TTh

e D

ark M

atte

r Aw

ake

ns

1

Dark

Particle H

un

ters

Satu

rday M

orn

ing

Ph

ysics 2

01

6

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

http://faculty.physics.tamu.edu/kam

on/research/talk/

--- Th

e D

ark M

atte

r Aw

ake

ns ---

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

Da

rk M

atte

r! “Fought well you have, my Padawan. M

ay the force be with you.”

TTeru

ki Ka

mo

n

2

Today, we discuss “What is the m

ysterious Dark M

atter that dominates

the mass in the U

niverse?” Pro

logu

e

[Lecture 7] "From Particles

to Strings and Branes", Prof. Ergein Sezgin (3/06)

TTeru

ki Ka

mo

n

3

Da

rk M

atte

r!

Sim

plified

Cycle o

f Scien

ce Cu

riosity

Particle Physics

Wein logo, 2000

String Theory?

Nuclear Physics

Biology/ Chem

istry

Cosmology

Astronom

y

… Thinking of the largest scale by studying the sm

allest object

TTeru

ki Ka

mo

n

4

Da

rk M

atte

r!

SM

P Q

uiz #

1: E

instein

an

d H

aw

kin

g �

He is the author of a book “A

brief history of time”. W

ho is he? �

He is fam

ous for this simple equation E = m

c2. W

ho is he?

�H

e failed his University Entrance Exam

and had to reapply a year later, but received a N

obel prize for photoelectric effect. Who is he?

�H

e predicted black-body radiation by black holes. Who is he?

�O

n Feb. 11, 2016, scientists announced the detection of gravity waves (Sep 14, 2015) that are ripples in space-tim

e created by violent collision of two m

assive black hales in the universe. This was predicted by his theory in 1916. W

ho is he? �

He is the first person to point out there is unseen m

atter (“dark m

atter”) in the universe. Who is he?

© Prem

iere Props

““Dark

Matter” C

ube M

enu

Episode 1: Dark M

atter Episode 1: D

ark Min the U

niverse M

rk Mee

in the U

niversee (W

hat is Dark M

atter?)?))

Episode 3: Fun examples

Episode 3: Fun examof Particle Physics

mpp

xamcscs

Episode 2: Where and

Episode 2: Where aand

how the DM

can be how the Dprobed?

DM

he Dd?d?

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

5

Da

rk M

atte

r!

TTeru

ki Ka

mo

n

6

Da

rk M

atte

r!

Wh

o W

an

ted “D

ark

Matter”?

DM

Darth Vader

“No. I am

your father.”

[What?] H

e was the first to infer the existence of unseen m

atter, what is now called D

ark Matter by using

the Virial Theorem.

[Where?] Com

a Galaxy Cluster (large cluster of galaxies – over 1,000 identified galaxies; m

ean distance from Earth

is 99 Mpc or 321 m

illion ly). [W

hat?] Mgalaxy cluster ~ 160 x M

luminous m

atter [Today] The sam

e calculation today shows a smaller

factor, based on greater values for the mass of lum

inous m

aterial. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky]

FFritz Z

wick

y (193

3)

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

7

Da

rk M

atte

r!

DM

TTh

is is wh

at exp

ect …

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

8

Da

rk M

atte

r!

Astrophysical Journal 159 (1970) 379

Rotation curve

of a

typical spiral

galaxy: predicted (A) and observed (B). The discrepancy between the curves is attributed to dark m

atter. TTe

ruki K

am

on

9

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Astrophysical Journal 159 (1970) 379V

era R

ubin

(19

70

)

"Rotation of the Androm

eda Nebula from

a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions”

IInven

tory o

f the “U

niverse”

3 Con

tents

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

10

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Today’s focus

Ordinary m

atter (5%)

Dark M

atter (27%)

What is the dark m

atter? An elem

entary particle?

[Lecture 2] "Understanding the Universe one Atom

at a Time" ,

Prof. Ania Kwiatkowski (1/30)

4 3 2 1 1splitting norm

al matter and dark m

atter apart – A

nother Clear Evidence of D

ark Matter –

(8/21/06)

Dark M

atter (G

ravitational Lensing)

Ordinary M

atter (N

ASA’s C

handra X

Observatory)

time

Approximately

the same size as

the Milky W

ay

Dark

Matter in

the U

niverse

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

11

D

ark

Ma

tter!

TTeru

ki Ka

mo

n

12

D

ark

Ma

tter!

splitting normal m

atter and dark matter apart

– Another C

lear Evidence of Dark M

atter – (8/21/06)

Dark

Matter in

the U

niverse

Can it be one of the known particles? Let’s check out!

It Doesn’t M

atter. R

ight, it doesn’t shake hand with anyone easily. Tw

o dark m

atter clusters (in blue) are just passing each other. It is a long-lived (stable) object. It’s a C

old Matter.

