IMPORTANT ELEMENTS:
1. Continuous, public, and adverse possession whether in
goodfaithorinbadfaithofsomeotherstatesterritory.
discovery and occupation presupposes
stateless land, prescriptiondemands prior
ownershiportitleinanotherstate.
2. Lapseofareasonableperiodoftime
reasonable time is a question of fact and can be
ascertainedfromtheparticularcircumstancessurroundingacase.
CESSION
Isa methodbywhich territoryis transferredfrom one
statetoanotherbyagreementbetweenthem.
Acquisition ofterritorybycession isusuallyeffectedby
such familiartransactionsassale,donation,barteror exchangeandevenbytestamentarydisposition.
Cession being essentially consensual,transferof title is
effecteduponthemeetingofthemindsofthepartiesanddoes
nothavetoabidetheactualdeliveryofthecededterritoryto
acquirestate.
2 ELEMENTS OF CESSISION:
a.Theagreementtocedeasexpressinthetreaty
b. Theactual handlingover of theterritory to thecessionary
states
SUBJUGATION
Territoryisdeemedacquiredbysubjugationwhen,having
beenpreviouslyconqueredoroccupiedinthecourseofwarby
theenemy,itisformallyannexedtoitattheoftheendof
thatwar.
Conquest alone confers only an inchoate right on the
occupying state; it is the formal act of annexation that
contemplatestheacquisition.
EXAMPLE: by contrast wthipia fel l under Italian
sovereignty when after its occupation by Italy during the war
betweenthemit surrenderedto andwas formallyannexedby
thelatter.
ACCRETION
Isa modeof acquiringterritorybasedontheprinciple
ofaccessocedatprincipali.
Accomplishedthroughbothnaturalor artificialprocesses,
as by the gradual and imperceptible deposit of soil on the
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coastsofthecountrythroughtheactionofthewaterormore
effectivelybyreclamationprojectslikethoseundertakeninmanila
bayandthepoldersofHolland.
accretion alsocovers theformationof islands which if
occurring within the maritime beltof thestate, correspondingly
extendsthebreadthofitsterritorialsea.
MODES OF LOSING TERRITORY:
MODES OF LOSING TERRITORIES:
1. dereliction or abandonment: oppositeofdiscoveryandoccupation
theremustbeaphysicalabandonmentof
theproperty andthe intent never return tothe
same-animusnonrevertendi2. prescription:
just as there is acquisitive prescription,
thereisalsoextinctiveprescription.
3. cession: sinceby cession one state can acquire
additionalterritory,itnecessarilyfollowsthatsome
otherstatehaslostthesameterritory;
4. subjugation: physical conquest alone of a territory
cannot result in loss; there must be also
subjugation. the moment the right of occupationbecomes permanent, absolute title is vested in
theconquerorresultinginlosstothevanquished.
5. forces of nature: for instance, avulsion or the sudden
breakingoffthepartoftheterritorycanresultin
loss unless steps are undertaken to force a
return;volcaniceruptionmaycompletelydestroya
city; naturalelementsharnessedby sciencee.g.
nuclearmegatonbombs,maycompletelywipeout
astate
6. successful revolutions and cessions: EXAMPLE: Englandlost theunitedstates
inthismanner;andanewstate,anewpower,
soonemergedtheunitedstatesofAmerica.A. RIVERS
CLASSIFICATION:
1. national situatedcompletelyintheterritoryofonestate.
example:pasigriver
2. multi-national flowthroughtheterritoriesofseveralstates
example:congoriverinafrica
3. international isonethatisnavigablefromtheopenseaand
isopentotheuseofvesselfromallstates.
example: rhineanddanube
4. boundaryB. BAYS
abayisawell-markedindentationwhosepenetrationis
insuchproportiontothewidthofitsmouthastocontainland-
lockedwatersandconstitutemorethanamerecurvatureofthe
coast.
anindentationshallnothoweverberegardedasa bay
unlessitsareaisaslargeaslargerthanthatofasemi-circle
whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that
indentation.
the aboverules donot applyto the so-called historic
bayswhosewatershavealwaysbeenconsideredinternalbythe
international community notwithstanding that their opening are
morethan24milesinwidth.
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SCARBOROUGH SHOAL OR SCARBORUGH REEF|:
inChinese|:huangyanisland
inFilipino;bajodemasinlocorpanatagshoal
LOCATION|: located beween maclassified bank
andLuzonislandofthePhilippinesinthesouth
chinasee
DISPUTED TERRITORY BETWEEN|:
a. peoplesrepublicofchina
b. Philippines
oftendiscunssedinconjunctionwithother
territorial dispute such as|: spratly island
ortheparacelisland.
NAME|: after the east india company tea-trade
shipscarborough
Theareaarerichfishinggrounds.
CLAIMS BY THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA|:
thepeoplesrepublicofchinaandherepublicof
china |(Taiwan|) claim that the Chinese people
discoveredtheshoalcenturiesagoandthat thereby
isalongshistoryofChinesefishingactivityinthe
area.theshoallieswithinthenine-dottedlinedrawn
bychinaonmapsmarkingitscliamtoaroundtwothirdsofthetotalareaofthesouthchinasea.
han zhenhua|: first scholar to claim that point
called NANHAI meaning south sea in that
astronomicalsurveyreferredtoScarboroughShoal.
during the conflict with Vietnam for sovereignty
over the paracel islands: the Chinese government
issuedanofficialdocumentclaimingthat"Nanhai"in
the1279surveywaslocatedintheParacels.
In1935,China,astheRepublicofChina(ROC),regardedthe
shoalaspartoftheZhongshaIslands
In 1947 the shoal was given the name Minzhu
Jiao(Chinese;literally"DemocracyReef")
In 1983 the People's Republic of China renameditHuangyan IslandwithMinzhu Jiaoreserved as a second
name.
ThebreadthoftheTerritorialSeaofthePeople'sRepublic
of China shall be twelve nautical miles. This applies to all
territories of the People's Republic of China, including the
Chinese mainland and its coastal islands, as well as Taiwan
and its surrounding islands, the Penghu Islands, the Dongsha
Islands, the Xisha Islands,the Zhongsha Islandsthe Nansha
Islands and all other islands belonging to China which are
separatedfromthemainlandanditscoastalislandsbythehigh
seas.
