Test of Module 3

8/3/2019 Test of Module 3

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Amity School of Business

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BBA, Semester 1

Computer in Management

Ms Bhawana Gupta


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MODULE-3

INTERNET


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INTERNETINTERNET is defined as interconnection of networks. Internet allowscomputers on different kinds of networks to interact each other .

The Internet has made things simple. It can be used for following:

1. Direct Communications2. Online shopping3. Distance Education4. Banking5. Knowledge Base6. Travel7. Bill Payments.etc.


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History and Evolution The seeds of Internet were planted in 1970s U.S Department ofDARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), developedthe ARPANET (acronym for Advanced Research Project NETwork)as a WAN to connect different computers and later to connect

computer on different network. Internetworking became focus ofresearch at ARPA. During their research, DARPA set up designgoals for themselves, which included-1) the ability to interconnectdifferent types of network 2) to connect through alternate path ifsome path gets destroyed and 3) to support applications of varioustypes like audio, video etc.

Based on the design goals, a protocol named TCP/IP was developedfor computer communication (Protocol is a network term used toindicate the set of rules used for computer communication. TCP/IPhas become the protocol for Internet.


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History and Evolution In late 1970s another federal agency, the National Science

Foundation (NSF) created a new high capacity network calledNSFnet, which was more capable than ARPANET.

NSFnet allowed only the academic research on its network and notany kind of private business on it. This allowed scientists across thecountry to share data and interact with each other for their researchprojects. So many private companies built their own networks, whichwere later interconnected along with ARPANET and NSFnet to form

Internet.

In 1980s , many internet application like e-mail, newsgroups, filetransfer facility and remote login were developed.


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History and Evolution In the early 1990s a new applications WWW changed the way

in which internet was used. WWW is a system of creating,organizing, and linking documents, and was created by British

scientist Tim Lee. A protocol based on hypertext wasdeveloped that allowed the documents and content on WWWto be connected via hyperlink.

Internet and WWW which are interconnection of networks ,

and interconnection of documents and resources respectivelyhas wired the whole world together.


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Who Governs the InternetInternet is not governed by any particular body. It is coordinated (notgoverned) by many volunteer organizations. There is no single

authoritative organization. Various volunteer organizations are

responsible for different types of activities as listed below:-

1) Internet Society (ISOC): Provide information about Internet.Responsible for development of standards and protocols related to

Internet.

2) The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) is responsible for developing

of Internet architecture. Advisory group of ISOC (Internet Society).3) The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is responsible for

discussing and investigating the operational and technical problems of

Internet.

4) The Internet Network Information (InterNIC) is responsible for


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Intranet and ExtranetIntranetinternal, private network using Web technologies to facilitate

transmission of information within the organization

Extraneta private inter-organizational information system Connects the intranets of two or more companies in a business

alliance

Also known as an extended intranet

Alliances sometimes referred to as e-marketplaces

- Plays an important role in the global business strategy of

many companies

- Enables them to build alliances with vendors, suppliers, and

other organizations internationally


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Intranet System ArchitectureFirewallshardware devices with special software that

prevent unauthorized access

An intranet server is placed behind the firewall

Packets are never routed outside the firewall, but remain

within the organizations network


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Intranet Architecture


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Extranet System ArchitectureExtranet

Connects two or more business partners

Like an intranet

Same software, hardware, and networking

Additional component:

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Secure transmission of proprietary info


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Extranet System ArchitectureVirtual Private Network (VPN)

Tunneling

A technology that encapsulates, encrypts, and transmitsdata over the Internet

A secure tunnel is created over the VPN connecting

the two intranets

Authentication Confirms the identity of the remote user who is

attempting to access information from the Web server


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Internet Protocols Internet Protocols are required to transfer data over networks and / or

the Internet in an efficient manner. When various computers areconnected through a computer network, it becomes necessary to usea protocol to efficiently use network bandwidth and avoid collisions.

A network protocol defines languages that contains rules andconventions for reliable communication between different devicesover the network.

There are a number of Internet protocols used. The most commonly

used protocols are:- Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

- HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

- File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

- Telnet


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Transmission Control Protocol /

Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)TCP/IP is the communications protocol for the Internet. The TCP/IP

protocol has two parts: TCP and IP.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): provides reliable transport

service i.e. it ensures that messages sent from sender to receiver are

properly routed and arrive interact at the destination.