Yes, it is a “relativistically” slowly m

oving (“cold”) object.

4

It’s an Invisible Matter.

Right, it doesn’t respond to your flash light.

This means it is a neutral object.

So, It’s a Cold Dark M

atter (CD

M).

PPro

perties o

f Cold

Dark

Matter

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

13

D

ark

Ma

tter!

OOrd

inary M

atter: A

tom

s � Q

uark

s

10 cm

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

14

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Everything (that we can see) is made of electrons, up quarks and

down quarks.

EElem

enta

ry Particle “Z

oo”

All masses in M

eV. AN

IMAL M

ASSES SCALE W

ITH

PARTIC

LE MASSES

12 elem

entary particles

are known

fundamental

building blocks

of matter. 4 fundam

ental forces govern the transitions between particles. The Standard M

odel, a mathem

atical rule, includes 12 particles and 3 forces plus H

iggs boson.

electro- m

agnetic force

g ��

W

G

strong force

weak

force gravity

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

15

D

ark

Ma

tter!

HIGGS

Contact: Teruki Kamon, Mitchell Institute for Fundam

ental Physics and Astronomy

Solution will be posted at URL: http://faculty.physics.tamu.edu/kam

on/research/talk/ TTe

ruki K

am

on

1

6

Da

rk M

atte

r!

SSM

P Q

uiz #

2

[Q2

a] C

an

be

the

da

rk matte

ra

Sta

nd

ard

Mo

de

l pa

rticle?

[Recap: Dark m

atter particles] (1)

Weakly interacting

(2)N

eutral (3)

Heavy …

relativistically slowly m

oving

[A] Q

uarks, electron, muon, and tau cannot be the dark

matter, because they are interacting via strong and/or

electromagnetic forces. N

eutrinos are too light. [Q

2b

] Wh

at sho

uld

we

do

?

[A] Expand the Standard M

odel framework based on a

new symmetry, e.g., Supersym

metry or SU

SY (next page)

� N

ew particles, including a dark matter candidate

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

17

D

ark

Ma

tter!

SSu

persym

metry (S

USY

)

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

18

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Fermions

Bosons

A set of new particles, including a dark m

atter candidate

““Dark

Matter” C

ube M

enu

Episode 1: Dark M

atter Episode 1: D

ark Min the U

niverse M

rk Mee

in the U

niversee (W

hat is Dark M

atter?)?))

Episode 3: Fun examples

Episode 3: Fun examof Particle Physics

mpp

xamcscs

Episode 2: Where and

Episode 2: Where aand

how the DM

can be how the Dprobed?

DM

he Dd?d?

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

19

D

ark

Ma

tter!

1

TTeru

ki Ka

mo

n

20

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Feynman D

iagram

Particle-P

hysics “C

ircuit” D

iagra

ms

Possib

le Dark

Matter In

teractio

ns

“Interconnection” between particles and dark matter

TTeru

ki Ka

mo

n

21

H

un

t for D

ark

Ma

tter

Law of particle-physics circuit diagrams tells us …

CM

S

CD

MS

/LUX

Fe

rmi-L

AT

G

MT

20

09

2

01

2

20

08

2

01

8?

Ge

neva

, Sw

itzerla

nd

N

orth

Am

eric

a

On

ne

ar-e

arth

orb

it C

hile

Da

rk m

atte

r in p

p

ccoo

lllliissiioonn

ss aatt tthh

ee CC

EERR

NN’’ss

LH

C

DM

-pro

ton

ela

stic

co

llision

s in G

e o

r La

r d

ete

cto

r

DM

an

nih

ilatio

n

Da

rk m

atte

r & D

ark

e

ne

rgy, B

lack

ho

le, G

ala

xy form

atio

n

8 trillio

n e

lec

tron

-Vo

lts (Te

V) �

13

TeV

2

4.5

-me

ter p

rima

ry m

irror

Gia

nt M

ag

ella

n

Tele

sco

pe

D

ark

Ma

tter D

ete

ctio

n

Exp

erim

en

ts L

arg

e H

ad

ron

Co

llide

r G

ian

tD

ark

Ma

tter

De

tec

tion

Ha

dro

nC

ollid

er

an

tMa

ge

ll

Interco

nn

ection

in R

esearch

es F

erm

i La

rge

Are

a

Tele

sco

pe

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

22

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Da

rkM

atte

r!D

kM

tt!

Today’s focus

TTeru

ki Ka

mo

n

23

D

ark

Ma

tter! C

on

seil E

uro

pe

en

ppo

ur la

Re

che

rche

Nu

clea

ire

( Eu

rop

ea

n O

rga

nizatio

n fo

r N

ucle

ar R

ese

arch

)

La

rge

Ha

dro

n C

ollid

er

Tim Berners-Lee

“We

’ve le

arn

ed

Ea

rth’s

lan

gu

ag

es

tho

ug

h

the

W

WW

.”