ChinareaffirmeditsclaimofsovereigntyovertheZhongsha
Islands in its 1992 Law on the terri tor ia l Sea and the
ContiguousZone.Chinaclaimsalltheislands,reefs,andshoals
withinaU-shapedlineintheSouthChinaSeadrawnin1947
asitsterritory.Scarboroughshoallieswithinthisarea.
Chinafurtherasserteditsclaimshortlyafterthedepartureof
the US Navy force from Subic, Zambales, Philippines. In the
late 1970s, many scientific expedition activities organized by
State Bureau of Surveying, National Earthquake Bureau andNational Bureau of Oceanography wereheld in theshoal and
aroundthisarea.In1980,astonemarkerreading"SouthChina
SeaScientificExpedition"wasinstalledon theSouthRock,but
wasremovedbyPhilippinesin1997.
PHILIPPINES CLAIM|:
ThePhilippinesstates thatitsassertion ofsovereigntyover
theshoalisbasedonthejuridicalcriteriaestablishedby public
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international lawon the lawful methods for the acquisition of
sovereignty.
the criteria are|:
a. effectiveoccupation
b.
cessionc. prescription
d. conquest
e. andaccretion
DFA THUS ASSERTED THAT THE COUNTRY EXERCISE BOTH:
a. effectiveoccupation
b. effectivejurisdiction
it claims to have erected flags in some islands and a
lighthouse which it reported to the international maritime
organization.
It also asserts that the Philippine and US Naval Forces
have used it as impact range and that its Department of
Environment and Natural Resources has conducted scientific,
topographic and marine studies in the shoal, while Filipino
fishermen regularly use it asfishingground and have always
consideredittheirown.
DFA ALSO CLAIMS THAT:
identifies the shoal as a particular political
subdivision of the Philippine Province of
Zambales,knownasMasinlocThus, the Philippines argues that the historic
claimof China over theScarboroughShoalstill
needs to be substantiated by a historic title,
since a claim by itself is not among the
internationallyrecognized legalbasis foracquiring
sovereigntyoverterritory.
ThePhilippinegovernmentarguesthatsincethe
legal basis of its claim is based on the
international law on acquisition of sovereignty,
theExclusive Economic Zoneclaim on the
waters around Scarborough is differentfrom the
sovereignty exercised by the Philippines in the
shoal. ThePhilippinegovernmenthasproposedtakingthedisputeto
theInternational Tribunal for the Law of the Sea(ITLOS) as
providedin Part XV oftheUnited Nations Convention onthe
LawoftheSea,buttheChinesegovernmenthasrejectedthis,
insistingonbilateraldiscussions
The Philippines also claims that as early as
theSpanishcolonization of the Philippines, Filipino fishermen
werealreadyusingtheareaasatraditionalfishinggroundand
shelterduringbadweather.
Several official Philippine maps published by Spain and
United States in 18th and 20th centuries show Scarborough
Shoal as Philippine territory. The 18th-century map "Carta
hydrographica y chorographica de las Islas Filipinas" (1734)
shows the Scarborough Shoal then was named as Panacot
Shoal. The map also shows the shape of the shoal as
consistentwiththecurrentmapsavailableastoday.Duringthe
1900s,Mapa General,Islas Filipinas,Observatorio de Manila,
and US Coast and Geodetic Survey Map include the
Scarborough Shoal named as "Baju DeMasinloc."[25]In 1792,
anothermap drawn bytheMalaspina expedition andpublished
in1808inMadrid,SpainalsoshowedBajodeMasinlocaspart
of Philippine territory. The map showed the route of the
Malaspinaexpeditiontoandaroundtheshoal.Itwasreproduced
intheAtlasofthe1939PhilippineCensus,whichwaspublished
in Manila a year later and predates the controversial 1947
Chinese SouthChina Sea ClaimMap that showsno Chinese
nameonit.Anothertopographicmapdrawnin1820showsthe
shoal,namedthereas"BajoScarburo,"asaconstituentpartof
Sambalez(Zambalesprovince).
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TheScarborough Shoal is not included within the territorial
linesdefinedintheTreatyofParis(1898),TreatyofWashington
(1900),Convention Betweenthe UnitedStatesandGreatBritain
(1930), 1935 Constitution of thePhilippines,[34]Republic Act No.
3046"ActtoDefinetheBaselinesoftheTerritorialSeaofthePhilippines"(1961),[35]or the1987 Constitution of the Philippines.
ThePhilippineDepartment ofForeignAffairs(DFA) assertsthat
thebasisofPhilippinesovereigntyandjurisdictionovertherock
featuresofBajodeMasinlocarenotpremisedonthecession
by Spain of the Philippine archipelago to the United States
undertheTreatyofParis,andarguesthatthematterthatthe
rockfeaturesofBajodeMasinlocarenotincludedorwithinthe
limits ofthe Treatyof Parisas allegedby China istherefore
immaterialandofnoconsequence.
PresidentFerdinand Marcos, by virtue of the Presidential
DecreeNo.1596issuedonJune11,1978assertedthatislands
designatedasthe KalayaanIslandGroupandcomprising most
of theSpratly Islandsare subject to the sovereignty of the
Philippines,and byvirtue of thePresidential Decree No.1599
issuedonJune11,1978claimedanExclusiveEconomicZone
(EEZ)up to 200 nautical miles (370km) from the baselines
from which their territorial sea is measured.In 2009,
PresidentGloriaMacapagal-ArroyoenactedthePhilippineBaselines
Lawof2009(RA9522).Thenewlaw classified theKalayaan
IslandGroupandtheScarboroughShoalasaregimeofislands
undertheRepublicofthePhilippines.[3][38]The2012Scarborough
Stand-offbetweenPROCandRPhasledthelattertoseriously
consider upgrading its maritime patrol and areal reconnaisance
capabilitybyacquiringHamiltonClassCuttersfromtheU.S.and
negotiatingforpurchaseof12fighterjetsfromSouthKoreafor
itssmallsquadron.
