Tesla, True Wireless (OCR of 109939181-)

8/10/2019 Tesla, True Wireless (OCR of 109939181-)

1/6

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER May. 1919

RADIO DEPARTMENT

T h e T r u e W i r e l e s sBy N I K O L A T B S L AW r i t te n E t t l m i i n l y / o r T h e E l e t tr t c a l B - r f f ' t m t n l f r

EV E R t i n e c t h e a n n o u n c e m e n t o f

Maxwel l ' s e lec t ro-magnet ic theory cirntil ic investigators all the world ovt r had l ie ti t en t on i t* exper i - nnla l vr r i f i fa t ior i . T hey w ere con

vinced tha t i t would be done and l ived in an a tsnospiere of eager expectancy, on-

Alternator of 10400 Cycle*K . w . . W h h W j i e m p l o y e e . . .F i r s t O r o w n s t r a tl e n t ot H i g h F r e o u e x y P K e x c r -e n a ( e ' l r i t h e * m i r i I ns ti tu te o f

C a p a c i t y b y T e e l a M l M urC

P h e M B e ' o f e t h e A m e ri c an In et i t u ie o t C l e c t r l c al C n g - n e e r a a t C o l u m b i a C o l l e g e.

M a y . t t . F i g . I.

uaual iy favorable to the recept ion o l any evidence to th i i end N o wondrr then tha t the publica:ioti of Dr. Heinrich Hertr ' t re- i t i l t i caused a thr i l l a i ha i l i ra rec ly ever h e m c v p r n r t n e d b e f o r e . A t t h a t _________ t ime I was in the m le t o f p er i ling work in connect ion wi th the commercia l in troduct ion of my

s y s t e m o f p o w e r t r a n i m i s t i o n , hot, nevertSeles*. caught the fire of rn thutuun and fa i r ly burned with dr t i rc to l iehold the mirac le w i t h m y o w n e y e v A c c o r d in g - ly. a t toon a t I had f r red m jse l l of these inpera t ive dut ies and returned rtteareh work in my l a li ra !oey on f i ram! Si t ed . N ew York. I iegan, parallel with

proved appl iance*. S imi lar phenom ena were noted, greatly magnified in intensity. but they were i i iwrpt i l i le of a d i ffe rent ami more plausible explan ation. I eontidere i! th i t to im i- r un i tha t In 1892 1 went to Boon, Germiny, to confer w i th Dr. Hrr ta in regard to my observa t ions. H e teemed disappointed to tuch a degree that I regre t ted my ' r ip and par ted f rom him sor- row fu l ly. Bur tng the t ixcee ding y ear* I m a d r n u m e r m t e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h t h e t a m e objec t , hu t the re ta in were uni formly negat ive . In 19M, howev er, a f te r I had evolved a wire lc t* i ran imi t te r which enabled me to obta in e lec t ro-magnet ic ac t iv i t ies of many

mil l ion* of loesc-pow rr. I made a la t t despera te a t tenpt to prove tha t the d is turbance* e tna ru l ing f rom the o tc i l la tor were e ther v ibra tuns ak in to th ote of l igh t , bu t m d again wi th u t te r fa ilure . For more than e ighteen year* I have leen reading t rea t* i*e* . repo r t* o f sc ien t if ic t ransac t ion*, and a d k l e s o n H c r t r - w a v e t e l e g r a p h y, t o k e e p my te l f in formed, but they h ave a lw ays imprest m e li lc* wo rks o f fiction.

Th e h is tory of sc ience shows tha t theor ies a rc per i shable. W ith cvr ry new t ru th tha t i s revea led we g d a be t te r under* t t a iu ling o f N atur r an i l our concept ions and v iews a ie modified . Dr. I l r r t i d id not discover a new pr inc ip le . Hr me re ly gave m a l e i i l l l u p x i r l t o a h y p o t h e s is w h i c h h ad

appl icat ion of these rad ia t ion* for the purpose was < |u i tr obvious . W hen Dr. l fe r t i was asked wic thr r such a sys tem would he of prac t ica l va lor, he d id not th ink so , ne t he wa s ccwcrd *n h i* fo r cc u t Thebes t tha t might have been expected was a method of communica t ion s imi tar to the