Wo

rld W

ide

We

b (W

WW

)

CE

RN

in 1

98

9

Tw

en

ty-six ye

ars

ag

o

an

eve

nt

at C

ER

N

cha

ng

ed

th

e

wo

rld

foreve

r. TT

im

Be

rne

rs-Le

e

ha

nd

ed

a

d

oc

um

en

t to

h

is su

pe

rvisor

Mike

S

en

da

ll en

titled

“Info

rmatio

n M

an

ag

em

en

t : a

Pro

po

sal”. “V

ag

ue, b

ut e

xcitin

g” is h

ow

Mike

d

esc

ribe

d it, a

nd

he

app

rove

d it to

go

forw

ard

. T

he

follo

win

g ye

ar, th

e W

orld

Wid

e W

eb

wa

s b

orn

.

24

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

LLH

C: P

roto

n-P

roto

n C

ollid

er

27 km ring

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

25

D

ark

Ma

tter!

27km-long

ultra high

vacuum tubes

with about

one thousand 14.3m

-long dipole magnets and 8000 other

types of magnets, accelerating protons to 99.999999%

of speed of light.

Geneva Airport

You would have to connect 0.6 trillion (600,000,000,000) 12V batteries l

Ap

plic

atio

n: P

roto

n T

he

rap

y

CERN

[Lecture 1] "Modern Particle Accelerators and Detectors", Prof. Carl Gagliardi (1/23)

SScien

tific Pro

gram

26

Energy in each collision is transformed to particles just like the first fraction of

seconds after the Big Bang. Super-fast detector takes a snapshot of particles in each collision. Study

of particles

allows us

to answer

some

of big

questions. Closer

to understanding of the universe.

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

Da

rk M

atte

r!

http://education.web.cern.ch/education/Chapter2/Teaching/from-the-big-bang-to-lhc.htm

l

E = mc2

Proton

and (anti)proton

collision can

produce the

Standard M

odel particles like heavy top quarks (~180 tim

es heavier than a proton!) as well as dark m

atter particles.

PPhysics M

agic in

Collisio

ns

Fast Ping-pong balls � Slow Steel Balls

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

27

D

ark

Ma

tter!

MMissio

n P

ossib

le?

Yes ! Possible to create heavier new particles in the “elem

entary particle” world. New particle (= Peaking Signal) in a detector …

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

28

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Proton

Higgs

New Particles

Electron

My W

ife’s Dream

PPretty B

ig & H

eavy D

etector

21 m x 15 m

x 15 m, 12,500 tons

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

29

D

ark

Ma

tter!

The CMS is one of two super-fast & super-sensitive detectors, consisting of 15 heavy elem

ents, collecting debris from

the collision and converting a visual image for us.

PParticle P

hysics L

ab

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

30

D

ark

Ma

tter!

“Particle” Telescope at CERN vs. H

ubble Space Telescope in outer space

Hubble Space Telescope

[Lecture 5] "A Brief History of Light", Prof. Suhail Zubairy (2/20) [Lecture 6] "Optical Tweezing" , Prof. Em

anuala Ene (2/27)

EExp

erimen

tal M

ethod –– T

ak

e pictu

res

We take m

any pictures using a “particle telescope”. - We

record “debris” after each proton-proton collision in a digital form

at using a super-fast/super-sensitive detector, followed by m

any extensive analyses to extract evidence (“peaking signal”) of new and rare phenom

ena.

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

31

D

ark

Ma

tter!

“Particle” Telescope at CERN vs. H

ubble Space Telescope in outer space

22010

3 x 1

01

2 Co

llision

s D

ark Particle Hunters

Dark Particle H

unters

20

10

.03

.30

: First 7

00

0-G

eV

pp

Co

llision

s

32

PPea

kin

g Sign

als in

4 M

on

ths

(~80 x 109 pp collisions)

1977 � � �

+�–

1974 J�� �

�+�

–

1983 Z�

�+�

–

LHC

ispow

erfulenoughto

re-discover those particles in 4 m

onths.

Au

g. 9

, 20

10

We expect an evidence of dark m

atter to appear as “Peaking Signal” in com

plex final states. Te

ruki K

am

on

3

3

Da

rk M

atte

r!