SABAH:
Duringthe7th centuryCE, asettledcommunity known
as Vijayapura, a tributary to the Srivijayaempire, wasthought to have been the earliest benef iciary to
theBruneianEmpireexistingaroundthenortheastcoastof
Borneo.
Another kingdom which suspected to have existed
beginning the 9th century was P'o-ni. it was believed
thatpo-niexistedatthemouthofbruneiriverandwas
the predescessor to the sultanate of brunei embraced
islam.
In1658, theSultanof Brunei ceded thenorthernand
eastern portion of Borneo to theSultan of Suluin
compensation for the latter's help in settling acivil
warin the Brunei Sultanate, but many sources stated
that the Brunei did not cededanyparts ofSabah to
theSultanateofSulu.
In 1761,Alexander Dalrymple, an officer of theBritish
East India Company, concluded an agreement with the
SultanofSulutoallowhimtosetupatradingpostin
the Sulu area, although it proved to be a failure.In
1846,theislandofLabuanonthewestcoastofSabah
was cededto Britain bythe Sultan ofBrunei and in
1848 it became the British Crown Colony ofNorth
Borneo.Following a series of transfers, the rights to
North Borneo weretransferred toAlfred Dent, whom in
1881 formed theBritish North Borneo Provisional
AssociationLtd (predecessor to British North Borneo
Company).Inthefollowingyear,theBritishNorthBorneo
Companywas formed andKudatwas made its capital.
In1883 the capital was moved toSandakan. In1885,
the United Kingdom, Spain, and Germany signed
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theMadrid Protocol of 1885, which recognised the
sovereignty of Spain in the Sulu Archipelagoin return
forthe relinquishment ofall Spanishclaims over North
Borneo.In1888NorthBorneobecameaprotectorateof
theUnitedKingdom.
As part of the Second World War, Japanese forceslandedinLabuanon1January1942,andcontinuedtoinvade
the rest of North Borneo. From 1942 to
1945,Japaneseforcesoccupied North Borneo, alongwith most
oftheisland.Bombingsbythe alliedforcesdevastatedofmost
towns including Sandakan,which wasrazed totheground.In
Sandakan there was once a brutal POW camp run by the
JapaneseforBritish and Australian POWsfrom North Borneo.
Theprisonerssufferedundernotoriouslyinhumanconditions,and
AlliedbombardmentscausedtheJapanesetorelocatethePOW
camp to inlandRanau, 260km away. All the prisoners, then
were reduced to 2504 in number, were forced tomarch the
infamousSandakan Death March. Except forsixAustralians,all
oftheprisonersdied.The warendedon10 September1945.
After the surrender, North Borneo was administered by
theBritish Military Administrationand in 1946 it became
aBritish Crown Colony.Jesseltonreplaced Sandakan as the
capital and the Crown continued to rule North Borneo until
1963.
On31August 1963 NorthBorneoattained self-government.
1962,theCobboldCommissionwassetuptodeterminewhether
thepeopleofSabahandSarawakfavouredtheproposedunion,
andfoundthattheunionwasgenerallyfavouredbythepeople.
Most ethnic communi ty leaders of Sabah, namely,Tun
Mustapharepresenting the Muslims,Tun Fuad
Stephensrepresenting the non-Muslim natives, andKhoo Siak
Chewrepresenting the Chinese, would eventually support the
union. After discussion culminating in theMalaysia
Agreementand20-pointagreement,on16September1963North
Borneo, as Sabah, was united with Malaya, Sarawak
andSingapore,toformtheindependentFederationofMalaysia.
From before the formation of Malaysia till 1966, Indonesia
adoptedahostilepolicytowardstheBritishbackedMalaya,and
after union toMalaysia.Thisundeclared warstems fromwhat
IndonesianPresidentSukarnoperceiveasanexpansionofBritish
influence intheregionand hisintention towrest controlover
thewhole of Borneo under theIndonesian republic.TunFuadStephensbecame the first chief minister of Sabah. The first
Governor (Yang di-Pertuan Negeri) wasTun Mustapha. Sabah
heldits first state election in1967.Until2008,a total of11
stateelectionshasbeenheld.Sabahhashad13different chief
ministersand 9 differentYang di-Pertua Negerias of 2009.
Beginning 1970,Filipinorefugees from theMindanaobegan
arriving in Sabah as a result of theMoroinsurgencytaking
place in that region.[24]On 14 June 1976 the government of
Sabah signed an agreement with Petronas, the federal
government-ownedoilandgascompany,grantingittherightto
extractandearnrevenuefrompetroleumfoundintheterritorial
waters of Sabah in exchange for 5% in annual revenue
asroyalties.
The state government of SabahcededLabuanto the
Malaysian federal government, and Labuan became afederal
territoryon 16 April 1984. In 2000, the state capitalKota
Kinabaluwas granted city status, making it the 6th city in
Malaysiaandthefirstcityinthestate.Alsothisyear, Kinabalu
NationalParkwasofficiallydesignatedbyUNESCOasaWorld
HeritageSite,makingitthefirstsiteinthecountrytobegiven
such designation. In 2002, theInternational Court of
Justiceruled that the islands ofSipadanandLigitan, claimed
byIndonesia,arepartofSabahandMalaysia.
InFebruary2013,theSabahvillageofTanduointhe Lahad
Daturegion was occupied by several armedFilipinosupporters
ofthe Sultanate ofSulu, callingthemselvestheRoyalSecurity
ForcesoftheSultanateofSuluandNorthBorneo.Theywere
sent byJamalul Kiram III, a claimant to the throne of the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_Archipelagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labuan_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya,_North_Borneo_and_Sarawakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Crown_Colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabaluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobbold_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Mustaphahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Mustaphahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Fuad_Stephenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Fuad_Stephenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khoo_Siak_Chew&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khoo_Siak_Chew&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-point_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Fuad_Stephenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Fuad_Stephenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Mustaphahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negerihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah#cite_note-mencari-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah#cite_note-mencari-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaltieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Territory_(Malaysia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Territory_(Malaysia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabaluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabaluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabalu_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabalu_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipadanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligitanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahad_Datuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahad_Datuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Suluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Suluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahad_Datuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahad_Datuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligitanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipadanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabalu_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabalu_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabaluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabaluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Territory_(Malaysia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Territory_(Malaysia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaltieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah#cite_note-mencari-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negerihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Mustaphahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Fuad_Stephenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Fuad_Stephenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-point_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khoo_Siak_Chew&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khoo_Siak_Chew&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Fuad_Stephenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Fuad_Stephenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Mustaphahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Mustaphahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobbold_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabaluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Crown_Colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya,_North_Borneo_and_Sarawakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labuan_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_Archipelagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_18858/13/2019 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sultanate. His stated goal is to assert thePhilippine territorial
claimtoeasternSabahaspartofthe NorthBorneodispute.In
response, Malaysian security forces surrounded the village.