T.Y this re I T r u e I

t in i f r r r r

high Irevjuencv alternators, the c o n i t n x t i c n o l s e v e r a l f o r m s o f appara tus s i th l ive objec t o f exploring the field Opened up by D r l l d t r . R e c o g n ir i n g t h e li ra * i t a t lont o t the device* he ha i l employed. I concentrated my at* l e i .l i o n o n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a powe rfu l i sducbon coi l In it made no notable progress unt i l a happy insp ira t ion led me to the invent ion of the

osc i l la t ion t ransformer. In the la t te r part o f 1891 I aa t already so far advan ced in the dcvclofmrnt o f th is new pr inc ip le tha t I had at my disposal means vastly superior

n u / i a f i | r n s d r a n y f r l c l io e y o f A l l duc iye t ry o / t i c B i rc fr u " w f l i e p ri n e ip U i upon u AirA transm ission

t e r p l i o n . r r rn la lAr pr rs rn l d n tyxfrmi . ore f -ui rd . I k . Y l io k T r i f* d n w i that A* i i i nd red the t o the r o / r h r 1I i/e* / ru . Tv Aim t he I l r r t i u a r r r ic i i ry f t a d r l u t i o n ; i t l o i i i s o un d

fr om cer ium ang le t , hi* lAr /dCIt tend to p e i n e t ha t i t i t ho l lo ii a n d empty, l ie r a u u i c i i n t h a t t h e t r o t I l r r t i N l l n a re b lo t t rd ml a /t rr t hey ha i r t r a t e l rd ho t a .Acer durance f ram the tender. I t I o l l o u i , rArre/ore , t in i h r m m u r n l a nl rn n n c u rr en t i t n o indi- ra f ian / tAe effec t , i r rau ic o n l y a i m a l l s* i . of I I ft e j fe r i i te ut a dblanee. TAe l im i t e d m t t i r i t j o f pure I l r r t i u a i e t ra n t m tu i on and reception i t here clearly eipfa.ard, besides sAcsumg defini tely t ha t i n tp i l e o f tArmiefi-es. tAe radio engineers o l today are employ ing the o r ig ina l Tee la tuned cn r i iU la ry ly i l em. l i e . A o n . b y e i e m p l e i u i t h different forms of a rn a l t t ha t t he ugnak p icked up by the i n u r n m e nt , s u i t actually be induced by earth current. not etheric . p ac e S O M Teela al t t i rJ,, l l eac i i ide l aye r* theory from hie person . ! ob ie rca t ion i and I n t l .

E D I T O R .

Diagram frustrating th*r m S f S S Z S ih* Circuit CoC o n v e c t i o n *

a n d T u n in g D . ; C m p t r M b y T c t i . InH I * C . p e c m e n t a l O * m o n . t ra u o n B e t o ie th eA m e r ic a n I n s t it u t * o f g l t c t r t c a l e n g i n e e r sW i th t h * H i gh F r e q u e n c y A l t e rn a t o r W i ow n

i n F i g . 1 . f i g . 2 .

to those o ' the German phys ic is t . Al l my

trev ious e for t s wi th Rht imkorf co i l s had It m e u i O n n l u u i l . a n d i n o r de r l o s e tt l e m y d o o m I w e n t o v e r t h e w h o l e g r ou n d once more , very carefu l ly, wi th these im*

tern long ago formula ted I t was a per

fectly well-established fact that a circuit , traversed b; a periodic current, emitted omr k ind d . | c e waves , but we w rre in ignorance a to their charactrr. He ap- (orn i t ly gae an exper imenta l proof tha t they w ere t ransversa l v ibra t ion* in the e ther. Mot t people look upon th i t a t h i s great acti>npJithmcnt. T o my mind it t eems tha t k i t immorta l mer i t was not to much in th i i as in the focus ing o f the in- v e t t i g a to r t ' m e n t i o n o n t h e p r o c e ss e s t a king (dace i t the amlnent medium. The Hrr t r-wave theory, by i t i fasc ina ting hold on the imagina t ion , ha t s t i l led crea t ive e ff o r t i n t h e s i r e le i t a r t and rc ta rdrd i t for twenty-five *ear. But. on the other hand, i t i s imposs ib le to over-e t l imate the benef icia l e ffec ts o f the powerfu l s t imulus i tha t g iven in many d i rec t ions

