Tes$ngMixedInfluencesonReferenceResolu$oninPersian

DennisRyanStoroshenko&EliasAbdollahnejadSchoolofLanguages,Linguis=cs,Literatures,andCultures

Comparisoncase:Koreancaki

Issue

•  Persianbi-morphemicanaphorxod-eš‘self-3SG’canbelocallyorlong-distancebound

•  The3SGpronoununisequallyacceptableandambiguousinthesamelong-distancecontextasxod-eš(butislocallysubjecttoPrincipleB):

SaraibeDavidjgoQ[kemanxod-eši/j/uni/j=rodustdar-am]S.toD.saidthatIself-3SG/3SG=OMlikehave-1SG‘SarasaidtoDavidthatIlikeselfi/j/themi/j.’

•  UnexpectedinthecontextofReinhartandReuland’s(1993)typology:xod-ešhastheformofaSELFanaphor,buttheusageofaSEanaphor

EyeTrackingResults

•  SubjectAdvantage(SA)=•  SAfromanaphoronsetto1800ms(30ms=meslices):

dstorosh@ucalgary.caelias.abdollahnejad@ucalgary.ca

•  31adultna=vespeakersofPersianpar=cipatedinCalgary,Alberta•  Par=cipantsseesta=cimagesoftwopeopleoneithersideofan

inanimateobjectinthemiddleofthescreen•  Twoshortsentencesintroducethenamedcharactersandthese`ng•  Eye-movementsaretracked(500Hz)duringtheaudioplaybackof

ambiguoustargetsentences•  Followedbyaforced-choicereferenceresolu=ontask

Methodology

ReferencesandAcknowledgements

•  Bates, Douglas,Mar=nMaechler, Ben Bolker and SteveWalker. 2015. Fi`ng LinearMixed-EffectsModelsUsinglme4.JournalofSta7s7calSo9ware,67(1):1-48.

•  Han,Chung-hye,DennisRyanStoroshenko,BekyLeungandKyeong-minKim.2015.The=mecourseoflong-distanceanaphorprocessinginKorean.KoreanLinguis7cs,17(1):1-32.

•  Kaiser,Elsi, JeffreyT.Runner,RachelS.SussmanandMichaelK.Tanenhaus.2009.Structuralandseman=cconstraintsontheresolu=onofpronounsandreflexives.Cogni7on112:55-80.

•  Kuznetsova,Alexandra,PerB.BrockhoffandRuneH.B.Christensen.2017. lmerTestPackage:TestsinLinearMixedEffectsModels.JournalofSta7s7calSo9ware,82(13):1-26.

•  Reinhart,TanyaandEricReuland.1993.Reflexivity.Linguis7cInquiry24(4):657-720.

ThisresearchisfundedbyaSocialSciencesandHumani$esResearchCouncilofCanada(SSHRC)InsightDevelopmentGrant430-2016-00128toStoroshenko.

•  Referenceresolu=onforformswithmanypoten=alantecedentswithinasentencecanbegovernedbyaninterac=onofmul=pleinfluences(Kaiseretal,2009)

•  Koreancakiisdescribedassubjectoriented(atypicalSEanaphortrait)•  Hanetal.(2015)testswhetherthisismoderatedbyamatrixpredicate

inlongdistancecases:

Jinswui-kaYenghuyj-hantheynongwutayyep-eyse[cakii/j-kaJ.-NOMY.-tohoopbeside-atself-NOMsyus-ultemanhisengkong-siki-lke-lako]malha-yess-tashoot-ACCmoremuchsuccess-CAUS-FUT-COMPsay-PST-DECL

•  Anaphortype(cakivs.null)testedagainstthreepredicates:malha‘say’,tut‘hear’,myenglyengha‘order’

•  Inofflineforcedchoicetes=ng,theanaphorcakiissignificantlymoresubject-orientedthanthenullpronoun,andthesaytrialswereshowntobesignificantlymoresubjectoriented,regardlessoftheanaphor

•  Ineye-trackingdata,cakishowsanoverallsubjectbiascomparedtothenullpronoun,notemergingun=loveronesecondaQertheanaphor(asignificantinterac=onbetweenanaphorand=meemergesinthe1200-1800msaQerukerance=mespan)

•  Sosubjectorienta=onisconfirmedforcaki,beforeencounteringtheverb,butmoderatedbydownstreamsentencecontent

•  Persianhastwoaddi=onalkeydifferences:1.  S–IO–V–ClauseorS–IO–Clause–V(non-canonical)2.  Nopredicate-neutralpreposi=on

AnaphorPredicate

Reflexive(xod-eš)

Pronoun(un)

Say Condi=on1 Condi=on3

Hear Condi=on2 Condi=on4

Discussion

•  Xod-ešclearlyshowsagreaterdegreeofsubjectorienta=onthanun,inlinewithpredic=onsforlong-distanceSEanaphors

•  Duringprocessing,thepreposi=onsappeartobesignallingacontrastbetweenpredicates,butnomaineffect,onlyinterac=ons

•  Thereisnotransla=onofthisonlinepredicateeffectintotheofflineforcedchoicetask(oppositeofKorean)

•  Persianspeakersmaybelessdisposedtoadjustfinalreferenceresolu=onbasedondownstreaminforma=on(normallytheverbwouldprecedetheembeddedclause)

Saraibe/azDavidj,kenār-emāshin,[inkemanmi-xā-mbarāyexod-eši/j/uni/jS.to/fromD.beside-EZcarthatIDUR-want-1SGforself-3SG/3SG

yemekanik-emāherbe-ferest-am]=rogoQ/šenid.onemechanic-EZskilledSUB-send-1SG=OMsaid/heard

‘Saraisaidto/heardfromDavidjbesidethecarthatIwanttosendaskilledmechanicforselfi/j/themi/j.’

??

•  DataanalyzedinRwithlme4(Batesetal.2015)andlmerTest(Kuznetsovaetal.2017)

•  AQercomparisons,thebestmodeldoesnotincludeapredicateeffect

reference~Anaphor+(1|Part)+(1|Item)

•  Overallsignificantpreferenceforsubjectswithxod-ešoverun,regardlessofpredicate(p<0.001)

OverarchingQues$onDoesPersianxod-ešshowotherproper=esofknownSEanaphors? 0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Pronoun

Say Hear

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Reflexive

Say Hear

RefinedResearchQues$onsforPersian:1.Doesxod-ešshowsubjectorienta=onduringsentenceprocessing?2.Doesthechoiceofpredicateinnon-canonicalembeddedclauseorderhavethesameimpactasin(canonical)Koreanwordorder?

ForcedChoiceResults

SubjectFixa=ons

Subj+ObjFixa=onsObjectFixa=ons

Subj+ObjFixa=ons-

•  Sta=s=calanalysisusessix300ms=meslices•  AQermodelcomparisons,afullinterac=onofanaphor,predicate,and

=mesliceisbest,includingarandomeffectforitems:

SA~Predicate*Anaphor*TimeSlice+(1|Item)

•  SignificanteffectofAnaphor(p=0.05)andearlyTimeSlices(p<0.001)reflectsanunexpecteddifferenceattheanaphoronset

•  Interac=onsbetweenAnaphorandTimeSlice(p<0.001)reflectsubjectorienta=onforxod-eš,mostpronouncedat600-1200ms

•  Interac=onswithPredicateandTimeSlice,andthree-wayinterac=onsreflecttheopposingtrendsbyanaphor

85.88 78.6265.72 64.11

14.11 21.3734.27 35.88

say hear say hear

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

%ofsubjectandobjectchoices

subject object