Attempts by the Malaysian and the Philippine governments to
reach a peaceful solution with the Sultan's supporters were
unsuccessfulandthestandoffescalatedintoa narmedconflicton1March2013.
TERRITORIAL DISPUTE BETWEEN:
a. Indonesia
b. Philippines
PHILIPPINE CALIM OVER SABA;
ThePhilippineshasaterritorialclaimover muchof the
eastern part of Sabah, the former North Borneo. It
claimsthattheterritory,viatheheritageoftheSultanate
ofSulu, wasonlyleasedtotheNorth Borneo Chartered
Companyin1878withtheSultanate's sovereigntyneverbeing relinquished. Malaysia however, considers this
dispute as a "non-issue," as it interprets the 1878
agreementasthatofcessionandthatitdeemsthatthe
residents of Sabah had exercised their right toself-
determinationwhen they voted to join the Malaysian
federationin1963
1878 AGREEMENT:
Anagreementwassignedbetweenthesultanateofsulu
and british commercial syndicate alfre dent and baron
vonoverback
stipulation: thatneither north borneo waseithercededorleased(dependinguponthetranslation)tothebritish
syndicateinreturnforpaymentof5000malayandollars
peryear.
sultanjamalulkiramsignedadocumentas"Confirmation
ofcessionofcertainislands",underwhichhegrantand
ceded additional islands in the neighbourhood of the
mainlandof North BorneofromBanggi IslandtoSibuku
BaytoBritishNorthBorneoCompany.
This Confirmatory Deed of 1903 makes it known and
understood between the two parties that the islands
mentionedwere includedin thecessionof thedistricts
and islands mentioned in the 22nd January 1878
agreement.
Additionalcessionmoneyis300dollarsayearandarrearsforpastoccupation3,200dollars.Thesum5,000dollarsayear
payable every year then increased to 5,300 dollars a year
payableeveryyear.
Note:TheConfirmatoryDeedof1903mustbeviewedinthelight
of the 1878 Agreement. The British North Borneo Company
enteredinto a ConfirmatoryDeedwith theSultanate ofSuluin
1903,therebyconfirmingandratifyingwhatwasdonein1878.
British version
... herebygrant and cedeofourownfreeandsovereignwilltoGustavusBaro
OverbeckofHongKongandAlfredDentEsquireofLondon...andassignsfor
andinperpetuityalltherightsandpowersbelongingtousoveralltheterri
andlandsbeingtritutarytousonthemainlandoftheislandofBorneo
commencingfromthePandassanRiveronthenorth-westcoastandextending
thewholeeastcoastasfarastheSibucoRiverinthesouthandcomprising
amongstothertheStatesofPaitan,Sugut,Bangaya,Labuk,Sandakan,Kina
Batangan,Mumiang,andalltheotherterritoriesandstatestothesouthwardt
borderingonDarvelBayandasfarastheSibucoriverwithalltheislands
threemarineleaguesofthecoast.[11]
Sulu version...doherebyleaseofourownfreewill andsatisfaction
to...all the territoriesandlandsbeing tributaryto [us]
togetherwith their heirs, associates, successors and
assignsforeverand until theendof time, allrights
and
powerswhichwepossessoverallterritoriesandlads
tributarytousonthemainlandoftheIslandofBorneo,
commencing from the Pandassan River on the west
coast to Maludu Bay, and extending along the whole
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eastcoastasfarasSibucoRiveronthesouth,andall
theotherterritoriesandstatestothesouthwardthereof
bordering on Darvel Bay and as far as the Sibuco
River,...,[9nauticalmiles]ofthecoast."[
THE NORTH BORNEO DISPUTE|:
TheNorth Borneo disputerefers to theterritorial
disputebetweenMalaysiaand the Republ ic of the
Philippinesover much of the eastern part ofSabah.
Sabah was known as North Borneoprior to
theformationoftheMalaysianfederation.ThePhilippines,
presenting itself asthesuccessorstateoftheSultanate
of Sulu, retains a "dormant claim" on Sabah on the
basis that the territory was onlyleasedto theBritish
NorthBorneoCompanyin1878,withthesovereigntyof
theSultanate (and subsequentlythe Republic) over theterri tory never having been rel inquished.[2]However,
Malaysia considers this dispute as a "non-issue" as it
interprets the 1878 agreement as that ofcessionand
thatitdeemsthattheresidentsofSabahhadexercised
their righttoself-determinationwhen they votedto join
theMalaysianfederationin1963
PHILIPPINE CLAIM:
The1935 Constitutionof thePhilippines(whichwaseffective
then)statedthatthecountry'snational territory included,among
otherthings,"allotherareaswhichbelongtothePhilippineson
the basis of historical rights or legal claims". Present-day
Malaysiawasfederatedon16September1963,andevenbefore
Sabahwas incorporatedintoMalaysia, thePhilippineshadsent
delegationstoLondonthat remindedtheTheCrownofSabah's
belongingtothePhilippines.
TheSultanate ofSuluwasgrantedthenorth-easternpartof
theterritoryasaprizeforhelpingtheSultanofBruneiagainst
his enemies and from then on that part ofBorneowas
recognisedaspartoftheSultanofSulu'ssovereignty.The1878
cession/rentalpaymentwascontinueduntiltheindependenceand
formation of the Malaysian federat ion in 1963 together
withSingapore,SarawakandthestatesofMalaya.Asof2004,the Malaysian Embassy to the Philippines had been paying
cession/rental money amounting to US$1,500 per year (around
6,300MalaysianRinggits)totheheirsoftheSultanateofSulu. [
ThisisanactofBritishgovernmentbeforethefederationand
continuedtothetoday'sgovernmentofMalaysia.