A t regards s ignal ing wi thout wires , the

EI*CtrlC Tcsnsuit .slcit Thru T w* Wlrv* and M / d r i u l lc A n a l o g . F i g . 1

hel iograph ic ind subject to the sam e or even grea ter Im i ta t ions

In ih* tpr i rv of 1891 I gave m y drn ioo- _ _ _ _ _ i t r it u r . i w i th a h ig h l rr c|i sn )C y

machine before the Amer ican l is - s t rta tr of Elec t r ica l E ngineers a t fohi rahia Col lege , winch la id the

fo tmdation to a new and far m ore

Ereceiving de|iarturr. A ltho th* inv o f e lec l r ica l resonance were w rl known a t tha t t ime and my l amented f r iend , Ik . Joh n Hop- lomon. had even indica ted the i r specific application to an alternator in the Proceeding s o f the Ins t itu te o f Elec t r ica l Engineers . Lotdun. Nov. IS . 1889. nothmg ha/ teen don e towards the pract ica l use of th is knowledge and i t i t pcotabJe tha t thote exper im e n t o f m i n e w r r e t h e f i rt t p u bl ic exhib i t ion wi th resonant dr- cur t . more tur t icuUrly o l Ingh f re iuency. W hi le tbe ' spontane- out tuccess o f my lec ture wat due to spectacular features, id chi:f import wat in showing that

a l l lands o f devices could I * opera ted

th ru a t ingle tnr c wi thout return . Th i t

Elec t r ic Tmramit tkw Thru a S tngt* Wlr* Hyd nulk Anal*g . F ig. *.

w a t d i e i u i l ia l st e w in t b c e v o l u ts t u i o f m ywire le ts tys tcs i . Th e idea pr tMntcd i tse l f to me that i t might be possible, under oh-


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May. 1919 ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

K m i x t o f p r op e r c o n d it io n s o f t et n tu n c e. to t ransmi t e lec t r ic energy thru 'he ear th , thus dispensing with all artificial csexluctoes.

A n y o n e w h o m i g h t w n h t o e x a m i s e i m p artially the merit of that early suggestion must not v iew i t in the l ight of present day sc ience . I on ly need to My tha t i t l a te a t IW . when I had prepared an c labo-a tcehap- l e r on my wire less sys tem. dw el l ing on i t s v a r io u s i o t l n i m e n u l i t i r i a n d f u t i r e p ro s - pecta , Mr. Joseph W et i kr and othr r f r iends o i m i ne e m p i r i c a l l y p r ot e st ed a p n i s t i t s publication on the ground that suck idle and fa r- fe tched specula t ioni would in) i re me in Itic opinion ot conservative tiu%ucs> men. S o i t t a m e t h a t o n l y a s m a l l p a n o l w h at I had in tended to say was embodied in my address of tha t year before the Frankl in Institute and National Electric Light As social ion under the chapter "On Electrical

number o l radsra l improvements . Sui tab le high f requen cy gene ra tors and e lec tr ical oscillators had first to be produced. The energy o f these bad to be t ransformed in effec t ive t ransmi t te rs and col lec t 'd a t a dis tance in proper reco ver s . Such a system would be mani fes t ly c i rcumscr ibed in i t s usefu lness i f a l l ex t raneous n ter fer- ence were not prevented and egcl t sevencts secured In time, how ever . I recognised tha t device* o f th is k ind , to be most e ffec t -

vkweve'-

Resonance ." Th is l it t l e sa lvage ! rom live wreck has earned me the t i t le of Father o f the Wire less" f rom m ans wef l -d isposed fellow workers, rather than the invention of scores of appl iances which have brought wire less t ransmiss ion w i th in the reach of e v e r y y o u n g . i f-a tcur a n d w liicK. fat atune not d istant. will lead to under taki n g s o v e r s h a dowing in t rusts i | u d e and importance all past achievem e n t s o f t h e engineer.

T h e p o p u l a rimpression is tha t my wireless work was l e g u n i n I 8 M . but as a matte r of fac t Ispent the two p r e c e d i n g year* in investigations, era- ploying forms of apparatus, s o m e o f w h i c h w e r e a l m o s t l i k e t h o s e o f today. It was c lear to me f rom the very start that the i o c c r s i f u l c o n s umma- t ioo could only b * brneiirVa b o u t by a

T r a n s m i s s i o n o f E l e c t r i c a l E n e r g y T B r u li veC a r t * i a s I l l u s t r a t e .; I n T e s l a s L e e t s r e s B e -f o r e t h e F r a n k l in i n s t i tu t e a n d Clee t i s c L*oMA s e e e la t io n i n F e b r u a r y a n d W a re d . n . a n dW e e n a n ie a l A n a l o g of me t a m e . r. g . 7 .

ive an d effic ien t . s i mold be des ign 'd w i th d u e r e g a r d t o t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e - l i e a o f t h ia p l a n e t a n d t h e e l e c t r i c a l c o r d i t i o o s o b t a i n i n g o n t h e s a m e . I w i l l b r ie r y to u c h upon the aalient advances at they were made in the gradual dcsc lupenent o f the system

The h igh f requency a l t r rna tor employed in my first drmonsirations is i l lustrated in Fig I. It com priscil a field ring, vil l i 3SI p o l e p r o j e c t i o n s a n d a d i s c a t e u t i r r w i t h coi l* wound in oesc s ingle layer whvh were c o n n e c t e d i n v a r io u s w a y * j r r o n l m ; t o r e - c u m m e m s. I t w a s a n e x c e l i e n t s u c h m e foe exper imenta l purpose* , furn i th i ig s inusoida l cur rents of f rom 10,DIM to 20 ,000 vyvlcs per second. The output wi* compara t ive ly la rge , due to the fac t tha t as much as 3 0 amp eres per square mi l limeter cou ld I * pas t thru the co i l s wi thout in iury.