22011

Dark Particle H

unters D

ark Particle Hunters

35

0 x 1

01

2 Co

llision

s 3

4

70

00

-Ge

V p

p C

ollisio

ns

22012

Dark Particle H

unters D

ark Particle Hunters

14

00

x 10

12 C

ollisio

ns

80

00

-Ge

V p

p C

ollisio

ns

35

PPea

kin

g Sign

al o

f Higgs B

oso

ns (I)

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

36

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Da

rkkM

r!a

tter

M

14

00

x 10

12 C

ollisio

ns

PPea

kin

g Sign

al o

f Higgs B

oso

ns (II)

Ju

ly. 4, 2

01

2

37

Sheldon Cooper explains about the

Higgs boson particle…

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

Da

rk M

atte

r! D

arkk

Mr!

atte

rM

14

00

x 10

12 C

ollisio

ns

TTeru

ki Ka

mo

n

38

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Nobel Prize in 2013

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013

was awarded jointly to François Englert and Peter W

. Higgs "for

the theoretical discovery of a m

echanism that contributes to

our understanding of the origin of m

ass of subatomic particles,

…”.

Why 1

400x1

01

2 ?

TTeru

ki Ka

mo

n

39

D

ark

Ma

tter!

How do you know the probability of

seeing “1”? W

hat do

you do

to report

it accurately? D

ark

Ma

tter!

We need m

any trials !!!

If the nature werea com

plex die system, how can we probe?

?

Supposed that you have a black box of a “die” system

(you don’t know the number of dices and its shape), but

you know the total number.

Qu

iz: How

Man

y Gira

ffes?

One ! Shot #1

TTeru

ki Ka

mo

n

40

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Tw

o!!

TTeru

ki Ka

mo

n

41

D

ark

Ma

tter!

We need m

ore than one snap-shot!!!

Shot #3

No! It is two!!

Shot #2

Still, one!

Shot #4

Yes, definitely!!!

22015 �

2018

Dark Particle H

unters D

ark Particle Hunters

(20

0+

� 1

2,0

00

) x 10

12 C

ollisio

ns

13

,00

0-G

eV

pp

Co

llision

s

42

220**

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

43

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Disc

ove

ry of D

ark M

atte

r?

DM

p

WWorld

“Disco

very” Map

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

44

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Sp

in-1

/2

Ferm

ion

s

qu

ark, c, �

c, ��

b, to

p,

�

glu

on

W, Z

, h

Sp

in-0

, 1

Bo

son

s

m(

� ) � 0

Ne

utrin

o M

ass

[Lecture 3] “The Higgs Boson and Beyond" , Prof. Keith Ulmer (2/06)

Sp

in-2

G

ravito

n

x x

Wh

ere

willm

ore

ne

wp

article

sb

ed

isco

vere

d?

Ho

w a

bo

ut th

e d

ark

matte

r pa

rticles ?

SSM

P Q

uiz #

3

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

45

D

ark

Ma

tter!

[Q] W

hat Formula W

ould Einstein Use If H

e Was A

Business Leader Today? – Forbes (www.forbes.com

)

(PR

OG

RE

SS

) = (S

PE

ED

) x (LE

AR

NIN

G) / (C

OS

T) o

r P =

SL

/ C

Your Answer:

SSM

P Q

uiz #

3

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

46

D

ark

Ma

tter!

[Q] W

hat Formula W

ould Einstein Use If H

e Was A

Business Leader Today? – Forbes (www.forbes.com

)

(PR

OG

RE

SS

) = (S

PE

ED

) x (LE

AR

NIN

G) / (C

OS

T) o

r P =

SL

/ C

I offer: (

My A

nswer: (Excitement) = (M

otivation) (Curiosity) 2

TTh

eory o

f Su

per-C

urio

sity

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

47

D

ark

Ma

tter!

CB

S comedy “B

ig Bang T

heory” (Season 1 E

pisode 15)

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

48

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Big B

an

g Th

eory (2

007-2

008)

3 Con

tents

TTeru

ki Ka

mo

n

49

D

ark

Ma

tter!

Ordinary m

atter (5%)

Dark M

atter (27%)

What is the dark m

atter? An elem

entary particle?

Still huge puzzle Explained by known particles.

New particle?

Dark m

atter particle?

Epilo

gue

““Dark

Matter” C

ube M

enu

Episode 1: Dark M

atter Episode 1: D

ark Min the U

niverse M

rk Mee

in the U

niversee (W

hat is Dark M

atter?)?))

Episode 3: Fun examples

Episode 3: Fun examof Particle Physics

mpp

xamcscs

Episode 2: Where and

Episode 2: Where aand

how the DM

can be how the Dprobed?

DM

he Dd?d?

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

50

D

ark

Ma

tter!

5

PParticle-P

hysics in

Movie [1

]

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

51

D

ark

Ma

tter!

PParticle-P

hysics in

Movie [2

]

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

52

D

ark

Ma

tter!

© Prem

iere Props

“Standard Model” Cube

“Dark M

atter” Cube “Standard

Model”

Cube“D

arkM

atter”Cuubbe

NNew

Movie: D

ark

Sid

e of th

e “Cu

be”

“Cube”

Teru

ki Ka

mo

n

53

D

ark

Ma

tter!

© Prem

iere Props