TheSultanofSulurelinquishedthesovereignrightsoverall
his possessions in favour ofSpain, based on Basesof Peace
andCapitulationsignedbySultanofSuluandSpaininJoloon
22July 1878.In 1885,Spain relinquished all ofits claimto
Borneo to theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andIrelandin
theMadridProtocolof1885.
In spite of that, in 1906 and 1920 theUnited States of
America, which by thencolonized the Philippines, formally
remindedtheUntiedKingdomthatSabahbelongednottothem
buttotheSultanateofSulu.Americapositedtheclaimonthe
premise thatSpain never hadacquiredsovereignty overNorth
Borneo,and thus didnot have therightto transferclaimsof
sovereignty over North Borneo to the United Kingdom in the
Madrid Protocol of 1885. However, the British Government
proceededwiththeannexationtheterritoryofNorthBorneoasaCrownColonyonJuly10,1946.
DURING THE ADMINISTRATION OF DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL:
the territory ofNorth Borneo, and the full sovereignty,
titleanddominionover itwere cededby then reigning
Sultan of Sulu, Muhammad EsmailE. KiramI, to the
Philippines.The cession effectively gave the Philippine
government the full authority to pursue their claim in
international courts. The Philippines broke diplomatic
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relations withMalaysia after thefederationhad included
Sabah in 1963 but probably resumed it unofficially
throughtheManilaAccordwherethePhilippinesmadeit
clear that itspositionon theinclusionof NorthBorneo
in the Federation of Malaysia is subject to the final
outcome of the Philippine claim to North Borneo, andtherepresentativesofIndonesiaandFederationofMalaya
seconded that the inclusion of North Borneo into the
aforementionedFederation"wouldnotprejudiceeitherthe
claimoranyrightthereunder"
It was revealed laterin 1968 that PresidentFerdinand
Marcoswas training a team of militants on Corregidor
known asOperation Merdekafor infiltration into Sabah.
The plan failed in the event known as theJabidah
massacre.
Diplomatic ties were resumed in 1989 because
succeeding Philippine administrations have placed the
claim in the back burner in the interest of pursuing
cordial economic and security relat ions withKuala
Lumpur.[
RepublicAct 5446, which tookeffecton 18September
1968, regards Sabah as a territory "over which the
Republic of the Philippines has acquired dominion and
sovereignty."[32]On 16 July 2011, theSupreme
Courtruled that the Philippine claim over Sabah is
retainedandmaybepursuedinthefuture.[
To date, Malaysia continues to consistently reject
Philippine calls to resolve the matter of Sabah's
jurisdictiontotheInternationalCourtofJustice.[ Sabah
sees the claim made by the Philippines' Moro leader
Nur Misuari to take Sabah to International Court of
Justice (ICJ) as a non-issue and thus dismissed the
claim.
Note: The above mentioned Sulu claim is currently
resting on the treaty which was signed by Sultan
JamalalulazamofSuluappointingBarondeOverbeckas
Dato Bendahara and Raja Sandakan on 22nd January
1878.
But thereis, infact, anothertreaty whichwas signed
earlier by Sultan Abdul Momin appointing Baron de
Overbeck as the Maharaja Sabah, Rajah Gaya and
Sandakansignedon29thDecember1877.In1877,theBrunei Sultanatethen stillbelieved andmaintained that
the territory was infactstillunder the control ofthe
BruneiSultanate.
SPRATLY ISLAND:
CLAIMANT:
a. peoplesrepublicofchina
b. Taiwan
c. Vietnam
d.
Philippinese. Malaysia
f. brunei
VARIOUS CLAIMS:
A. BRUNEI: Brunei claims the part of theSouth China
Seasnearest to it as part of itscontinental
shelfandExclusive Economic Zone(EEZ). In 1984,
Brunei declared an EEZ encompassing the above-
water islets it claims inLouisa Reef.Brunei does
notpracticemilitarycontrolinthearea.
BASIS OF THE CLAIM: Brunei'sclaimstothereefarebasedon theLaw of the Sea.It states that the
southernpartoftheSpratlyChainisactuallyapart
ofits continentalshelfandthereforea part ofits
territoryandresources.
B. MALAYSIA; Malaysiahasmilitarily occupied three islands
thatit considers tobe within itscontinental
shelf.Swallow Reef(Layang Layang) has
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been turned into an island throughland
reclamationandhostsadiveresort.
The Malaysian military currently
occupiesArdasier Reef(Terumbu ),Mariveles
Reef(Terumbu Mantanani ) andSwallow
Reef(Terumbu Layang orPulau LayangLayang).
BASIS OF THE CLAIM:
Malaysia's claims are based upon the
continental shelf principle, and have clearly
defined coordinates. This argument st ill
requires that the islands wereres nullius,
though.
C. PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA: The People's Republic of China (PRC) claim all of the
Spratly Islands as part ofChina and had a historical naval
presence. Recently,they have hada profound military impact
onthearea.
BASIS OF THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC CHINACLAIM:
Chinaclaimstohavediscoveredtheislandsinthe Han
Dynastyin 2 BC. The islands were claimed to have
been marked on maps compiled during the time
ofEastern Han DynastyandEastern Wu(one of
theThree Kingdoms). Since theYuan Dynastyin the
12th century,several islands that maybe theSpratlys
have been labeled as Chinese territory, followed by
theMingDynasty and theQing Dynastyfromthe 13th
to 19th Century. In 1755, archaeological surveys the
remainsofChinesepotteryand coins have been found
in the islands and are cited as proof for the PRC
claim.
D. PHILIPPINES:ThePhilippinesbasetheirclaimsofsovereigntyover
the Spratlys on the issues ofRes nulliusand
geography. The Philippines contend their claim
wasRes nul lius as there was no effective
sovereignty over the islands until the 1930s when
Franceand then Japan acquiredthe islands.When
Japan renounced their sovereignty over the islands
accordingtotheSanFranciscoTreaty, therewasa
relinquishmentoftherighttotheislandswithoutany
special beneficiary. Therefore, argue the Philippines,the islands becameRes nulliusand available for
annexation.