T h e d i a g r a m i n F i g . 2 show* the c i rcu i t ar rangements a t used in my lec ture . Resonant condi t ions were main ta ined by means

J e w F a o w r a nupcn c aW.Mt.T.UWf AW * f C v tK B i vn ai M i T u r n d O r x u i t i H w i tn a n o U K r t | i n US e p t em b e r S 2. 1 W S. a n a C e ' fe s p e s m n j A r r a n g e m e n t s i r W l re l s s t

p i p e s I t w i l l b e c l e a r f r o m a g U a e e a t the d iagram tha t very s l ight excurs ions of the p is ton would cause the f lu id t> rush

with b i jh ve

loc i ty t l ru the sma l l channel and th ; t v i rtua l ly i l l the e n e r g y o f m o v e m e n t w o u l d b e t r a n s f o r m e d into heat Iiy f r ic t ion , s imilarly t* that o f the ands a n d cont rac ts and th e f l u i d is made to surge t h r u l i e r estricted pas-M a s n i t k g ic a l

s p e e d , t his

n * i s

s *a t *n t NO . w a i n o f T r a n t n s i t s l a n .


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30

resulting in the generation erf heat at in the !andctc ent lamp. Th eor' i ica llt cons idered , Ihc efficiency o f conve rsion of energy s ho u ld l- c t h r u n i t s i b o t h '

Granted, then. that an economic tyttcm o f power t ransmiss ion thru a t ingle s i t e i t

l r t i a t t o ta r c i r c u i t t u t j t u o w nt r a i l t * W i t h w e C o n n t v i m u t H r . u

j v ly i t i m . f g . I I.

IractKablc, the ijuettioo arnet how to cede d the energy in ll ie receiver* . Wtth thu object attention it called to Fig. $. in which a c o n d u c t o r i t t h o w n e x a l r d by an osctl- l a to r j o i n e d to i t a t o n e c o d B v M o M k a t

the per iodic tm pa l le t pa t t th ru the wire , di fferences o f potent ia l wi l l l e c rea ted a lcmg ihe tame a t wel l a t a t r i r f i i angles to i t in the surrounding medium and either of t l iete may be use fully applird. Thu s at a, a circuit compriting an indrctance and capacity it fCiOIWtty excited in the trans- verte. and at t , in the loegitudinal sente. A t c . energy it collected in I circuit parallel to the conductor hut not in contac t wi th i t . and again a t d , in a circuit which it partly tun ic in to the conductor a id may be . or not. electrica lly connec ted t> the tame It ia important to kee p thete typical disposit ion! in mind, for h ow eter the d i t tan t ac-

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

tont of the otnllator might be modified th ru the imracntc ex tent of t ie g lobe the principle! mto lved are the ta-ne.

Cont ider now the effec t of torh a conduct. i r o l ta i l d imrntm iu on a c i rcu i t exciting it . Ih e upper diagram o f Fig. A il- l u t ir a t r t a f a m i l u r o a ci jf c li n g n u t m c om - pr i tmg a s t ra ight rod of te l f - i taue lance 2 L with small terminal capacities te ami a node in ihe center. In the lower d iagram of the f igure a la rge capaci ty C i t a t tached to the rod a t one end wi th the ye tuk of th i f tmg

the node to the r ight , th ru a f inance corresponding to tc l f - induclancc X . A t both p a r t i o f t h e t y t t c m o n e i th e r ti d e o f t h e node vibrate at the tame rate, we ha ve evidently. ( L r X ) e m ( L X ) C from

which X L . W hen th e ca-C + r

parity C becomes coenmenturale to that of the earth, X approximate! L . m other wordi . the node i t c lo te to the ground eon- m t l i u i i. T A e < < ! d r t i r .Ma.air.ow v t i t t yoi.lic-n i t t t r y i m f i i a nt l i t l i e t a b u l a t io n o f certain t r r r e i l r i a l t i t t t rx t a l and g t o d t l u d a t a and I have dcrised tpecial meant with thit pur|K>te in view.