TCP converts messages into a set of packages at the source, which arethen reassembled back into messages at the destination. For this, TCP

operates with the packet switching techniques, which is described as

follows:

The messages is divided into small packets.


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Transmission Control Protocol /

Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Each packet contains address, sequencing information, and error

control information.

The address is used to route the packet to its destination.

Since multiple users can send or receive information over the samecommunication line. The sequencing information in the packet is usedto reassemble the packets in order, at their destination.

The error control information is used ti check that the packet arrivedat the destination is the same as that sent from the source.

Internet Protocol (IP) : Handles the address part of each packet so that

it is delivered to the right destination. Usually, each gateway computer

on the network checks this address to identify where to forward the

message. This implies that all the packets of a message are delivered to

the destination regardless of the route used for delivering the packets.


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HyperText Transfer Protocol(HTTP) HTTP is a protocol for transferring files (text, image, sound, video

and other multimedia files) using the Internet.

Its defines how messages are formatted and transmitted and whatactions Web servers and Web browsers should take in response to

the commands issued.

HTTP is based on Client/server architecture where your Web

browser acts as a HTTP client making requests to the Web server

machines.

HTTP is a stateless protocol, which means each request is processed

independently ,without any knowledge of the previous request.


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File Transfer Protocol (FTP) FTP is an Internet tool used for copying file from one computer toanother. It gives access to directories or folders on remote computers,and allows software, data and text files to be transferred betweendifferent kinds of computers. Using a FTP program or a web browser,

the user can log onto an FTP host computers over Internet and copyfiles onto their own computer.

FTP works on the client-server model. FTP client is a programrunning on the users computer that enables the user to talk to, and get

files from remote computers. FTP server is the remote computer or thehost computer from which files are accessed by the FTP client.

It is the simplest and most commonly used protocol for downloading/uploading a file from / to a server.


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Telnet (Terminal Network) Telnet services enables an Internet user to log into another

computer on the Internet from his/her local computer. That is a

user can execute the telnet command on his/her local computer to

start a login session on a remote computer. This action is also

called remote login.

To start a remote login session, a user types the command telnet

and address of the remote computer on his/her local computer

terminal. Then system asks the user to enter a login name and a

password. That is the remote computer authenticates the user to

ensure that he/she is authorized to access it.


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Telnet If the user specifies a correct login and password, he /she is logged

on to remote computer, once login session is established with

remote computer, telnet enter input mode and anything typed on

the terminal of the local computer by the user is sent to the remote

computer for processing.


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Internet Addressing Internet consists of a large number of computers connected with each

other, it requires a proper addressing system to uniquely identify each

computer in the network. Each computer connected to the Internet is

associated with a unique number and or a name called computeraddress.

To access any WEB PAGES on a computer, you would require the

computer address


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IP Address An IP address is a unique number associated with each computer

making it uniquely identifiable within all the computers connected to

the Internet. This is a 32 bit number and is divided into four octets

such as 00001010 00000000 00000000 00000110

For human readability, it is represented in a decimal notation,

separating each octet with a period. The above number would

therefore be represented as 10.0.0.6

Each octet can range from 0-255, this IP addresses lie between

0.0.0.0. to 255.255.255.255


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Domain Naming System A Domain Name is a way to identify and locate computers

connected to the Internet. No two organisations can have the samedomain name.

A domain name always contains two or more componentsseparated by periods called dots: some example of domain namesare ibm.com, nasa.gov etc. One a domain name has beenestablished, subdomains can be created within domain . Forexample, the domain name of or a large company could be

vni.com and within this domain, subdomain can be created foreach of the companys regional offices. The structure for this ishostname.subdomain.second-level-domain.top-level domain.


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Domain Naming System There are two types of domains Geographic Domains and Non-Geographic

Domains

Non-Geographic Domains

Com Commercial entities Edu Educational institutions

Net - Organisations directly involved in the Internet

operations,such as network providers and information

centers

Gov United States Federal Government entities Mil United States military

Co - For Companies

Org - For non-profit organizations

Ac - For academics


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Domain Naming System Geographic Domains

au Australia

ca Canada

fr France

uk United Kingdom

in India

il Israel

pk - Pakistan


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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

A web page on the Internet is uniquely identified by its address,called URL. URL is the address on the Internet at which the webpage resides. The user uses this address to get a web page from the

Internet. The general form of URL isprotocol ://address /path

where,

protocol defines the method used to access the web pages e.g http

address is the Internet address of the server where the web pageresides. It contains the service (e.g. WWW) and the domain name(e.g google.com), and

path is the location of web page on the server.