E. VIETNAM: VietnameseclaimsthatithasoccupiedtheSpratleyand
theParacelislandsatleastsincethe17thcentury,when
theywerenot underthesovereigntyof anystate, and
thattheyexercisedsovereigntyoverthetwoarchipelagos
continuously and peacefully until they were invaded by
Chinese armed forces. InPh bin t p lc(,
MiscellaneousRecordsofPacificationintheBorderArea)
bythescholarLQun,HongSa(ParacelIslands),
and Trng Sa (Sprat ly Islands) were def ined as
belongingtoQungNgiDistrict.IniNamnhtthng
ton(),anatlasofVietnamcompletedin
1838, Trng Sa was shown as Vietnamese
territory.[33]Vietnamhadconductedmany geographicaland
resource surveys of the islands. The results of these
surveyshavebeenrecordedinVietnameseliteratureand
historypublishedsincethe17thcentury.Afterthetreaty
signed with theNguyn Dynasty, France represented
Vietnam ininternational affairsandexercised sovereignty
overtheislands.
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THE ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT|:
on goingstruggle between Israel and Palestine in the
mid20thcentury
KEY ISSUES|:
a. mutualrecognition
b. boarders
c. security
d. waterrights
e. controlofJerusalem
f. Israelsettlement
g. Palestinianfreedomofmovement
h. findingaresolutiontotherefugeequestion
ATTEMPT SOLUTIONS|:
a.
two state solut ion involv ing the creat ion of anindependentPalestinianstate
b.anindependent jewish stateor next tothe stateof
Israel(afterisraelsestablishment)
HISTORY|:
theconflictbeganinthe19thcenturyandearlycenturies
with the birth of major nationalist movement among the
jewish and amongthe arabs bothgearedtowards attaining
sovereigntyfortheirpeopleinthemiddleeast.with the outcome of the first world war the relations
beweenZionismandthearabnationalmovementseemedto
be potentially friendly and the faisal Weizmann agreement
created a framework for both aspirations to co-exist on
formerottomanempiresterritories.
theretrun of several hard-linePalestinian arab nationalist
undertheemerging leadership ofhaj aminal-husseinifrom
Damascusto mandatoryPalestinemarked thebeginning of
Palestinian arab nationalist struggletowards establishmentof
anationalhomeforarabsofPalestine.
HAJ AMIN AL HUSSEINI||:
initiatealargescaleriotsagainstthejews
asaresultof theestablishmentofjewishparamilitary
forceofhaganah
the riots resulted in massive jewish casualties in
hebronandsafedantheevacuationofjewishfrom
hebrontogaza.
therevoltledtotheestablishmentofthepeelcommission
towards partitioning of Palestine though was subsequently
rejectedbythePalestinianarabs.
PEACE PROCESS
OSLO ACCORDS:
thecruxoftheoslopeaceagreementwasthatIsrael
wouldgraduallycedecontrolofthePalestinianterritories
overtothePalestiniansinexchangeforpeace.
the u.s. did present concepts for peace whichwere
considered by the Israeli side yet left unanswered by
Arafat thepalestininansprincipalfailingis thatfromthe
beginning ofthe campdavidsummitonwardtheywereunable either tosay yes tothe America ideasor to
presenta congent andspecific counterproposalof their
own.
CAMP DAVID SUMMIT (2000)
u.s. president bill Clinton convened a peace summit
between Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli
primeministerehudbarak.
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barak reportedly put forward the following as bases for
negotiationsviau.s.toPalestinianleader;92%ofthewestbank
andtheentire gazastripaswellas thePalestiniancapitalin
eastJerusalem;69jewishsettlementwhichcomprised85% of
thewestbankjewishsettlerswouldbecededtoIsrael.healsoproposetemporaryIsraelicontrolindefinitelyoveranother10%of
the west bank territory an area including many more jewish
settlements.accordingto Palestiniansourcestheremainingarea
would beunder Palestiniancontrolyet certainareaswould be
brokenup by Israeli bypass roads andcheckpointsdepeding
on how the security roads would be configured these Israeli
roads might impede free travel by Palestinian throughout their
proposed nation and reduce the ability to absorb Palestinian
refugees.
Arafat rejected thus offer. according to the Palestinian
negotiatorsthe offer didnot remove manyof theelements of
the Israeli occupation regarding land, security. settlements and
Jerusalem.
theIsraeliformerforeignministerinaninterviewwhenhe
askedwhetherthe Palestinianmade acounterproposalin the
negotiation: hesaid no and that is the heart of the matter.
never in the negotiations between Israel and Palestinians was
thereaPalestiniancounterproposal.
DEVELOPMENT O\FOLLOWING CAMP DAVID:
clintoNs plan was eventually presented on December
2000 he proposed the establishment of a sovereign
Palestinianstateinthegazastripand94-96percentof
thewestbankplustheequivalentof1-3percentofthe
west bank in land swaps form pre-1967 israel. on
Jerusalemtheplanstatedthat,"thegeneralprinciple is
that Arabareas arePalestinian andthat Jewish areas
are Israeli." The holy sites were to be split on the
basis thatPalestinians would have sovereigntyoverthe
Temple Mount/Noble sanctuary, while the Israelis would
havesovereigntyovertheWesternWall.Onrefugeesthe
plansuggestedanumberofproposalsincludingfinancial
compensation,therightofreturntothePalestinianstate,andIsraeliacknowledgement of sufferingcausedto the
Palestinians in 1948. Security proposals referred to a
"non-militarized" Palestinian state, and an international
force for border security. Bothsides accepted Clinton's
plananditbecamethebasisforthenegotiationsatthe
TabaPeacesummitthefollowingJanuary.
TABA SUMMIT 2000:
Thepropositionremovedthe"temporarilyIsraelicontrolled"
areas,andthePalestiniansideacceptedthisasabasis
forfurthernegotiation.