My or ig ina l p lan of t ran imt t ing energy without wire* i t thown in thr upper d iagram of F ig . 7 . whi le the lower one i l lustrates i t i meehaniral analog, irt t publiiht in my ar t ic le in the C t n l m t j U o g o t m t o f June , IW An a l te rna tor, p referably of high tens ion . ha t one o f i t s t i rminal i connected to the ground and the o ther to an elevated capacity and imprrttrt i t t oscillation s upefl the earth. At a dittant point a receiving circuit , l ikewise rotmectcd to ground and to an elevated capacity, collectt tome of the energy and ac tua tes a tunable device. I suggested a mult plication of tuch uni t* in order to in tm nf . the e f iec t i , an idea which may yet prove .aluable. In the ana log two tuning for k t i re provided, one at the trailing and the other at the rece iv ing i ta t ico , each having a lUrhrd to i t t lower pr ong a pttton luting n a cylinder. The two cylinder* coenmwniratc with a Urge elattic reservoir fi l led wilh an incora-

D i a g r a m E x p o s i n g t h e F a l l a c y t f S t. a C . ll J o gW o i T w ea ry a t P r o po u n de d la W i ra ta t t

T a n r i g . I* .

pre tuble f luid . Th e v ibra tiom t ran imi itcd to e i ther of the tuning fork t exc i te them by resonance and. thru electrical contacts or o therw i te . br ing about the de t i red retail . Th it , I away lay . awe not a ok i t mechanical i l lustration. but a nm ole rrp- retratation of my apparatut far submarine t ignaling, perfected by me in 1892. but rot appreciated at that t ime, altho more effic ien t than the imtrumcnts now in use .

The electric diagram in Fig. 7, which wat reproduced f rom my lec ture , wat meant only ( o r t h e e x p o i i t i o e o f t h e p r i nc ip le . Th e ar rangement, a t 1 de tenbed i t in detail , i t thown in Fig # In thit cate an alternator cn rrg irct the .primary o f a t ran t formcr, t l i e h igh t rn t ion secondary of which i t connected to the ground and an elevated capacity and tuned to the iin| .rrt t oscillations Th e receiving circuit co ntit l t of an inductance connected t* the ground and to an elevatrd terminal without break and i t re tee iant ly re iponi ive o the trant- mit ted o t r i lla t iont . A spec i fic form of rece iv ing device wat not mra l iooed . but I had in mind to t ransform the rece ived current t and th ut make their volume and te nsion suitable foe any purpoie Th it . tn

A r ra n g e m e n t ! i f O l ro c 'n o Circuit! O o t c r l b o d I n To t i a a U . * . P a t e n t N o .S t u m a t N o v e m b e r 1 la. o n 'M e t h oO e a n d A n g a r a u t f o r C a nt r o l li n g M o c h a n u m a t w a v i ng Vet-

t e l a e r V e h i c l r t . F i g .


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May. 1*19 ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER 61

WRITC TH t WOSfrX TO* A S OMC

W ell c l.v l l r send you an y a r t lo r t e vcn a i ) ' ] ' examina t ion . Dont aend u * a penny, Ju t pay tbe smal l sh ip- i - i .* lLuukv when the books a r r ive . E x a m i n e t h a n c a r e fu l l y u * c t h em a t yoar wor ic for an en t i re week . At the end of tha t t ime , i f you (ce l they aren ' t wor th fa r more than w e oak .r e tu r n t h a n i f e a r n f t n v . I f yen keep

L eirn Watthwork, Jewelry work andEngraving

w a n t e d :

i ra te* an i r ranee inent descr i lxd in my U . S . P a te n t N e . i t l 7 8 o f S e p te m b er i i ! ( (* and cor re iponding d ispos i t ions of w i re less a p p a r a t u s T h e c a p ti o n s o f t h e i n d iv i du a l diagrams t ie thought suff icien tly expl ic it to

di ipe nie wi th fur ther commen t . 1 wi l l mere ly (m ar k tha t in th i s ear ly record , in addi t ion to ind ica t ing l iow any nu mber of rcioeiant circuiti may l>e l inked and regula ted . 1 h ive ihow n the advantage of the proper l in ing o f p r lnur j r impulses and use o f harmonics. In a farc-Cal wire less suit in London. o i k engineers . reck less of t l ie i r reputa t ion have c la imed tha t my c i rcu i t i we re no t a t a ll a t tuned; in fac t they verted thal 1 hail looked upon reionance av a or t o f u iM and untamable beas t !