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Web Browser Web Browser is a software that extracts information on user

request from the Internet and presents it as a web page to the user.

It is also referred to as the user interface of the web. Some of thepopular web browsers are Internet Explorer from Microsoft,

Mosaic browser, Googles chrome and Netscape Navigator from

Netscape.


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E-mailing

Electronic mail (E-mail) is an electronic message transmitted over a

network from one user to another. E0mail is a text-based consisting of

lines of text, and can include attachments such as audio messages,

pictures and documents. The features of e-mail are as follows:

E-mail can be sent to one person or more than one person at the same

time.

Communicating via e-mail does not require physical presence of the

recipient. The recipient can open the e-mail at his /her convenience.

since message are transmitted electronically, e-mail is a fast way to

communicate with the people in your office or to people located in a

distant country as compared to postal system.

E-mail messages can be sent at any time of the dayetc


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Internet Services

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

Internet Content Providers

World Wide Web Application Service Providers (ASPs)


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Internet Service Provider An Internet service provider (ISP), also sometimes referred to

as an Internet access provider (IAP), is a company that offers itscustomers access to the Internet typically for a fee. The ISPconnects to its customers using a data transmission technologyappropriate for delivering Internet Protocol Paradigm, such asdial-up, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line is a broadband connectionthat allows connecting to Internet over the existing telephonelines.), cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-speedinterconnects.

ISPs may provide Internet e-mail accounts to users which allowthem to communicate with one another by sending and receivingelectronic messages through their ISP's servers


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Internet Content ProvidersInternet content providers supply the information that is availablethrough the Internet. Internet content providers can be commercial

businesses, nonprofit organizations, educational institutions, and more.

Some examples of Internet content providers are listed below:-

a) A photographer who posts samples of her best work on a webpage.

b) A political action group that sponsors an online forum fordiscussions about topics that interest its members.

c) An individual who publishes his opinion on various subjects to anonline journal.

d) A software company that creates a Web site to provideinformation and software downloads.

e) A national newspaper that maintains an online site to provide up-

to-the-minute news, feature stories and video clips.


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World Wide Web WWW (also called as Web) is a large scale, online store of

information. It is a system of creating, organizing and linking ofdocuments. Information is stored on WWW as a collection ofdocuments that are interconnected with each other via links. Theinterconnected documents may be located on one or more than one

computer, worldwide, thus, the name world wide web. The featuresof WWW and terms linked to WWW are given below:-

The documents on web are created in hypertext format. Hypertextfacilitates linking of documents.

The language used to create a hypertext format document isHyperText Markup Language.

The hypertext format document is transferred on the Web usingHypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

A single hypertext document is called a Web page.


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World Wide Web A group of related web pages is called a Web site.

A first web page or main page of a website is called Homepage.

The web pages are stored on the Internet on the Web Server.

Web Servers are host computers that can store thousands ofweb pages.

The process of storing a web page on a web server is calleduploading.

The process of retrieving a web page from a web server ontothe users computer is downloading.

The web pages stored on web sever on the Internet, can beviewed from the users computer using a tool called Webbrowser.


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World Wide Web Every web page is identified on Internet by its address , also

called Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

A web portal is a web site that presents information from

different sources and makes then available in a unified way. Aweb portal enables the user to reach fir any type of informationfrom a single location. i.e. the home page of the web portal. Aweb portal generally consists of a search engine,advertisements and an extensive lists of links to other sites etc.

www.google.co.in are popular web portals.
http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/


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Internet Applications Customer support service

On-line communications

Software sharing

Feedback about products

In-line journals and magazines

Newgroups

On-line shopping World-wide video conferencing

VOIP


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Internet - Advantages Employment Opportunities

High Speed

24*7

Knowledge Reservoir

Interactive Communication

Business on the Internet

Direct contacts between customers and organisations

Reduction of Uncertainty

Cost Effective

Source of Entertainment


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Internet - Disadvantages Internet Crime

Virus attacks

Privacy Issues

Physical Ailments

Documents

Test of Module 3