Road Map for Peace
One peace proposal, presented by theQuartetof the
European Union, Russia, the United Nations and the
United States on 17 September 2002, was the Road
Map for Peace. This plan did not attempt to resolve
difficult questions such as the fate of Jerusalem or
Israelisettlements,butleftthattobenegotiatedinlater
phases of the process. The proposal never made it
beyondthefirstphase,whichcalledforahalttoIsraeli
sett lement construct ion and a halt to Israel i and
Palestinianviolence,noneofwhichwasachieved
Arab Peace Initiative
it spelled out"final-solution" bordersbased explicitly on
theUNbordersestablishedbeforethe196 7Six-DayWar.
It offered full normalization of relations with Israel, in
exchangefor the withdrawal ofits forces from all the
occupied territories, including theGolan Heights, to
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recognize "an independent Palestinian state with East
Jerusalem asits capital"in the West Bank and Gaza
Strip, as well as a "just solution" for the Palestinian
refugees
PRESENT STATUS:
Thepeaceprocesshasbeenpredicatedona"two-state
solution".
ISRAELS SETTLEMENT POLICY:
PALESTINIAN INCITEMENT:
Israeli officials and other political figures have harshly
criticized what they regard as Palestinians inciting
violenceagainstJewsandIsrael.
U.N. AND PALESTINIAN STATE:
ThePLO'scampaignforfullmemberstatusforthestate
of Palestine at the UN and have recognition on the1967bordersreceivedwidespreadsupportthoughitwas
criticised by some countries for purpotedly avoiding
bilateralnegotiation.Netanyahuexpressedcriticismofthe
Palestiniansashefeltthattheywereallegedlytryingto
bypass direct talks,whereas Abbas argued that the
continued construction of Israeli-Jewish settlements was
"undermining the realistic potential" for the two-state
solution.
PALESTINIAN REFUGEES:
people who lost both their homes and means of
livelihoodasaresultofthe1948arab-israeliconflictandthe1967sixdaywar.
the number of Palestinian who fled was estimated at
711,000in1949
Descendants of these original Palestinian Refugees are
also eligible for registration and services provided by
theUnitedNationsReliefandWorksAgencyforPalestine
Refugeesin theNear East(UNRWA),andas of2010
number4.7millionpeople
born outside Israel by their descendants are origina
Palestinianrefugees.
adoptedthispolicyunanismouslyandthe
BEGINNING OF THE REFUGEE:Therefugeeproblemwas
createdin1947-48,whenthePalestiniansandtheirArab
alliesrejectedUnitedNationsResolution181andtriedtopreventbyforceimplementationofthepartitionplanthat
called for thecreation of a Jewish state alongside an
Arabstate in Palestine. During thefighting, 600,000to
700,000 Arabs fled or were driven out of areas that
eventuallybecamethestateofIsrael.(Therewerealso
about 17,000Jewish refugeeswho fledor weredriven
out of areas that came under Arab, i.e., Jordanian,
control.)Israel'srecordinthischainofdevelopmentswas
far from spot less. But the major reason for the
displacement of people was the war itself, which the
ArabsimposedonIsraelinanattempttoabortitsbirth. the jewish refugee were immediately accepted by the
newstateofIsraeltheywereprovidedwiththeshelter,
tentsfoodandclothing
the refugee fleed to various arab nations were no
similarlywellreceivedandnotregardedasarabbrothers
butasanunwelcomemigrants.
The UN through UNRWA (UN Relief Agency) provided
assistancetothe camps whenthehostcountrycould notor
wouldnot.Thesecampsbecameatraininggroundforterrorist
youthto betargeted at Israel. The host country,like Syria,
wouldprovidetraining,weaponsandexplosives,butrefusedto
absorbtheArab refugeesas equal citizens.Keeping themin
misery made them valuable and irreplaceable as angry front
lineterrorists attackingIsrael as proxies for theArabarmies
wholosttotheJewsonthefieldofbattleindeclaredwars.
TheTwinPillarssupportingArabMuslimsocietyare"Prideand
Shame".Losingto theJewsonthebattlefieldtimeandagain
in6warsshatteredtheselfperceptionoftheMachoMan.
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ishandledby aseparateauthorityfromthathandlingother
refugees,thatis,byUNRWAandnottheUNHCR.Mostofthe
people recognizing themselves as Palestinian refugees would
have otherwise been assimilated into their country of current
residency,andwouldnotmaintaintheirrefugeestateifnotfor
theseparateentities. thearabrefugeeproblemislargelycausedbytherefusalof
all arab governments except Jordan to grant citizenship to
Palestinianarabswhoresidewithinthosecountriesborders.
REFUGEE STATUS: Therefugeestatus of thePalestinians
was perpetuated by the host countries and the Palestinian
leadership,andbytheinternationalcommunity,throughtheUN
Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), the only UN body
dedicatedtoaspecificrefugeegroup(allotherrefugeesinthe
world are the responsibility of the Office of the UN High
Commissioner for Refugees). As a result, refugee status was
passeddown fromfatherto sonto grandsonover50years,
sothat,today,theynumberthreemilliontofourmillion.That
iswhythePalestiniansnowaccountforaboutone-fourthofthe
world'srefugees--animpressivefigureuntiloneimagineshow
manyrefugees there would beif allthe Finns andGermans
andIndianHindusandMuslimsandEuropeanJewswhowere
maderefugeesafterthe SecondWorldWar(notto speakof
theGreeksandTurksandArmenianswhoweremaderefugees
during and after the First World War) were still considered
refugeesintheyear2000.
Who qualifies for Palestinian refugee status? Any Arab who
entered Israel up to two years prior to the rebirth of the
Jewish state could claim tobe aPalestinianrefugee,even if
he and his ancestors had lived elsewhere for generations
beforeandheownednolandorpropertyinPalestine.
WHY ARE THERE STILL REFUGEES FROM 1948 STILL LIVING
IN REFUGEE CAMPS GENERATIONS AFTER THE ORIGINAL
DISPLACEMENT:
The Arab states do not want to solve the refugee
problem.Theywanttokeepitasanopensore,asan
affronttotheUnitedNationsandasaweaponagainst
Israel. Arab leaders don't give a damn whether the
refugeesliveordie."