I t w i l l l e o f m t c r c i t t o c o m p i l e m y >- em at first describ ed in a B elgian patent o f 1 8 9 7 wi ;h th e H e m - w a v e s y s t e m o f t ha t per iod . T ie s ign i f ican t d i ffe rence* be tween them wi l l l e observed a t a g lance . The f i r s t cnaUrs us to t ransmi t economica l ly energy to u iy d i s tanee and i s o f ines t imable value ; the la t te r iv capable o l a rad iu i o f only a few mi les and i s wor th less . In the first there ire no spark-gaps and the action* are enorm ously magnified by resonance. In both transmitter anil receiver the currents arc transfcemed Bisd rendered m ore effect ive and su tab lc for the opera t ion < f an y desired deiice. Prop erly coeistructc.l , my s y s t e m i s i i e a g a i n s t s u t i c a n d o t h e r inte r fe rence and the amount of energy which may I* t -ansmi t tcd i s H U i o u i o f t im e t g r e a t e r th in wi th the H er t i i an which has none o f these v i r tue* , has never been u*ed success fu l ly and o f which no t race can be found a t [eescn t .

K M w n i x l k * s c u rn a sta tement in 1999 that my apparatus did not work and tha t i t would take 210 years be- Ifore a mctsatre would be dashe d across the Atlantic and he even accepted stolidly ray [cotsgratula mess on a supposed g reat feat, j But subsequent examina t ion of the records Ishowed t in t my devices w err secre tly used ' a l l the t imr and ever s ince I l ea rned of th i*I have treated these Borgia-Mcdici methods with the ton tempt in which they a re he ld by u ll fa r-minded men. Th e wholesa le apprope ia thn of my invent ions was . however , not i lways without a diverting side. A s an example to the po in t I may ment ion my osc i l la t ion t ransformer opera t ing wi th an a i r gap Th is was in tu rn r tp lacc i i by a car ton a rc , quenched gap . an a tmosphere of hydrogen , a rgon or he l ium, by a mechanical break with oppositely rotating members , i mercury in te r rup te r o r some kind o f a vacuum bulb and t iy such t own i e f o r te a s many new sys tems have beenpr.vdrared I rf r so ik o ewsirsc. w i thout the slightest i l l-feeling, let uy advance by alt m rais. But 1 cannot help thinking h o w m u c h l e t t e r i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n if t h e ingenious r sen . who base or ig ina ted these lya t rms ," had invented someth ing o f the i r own ins tead of depending on mr a l toge ther.

Before 1X10 two most va luable improvemen ts were made . On e of these was my ind iv idua l i sed sys tem wi th t ransmi t te rs emi tt i n g a wave-complex and rece ivers compr ising separate tuned elements Cooperatively assoc iated. Th e unde rlying principle can l>e expla ined in a few wordx Suppose tha t there are simple vibrations suitable for use in wt r r less t ransmiss ion , the pro tab i l - Ity that any one tune will be struck by an

ext raneous d i s ti i r luncc i s . There wi ll a

then rrtn ais n 1 vibrations and the cltance

t h at o n e o : t h e s e w i l l b e e x c it e d i s - ,n 1

hence the probabi li ty t in t tw o tunes w ould

tkc roa r Min 1E lc et ric a sn d M l u u e * l K n l m i . F v > 1

M n n = 3 t o

A llthese positions

were advertisedin a single Issue

of a Chicago flcciaelnewspaper M m m Any of the

# l isted bebw will quickly f it

you for a w ll paid job a t hom e in your sp are tim e.

These b o o k swere w ritten by ex-

p e r ts in p la in ,everyday language. They arefree from puzzling technicalterms. Numerous i l lustra-tions, diagrams and tablesm a k e d i f f i c u l t po in ts as simpleas A BC. Theyar e handsome\y bound \nhalf or fulll ea the r ( ex -c e p t L awand Practice,w h i c h i s

bo und in law

bu ck ram ! an ds t a m p e d i ngold. Fill out

Which one of them couldyou f I I? I f you haven ' t theknowledge necessary to

b rc ak in to th e big-pay class, decide to ge t that knowledge

x z . ' \ J 2 . ..CS:

C iv il En gin eer in g Electrical Engineering

b i M a f T M f w r f c a w P rtW I ix f i ia i i . E iw ir mf i rc r.WrtrVi. I n M

T e l e p h o n y a n d A ccou ntan ey andT e l o g m p h y B us in ess Mi

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coupon.A u t o m o b i l e

c s i ? s c S a c r j . * s J r . _ _ _

MackineS bop Practice Law and Pract ice

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Jggfgi 3 ^C S n S r s a r l k S S t Te ch n ic al S o cie tyeimu{A*iu! i d . . i . xuat U . t. a .50c A W E E K [ t a u t u i i l M a i i l o l M s l i t r. O n t . x j j u . C hk ao *. I B.*) ' W P i w a f c

w L s s r s & c s i 1* : !


5/6

May. 1919

rb s t ruck a t the *am< l ime i t S im-

> 1Ii t a l ly, (or a cumkna l ion o ( ihr re the chance

w i l l b e ------------------ and to on . I i wi l l be ( - I ) in2 )

readi ly teen i lu t in th i i manner any de t i red degree o ( safe ty a t ta in t ! tt i e s ta t ics or o ther kind o ( ih i t n r tance can be a t ta ined pro- t ided the rccc iv iag appara tus i t to des igned tha t t ope ra t ios i t poss ib le only thru the

jo in t actW m o ( al l th e tu ne d e le m e n ts T h it wa t a i l . ll i cu lt p roblem w hich I hav e succ e s s fu l ly m l i r d t o t h at n o w u * y d r t i r ed n u m b e r o f t i m n l i a n r o n i m e t t a g e t i t p r a e - l ieakle in I k e I ra t i m ' u r i o n t h ru I k e e e ' l k a t t oe0 a t t k r t t a r ti f ic i a l t oa dm lor t .

The other Invention, o t t t i l l greater tm- teirtance, i t a peculiar oscillator enabling the t ran in t i t t ioe of energy wi thout wire t i t any ijuantity that may ever be requiredfor mlu>tri*l *, lo *y tl o U w , cr i te r ion lor the per formance . The

q e lec tr ic e ffic iency o f the an tenna i t

0 + qand th is t s of ten a very sm al l f rac t ion .

IV. L . W . Au st in and Mr. J . 1 . I logan have made quant i ta t ive m easurements which r e valuable, two far frucn supporting ibe H era ware theory th ey arc r t ride iKC* in di t feoval o f the same, a t wi l l be eas i ly perceived by taking the above facts into cost- s tdr ia t ion . Dr. Aus t in ' s researches a re especially use ful and instructive and I regret tha t I cannot agree wi th h im o n th is sobicc t . 1 do not th ink tha t i f h i s rece iver w at a ffec ted Inr H er t t war es be cou ld ever es tabl i sh such re la t ions as be has found, but he w oo d be l ike ly to reach these resu l l s I f the Her n wa ves w ere in a la rge par i e l iminated At t rea t d is tance the t joce waves and the current waves a re of equal energy, the former be ing mere ly an accompanying man- i fe t t i t ion of the Ut ter m accordance wi th tbe fundamenta l teachings of Maxwel l .

I t occurs to me here to a ik the ques t ion why- have the H e m waves been reduced f rom the or ig ina l ( res i l ienc ies lo those I have advocated for m y sys tem, when in so doin j the ac t iv i ty of the t ran tmi t t ing *p t taraiut hat been reduced a bill ion fold? I v a n I II t i l e any exper t to per form anexperiment tuch as is i l lustrated in Fig. 15. which show s the c lass ica l Her ts osc i l la tor and my grounded t ransmi t t ing c i rcu i t I t i t a fact w hich I have de mon strated that, a l tho w e may have in the Her tz osc i lUtor a activity tho usands o f t im es greater, the effec t on the rece iver i s not to be compared

to t lu t of the grounded c i rcu it . Th is shows that i n ike t r an tmi t t ion f ro m an ai rp l ane we e re m ere ly w ork ing Ik ru a eanden t t r. the rapac i ty of which i t a funct ion of a logar i thmic ra t io be tween the length of the condjc tor and the d is tance f rom the ground. The rece iver i s a ffec ted in exac t ly the same manner as f rom an ord inary t ransmi t te r, the cn ly d i ffe rence be ing tha t there i s a certa in mrdi f tca t ion of the ac t ion which can be prcdr te rmined f rom the e lec t r ica l cons tants It i t not at all difficult to maintain com- raunra t ion be tween an a i rp lane and a station on the ground, on the contrary, the feat is very easy.

To memloei another exper iment In suppor t of my v iew. I ma y refer to F ig . 16 in whieh two grounded c i rcu i t s a re shown exoi trd by osc i l la t ions o f the Her tz ian order It w II be fou nd that th e antennas can lie put out o f para l le l i sm w i thout not iceable change

in t ie action on the receiver, this provin-; that i t is due to currents propagated thru the ( round and not to space waves .