"In general, one can say that Arab governments
regardedthedestructionoftheStateofIsraelasa
more pressing matter than the welfare of thePalestinian refugees. Palestinian bitterness and anger
had to be kept alive. It was clear that this could
best be done by ensuring that a great many
PalestiniansArabscontinuedtoliveundersub-normal
conditions, the victims of hunger and poverty. No
Arab Government preachedthisas a definedpolicy;
mostArabGovernmentstacitlyputitintopractice."
ThePalestinians arethe only refugeeswhocannot
andmustnotbeabsorbedelsewhere;theirfateistobe
playedupasthemirrorimageoftheWanderingJew.TheGazaStrip,asitwasknownforthe19yearsof
harshEgyptianoccupation,had8UNWRArefugeecamps
in which the Palestinians were forced to live in
overcrowded squalor. Egypt refused to absorb any
refugees; kept them stateless, denied passports, and
forbadethemtotravelorworkinEgypt.
22 Arab countries are uninterested in aiding in
Palestinian brothers , preferred to use them as a
political weapon to wield against Israel and the u.n.
supportedthisheartlesshumanmanipulation.
EVEN IF ISRAEL IS NOT THE CAUSE IF THE ARAB REFUGEEPROBLEEM DID THEY DO ANYTHING TO COMPENSATE THOSE
PEOPLE;
Despitethis,onhumanitariangroundsIsraelhassincethe
1950'sallowed morethan 50,000refugees toreturntoIsrael
under a family reunification program, and between 1967 and
1993allowedafurther75,000toreturntotheWestBankor
Gaza. Since the beginning of the Oslo process Israel has
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allowed another 90,000 Palestinians to gain residence in PA-
controlledterritory.
Arabs who lost property in Israel are eligible to file for
compensationfromIsrael'sCustodianofAbsentee Property.As
oftheendof1993,atotalof14,692claimshadbeenfiled,
claimsweresettledwithrespecttomorethan200,000dunamsofland,morethan10,000,000 NIS(NewIsraeli Shekels)had
beenpaid incompensation,andmorethan54,000dunumsof
replacement landhad been given in compensation. Israel has
followedthisgenerouspolicydespitethefactthatnotasingle
pennyofcompensationhaseverbeenpaidtoanyofthemore
than500,000 Jewish refugeesfrom Arabcountries, whowere
forced by the Arab governments to abandon their homes,
businessesandsavings.
UN RESOLUTION 194:
referreddirectlytoPalestinianrefugee
TheUnitedNationsfirsttookuptherefugeeissueandadoptedResolution 194on December 11, 1948. This
called upon the Arab states and Israel to resolve all
outstandingissuesthrough negotiationseitherdirectly, or
with the help of the Palestine Conciliation Commission
established by this resolution. Furthermore, Point 11
resolves: that refugees wishing to return to their
homesandliveatpeacewiththeirneighborsshouldbe
permittedtodosoattheearliestpracticabledate,and
that compensationshouldbe paid forpropertyof those
choosingnot toreturn and for loss ofor damage to
propertywhichunderprinciplesofinternationallaworin
equity should be made good by Governments or
authorities responsible. Instructs the Conci liation
Commissionto facilitatethe repatriation,resettlementand
economic and social rehabilitation of refugees and
paymentofcompensation...
The emphasized words demonstrate that the UN
recognizedthatIsraelcouldnotbeexpectedtorepatriate
ahostilepopulationthatmightendangeritssecurity.The
solut ion to the problem, like all previous refugee
problems,wouldrequireatleastsomePalestinianstobe
resettledinArablands.
ISRAELS ATTITUDE TOWARD REFUGEES:
the refugee had been given an opportunity to stay in
theirhomeandbeapartofthenewstate. ARAB ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE REFUGEES:
Itisinconceivablethattherefugeesshouldbesentback
totheirhomeswhiletheyareoccupiedbytheJews,as
the latter would hold them as hostages and maltreat
them. The very proposalis anevasionof responsibility
by those responsible. It will serve as a first step
towards Arab recognition of the State of Israel and
partition.
TheArabsdemandedthattheUnitedNationsassertthe right
ofthePalestinianstoreturntotheirhomes,andwereunwilling
to accept anything less until after their defeat had become
obvious.TheArabsthenreinterpretedResolution194asgranting
the refugees the absolute right of repatriation and have
demandedthatIsraelacceptthisinterpretationeversince.
Onereasonformaintainingthispositionwastheconvictionthat
therefugees could ultimatelybring about Israel'sdestruction,a
sentiment expressed by Egyptian Foreign Minister Muhammad
Salahal-Din:
It is well-known and understood that the Arabs, in
demandingthereturnoftherefugeestoPalestine,mean
their return as masters of the Homeland and not as
slaves.Withagreaterclarity,theymeantheliquidation
oftheStateofIsrael.
Jordanwas the only Arab country to welcome the
Palestinians and grant them citizenship (to this day
JordanistheonlyArabcountrywherePalestiniansasa
groupcanbecomecitizens).KingAbdullahconsideredthe
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PalestinianArabs andJordaniansone people.By 1950,
heannexedtheWestBankandforbadetheuseofthe
termPalestineinofficialdocuments.
The treatmentof therefugees in thedecade following
their displacement was best summed up by a former
UNRWA official,Sir Alexander Galloway, in April1952:The Arab States do not want to solve the refugee
problem.Theywanttokeepitasanopensore,asan
affronttotheUnitedNationsandasaweaponagainst
Israel. Arab leaders don't give a damn whether the
refugeesliveordie.
ISRAEL OCCUPIED TERRITORIES:
thedisputedterritories,aretheterritorieswhichhavebeen
designatedasoccupiedterritorybytheUnitedNationsand
other internationalorganizations, governmentsandothersto
refer tothe territory seized by Israel during the Six-Day
Warof1967fromEgypt,Jordan,andSyria.
CONSIST OF:
a. westbank
b. gazastrip
united nations general assembly and the united nations
securitycouncilregardedIsraelastheoccupying territory.
occupying territory means: that Israel is occupying this
territoryinviolationofinternationallaw.
Israel high court ruled that: Israelholdsthewestbankunder
belligerentoccupation.
disputed territories: incaseofthewestbank.