Particularly significant are the results obtained in eases il lustrated in Figures 17 and 18. In the form er an obs tac le i s shown in the ya th of the waves but unless the re - ce iv t r i s wi th in the e ffec t ive e lec t ro i io t i c inllurnce ot t l ie mountain range, the signals are not appreciates- weakened by the pees e n c e o f t h e U t t e r, b e c a u se t h e c u r r e n t s p a ss under it and excite the circuit in the same way as i f i t were a t tachrd to an energ ised wire I f , as in F ig . 18 . a second range happens to be beyond the rece iver, i t could only s t rc tg then the H er ts s tave effec t by re dec-tioet. but as a ma tter o f fact detracts

(C owrinned on page 8 / )

Y i n b m r 4 l b y


6/6

May. 1919 ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER 87

The True Wire lessB f .Vi k ol a T f i h

{ C o n t i n u e d f r o m f a g e t i l .

g rea t ly f rom tho in ten i i ty o< the recc ised impulses b ecause the ele ctric vrivrau between the mou ntain* is raised, as I have explained in connection with mj lightning jrotector in th e E x n i i M l N t n o f F e br ua ry

n

* Flo . 17 . I lluot ratu tg Inkara ts of O n i . t i . in l* ea tn 0 ' Transmiss ion a t tv id tnc* Agains t

tna Hortl-wava Thewy.

Again in F ig 19 two transmi t ting c ircuit t . otse grounded directly an d tse otlicr thru an air gap. are shown. It i t a c o mmon observa t ion tha t the forme? it fa r

Trgemm'trer

l& p S L * t y j p & r O g o p

J-

T H r o f * " * ' t

Z%zr\b r e a k

Fig, 1*. Comparing Wo Of Transmitter as

Actions of Two_ . ------ s p a r i n g O ut t hoFallacy of tho Henr-wavt Tiwory.

observed f rom day to day the e ffec t i t found to increase greatly with the dampness of the ground, and for the same reason

r m n s m . f l v e / o j mg //t e rm i n o l e x p o v f j

TTomminv mk! large t e rm k r a / e v o e i e i / f n

Ft*. JO. Disproving the Mo ru-wave Theory Sr Two Transmitters. On# of Oroat and the

Other of Small Snargy.

a l io t l ie t ransmiss ion thru s ra-water i t more cfhdrnL

An i l luminat ing exper iment i t in i ica ted in F ig . 20 in w hich two grounded t ransmi t te rs a re shown, one wi th a Urge md the other with a small terminal capacity. Sup-

C that the latter be 1/10 o f the toemrr tha t i t i a charged to 10 t imes d ie potent ia l and le t the f requency of t ie two c i rcui t s and therefore the cur rents ia both antenna s be exactly' the same. Th e circuit with the smal le r capac i ty wi l l then h ive 10

t imes the energy o f the o ther but the e ffects on the r tcc i te r w i l l be in no wi ie jgopoc- tiooatc.

The same conclusions will be reached In' tnn un i t tm g and rece iv ing c i rcu i t i wi th wires buried undergroun d. In each ease the ac t ions carefu l ly invci t iga ted wi l l be f o u n d t o b e d o e t o earth eur remit . Sumer- out o ther proofs might he c i ted which can l i e eas i ly ver i fied . So fo r example etetl/a- r i an t o f l ou - f requeney a r e e v e r t o m u i l i i im ic rilcvliv c iu ll ic ivaiisti i i tvtuii wlnl i i t inconi i s ten t wi th the prevai l ing idea My obter ra t ioot in 1 900 and the recent trant - m u n o n s o f t i g n a l t l o v e r y g r ea t d i r a u c ct are another emphatic ditproval.

The Her t r wa ve theory of wire less t ran t - m istion ma y be Wept up for a while, but I do not hesitate to say that in a short t ime i t wi l l be recognized as one of the most remarkable and inexplicable aberrations of the scientific mind which hat ever been recorded in history.

t i n t ! U i H e r l a w a i tFig. 11 Shewing Erred of Two Mlllo at Fvrlhtr Proof Against

Tutor / .

more effec t ive . which could no be the ca te I r a i ran tmi t t ion w i ld Her t r rwjutaont n Eke manner i f two grounded c i rcu i t s a re

T O A L L R AD IO A M AT E U R S

We hove rece ived many tbomaid .. of cousmoniealiona from radio asia-

m u * f a i l l t r |i M fe w n iu w lU * s k *' at oboat thr status of their radio -It 1

tiotM. and when ihey will be allowed lo operalr thrso again.

Intttnurh at there, ha i Iwen uo

Documents

Tesla, True Wireless (OCR of 109939181-)